Research Article |
Corresponding author: Adam J. Brunke ( adam.j.brunke@gmail.com ) Academic editor: Volker Assing
© 2021 Adam J. Brunke.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication.
Citation:
Brunke AJ (2021) New relictual genera in Cyrtoquediini and Indoquediini (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). ZooKeys 1076: 109-124. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1076.73103
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Sundaquedius gen. nov. (Cyrtoquediini) and Fluviphirus gen. nov. (Indoquediini) are described from southeast Asia and western North America, respectively, resulting in the new combinations Sundaquedius nigropolitus (Cameron) and Fluviphirus elevatus (Hatch). Sundaquedius abbreviatus sp. nov. is described from Vietnam. The phylogenetic positions of these genera within Staphylininae are supported by morphology and recently published phylogenomic evidence. New keys to the world genera of Cyrtoquediini and Indoquediini are provided. A new country record for Alesiella lineipennis (Cameron) is provided for Thailand, based on the first available specimen in more than 100 years.
Rove beetles, Nearctic, Oriental, taxonomy, systematics, identification keys
The tribe Quediini (formerly Quediina, see Materials and methods) was previously a convenient dumping ground for plesiomorphy-rich taxa in Staphylininae, and its largest genus, Quedius, was the destination for most of these species (summarized by
cHay Personal collection of Y. Hayashi, Kawanishi City, Japan
Type label data are given verbatim, with labels separated by “/” and comments indicated in square brackets. Non-type label data were standardized to improve clarity. Specimens were georeferenced using Google Earth or Google Maps.
All specimens were examined dry using a Nikon SMZ25 stereomicroscope. Genitalia and terminal segments of the abdomen were dissected and placed in glycerin filled vials, pinned with their respective specimens. Line illustrations were made from standard images and then digitally inked in Adobe Illustrator CC-2020. All imaging, including photomontage was accomplished using a motorized Nikon SMZ25 microscope and NIS Elements BR v4.5. Photos were post-processed in Adobe Photoshop CC-2020.
All measurements were made using a live measurement module within NIS Elements BR v4.5. Measurements were taken as listed below, but only proportional (HW/HL, PW/PL, EW/EL, PW/HW) and forebody measurements are stated directly in descriptions. Total body length is generally difficult to standardize for Staphylinidae and was not measured due to the contractile nature of the abdomen.
HL Head Length, at middle, from the anterior margin of frons to the nuchal ridge.
HW Head Width, the greatest width, including the eyes.
PL Pronotum Length, at middle.
PW Pronotum Width, greatest width.
EL Elytral Length, greatest length taken from level of the anterior most large, lateral macroseta to apex of elytra. EL approximates the length of the elytra not covered by the pronotum and therefore contributing to the forebody length.
EW Elytral Width, greatest width.
Forebody HL + PL + EL.
Morphological terminology follows that of
Cyrtoquediini (as recently redefined by
1 | Last segment of maxillary and labial palpi strongly dilated to a truncate apex; mandibles without teeth; West Palaearctic | Astrapaeus Gravenhorst (A. ulmi (Rossi)) |
– | Last segment of maxillary and labial palpi not strongly dilated to truncate apex; mandibles with at least one tooth each; Nearctic, Neotropical, East Palaearctic and Oriental Regions | 2 |
2 | Eyes relatively small, eye no more than 1.5 × longer than temple | 3 |
– | Eyes relatively large, eye nearly 3 × as long as temple or larger, temple usually very small | 6 |
3 | Dorsal head and pronotum entirely covered in fine setae; inside termite nests (Nasutitermes Dudley); known only from South America; 2 spp., key in |
Sedolinus Solodovnikov |
– | Dorsal head and pronotum glabrous except for macrosetae | 4 |
4 | Antennomeres 1–3 without tomentose pubescence; body small (< 6.0 mm); ventral head with infraorbital ridge extending to base of mandibles; mesoscutellum without micropunctures; associated with fungusy rotting wood in older stages of decomposition ( |
Quwatanabius Smetana |
– | Antennomeres 1–4 without tomentose pubescence; body large (approx. 1 cm or more); ventral head with infraorbital ridge restricted to basal third of head length or less; mesoscutellum with micropunctures; associated with early, fermenting stages of decay such as rotting Agave or Myrtillocactus (Navarrete et al. 2002), or under the bark of sappy logs | 5 |
5 | Abdomen bicolored red (basal three segments) and black (apical two segments); mesoventrite with horn-like projection; Oriental Region, known from Myanmar and northern Thailand | Alesiella Brunke & Solodovnikov (A. lineipennis (Cameron)) |
