Research Article |
Corresponding author: Santiago Niño-Maldonado ( coliopteranino@hotmail.com ) Academic editor: Duane D. McKenna
© 2022 José Norberto Lucio-García, Uriel Jeshua Sánchez-Reyes, Jorge Víctor Horta-Vega, Jesús Lumar Reyes-Muñoz, Shawn M. Clark, Santiago Niño-Maldonado.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Lucio-García JN, Sánchez-Reyes UJ, Horta-Vega JV, Reyes-Muñoz JL, Clark SM, Niño-Maldonado S (2022) Seasonal and microclimatic effects on leaf beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) in a tropical forest fragment in northeastern Mexico. ZooKeys 1080: 21-52. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1080.76522
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Leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) constitute a family of abundant, diverse, and ecologically important herbivorous insects, due to their high specificity with host plants, a close association with vegetation and a great sensitivity to microclimatic variation (factors that are modified gradually during the rainy and dry seasons). Therefore, the effects of seasonality (rainy and dry seasons) and microclimate on the community attributes of chrysomelids were evaluated in a semideciduous tropical forest fragment of northeastern Mexico. Monthly sampling was conducted, between March 2016 and February 2017, with an entomological sweep net in 18 plots of 20 × 20 m, randomly distributed from 320 to 480 m a.s.l. Seven microclimatic variables were simultaneously recorded during each of the samplings, using a portable weather station. In total, 216 samples were collected at the end of the study, of which 2,103 specimens, six subfamilies, 46 genera, and 71 species were obtained. The subfamily Galerucinae had the highest number of specimens and species in the study area, followed by Cassidinae. Seasonality caused significant changes in the abundance and number of leaf beetle species: highest richness was recorded in the rainy season, with 60 species, while the highest diversity (lowest dominance and highest H’ index) was obtained in the dry season. Seasonal inventory completeness of leaf beetles approached (rainy season) or was higher (dry season) than 70%, while the faunistic similarity between seasons was 0.63%. The outlying mean index was significant in both seasons; of the seven microclimatic variables analyzed, only temperature, heat index, evapotranspiration and wind speed were significantly related to changes in abundance of Chrysomelidae. Association between microclimate and leaf beetles was higher in the dry season, with a difference in the value of importance of the abiotic variables. The results indicated that each species exhibited a different response pattern to the microclimate, depending on the season, which suggests that the species may exhibit modifications in their niche requirements according to abiotic conditions. However, the investigations must be replicated in other regions, in order to obtain a better characterization of the seasonal and microclimatic influence on the family Chrysomelidae.
Abiotic factors, community response, ecological niche, phytophagous insects, seasonal changes
Accelerated loss of biological diversity, as well as the alterations in native ecosystems as a result of human activities, are among the most important environmental issues at a global level (
Abiotic modification produces direct effects on organisms, affecting physiology, behavior, and reproduction (
An aspect of greatest influence on these communities is the microclimate (
Phytophagous insects are among the most important trophic groups that respond significantly to climatic changes. Their presence is key in natural or anthropic ecosystems, either playing a relevant role in nutrient cycling processes, or in the diet of other organisms (
Leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) constitute a model family to evaluate the seasonal effects of abiotic variation on herbivorous insect communities, since they occupy one of the first places in worldwide diversity (
The present study was carried out in a semideciduous tropical forest (STF) fragment in the municipality of Victoria, Tamaulipas, in northeastern Mexico. The area is included in the biogeographic province of the Sierra Madre Oriental and is located within one of the 15 panbiogeographic nodes of Mexico (
The study area of semideciduous tropical forest (STF) is located in the Ejido Santa Ana, municipality of Victoria, in the center of the state of Tamaulipas, northeastern Mexico 23°52'4.27"N, 99°13'51.37"W and 23° 47'23.06"N, 99°18'10.22"W (DMS) (Fig.
Two climate groups characteristic of Tamaulipas were observed in the area: 1) Semi-warm, sub-humid, with summer rains, averaging temperatures between 16.4 °C and 29.2 °C, and 2) Semi-warm, semi-dry subtype, with average temperatures from 15.1 °C to 22.9 °C. The average annual precipitation is 577 mm, with May to October as the wettest months (rainy season) and November to April having the lowest precipitation (dry season) (
A total of 18 plots measuring 20 × 20 m (400 m2) was randomly established over an approximate land area of 5 km2. Plots were distributed in areas of dense herbaceous and shrub vegetation, separated at least by 10 meters from the main road, in order to minimize anthropogenic influence. Each plot was measured and delimited with a 50 m tape, using trunks, trees, or branches as vertices; the center of the plot was georeferenced with a Garmin Etrex 30 GPS and then marked with a brightly colored ribbon to facilitate its location in the field.
Beetles were sampled with an entomological sweep net of 60 cm length and 40 cm rim diameter. In each plot (sample unit), 200 net beats were made, covering all the sampling area zigzagging on the understory vegetation. The contents of the net were placed inside a polyethylene bag with 70% alcohol and a collecting label data. All of the 18 plots were sampled from 10:00 to 17:00 hours, once a month, from March 2016 to February 2017.
