Research Article |
Corresponding author: Hou-Hun Li ( lihouhun@nankai.edu.cn ) Academic editor: Andrew Mitchell
© 2021 Lin-Lin Yang, Hou-Hun Li.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Yang L-L, Li H-H (2021) The genus Dryadaula Meyrick (Lepidoptera, Tineoidea, Dryadaulidae) in China, with descriptions of four new species and a world checklist. ZooKeys 1074: 61-81. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1074.73067
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Four new species of the genus Dryadaula Meyrick, 1893 from China are described: Dryadaula auriformis sp. nov., D. flavostriata sp. nov., D. hirtiglobosa sp. nov. and D. securiformis sp. nov. Photographs of adults and genitalia of the new species are provided. DNA barcodes of D. auriformis sp. nov., D. hirtiglobosa sp. nov. and D. securiformis sp. nov. are given. A key to the species in China and a detailed checklist for the genus with all 49 known species in the world are presented.
Asymmetrical genitalia, COI, morphology, taxonomy
The family Dryadaulidae was proposed by
The genus Dryadaula was established by
Before this study, only one species D. epischista (Meyrick, 1936) in the genus Dryadaula was reported from Hong Kong, China (
The holotypes of D. flavostriata sp. nov. and D. hirtiglobosa sp. nov. were collected using sweep nets in the daytime; other type specimens were collected under 250-W high-pressure mercury lamps on white sheets at night. The type specimens are deposited in the Insect Collection, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China (
Genitalia dissection and mounting methods follow
coll. Baldizzone collection of Giorgio Baldizzone, Asti Italy;
coll. Heindel collection of Richard Heindel, Günzburg, Germany;
coll. Scholz collection of Axel Scholz, Illerberg, Germany;
coll. Sutter collection of Reinhard Sutter, Bitterfeld, Germany;
LMNH Latvian Museum of Natural History, Riga, Latvia;
MCZ The Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, United States of America
SDEI Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Müncheberg, Germany [former: IPE: Institut für Pflanzenschutzforschung, Eberswalde, Germany; and DEI: Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Deutsche Akademie der Landwirtschaftswissenschaften zu Berlin, Eberswalde, Germany];
SEL/
TL Type locality;
ZMHB Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universität (Wolfram Mey), Berlin, Germany;
The holotype of Dryadaula auriformis sp. nov., a paratype of D. hirtiglobosa sp. nov. and two paratypes of D. securiformis sp. nov. were successfully sequenced and yielded a barcode of 604 bp. Complementary public sequences of D. heindeli Gaedike & Scholz (BOLD:AAL1778, n = 4), D. terpsichorella (Busck) (BOLD:AAF9987, n = 139) and D. visaliella (Chambers) (BOLD:ACA7671, n = 57; BOLD:AAV6731, n = 17; BOLD:AAV6730, n = 10) from BOLD systems were used to calculate the genetic distance barcode divergence. Sequence divergences are presented in Table
Percentage of divergence in the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequences of the Dryadaula species.
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 D. auriformis sp. nov. | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
2 D. hirtiglobosa sp. nov. | 18.55 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
3 D. securiformis sp. nov. | 19.18 | 6.06 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – |
4 D. heindeli | 17.74–17.95 | 13.61–13.81 | 14.31–14.81 | 0–0.17 | – | – | – | – |
5 D. terpsichorella | 18.64–19.83 | 10.41–12.05 | 9.97–11.92 | 9.97–10.73 | 0–0.35 | – | – | – |
6 D. visaliella (ACA7671) | 15.20–21.36 | 9.33–10.79 | 10.00–12.79 | 11.04–13.85 | 9.33–12.49 | 0–1.98 | – | – |
7 D. visaliella (AAV6731) | 18.74–22.70 | 10.33–11.26 | 10.62–11.64 | 15.29–18.58 | 11.12–14.49 | 3.34–13.27 | 0–0.51 | – |
8 D. visaliella (AAV6730) | 20.57–21.22 | 9.20–9.62 | 10.22–10.99 | 13.18–14.43 | 10.19–11.89 | 6.93–9.65 | 11.51–13.67 | 0–0.34 |
Dryadaula Meyrick, 1893: 559. Type species: Dryadaula glycinopa Meyrick, 1893, by monotypy. TL: Australia (New South Wales).