– | Abdomen uniformly dark; mesoventrite without horn-like projection; Neotropical Region, known from Mexico to Costa Rica; 2 spp., notes in |
Quediomacrus Sharp |
6 | Elytra with irregular, coarse and asetose macropunctures; antennomeres 1–5 without tomentose pubescence; 78 spp., keys in |
Bolitogyrus Chevrolat |
– | Elytral with macropunctures setose, organized in rows, surface sometimes with scattered micropunctures; antennomeres 1–3 without tomentose pubescence (tomentose pubescence sometimes partly missing on antennae 4) | 7 |
7 | Head with two or more parocular punctures (Fig. |
Sundaquedius Brunke, gen. nov. |
– | Head with only one parocular puncture; infraorbital ridge complete, reaching base of mandible; pronotum with only one puncture in dorsal row (marginal puncture); Nearctic and Neotropical Regions | 8 |
8 | Head, pronotum and elytra distinctly flattened; meso- and metatarsomeres markedly bilobed, transverse; tarsomere 4 reaching half the length of tarsomere 5; occurs under the bark of decaying trees ( |
Parisanopus Brèthes (P. castaneipennis Brèthes) |
– | Forebody distinctly convex; meso- and meta tarsomeres less strongly bilobed, not transverse; tarsomere 4 not reaching half the length of tarsomere 5; southern half of Nearctic Region and broadly distributed within the Neotropical Region; 23 extant spp., listed in |
Cyrtoquedius Bernhauer |
Quedius (Quedionuchus) lineipennis Cameron, 1932
Quedius lineipennis
Cameron:
Alesiella lineipennis
(Cameron):
Mogok [= Ruby Mines], Mandalay, Myanmar
Thailand: Chiang Rai: Wiang Pa Pao District [no specific locality], 17–21.V.2015, K. Takahashi (1 male, aedeagus missing, cHay).
Only one species of Alesiella is known and can be recognized by characters in the above key to genera. The specimen from Thailand does not differ from the type material (previously studied by the author), though the aedeagus was lost during mounting (Y. Hayashi, pers. comm.).
Myanmar and Thailand (new country record).
Nothing is known about this species’ microhabitat preferences but it probably occurs under the bark of dead trees in the earlier fermentation states of decay, as does its sister group Quediomacrus.
The above specimen is a new record of the genus and species from Thailand, and represents the first available material in more than 130 years (since 1890). The above record also indicates that the species is certainly still extant and rather widespread, though its elevational range remains unknown. Although the type series only bears the information ‘Ruby Mines, Doherty’, the diaries of William Doherty (reproduced in
Sundaquedius abbreviatus Brunke, sp. nov.
The generic name refers to the Sunda Plate and Quedius, with which members of this genus and closely related genus Cyrtoquedius were associated with for a long time. Much of the Sunda Plate is currently below sea level but had connected terrestrial species on Borneo, Sumatra, Java and the present southeast Asian mainland in multiple episodes, from about the Eocene to as recently as the Pleistocene (e.g.,
Among other Oriental Cyrtoquediini, Sundaquedius is easily recognized by a combination of the large eyes (more than 3 × as long as temples) (Fig.
Sundaquedius Brunke A–C S. nigropolitus (Cameron) D–F S. abbreviatus Brunke A, D habitus B, E dorsal head, arrows indicating anterior and posterior frontal punctures, asterisks indicating parocular punctures C, F dorsal pronotum, arrows indicating punctures of the dorsal row. Scale bars: 1 mm.
With the character states of Cyrtoquediini (see
Sundaquedius is presently known only from central Vietnam and East Java but likely occurs at medium elevations across southeast Asia, west of Wallace’s line.
Nothing is known about the bionomics of this genus, except that both species were collected in lower montane forests (700–1500 m). Sundaquedius might be collected by sifting moist litter, like many species of the related genus Cyrtoquedius.
In recent phylogenomic analyses, Sundaquedius was recovered as the sister group of Nearctic/Neotropical genus Cyrtoquedius with high support, though few genera of Cyrtoquediini were included in the taxon sample (
1 | Pronotum with 2 or 3 punctures in the dorsal row (Fig. |
S. abbreviatus Brunke sp. nov. |
– | Pronotum with 7 or 8 punctures in the dorsal row (1C); head with additional macropunctures (Fig. |
S. nigropolitus (Cameron) |
Quedius (Sauridus) nigropolitus Cameron, 1937
‘Quedius’ nigropolitus
Cameron:
Blawan [sometimes ‘Belawan’], Ijen Plateau [no specific locality, ca. -7.98, 114.17], Bondowoso Regency, East Java, Indonesia.
Holotype
(female,
Sundaquedius nigropolitus can be easily recognized by the dorsal rows of the pronotum, which have seven or eight punctures in each row. The only other known species is allopatric.
Measurements ♀ (n = 1): HW/HL 1.23; PW/PL 0.94; EW/EL 1.06; PW/HW 1.13; forebody length 4.8 mm.