Sample bags were processed in the Entomology Laboratory of the Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas. Each sample was placed in a tray with water, plant debris were then removed using entomological forceps, and the insect specimens were afterwards placed in small bottles with 70% alcohol. Later, the contents of each bottle were analyzed in a Petri dish, using a stereoscopic microscope to identify the specimens; chrysomelids were dried on absorbent paper and mounted in opaline triangles, following the methodology of
Microclimatic variables were recorded using a Kestrel 3500 portable meteorological station, with which the following variables were evaluated: maximum wind speed (m/s), average wind speed (m/s), temperature (°C), relative humidity (%), heat index (°C), dew point (°C) and evapotranspiration (°C). Abiotic data collection was carried out in each plot, simultaneously with the sampling of leaf beetles (once a month for each plot, during the period from March 2016 to February 2017).
Statistical differences in abundance and number of species between seasons were calculated with a non-parametric Mann-Whitney test and a diversity permutation test, respectively. Both analyses were conducted using PAST 3.17 software (
Seasonal estimated richness was determined using Chao 1, Chao 2, Jackknife 1 and ACE non-parametric estimators. These indices are recommended for the minimum estimate of richness and useful as a complementary measure in biodiversity analyzes (
Alpha diversity was estimated using Shannon’s entropy index (H’) and Simpson’s dominance index (D). Both values were transformed to the effective number of species (true diversity), through the Hill numbers of order (q) 1 and 2, respectively (
Association between leaf beetle species and the environmental abiotic variables, as well as the measure of niche breadth, were calculated with the Outlying Mean Index (OMI). This index identifies the niche of the species, or marginality, according to the average distance between the abiotic resources used by each species (centroid) with respect to the total resources available (microclimate) in the area. It gives a more even weight to all sampling units, including those with a low number of species or individuals (
Marginality represents the deviation of the environmental conditions used by a species with respect to the average environment for the entire study area. Species with high OMI values have marginal niches (occur in atypical habitats, and are influenced by a specific subset of environment variables), while those with low values have non-marginal niches (common species occurring in typical habitats, without a specific response to environment variables). Tolerance (T1) measures the dispersion of the assessment units that contain a species along an environmental gradient (the range of habitat of the species), and it is analogous to the concept of niche breadth: high tolerance values represent greater niche breadth, and the species are distributed in habitats with widely variable conditions (generalist); contrarily, low tolerance values indicate a smaller niche width where a species is distributed in habitats with a limited range of conditions (specialists). Finally, T2 is defined as the variance in the species niche that is not considered by the marginality axes, and it is useful for determining the reliability of a set of environmental conditions for the definition of the niche of each species (
Statistical significance of the OMI was determined with a Monte Carlo test, in which the observed marginalities are compared with 10,000 random permutations, in order to reject the null hypothesis that species are equally distributed in relation to (not influenced by) environmental variables (
During the study, 2,103 specimens of Chrysomelidae were obtained, involving six subfamilies, 47 genera and 71 species (Appendix
Species that dominated in abundance in the study area were Centralaphthona diversa (Baly, 1877) (629 individuals), Monomacra bumeliae (Schaeffer, 1905) (528 individuals), Heterispa vinula (Erichson, 1847) (311 individuals), and Margaridisa sp. 1 (147 individuals), which together represent 77% (1,615 individuals) of the total abundance recorded. In addition, the community included 67 species with very low abundances, from which 25 (37%) correspond to singletons and nine to doubletons (13%). The dominance value (D) in the study area was 0.1998, which represents a true diversity (1/D) of 5.005. For the Shannon index (H’), a value of 2.221 was registered, with true diversity (eH) of 9.217.
Seasonal differences in abundance of the leaf beetle community were statistically significant (Mann-Whitney U = 4039; p ≤ 0.0001). The highest number of specimens was recorded during the rainy season (1,242 specimens, involving 41 genera), followed by the dry season (861, involving 30 genera). According to the permutation test, significant differences were also found in the number of species and diversity. Highest species richness was recorded in the rainy season. In contrast, the lowest dominance and highest diversity were obtained in the dry season (Table
Diversity permutation test for species richness and alpha diversity of leaf beetles between seasons.
Season | |||
---|---|---|---|
Rainy | Dry | p | |
Observed species richness | 60 | 40 | 0.0132 |
Simpson index (D) | 0.228 | 0.175 | 0.0001 |
Shannon index (H´) | 2.062 | 2.232 | 0.0229 |
Estimated species richness according to the non-parametrical estimators in the rainy season ranged between 85 and 100 species; therefore, the observed richness represents between 59.66 and 69.96% of completeness. For the dry season, the estimated richness varied from 48 to 56 species, indicating a completeness from 70.49 to 82.85% (Table
Chrysomelid estimated species richness and sampling completeness during the rainy and dry seasons.