Cyane
Chambers, 1873: 112. Synonymised by
Chorocosma
Meyrick, 1893: 560. Synonymised by
Ditrigonophora
Walsingham, 1897: 117. Synonymised by
Choropleca
Durrant, 1914: 366. Objective replacement name for Cyane Chambers, 1873. Synonymised by
Opsodoca
Meyrick, 1919: 270. Synonymised by
Diachalastis
Meyrick, 1920: 363. Synonymised as Choropleca Durrant by Clarke, 1971: 221. Synonymised by
Thermocrates Meyrick, 1936: 620. Synonymised by Robinson, 1988: 74. Type species: Thermocrates epischista Meyrick, 1936, by monotypy. TL: Japan (Kyushu).
Archimeessia
Zagulajev, 1970: 658. Synonymised by
Strophalinga
Gozmány & Vári, 1973: 9. Synonymised by
Dryadaula is a small-sized moth, with wingspans of no more than 20 mm. It can be recognised by the following characters: head (Figs
Worldwide; the distribution of each species is given in Table
Species | Distribution | Depository of type | |
---|---|---|---|
1 | acrodisca (Meyrick, 1917): 79. (Choropleca) | Guyana |
|
TL: Guyana (Mallali). | |||
2 | amentata (Meyrick, 1919): 271. (Opsodoca) | Guyana |
|
TL: Guyana (Bartica). Figs: |
|||
3 | advena (Zimmerman, 1978): 326. (Choropleca) | United States | BMH (HT) |
TL: United States (Hawaii). Figs: |
|||
4 | anthracorma Meyrick, 1915: 369. | Australia |
|
TL: Australia (Victoria). Figs: |
|||
5 | auriformis sp. nov. | China |
|
TL: China (Hainan). Figs |
|||
6 | boviceps (Walsingham, 1914): 366. (Choropleca) | Mexico |
|
TL: Mexico (Guerrero). Figs: |
|||
7 | brontoctypa (Meyrick, 1880): 259. (Ereunetis) | Australia |
|
TL: Australia (Sydney). | |||
8 | castanea Philpott, 1915: 201. | New Zealand | ? |
TL: New Zealand (Bluff, Invercargill). | |||
9 | catorthota (Meyrick, 1917): 80. (Choropleca) | Guyana |
|
TL: Guyana (Mallali). | |||
10 | caucasica (Zagulajev, 1970): 662. (Archimeessia) | Azerbaijan, Poland, Russia, Sweden |
|
TL: Azerbaijan (Artschevan). Figs: |
|||
11 | discatella (Walker, 1864): 1021. (Gelechia) | Brazil |
|
TL: Brazil. | |||
12 | epischista (Meyrick, 1936): 621. (Thermocrates) | China (Hong Kong), Japan |
|
TL: Japan (Kyushu). Figs: |
|||
13 | epixantha (Turner, 1923): 184. (Erechthias) | Australia |
|
TL: Australia (Queensland). | |||
14 | flavostriata sp. nov. | China |
|
TL: China (Guangxi). Figs |
|||
15 | germana (Walsingham, 1914): 367. (Choropleca) | Mexico |
|
TL: Mexico (Guerrero). | |||
16 | glycinocoma (Meyrick, 1932): 120. (Tinea) | Ethiopia |
|
TL: Ethiopia. Figs: |
|||
17 | glycinopa Meyrick, 1893: 559. | Australia |
|
TL: Australia (New South Wales). Figs: |
|||
18 | heindeli Gaedike & Scholz, 1998: 106. | Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Switzerland | SDEI (HT and PT); coll. Scholz (PT); coll. Heindel (PT); coll. Sutter (PT) |
TL: Germany (Bayem). Figs: |
|||
19 | hellenica (Gaedike, 1988): 331. (Archimeessia) | Greece |
|
TL: Greece (Peloponnese). Figs: |
|||
20 | hirtiglobosa sp. nov. | China |
|
TL: China (Guangxi). Figs |
|||
21 | irinae (Savenkov, 1989): 94. (Archimeessia) | Austria, Bulgaria, Latvia, Poland, Slovakia, | LMNH |
TL: Latvia. Figs: |
|||
22 | isodisca (Meyrick, 1917): 80. (Choropleca) | Guyana |
|
TL: Guyana (Bartica, Mallali). | |||
23 | koreana Roh & Byun, 2020: 222 | South Korea |
SEL/ |
TL: South Korea (Jeollanam-do). Figs: |
|||
