Research Article |
Corresponding author: Hong-Zhang Zhou ( zhouhz@ioz.ac.cn ) Academic editor: Caroline Chaboo
© 2022 Wen-Yuan Duan, Feng-Yan Wang, Hong-Zhang Zhou.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Duan W-Y, Wang F-Y, Zhou H-Z (2022) Two new species of the genus Smaragdina Chevrolat, 1836 (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Cryptocephalinae) from China. ZooKeys 1082: 1-26. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1082.74323
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Two new species of the genus Smaragdina Chevrolat from China are reported: S. hejingensis Duan, Wang & Zhou sp. nov. from Xinjiang, and S. magnipunctata Duan, Wang and Zhou sp. nov. from Yunnan. Six species, S. divisa (Jacoby), S. insulana Medvedev, S. kimotoi Lopatin, S. laboissierei (Pic), S. laosensis Kimoto & Gressitt, and S. oculata Medvedev are new country records for China. Color illustrations and line drawings of general habitus and morphological details are given. All types of two new species are deposited in the collection of Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IZ-CAS).
Clytrini, distributional records, leaf beetles, taxonomy
The genus Smaragdina Chevrolat, 1836 has 350 recognized species (
The Chinese species of Smaragdina have been studied by many specialists (e.g.,
There were few studies strictly concentrated on the biology of Smaragdina, i.e. life cycles, development, host plants, etc.
This paper, as a continuation of our leaf beetle studies (see above), describes two new species from China and reports six species as new country records for China. We increase the number of the Chinese species of Smaragdina to 72. We provide color illustrations and line drawings of general habitus and other structures for each species included. All types of the new species are deposited in the collection of Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IZ-CAS).
Dried specimens were relaxed in hot distilled water at 80 °C for about 2 h to soften the body and ease dissection. The abdomen was separated with insect pins from the rest of the body and soaked in 10% KOH solution, and then in a hot water bath for 15 min to advance the process. After this procedure, the specimens were transferred to distilled water to rinse the residual KOH solution off and stop the bleaching process. The aedeagus, spermatheca, and rectal sclerites were dissected out from abdomen and placed in glycerin on a microslide.
The dissected parts were placed into glycerin for observation and measured with an apochromatic stereomicroscope Zeiss SteREO V12. Color photographs of the adults and genitalia were captured with an Axio Zoom V16 fluorescence stereo zoom microscope and photomontage was performed in Zen 2012 (blue edition) imaging software. Adobe Photoshop CS6 was used in digital post-processing of the color images, and Adobe Illustrator 2020 was used to make the line drawings.
The term “rectal sclerites” (ventral rectal sclerites, dorsal rectal sclerites) is used throughout the paper according to
Specimens used in this study are from the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (IZ-CAS).
Measurements are average values calculated from the values of at least 10 specimens, or all if fewer specimens were available. The following abbreviations were used to identify the institutions of holotype deposition.
LM Lev N. Medvedev Collection, Moscow, Russia;
Smaragdina mandzhura: Gramineae, Miscanthus
Smaragdina semiaurantiaca: Rosaceae, Prunus, Malus
Smaragdina aurita hammarstroemi: Salicaceae, Salix, Populus
Smaragdina mandzhura: Ulmaceae, Ulmus
Smaragdina semiaurantiaca: Ulmaceae, Ulmus
Smaragdina mandzhura: Rhamnaceae, Ziziphus jujuba
Smaragdina aurita hammarstroemi : Betulaceae, Betula; Melastomataceae, Styrax japonica
Diagnosis. Body shape elongate and subcylindrical, usually smaller than 6 mm. Head small, very short; mandibles short; eyes round or elongate; antennae slender, 2nd and 3rd antennomeres short and equal, following antennomeres serrate. Pronotum transverse, posterior angles rounded; scutellum large. Elytra without distinct epipleural lobes. Legs short, fore legs sometimes slightly longer than others; tarsi of females usually long and narrow, 1st tarsomere longer than 2nd; legs of males usually stouter than female’s, tarsi broader and shorter. Pygidium not exposed.
This new species is the nearest to S. flavilabris (Briet, 1917) but can be distinguished by the shape of pronotal marking: S. flavilabris has the metallic blue marking rhombic, whereas in the new species this marking is not. Additionally, the anterior margin of the clypeus in the new species is yellowish brown but black in S. flavilabris.
The specific is named after the type locality, Hejing.
China: Xinjiang: Hejing.
(n = 6). Holotype: male, China: Xinjiang: Hejing, 30.VII.1958, coll. Changqing Li (IZ-CAS). Paratypes: China: Xinjiang: 3 males, 2 females, Hejing, 31.VII.1958, coll. Changqing Li (IZ-CAS).
(n = 6). Body length males: 5.2–5.9 mm, females: 5.1–5.6 mm.