Estimator | Rainy | % of completeness | Dry | % of completeness |
---|---|---|---|---|
Chao 1 | 97.53 | 61.52 | 55.11 | 72.58 |
Chao 2 | 90.44 | 66.34 | 56.74 | 70.49 |
Jack 1 | 85.76 | 69.96 | 55.88 | 75.64 |
Ace | 100.56 | 59.66 | 48.28 | 82.85 |
Clench model (slope) | 0.1561 | – | 0.077 | – |
Clench model (estimated richness) | 82 | 73 | 50 | 81 |
The best represented subfamily during the rainy season was Galerucinae (943 specimens, 32 species), followed by Cassidinae (260, 11 species). This same pattern was reflected in the dry season: Galerucinae with 685 specimens (21 species), followed by Cassidinae with 150 specimens (7 species). The remainder of the subfamilies had lower abundances and number of species for both seasons (Table
Number of specimens and species registered by subfamily and season in the semideciduous tropical forest.
Season | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Rainy | Dry | |||
Subfamily | Specimens | Species | Specimens | Species |
Galerucinae | 943 | 32 | 685 | 21 |
Cassidinae | 260 | 11 | 150 | 7 |
Eumolpinae | 25 | 7 | 11 | 5 |
Criocerinae | 7 | 3 | 7 | 2 |
Chrysomelinae | 5 | 5 | 4 | 3 |
Cryptocephalinae | 2 | 2 | 4 | 2 |
Faunistic similarity according to the Bray-Curtis index was 0.63%. A high proportion of the species composition shared between seasons involved Galerucinae, including Acrocyum dorsale Jacoby, 1885, C. diversa, Epitrix sp. 1, Margaridisa sp. 1, and Monomacra bumeliae. The proportion was also high for Cassidinae, involving Brachycoryna pumila Guérin-Méneville, 1844, Helocassis crucipennis (Boheman, 1855), and Heterispa vinula (Erichson, 1847).
The OMI analysis for the rainy season indicated a significant deviation between the abiotic conditions used by the leaf beetles and the average total microclimatic conditions (Monte Carlo test, p = 0.047). Of the 60 species registered in this season, only six showed a significant association. Centralaphthona diversa and M. bumeliae obtained low marginality values, which represents a wider niche breadth, and they were thus considered to be generalist species (Table
Individual dispersion of leaf beetle species whose association for microclimatic variables was significant in the rainy season A Alagoasa trifasciata B Centralaphthona diversa C Labidomera suturella D Monomacra bumeliae E Walterianella sp. 1 F Zenocolaspis inconstans. At each species panel: the gray circles represent the presence of the species in the sample, and the size of the circle is proportional to its abundance; straight lines represent vectors and indicate the dispersion of the species from the average position (centroid) towards each of the evaluation units where it was recorded; and ellipses represent the concentration of 95% of the specimens of the species. G canonical correlation values (loadings) between microclimatic variables and the abundance of Chrysomelidae. Abbreviations: MW: Maximum wind speed, AW: average wind speed, Tem: temperature, RH: relative humidity, HI: heat index, DP: dew point, Ev: evapotranspiration.
Parameters of the Outlying Mean Index (OMI) for the significant species of Chrysomelidae (p < 0.05) from each season. Values for the non-significant species are presented in Appendix
Season | Species | InerO | OMI | T1 | T2 | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rainy | Alagoasa trifasciata (Fabricius, 1801) | 5.199 | 2.521 | 0.9 | 1.778 | 0.0037 |
Rainy | Centralaphthona diversa (Baly, 1877) | 6.011 | 0.2003 | 2.14 | 3.671 | 0.0168 |
Rainy | Labidomera suturella Guérin-Méneville, 1838 | 23.86 | 23.86 | 7.889E-31 | -7889-31 | 0.0409 |
Rainy | Monomacra bumeliae (Schaeffer, 1905) | 6.991 | 0.4444 | 1.699 | 4.894 | 0.0007 |
Rainy | Walterianella sp. 1 | 7.257 | 5.25 | 1.494 | 0.512 | 0.0193 |
Rainy | Zenocolaspis inconstans (Lefèvre, 1878) | 6.561 | 4.146 | 0.233 | 2.182 | 0.0172 |
Dry | Acallepitrix sp. 7 | 8.299 | 6.09 | 0.423 | 1.786 | 0.0169 |
Dry | Alagoasa trifasciata (Fabricius, 1801) | 7.092 | 6.523 | 0.038 | 0.530 | 0.0469 |
Dry | Brachycoryna pumila Guérin-Méneville, 1838 | 9.761 | 2.114 | 5.087 | 2.56 | 0.0258 |
Dry | Centralaphthona diversa (Horn, 1889) | 8.056 | 0.2969 | 2.788 | 4.971 | 0.0415 |
Dry | Chaetocnema sp. 1 | 10.03 | 6.778 | 1.714 | 1.539 | 0.0083 |
Dry | Epitrix sp. 1 | 7.5 | 3.023 | 1.432 | 3.045 | 0.0073 |
Dry | Syphrea sp. 1 | 11.29 | 9.965 | 0.204 | 1.12 | 0.0106 |
In the case of the dry season, marginality was significant (Monte Carlo test, p = 0.017) for only seven of the 40 registered species. Two were considered as generalists, with low marginality values; of these, B. pumila presented the highest tolerance, while C. diversa showed the lowest marginality (Table
Individual dispersion of leaf beetle species whose association for microclimatic variables was significant in the dry season A Acallepitrix sp. 7 B Alagoasa trifasciata C Brachycoryna pumila D Centralaphthona diversa E Chaetocnema sp. 1 F Epitrix sp. 1 G Syphrea sp. 1. At each species panel: tiny, black dots represent the sampling units; gray circles represent the presence of the species in the sample, and the size of the circle is proportional to its abundance; straight lines represent vectors and indicate the dispersion of the species from the average position (centroid, pointed to by the red arrow) towards each of the sampling units where it was recorded; and ellipses represent the concentration of 95% of the specimens of the species. H canonical correlation values (loadings) between microclimatic variables and the abundance of Chrysomelidae. Abbreviations: MW: Maximum wind speed, AW: average wind speed, Tem: temperature, RH: relative humidity, HI: heat index, DP: dew point, Ev: evapotranspiration.