24 | marmoreipennis (Walsingham, 1897): 118. (Ditrigonophora) | Grenada |
|
TL: Grenada (Balthazar). | |||
25 | melanorma (Meyrick, 1893): 560. (Chorocosma) | Australia |
|
TL: Australia (Sydney). | |||
26 | mesosticha (Turner, 1923): 184. (Erechthias) | Australia |
|
TL: Australia (Queensland). | |||
27 | metrodoxa (Meyrick, 1919): 271. (Opsodoca) | Guyana |
|
TL: Guyana (Bartica, Mallali). Figs: |
|||
28 | minuta Gaedike, 2007: 160. | Greece, Turkey |
ZMHB (HT), |
TL: Turkey (Mugla). Figs: |
|||
29 | multifurcata Gaedike, 2000: 358. | Russia |
|
TL: Russia (Primorskij kraj). Figs: |
|||
30 | murenula (Meyrick, 1924): 65. (Choropleca) | Peru |
|
TL: Peru (Jurimaguas, Iquitos). | |||
31 | myrrhina Meyrick, 1905: 243. | New Zealand |
|
TL: New Zealand. |
|||
32 | napaea Meyrick, 1905: 244. | Australia |
|
TL: Australia (Tasmania). | |||
33 | nedae (Gaedike, 1983): 125. (Infurcitinea) | Croatia, Cyprus, Greece, Turkey | coll. Baldizzone (HT and PT); SDEI (PT) |
TL: Greece. Figs: |
|||
34 | pactolia Meyrick, 1901: 577. | Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, New Zealand, Netherlands, Portugal, Switzerland. |
|
TL: New Zealand. Figs: |
|||
35 | panscia Meyrick, 1917: 81. (Choropleca) | Ecuador |
|
TL: Ecuador (Huigra). | |||
36 | placens Meyrick, 1920: 363. (Hectacma) | Australia |
|
TL: Australia (Queensland). | |||
37 | poecilta Walsingham, 1914: 366. (Choropleca) | Mexico |
|
TL: Mexico (Guerrero). | |||
38 | rhombifera Meyrick, 1917: 82. (Choropleca) | Guyana |
|
TL: Guyana (Mallali). | |||
39 | securiformis sp. nov. | China |
|
TL: China (Hainan). Figs |
|||
40 | selenophanes (Meyrick, 1880): 259. (Ereunetis) | Australia |
|
TL: Australia (Queensland). | |||
41 | sublimis (Meyrick, 1917): 81. (Choropleca) | Colombia |
|
TL: Colombia (La Crumbre). | |||
42 | terpsichorella (Busck, 1910): 134. (Cyane) | Fiji, Hawaii, Rapa. |
|
TL: Hawaii (Honolulu). Figs: |
|||
43 | trapezoides (Meyrick, 1935): 579. (Tinea) | Japan |
|
TL: Japan (Tokyo). Figs: |
|||
44 | tripudians (Meyrick, 1924: 65). (Choropleca) | Peru |
|
TL: Peru (Jurimaguas). | |||
45 | ussurica Gaedike, 2000: 358. | Russia |
|
TL: Russia (Primorskij kraj). Figs: |
|||
46 | visaliella (Chambers, 1873): 113. (Cyane) | Canada, United States | MCZ (ST) |
TL: United States (Kentucky). Figs: |
|||
47 | zinica (Zagulajev, 1970: 661). (Archimeesia) | Azerbaijan, Russia |
|
TL: Azerbaijan. Figs: |
|||
48 | zygodes Meyrick, 1918: 44. (Tinea) | South Africa |
|
TL: South Africa (Natal). Figs: |
|||
49 | zygoterma Meyrick, 1917: 82. (Choropleca) | Colombia, Ecuador |
|
TL: Colombia (La Crumbre). |
The larvae of some species are detritivores or feed on lichens and fungi. The biology of Dryadaula was reviewed or summarised by
1 | Forewing dull ochreous brown patterned with yellow-brown and white streaks ( |
D. epischista |
– | Forewing white patterned with black spots or patches | 2 |
2 | Subscaphium absent | 3 |
– | Subscaphium present | 4 |
3 | Uncus lobes without process; vinculum without additional lobe; left valva clavate; right valva with dorsal lobe globular apically, ventral lobe with three prominences (Fig. |
D. auriformis sp. nov. |
– | Uncus lobes with a rectangular process; vinculum with a lobe; left valva sub-oval; right valva with dorsal lobe vaulted, having a finger-like process apically, ventral lobe digitate, without prominence (Fig. |