Body (Figs
Smaragdina hejingensis Duan, Wang & Zhou, sp. nov. A habitus B lateral view of habitus C spermatheca D lateral view of aedeagus E ventral view of aedeagus F dorsal view of aedeagus G apex of aedeagus H ventral rectal sclerites I dorsal rectal sclerites. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, B), 0.2 mm (C–I).
Head small, with dense and coarse punctures. Mandibles (Fig.
Pronotum transverse, about 2× as wide as long, moderately convex; anterior margin slightly convex, lateral margins rounded, posterior margin sinuated, all margins (especially lateral ones) bordered; surface with coarse punctures, denser on median basal area. Scutellum widely triangular, with extremely fine punctures; apex slightly elevated over elytral surface.
Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide at humeri, covered with confused and dense punctures, interstices shorter than a puncture diameter, punctures becoming sparse posteriorly, and nearly disappearing at elytral apices.
Underside and legs thickly clothed with silvery pubescence; apex of pygidium arcuate. Tarsi slender, length ratio of protarsomeres 1.6:1.0:0.3:2.0. Tibiae of females slightly curved, legs robust, tarsi broad.
Aedeagus (Figs
Female. Coloration of body darker than male, base of hind tibiae black; legs slender, tarsi narrow. Last segment of abdomen with a fossa. Spermatheca (Figs
China (Xinjiang).
This new species is well distinguished from all its congeners by the presence of unique black markings on the elytra and strong punctures arranged in regular rows with their interspaces impunctate.
The specific epithet is from the Latin words “magni-” and “punctata” in reference to the big punctures of the elytra.
China: Yunnan Province: Xishuangbanna, Xiaomengyang.
(n = 4). Holotype: male, China: Yunnan Province: Xishuangbanna, Xiaomengyang, 7.VII.1957, coll. Shuyong Wang (IZ-CAS). Paratypes: China: Yunnan Province: 1 female, Xishuangbanna, Xiaomengyang, 10.X.1957, coll. Shuyong Wang (IZ-CAS); 1 female, Xishuangbanna, Xiaomengyang, 21.X.1957, coll. Shuyong Wang (IZ-CAS); 1 female, Xishuangbanna, Xiaomengyang, 22.X.1957, coll. Lingchao Zang (IZ-CAS).
(n = 4). Body length males: 3.7 mm, females: 3.9–4.3 mm.
Body (Figs
Smaragdina magnipunctata Duan, Wang & Zhou, sp. nov. A habitus B lateral view of habitus C spermatheca D lateral view of aedeagus E ventral view of aedeagus F dorsal view of aedeagus G apex of aedeagus H ventral rectal sclerites I dorsal rectal sclerites. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, B), 0.2 mm (C–I).
Head small, glabrous. Mandibles short; labrum slightly incised at anterior margin; length ratio of maxillary palpomeres 0.5:2.2:2.0:2.5; length ratio of labial palpomeres 0.4:1.8:3.0. Clypeus glabrous, anterior margin slightly incised; frons with 3 grooves arranged in triangular pattern; inner sides of eyes with short pubescence; vertex slightly convex, glabrous. Antennae short, extending to base of prothorax, pubescent, 1st antennomere oblong and thick, 2nd rounded, 3rd slender, similar in length with 2nd, 4th triangular, a little longer than 3rd, serrated from 5th segment onwards, while last segment ovate, apex sharp.
Pronotum transverse, about 2× as wide as long, strongly convex; anterior and lateral margins rounded, posterior margin weakly sinuated and bordered; surface without any punctures. Scutellum triangular, impunctate, apex slightly elevated over elytral surface.
Elytra glabrous, 1.5× as long as wide at humeri; 2/3 basal part with coarse, sparse punctures, forming regular rows, with interspaces impunctate; 1/3 apical part with sparse, fine punctures, almost obsolete.
Underside and legs thickly clothed with silvery pubescence; apex of pygidium slightly concave. Tarsi slender, length ratio of protarsomeres 1.0:0.7:0.2:1.2.
Aedeagus (Figs
Female. Punctures of elytra more obvious than male, last segment of abdomen with a fossa, apex of pygidium truncate. Spermatheca (Figs
China (Yunnan).
Smaragdina divisa
Jacoby, 1889: 156 (orig.: Gynandrophthalma divisa); 1908: 117, fig. 29;
Gynandrophthalma indica
Jacoby, 1895: 263;
(n = 17). China: Hainan province: 6 males, 4 females, Jianfeng, 20.IV.1980, coll. Fuji Pu (IZ-CAS); 2 males, Jianfenglin, 20.IV.1980, coll. unknown (IZ-CAS); 1 male, Lehui, 4.V.1954, coll. Keren Huang (IZ-CAS); 1 female, Nada, 25.IV.1954, coll. Keren Huang (IZ-CAS); 1 female, Baoting, 16.V.1960, coll. Zhenfu Li (IZ-CAS); 1 female, Ledong, 10.VI.1960, coll. Xuezhong Zhang (IZ-CAS); 1 female, Tongshi, 8.V.1960, coll. Zhenfu Li (IZ-CAS).