Heat index, evapotranspiration and temperature were the microclimatic variables most related with the abundance of leaf beetle species during the rainy season and were represented in Axis 1 of the OMI analysis (Eigenvalue = 4.9077, inertia = 55.74%). In Axis 2 (Eigenvalue = 2.6344, inertia = 29.92%) the most important variable was the average wind speed (Table
Canonical correlation values (loadings) between the seven microclimatic variables and the abundance of chrysomelid species during both seasons. Significant values are marked (*).
Rainy season | Dry season | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Microclimatic variables | Axis 1 | Axis 2 | Axis 1 | Axis 2 |
Maximum wind speed (m/s) | 0.075 | 0.299 | -0.274 | 0.271* |
Average wind speed (m/s) | 0.136 | 0.301* | -0.278 | 0.143 |
Temperature (°C) | 0.345* | 0.042 | 0.375* | 0.192 |
Relative humidity (%) | -0.084 | -0.201 | 0.2481 | -0.119 |
Heat Index (°C) | 0.380* | -0.040 | 0.371* | 0.154 |
Dew Point (°C) | 0.275 | -0.173 | 0.368 | -0.001 |
Evapotranspiration (°C) | 0.345* | -0.091 | 0.413* | 0.035 |
The association of the species with the environmental variables was determined based on the positions of the centroids and their closeness with respect to Axes 1 and 2. Those species that were located very close to the origin of both axes were considered to be related to average microclimatic values. For the rainy season, A. trifasciata and Z. inconstans, were related with low values of average wind speed (1.06–2.12 m/s), as well as high values of heat index (39.61–43.89 °C), evapotranspiration (27.24–29.02 °C) and temperatures (30.47–35.42 °C). Walterianella sp. 1 presented a similar microclimatic pattern, with a positive correlation with Axis 1 (high values of heat index from 43.89 to 48.18 °C, evapotranspiration from 24.24 to 29.02 °C, and temperature from 32.94 to 35.42 °C), although it was associated with average to high values of wind speed (2.12–4.24 m/s). In the case of L. suturella, this species was located in areas with lower values of heat index (18.20–22.48 °C), evapotranspiration (16.60–18.37 °C), and temperature (18.10–20.57 °C), but higher wind speed (1.06–2.12 m/s). Lastly, C. diversa and M. bumeliae did not follow a specific pattern in relation to the significant variables in any axis since they were at the origin of the niche dispersion (Fig.
During the dry season, the average distribution of Syphrea sp. 1, Acallepitrix sp. 7, and Epitrix sp. 1 was correlated with areas of lower evapotranspiration (13–16.82 °C), temperature (16.30–19.69 °C) and heat index (16.60–22.20 °C) in Axis 1. Similarly on Axis 2, these species predominated under conditions of low to average maximum wind speed (1.42–2.84 m/s). Chaetocnema sp. 1 occurred in conditions of low evapotranspiration (13–14.91 °C) and low temperature (21.39–23.09 °C), as well as low heat index (19.40–22.20 °C), but this species was associated with high values of maximum wind speed (1.42–2.13 m/s). Alagoasa trifasciata was the species with the lowest tolerance value; so, its centroid was positioned in areas with high evapotranspiration values (22.56–24.47 °C), high temperature (24.79–26.49 °C), high heat index (30.60–33.40 °C), and low maximum wind speed (0–0.71 m/s). Finally, the centroid of the distribution of B. pumila and C. diversa was significantly associated with average microclimatic conditions, since their distribution included areas with high and low values for the heat index, as well as for the other variables (Fig.
Environmental ranges of leaf beetles during the dry season. Abbreviations: Chae sp. 1 (Chaetocnema sp. 1), Syph sp. 1 (Syphrea sp. 1), Acall sp. 7 (Acallepitrix sp. 7), Brach pumi (Brachycoryna pumila), Epit sp. 1 (Epitrix sp. 1), Centra dive (Centralaphthona diversa), Alag trif (Alagoasa trifasciata).