D. flavostriata sp. nov. |
4 | Modification attached to vinculum is receptacle-shaped, with a sharp horn and a drumstick-like process; left valva irregular in shape; right valva with dorsal lobe having a subquadrate and a digitate process, ventral lobe crescent; juxta pocket-like (Fig. |
D. hirtiglobosa sp. nov. |
– | Modification attached to vinculum comprising of a Y-shaped sclerotisation and a receptacle-shaped sclerite; left valva battle axe-shaped; right valva with dorsal and ventral lobes slender, S-shaped; juxta elliptical (Fig. |
D. securiformis sp. nov. |
Holotype : China: • ♂; Hainan Province, Mt. Jianfeng (18°44'N, 108°52'E); alt. 787 m; 1.vi.2015; leg. Peixin Cong; genitalia slide No. DNAYLL18124. Paratype: China: • 1 ♂; Hainan Province, Mt. Jianfeng; alt. 745 m; leg. Xia Bai; genitalia slide No. XMR18217.
The new species is externally similar to D. zinica (Zagulajev, 1970), but can be separated from it by the male genitalia structures. In D. auriformis sp. nov., the left valva is narrowed and clavate, the right valva is bilobate, the bullet-like sternum VIII is smooth in the male genitalia, whereas in D. zinica, the left valva is broad, the right valva is not divided and the sternum VIII bears long and thin bristles on outer margin.
Adult (Fig.
Male genitalia
(Fig.
Adults of Dryadaula species 1 Dryadaula auriformis sp. nov., male holotype 1a lateral view of head 2 D. flavostriata sp. nov., male holotype 2a lateral view of head 3 D. hirtiglobosa sp. nov., male holotype 3a lateral view of head 4 D. securiformis sp. nov., male holotype 4a lateral view of head. Scale bars: 1.0 mm.
Female. Unknown.
China (Hainan).
The specific name is derived from the Latin auriformis, meaning ear-shaped, referring to the ear-shaped uncus lobes.
One DNA barcode from the holotype was generated and deposited in GenBank and BOLD systems: MZ711361/ DRYAD001-21. Dryadaula auriformis sp. nov. is clearly distinguishable by its DNA barcode from its congeners, the minimum divergence (Table
Holotype : China: • ♂; Guangxi Province, Nanning City, Mt. Daming (23°24'N, 108°30'E); alt. 1250 m; 23.v.2011; leg. Linlin Yang & Yinghui Mou; genitalia slide No. YLL11112.
Dryadaula flavostriata sp. nov. is similar to D. caucasica (Zagulajev, 1970), but differs from it by the forewing peppered with more ochreous yellow scales that form stripes between fold and dorsum; the male genitalia with short uncus that is equipped with a rectangular process at the left and the sub-oval left valva with processes of different shapes, not bearing thorns or long bristles. In D. caucasica, the forewing has dark grey-brown longitudinal stripes between fold and dorsum; in the male genitalia, the elongate uncus has no process and the fluted left valva has dense, long bristles along outer ventral margin and a globular sclerotisation which is densely thorned.
Adult (Fig.
Male genitalia of Dryadaula species 7 D. auriformis sp. nov., holotype, slide No. DNAYLL18124 8 D. flavostriata sp. nov., holotype, slide No. YLL11112. Scale bars: 0.25 mm. (U = uncus lobes; T = tegumen; V = vinculum; S = saccus; S VIII = sternum VIII; Vr = right valva; Vl = left valva; J = juxta; A = aedeagus).