Body highly glossy, entirely black, except for yellowish brown apical antennomere, tarsi and apical maxillary and labial palpomeres, abdomen with iridescent sheen ranging from violet to blue.
Head distinctly transverse, with two or three additional punctures mediad of posterior frontal puncture (Fig.
Male unknown. Female with tergite X triangular, with slightly narrowed but broadly rounded apex, apical half with many long setae (Fig.
Known only from the type locality in East Java, which is at the northern edge of the plateau.
Nothing is known about this species’ microhabitat preferences.
The holotype of this species was one of the few specimens included from East Java in
35 km north of An Khê, near Buôn Lưới village, Gia Lai, Vietnam [ca. 14.32, 108.58].
Holotype
(male,
The species epithet means ‘shortened’ or ‘reduced’, and refers to the shorter dorsal rows of punctures on the pronotum compared to S. nigropolitus.
Sundaquedius abbreviatus can be distinguished by the presence of only two or three punctures in the dorsal row of the pronotum.
Measurements. Male (n = 2): HW/HL 1.30–1.35; PW/PL 1.06–1.08; EW/EL 1.22–1.24; PW/HW 1.14–1.19; forebody length 4.9–5.4 mm. Female (n = 4): HW/HL 1.25–1.29; PW/PL 1.03–1.10; EW/EL 1.13–1.15; PW/HW 1.21–1.23; forebody length 4.7–5.0 mm.
Similar to S. nigropolitus and differing only in the following: antennomeres dark except apical three segments paler, becoming successively paler to antennal apex; maxillary and labial palpi paler, entirely medium reddish brown; head, without additional punctures between named punctures, distinctly transverse, more so in males, head also broader relative to pronotum in males; antennae overall more robust, with apical segments less strongly transverse; pronotum slightly to distinctly transverse, with two or three punctures in the dorsal row, third puncture, when present, smaller, sometimes rudimentary and without seta; elytra more transverse than in S. nigropolitus, and even more so in males, with two discal rows and without scattered additional punctures; abdominal tergites III and IV with distinct impressions, V with only vague impression; abdominal punctation slightly denser but punctures generally still well separated.
Male with sternite VII broadly but shallowly emarginate; sternite VIII with slightly deeper emargination and distinct, triangular impressed and glabrous area; tergite X elongate, with distinct shallow emargination, with many long setae at apex (Fig.
Known only from the type locality in the central highlands of Vietnam.
Nothing specific is known about this species but the type locality is at approximately 700–800 m, so this species likely occurs elsewhere in lower montane forests of central Vietnam and possibly adjacent Cambodia.
Indoquediini (as recently redefined by
1 | Head with interocular punctures present on frons ( |
Strouhalium Scheerpeltz (S. gracilicorne Scheerpeltz) |
– | Head without interocular punctures on frons; eyes large, clearly longer than temples; pronotum with two punctures in dorsal row; empodial setae present; western Nearctic, East Palaearctic and Oriental Regions | 2 |
2 | Head and pronotum without microsculpture, highly glossy; head with bulging eyes occupying nearly all of lateral head; East Palaearctic and Oriental Regions; 39 spp., listed by |
Indoquedius Blackwelder |
– | Head and pronotum with meshed microsculpture creating dull (especially head) appearance; head with eyes smaller and less convex, occupying ~ 2/3 of lateral head (Fig. |
Fluviphirus Brunke, gen. nov. (F. elevatus (Hatch)) |
Fluviphirus elevatus (Hatch), comb. nov.
The generic name is a combination of the Latin word fluvium (river, stream) and Raphirus (a subgenus of Quedius), where the only species of Fluviphirus was previously classified and to which it bears a superficial resemblance. Noun in apposition.
Among other Indoquediini, Fluviphirus is easily recognized by the combination of meshed microsculpture on the forebody and the absence of interocular punctures on the head. It is also the only genus of Nearctic Indoquediini.
With the character states of Indoquediini (see
Western North America, broadly distributed along the western cordilleras at a variety of elevations.
The single species of Fluviphirus is strongly associated with debris along the margins of rivers and larger creeks.
Quedius (Sauridus) elevatus Hatch, 1957
Quedius (Raphirus) elevatus
Hatch:
‘Quedius’ elevatus
Hatch:
Snoqualmie, Washington, United States.
The type material of this distinctive species was not examined.
Canada: British Columbia: 8 mi W Creston, ex. river debris, 10.VI.1968, J.M. Campbell & A. Smetana (8,
As given above for the genus.
The species was redescribed by
Canada: BC. United States: CA, ID, NV, OR, WA
The paratype specimens mentioned by
I would like to thank the curators listed in Materials and methods for making specimens under their care available for study. I would also like to thank Aleš Smetana (