Prior to this study, 2,660 species of Chrysomelidae had been recorded from Mexico (
The number of taxa recorded in this research is lower compared to similar studies in northeastern Mexico, such as those conducted at El Cielo Biosphere Reserve (RBEC) (
Galerucine dominance as observed in our study has also been reported in other studies in northeastern Mexico (
As a whole, the aforementioned results highlight the great importance of the study area, since it was possible to find a large percentage of species within a smaller expanse when compared to larger space-temporal gradients or natural protected areas. This can be attributed to the geographic location of the studied STF within a region with a high conservation priority (
On a temporal scale, the chrysomelid community followed a seasonal pattern, where the rainy season was the most favorable for the presence of this group in the study area. Increase in abundance and species richness during this season has also been found in numerous studies worldwide, including studies in Tamaulipas and other parts of Mexico (
However, in other geographic regions, such as the subtropical areas of Brazil, the highest abundance has occurred in the dry season, specifically within the subfamilies Galerucinae, Cassidinae and Chrysomelinae (
Unlike other investigations where the greatest diversity also occurs in the wet season (
In this research, the niches of chrysomelid species were examined by means of the Outlying Mean Index. This showed that the variations in the abundance of leaf beetles were significantly related to the microclimatic changes in each season. Factors that influence the distribution of phytophagous insects are a combination of geographic and environmental elements (
Significant microclimatic variables were very similar between seasons (environmental temperature, heat index, evapotranspiration and, to a lesser extent, wind speed), although there were differences in the order of importance and in their contribution to the variations in abundance of leaf beetles. In the rainy season, the most important variable to characterize the niche of the species was the heat index, which is considered to be a combination of humidity and temperature in the same value and represents the thermal sensation (
A similar set of microclimatic variables has been associated with Chrysomelidae in other works, specifically temperature, heat index, maximum wind speed and evapotranspiration (
Regarding the individual response of leaf beetles to the variables, it was observed that only 11 of the 71 species registered a significant variation between their niche and the average microclimatic conditions in the STF. It has been observed that the number of chrysomelid species that present a significant relationship with abiotic parameters is variable, although previous studies have focused on the effect of disturbance (
Specifically, in the dry season, seven significant species were recorded, while in the rainy season there were only six. In both seasons, C. diversa was categorized as a generalist species, since it presented a low marginality and a high tolerance, which indicates a wide distribution in the study area associated with average microclimatic values. This response is similar to that observed in the same and other species within the genus, but in different areas (
The broad microclimatic tolerance of C. diversa and the abiotic specialization of A. trifasciata represent a first approach to the analysis of the generalized environmental response of chrysomelids, even though both have been documented in other studies. In this way, it is probable that the behavior of the species is similar and constant in other geographical areas, which would allow the use of such taxa in environmental monitoring. New studies on chrysomelid niches would allow us to elucidate these effects. It is also important to recognize that phytophagous insects and specialist taxa with a small niche breadth could be negatively influenced by the possible effects of climate change (
The study of seasonal and microclimatic changes on species and communities is a topic of great importance in conservation ecology. Community attributes of the family Chrysomelidae and the beetles’ response to microclimatic variation were evaluated for the first time from a seasonal perspective, in a semideciduous tropical forest fragment of northeastern Mexico. Overall, the observed results were similar to those from other faunistic studies of leaf beetles, although the number of species ranked third within tropical forest areas of the state of Tamaulipas. Seasonality induced significant changes in the parameters of abundance, diversity and faunistic composition in the chrysomelid community. The highest number of specimens and species were recorded in the rainy season, while the lowest dominance and highest diversity occurred in the driest period.
In this study, it was shown that Chrysomelidae were significantly associated with the microclimatic variation among seasons. However, the strength of this association and the number of significant species were different for each season. Changes in the abundance of the leaf beetles were influenced by the heat index, temperature, evapotranspiration, and average wind speed, reflected by specific conditions required for each species. Microclimatic and seasonal assessment could be useful for the evaluation of climate change, since niche analysis enables detection of specialized or vulnerable species, which are associated with a delimited set of environmental conditions. This characterization of the microclimate niche of Chrysomelidae from a seasonal perspective was conducted here for the first time in northeastern Mexico. However, additional studies are warranted to determine if the observed patterns are different when evaluating other abiotic factors or when evaluating other plant communities.
Financial support for this study was granted by the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT-Mexico) (Doctoral scholarship No. 401277), as well as by the Programa del Mejoramiento del Profesorado (PROMEP) of the Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas. Sugeidi San Juanita Siaz Torres provided field support, measuring microclimatic variables during the sampling period. Sergio A. Terán Juárez collaborated in the photography and editing of chrysomelid images. We acknowledge support provided by the authorities from Ejido Santa Ana, Victoria, Tamaulipas, who authorized the fieldwork during the sampling period.
Taxonomic checklist of Chrysomelidae by season in a fragment of semideciduous tropical forest from northeastern Mexico (March 2016 to February 2017).