Male genitalia
(Fig.
Female. Unknown.
China (Guangxi).
The specific name is derived from the Latin prefix flav-, meaning yellowish and the Latin word striatus, stripe, referring to the forewing with inwardly oblique ochreous yellow stripes between fold and dorsum.
Holotype : China: • ♂; Guangxi Province, Nanning City, Mt. Daming (23°24'N, 108°30'E); alt. 1250 m; 23.v.2011; leg. Linlin Yang & Yinghui Mou; genitalia slide No. YLL13026. Paratypes: China: • 1 ♂; Zhejiang Province, Jingning She Autonomous County, Wangdongyang Wetland Reserve (27°24'N, 119°23'E); alt. 1174 m; 16.viii.2018; leg. Shuai Yu et al.; genitalia slide No. DNAYLL18170 • 1 ♂; Zhejiang Province, Jiangshan City, Mt. Xianxia, Shuangxikou Town, Laofoyan Village (28°22'N, 118°40'E); alt. 400 m; 26.v.2017; leg. Shuonan Qian and Jiaen Li; genitalia slide No. DNAYLL18169.
Male genitalia of Dryadaula species 9 D. hirtiglobosa sp. nov., holotype, slide No. YLL13026 10 D. securiformis sp. nov., paratype, slide No. DNAYLL18173. Scale bars: 0.25 mm. (U = uncus lobes; T = tegumen; V = vinculum; Su = Subscaphium ; S VIII = sternum VIII; Vr = right valva; Vl = left valva; J = juxta; A = aedeagus).
The new species is externally close to D. irinae (Savenkov, 1989), but differs from it by the shape of valva in the male genitalia: in D. hirtiglobosa sp. nov., the left valva has a blade-shaped setose lobe apically and a sword hilt-like process subapically on ventral margin and the right valva is bilobate; in D. irinae, the left valva is divided into two parts, without blade-shaped setose lobe or sword hilt-like process, the right valva is not bilobate.
Adult (Fig.
Male genitalia
(Fig.
Female. Unknown.
China (Guangxi, Zhejiang).
The specific name is derived from the Latin prefix hirt-, from hirtus meaning hairy and the Latin word globosus, globular, referring to the vinculum equipped with a globular lobe bearing long hairs.
One DNA barcode from a paratype was generated and deposited in GenBank and BOLD systems: MZ711362/ DRYAD002-21. The minimum divergence (Table
Holotype : China: • ♂; Hainan Province, Mt. Jianfeng (18°44'N, 108°52'E); alt. 787 m; 5.iii.2016; leg. Qingyun Wang. Paratypes: China: • 8♂, 1♀; same data as holotype, except dated 4–8.iii.2016; genitalia slide Nos DNAYLL18121m, DNAYLL18122m, DNAYLL18172, DNAYLL18173, XMR18158, XMR18334, XMR18335 • 1♂; Hainan Province, Mt. Jianfeng; alt. 770 m; 29.v.2015; leg. Peixin Cong; genitalia slide No. DNAYLL18171 • 2♀; Hainan Province, Mt. Jianfeng, Fengminggu; alt. 954 m; 8.viii.2017; leg. Xia Bai; genitalia slide Nos DNAYLL18123, XMR18241.
The new species resembles D. trapezoides (Meyrick, 1935), but the flagellum has three cinereous bands towards apex, the forewing has an obscure blackish stripe at middle of fold and the ostium bursae located at middle on anterior 1/3 of sternum VIII in the female genitalia. In D. trapezoides, the flagellum has two dark fuscous bands towards apex, the forewing has pale yellowish spots suffused with a few dark scales above fold at 1/3 and 3/5 and the ostium bursae opens at left of sternum VIII in the female genitalia.
Adult (Fig.
Male genitalia
(Fig.
Female genitalia
(Fig.
China (Hainan).
The specific name is derived from the Latin word securiformis, referring to the battle-axe-shaped left valva.
DNA sequencing resulted in a barcode of 604 bp from two paratypes: MZ711363/ DRYAD003-21 and MZ711364/ DRYAD004-21. The minimum distance (Table
Until this study, a total of 49 species have been described worldwide as identified in the checklist in Table
We acknowledge Dr. Davis Lees (