China (Hainan); Vietnam; Burma; Nepal; Sri Lanka; Malaysia.
This species is recognized by having the apical half of the elytra distinctly paler than the basal half, and the apex of aedeagus narrowly truncate. It has not previously been recorded from the territory of China.
Smaragdina insulana
Medvedev, 1992a: 73 (type locality: Vietnam, Prov. Quang Nam-Da Nang);
(n = 3). China: Guangxi province: 1 female, Longzhou, Daqingshan, 20.IV.1963, coll. Shuyong Wang (IZ-CAS); 1 male, Longzhou, Daqingshan, 26.IV.1963, coll. Shuyong Wang (IZ-CAS); 1 male, Longzhou, Daqingshan, 27.IV.1963, coll. Shuyong Wang (IZ-CAS).
China (Guangxi); Vietnam.
This species is recognized by the fulvous body color, pale flavous spots on the elytra, and the sharp apex of the aedeagus. Originally found in Vietnam, we can confirm this species occurs in China.
Smaragdina kimotoi
Lopatin, 2003: 301 (type locality: South Vietnam, northeast of Ho Chi Minh);
(n = 13). China: Hainan province: 1 male, 3 females, Jianfeng, 20.IV.1980, coll. Fuji Pu (IZ-CAS); 2 males, Jianfenglin, 29.IV.1983, coll. Maobin Gu (IZ-CAS); 1 female, Jianfenglin, 19.IV.1984, coll. Chunling Wang (IZ-CAS); 1 female, Wuzhishan, 4.IV.1980, coll. Shuyong Wang (IZ-CAS); 1 female, Nada, 25.IV.1954, coll. Keren Huang (IZ-CAS); 2 females, Nada, 30.IV.1954, coll. Keren Huang (IZ-CAS); 1 male, Nada, 30.V.1954, coll. Keren Huang (IZ-CAS); 1 female, Tongshi, 27.III.1960, coll. Changqing Li (IZ-CAS); 1 female, Tongshi, 23.IV.1960, coll. Zhenfu Li (IZ-CAS).
China (Hainan); Vietnam.
The fulvous dorsal body and the aedeagus with a broad and parallel-sided apical process, distinguish this species from S. divisa. Originally from Vietnam, we confirm that S. kimotoi occurs in China.
Smaragdina laboissierei
Pic, 1928: 34 (orig.: Cyaniris laboissierei; type locality: Tonkin; type deposited:
(n = 2). China: Guangxi province: 1 female, Longzhou, Daqingshan, 19. IV. 1963, coll. Shuyong Wang (IZ-CAS); 1 male, Longzhou, Daqingshan, 27. IV. 1963, coll. Shuyong Wang (IZ-CAS).
China (Guangxi); Vietnam.
The Chinese specimens were identified as this species by the yellowish-brown pronotum with a black stripe and the apical process of aedeagus triangular, which is acute and strongly curved downwards. This species was previously only known from Vietnam.
Smaragdina laosensis
Kimoto & Gressitt, 1981: 320 (type locality: Laos; type deposited:
(n = 5). China: Yunnan province: 1 female, Cheli, 8.III.1957, coll. Fuji Pu (IZ-CAS); 1 male, Cheli, 11.III.1957, coll. Fuji Pu (IZ-CAS); 2 males, Xishuangbanna, Yunjinghong, 3.IV.1958, coll. unknown (IZ-CAS); 1 female, Xishuangbanna, Yunjinghong, 7.VIII.1958, coll. Xuwu Meng (IZ-CAS).
China (Yunnan); Laos.
Following the description of
Smaragdina oculata
Medvedev, 1988b: 471 (type locality: Assam, Kaziranga; type deposited: LM);
(n = 4). China: Yunnan province: 1 male, 1 female, Mangshi, 15.V.1955, coll. B. Popov (IZ-CAS); 1 male, Mangshi, 17.V.1955, coll. Xingchi Yang (IZ-CAS); 1 male, Mangshi, 17.V.1955, coll. Krejanovsky (IZ-CAS).
China (Yunnan); India.
According to the aedeagus with triangular apex and specific pubescence, the Chinese specimens are certainly S. oculata (
This study contributes new faunistic discoveries and increases the number of Chinese species of Smaragdina from 64 to 72. This is a very important advance in the taxonomy of this large genus in the tribe Clytrini. The Chinese Smaragdina have not been studied in last 30 years or longer (
In the early studies on the leaf beetles, including Smaragdina, species were reported by older conventions without specimen dissections; thus, few morphological details of aedeagus, spermatheca, rectal sclerites, etc. were provided (
We thank the subject editor and the anonymous reviewers for their valuable suggestions in the reviewing process of this manuscript. This study was supported in part by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, China (no. 2019HJ2096001006) and by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2015FY210300). Insect Diversity Observation Network of Sino BON (CAS, China) offered help for the field investigations.