Taxon | Rainy season | Dry season | |
---|---|---|---|
N | N | N | |
CRIOCERINAE Latreille, 1807 | 14 | ||
Tribe Lemini Heinze, 1962 | |||
Lema sp. 1 | 5 | – | 5 |
Lema sp. 2 | 2 | 2 | – |
Lema sp. 3 | 2 | – | 2 |
Neolema sp. 1 | 2 | 2 | – |
Oulema sp. 1 | 3 | 3 | – |
CASSIDINAE Gyllenhal, 1813 | 410 | ||
Tribe Chalepini Weise, 1910 | |||
Baliosus sp. 1 | 1 | 1 | – |
Brachycoryna pumila Guérin-Méneville, 1844 | 34 | 17 | 17 |
Chalepus digressus Baly, 1885 | 1 | – | 1 |
Heterispa vinula (Erichson, 1847) | 311 | 209 | 102 |
Octotoma intermedia Staines, 1989 | 3 | 3 | – |
Sumitrosis inaequalis (Weber, 1801) | 2 | 2 | – |
Tribe Cassidini Gyllenhal, 1813 | |||
Agroiconota vilis (Boheman, 1855) | 1 | 1 | – |
Charidotella sexpunctata (Fabricius, 1781) | 3 | 2 | 1 |
Helocassis clavata (Fabricius, 1798) | 12 | 5 | 7 |
Helocassis crucipennis (Boheman, 1855) | 37 | 16 | 21 |
Microctenochira punicea (Boheman, 1855) | 4 | 3 | 1 |
Microctenochira varicornis (Spaeth, 1926) | 1 | 1 | – |
CHRYSOMELINAE Latreille, 1802 | 9 | ||
Tribe Chrysomelini Latreille, 1802 | |||
Calligrapha ancoralis Stål, 1860 | 1 | 1 | – |
Calligrapha fulvipes Stål, 1859 | 1 | – | 1 |
Deuterocampta atromaculata Stål, 1859 | 1 | 1 | – |
Labidomera suturella Chevrolat, 1844 | 3 | 1 | 2 |
Plagiodera semivittata Stål, 1860 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
Plagiodera thymaloides Stål, 1860 | 1 | 1 | – |
GALERUCINAE Latreille, 1802 | 1628 | ||
Tribe Galerucini Latreille, 1802 | |||
Coraia subcyanescens (Schaeffer, 1906) | 8 | 8 | – |
Tribe Luperini Chapuis, 1875 | |||
Acalymma sp. 1 | 1 | 1 | – |
Cyclotrypema furcata (Olivier, 1808) | 23 | 23 | – |
Diabrotica biannularis Harold, 1875 | 1 | 1 | – |
Gynandrobrotica lepida (Say, 1835) | 8 | 1 | 7 |
Paratriarius curtisii (Baly, 1886) | 1 | 1 | – |
Tribe Alticini Newman, 1835 | |||
Acallepitrix sp. 1 | 1 | – | 1 |
Acallepitrix sp. 2 | 1 | 1 | – |
Acallepitrix sp. 3 | 2 | 2 | – |
Acallepitrix sp. 4 | 3 | – | 3 |
Acallepitrix sp. 5 | 11 | 5 | 6 |
Acallepitrix sp. 6 | 9 | 2 | 7 |
Acallepitrix sp. 7 | 8 | 4 | 4 |
Acallepitrix sp. 8 | 2 | 2 | – |
Acrocyum dorsale Jacoby, 1885 | 30 | 17 | 13 |
Acrocyum sp. 1 | 2 | – | 2 |
Alagoasa bipunctata (Chevrolat, 1834) | 8 | 5 | 3 |
Alagoasa trifasciata (Fabricius, 1801) | 19 | 15 | 4 |
Alagoasa sp. 1 | 1 | 1 | – |
Asphaera abdominalis (Chevrolat, 1835) | 1 | 1 | – |
Asphaera nigrofasciata Jacoby, 1885 | 1 | 1 | – |
Centralaphthona diversa (Baly, 1877) | 692 | 440 | 252 |
Centralaphthona sp. 1 | 1 | 1 | – |
Chaetocnema sp. 1 | 19 | 6 | 13 |
Disonycha stenosticha Schaefer, 1931 | 1 | – | 1 |
Epitrix sp. 1 | 28 | 10 | 18 |
Heikertingerella sp. 1 | 24 | 21 | 3 |
Longitarsus sp. 1 | 7 | 4 | 3 |
Longitarsus sp. 2 | 16 | 1 | 15 |
Margaridisa sp. 1 | 147 | 16 | 131 |
Monomacra bumeliae (Schaeffer, 1905) | 528 | 336 | 192 |
Phyllotreta aeneicollis (Crotch, 1873) | 1 | 1 | – |
Syphrea sp. 1 | 8 | 2 | 6 |
Syphrea sp. 2 | 5 | 5 | – |
Walterianella sp. 1 | 9 | 8 | 1 |
Walterianella sp. 2 | 1 | 1 | – |
CRYPTOCEPHALINAE Gyllenhal, 1813 | 6 | ||
Tribe Cryptocephalini Gyllenhal, 1813 | |||
Cryptocephalus umbonatus Schaeffer, 1906 | 1 | – | 1 |
Diachus chlorizans (Suffrian, 1852) | 1 | 1 | – |
Tribe Clytrini Lacordaire, 1848 | |||
Babia distinguenda Jacoby, 1889 | 1 | 1 | – |
Smaragdina agilis (Lacordaire, 1848) | 3 | – | 3 |
EUMOLPINAE Hope, 1840 | 36 | ||
Tribe Eumolpini Hope, 1840 | |||
Brachypnoea sp. 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 |
Brachypnoea sp. 2 | 5 | 1 | 4 |
Colaspis freyi (Bechyné, 1950) | 1 | 1 | – |
Colaspis melancholica Jacoby, 1881 | 13 | 12 | 1 |
Colaspis townsendi Bowditch, 1921 | 1 | 1 | – |
Xanthonia sp. 1 | 3 | – | 3 |
Zenocolaspis inconstans (Lefèvre, 1878) | 8 | 7 | 1 |
Tribe Typophorini Chapuis, 1874 | |||
Paria sp. 1 | 2 | 2 | – |
71 species Totals | 2103 | 1242 | 861 |
Outlying Mean Index parameters for chrysomelid species in the rainy season. Key: InerO = Total inertia, OMI = Marginality index, T1 = Tolerance, T2 = Residual tolerance, p = probability; significant values in bold.
Species | InerO | OMI | T1 | T2 | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acallepitrix sp. 2 | 3.76 | 3.76 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.55 |
Acallepitrix sp. 3 | 11.91 | 5.64 | 3.86 | 2.42 | 0.16 |
Acallepitrix sp. 5 | 5.74 | 2.92 | 0.82 | 2.00 | 0.09 |
Acallepitrix sp. 6 | 11.66 | 7.62 | 2.35 | 1.69 | 0.08 |
Acallepitrix sp. 7 | 3.88 | 0.23 | 0.99 | 2.67 | 0.96 |
Acallepitrix sp. 8 | 3.72 | 3.03 | 0.10 | 0.59 | 0.42 |
Acalymma sp. 1 | 4.56 | 4.56 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.47 |
Acrocyum dorsale | 6.33 | 0.54 | 2.01 | 3.78 | 0.24 |
Agroiconota vilis | 1.51 | 1.51 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.91 |
Alagoasa bipunctata | 3.45 | 0.85 | 0.97 | 1.63 | 0.70 |
Alagoasa trifasciata | 5.20 | 2.52 | 0.90 | 1.78 | 0.00 |
Alagoasa sp. 1 | 2.29 | 2.29 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.78 |
Asphaera abdominalis | 2.29 | 2.29 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.78 |
Asphaera nigrofasciata | 5.57 | 5.57 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.40 |
Babia distinguenda | 9.82 | 9.82 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.23 |
Brachycoryna pumila | 5.14 | 0.95 | 2.58 | 1.62 | 0.25 |
Brachypnoea sp. 1 | 5.83 | 5.83 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.37 |
Brachypnoea sp. 2 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.97 |
Calligrapha fulvipes | 3.05 | 3.05 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.65 |
Centralaphthona diversa | 6.01 | 0.20 | 2.14 | 3.67 | 0.02 |
Centralaphthona sp. 1 | 0.94 | 0.94 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.96 |
Chaetocnema sp. 1 | 5.46 | 1.58 | 0.81 | 3.08 | 0.43 |
Charidotella sexpunctata | 2.52 | 1.27 | 0.62 | 0.63 | 0.79 |
Colaspis freyi | 4.30 | 4.30 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.49 |
Colaspis melancholica | 7.96 | 7.96 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.31 |
Colaspis townsendi | 3.33 | 1.00 | 0.24 | 2.08 | 0.40 |
Coraia subcyanescens | 4.61 | 0.57 | 0.42 | 3.62 | 0.78 |
Cyclotrypema furcata | 3.25 | 0.37 | 0.70 | 2.18 | 0.58 |
Diabrotica biannularis | 2.22 | 2.22 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.81 |
Diachus chlorizans | 0.59 | 0.59 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.98 |
Deuterocampta atromaculata | 3.05 | 3.05 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.65 |
Epitrix sp. 1 | 4.62 | 3.55 | 0.37 | 0.70 | 0.07 |
Gynandrobrotica lepida | 20.23 | 20.23 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.06 |
Heikertingerella sp. 1 | 6.29 | 0.11 | 1.29 | 4.89 | 0.96 |
Helocassis clavata | 9.99 | 1.93 | 6.06 | 2.00 | 0.22 |
Helocassis crucipennis | 5.12 | 1.61 | 0.46 | 3.05 | 0.09 |
Heterispa vinula | 6.06 | 0.09 | 1.30 | 4.68 | 0.21 |
Labidomera suturella | 23.86 | 23.86 | 1.83 | 0.00 | 0.04 |
Lema sp. 2 | 6.01 | 4.36 | 0.80 | 0.85 | 0.26 |
Longitarsus sp. 1 | 17.20 | 5.69 | 10.66 | 0.85 | 0.07 |
Longitarsus sp. 2 | 2.53 | 2.53 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.75 |
Margaridisa sp. 1 | 5.40 | 0.16 | 2.07 | 3.17 | 0.86 |
Microctenochira punicea | 2.59 | 1.41 | 0.38 | 0.80 | 0.59 |
Microctenochira varicornis | 9.80 | 9.80 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.23 |
Monomacra bumeliae | 6.99 | 0.44 | 1.70 | 4.85 | 0.00 |
Neolema sp. 1 | 5.55 | 5.45 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.18 |
Octotoma sp. 1 | 4.60 | 1.23 | 1.88 | 1.50 | 0.66 |
Oulema sp. 1 | 3.75 | 2.72 | 0.08 | 0.94 | 0.49 |
Paratriarius curtisii | 2.62 | 2.62 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.71 |
Paria sp. 1 | 8.16 | 2.32 | 3.98 | 1.86 | 0.56 |
Phyllotreta aeneicollis | 6.34 | 6.34 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.35 |
Plagiodera semivittata | 4.00 | 4.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.53 |
Plagiodera thymaloides | 3.15 | 3.15 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.65 |
Sumitrosis inaequalis | 3.17 | 0.35 | 0.64 | 2.18 | 0.97 |
Sumitrosis sp. 1 | 1.24 | 1.24 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.94 |
Syphrea sp. 1 | 1.70 | 0.60 | 0.01 | 1.08 | 0.92 |
Syphrea sp. 2 | 3.41 | 3.20 | 0.04 | 0.16 | 0.44 |
Walterianella sp. 1 | 7.26 | 5.25 | 1.49 | 0.51 | 0.02 |
Walterianella sp. 2 | 2.62 | 2.62 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.71 |
Zenocolaspis inconstans | 6.56 | 4.15 | 0.23 | 2.18 | 0.02 |
Outlying Mean Index parameters for chrysomelid species in the dry season. Key: InerO = Total inertia, OMI = Marginality index, T1 = Tolerance, T2 = Residual tolerance, p = probability; significant values in bold.
Species | InerO | OMI | T1 | T2 | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acallepitrix sp. 1 | 7.86 | 7.86 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.41 |
Acallepitrix sp. 4 | 5.76 | 2.15 | 0.23 | 3.38 | 0.41 |
Acallepitrix sp. 5 | 5.63 | 0.90 | 3.16 | 1.58 | 0.45 |
Acallepitrix sp. 6 | 6.31 | 0.46 | 2.41 | 3.43 | 0.80 |
Acallepitrix sp. 7 | 8.30 | 6.09 | 0.42 | 1.79 | 0.02 |
Acrocyum dorsale | 8.21 | 0.25 | 3.58 | 4.38 | 0.72 |
Acrocyum sp. 1 | 14.37 | 7.55 | 4.42 | 2.40 | 0.10 |
Alagoasa trifasciata | 7.09 | 6.52 | 0.04 | 0.53 | 0.05 |
Alagoasa sp. 1 | 4.47 | 1.72 | 0.68 | 2.07 | 0.52 |
Brachycoryna pumila | 9.76 | 2.11 | 5.09 | 2.56 | 0.03 |
Brachypnoea sp. 1 | 9.51 | 0.65 | 4.61 | 4.25 | 0.95 |
Brachypnoea sp. 2 | 12.33 | 12.33 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.10 |
Calligrapha fulvipes | 5.45 | 5.45 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.56 |
Centralaphthona diversa | 8.06 | 0.30 | 2.79 | 4.97 | 0.04 |
Chaetocnema sp. 1 | 10.03 | 6.78 | 1.71 | 1.54 | 0.01 |
Chalepus digressus | 12.80 | 12.80 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.09 |
Charidotella sexpunctata | 9.42 | 9.42 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.22 |
Colaspis townsendi | 5.85 | 5.85 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.52 |
Cryptocephalus umbonatus | 0.83 | 0.83 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.98 |
Disonycha stenosticha | 8.31 | 8.31 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.32 |
Epitrix sp. 1 | 7.50 | 3.02 | 1.43 | 3.05 | 0.01 |
Gynandrobrotica lepida | 4.94 | 1.29 | 0.25 | 3.41 | 0.24 |
Heikertingerella sp. 1 | 5.75 | 0.88 | 2.31 | 2.57 | 0.76 |
Helocassis clavata | 6.28 | 0.57 | 4.26 | 1.45 | 0.58 |
Helocassis crucipennis | 8.65 | 1.95 | 5.37 | 1.33 | 0.13 |
Heterispa vinula | 7.04 | 0.23 | 1.79 | 5.02 | 0.15 |
Labidomera suturella | 3.43 | 1.30 | 0.78 | 1.34 | 0.82 |
Lema sp. 1 | 8.29 | 1.54 | 4.25 | 2.50 | 0.82 |
Lema sp. 3 | 2.29 | 2.29 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.89 |
Longitarsus sp. 1 | 5.51 | 2.46 | 0.09 | 2.96 | 0.34 |
Longitarsus sp. 2 | 5.79 | 0.13 | 0.20 | 5.47 | 0.88 |
Margaridisa sp. 1 | 7.69 | 0.13 | 3.27 | 4.29 | 0.96 |
Microctenochira punicea | 2.93 | 2.93 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.76 |
Monomacra bumeliae | 6.20 | 0.16 | 2.86 | 3.18 | 0.08 |
Plagiodera thymaloides | 5.72 | 5.72 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.54 |
Smaragdina agilis | 5.31 | 0.53 | 1.71 | 3.07 | 0.97 |
Syphrea sp. 1 | 11.29 | 9.97 | 0.20 | 1.12 | 0.01 |
Walterianella sp. 1 | 5.72 | 5.72 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.54 |
Xanthonia sp. 1 | 4.60 | 2.42 | 0.23 | 1.95 | 0.36 |
Zenocolaspis inconstans | 4.25 | 4.25 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.69 |