Research Article |
Corresponding author: Jong-Wook Lee ( jwlee1@ynu.ac.kr ) Academic editor: Bernardo Santos
© 2016 Andrei E. Humala, Jin-Kyung Choi, Jong-Wook Lee.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Humala AE, Choi J-K, Lee J-W (2016) A review of the genera Gnathochorisis Förster and Symplecis Förster of South Korea, with notes on Korean orthocentrines (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Orthocentrinae). ZooKeys 562: 85-104. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.562.7303
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Two genera of Korean Orthocentrinae, Gnathochorisis and Symplecis, are reviewed, and keys to species of these genera are provided here. Two new species, Gnathochorisis fuscipes Humala & Lee, sp. n. and G. koreensis Humala & Lee, sp. n. are described from South Korea. The current state of the taxonomy of Eastern Palaearctic orthocentrines is briefly discussed.
Fauna, ichneumon wasps, keys, Korea, new species, taxonomy
Orthocentrinae is a moderately large, cosmopolitan subfamily of small-bodied ichneumon wasps consisting of approximately 500 described species (
The subfamily Orthocentrinae remains one of the least known among ichneumonid wasps, and even the European fauna remains relatively unknown. Many genera within this subfamily are in need of modern revisions and potential reclassification, as emphasized by
Two genera of Orthocentrinae in the fauna of South Korea are treated here: Gnathochorisis with five species (two of them new to science) and Symplecis with two species. Keys to species occurring in South Korea are provided. This paper is the first dealing with orthocentrine ichneumon wasps occurring in South Korea.
Materials used in this study were collected by sweep nets and Malaise traps, after which they were deposited in the Animal Systematic Laboratory of
The morphological terminology mostly follows
Abbreviations are used as follows:
GW Gangwon-do
GG Gyeonggi-do
CB Chungcheongbuk-do
CN Chungcheonnam-do
GB Gyeongsangbuk-do
GN Gyeongsangnam-do
IZU Instytut Zoologiczny Uniwersytetu, Wroclaw, Poland (Gravenhorst collection)
NM
ZI Zoologiska Institutionen, Lund, Sweden
Gnathochorisis Förster, 1869: 152. Type species: Gnathochorisis flavipes Förster, 1871: 113.
Blapticus Förster, 1869: 171. Type species: Blapticus leucostomus Förster, 1871: 83.
Laepserus Förster, 1869: 205. Type species: Blapticus crassulus Thomson, 1888: 1289.
Acroblapticus Schmiedeknecht, 1911: 2173. Type species: Blapticus dentifer Thomson, 1888: 1288.
Body rather stout. Head transverse; clypeus small, weakly to strongly separated from face by a groove; eye large; temple short; malar space with subocular sulcus; occipital carina complete; antenna long, male antenna lacking tyloids. Mesosoma finely or densely punctate on mesoscutum, polished on mesopleuron. Epicnemial carina complete, dorsally distant from anterior margin of mesopleuron; propodeum polished or matt, usually with carinae complete and strong; often propodeal apophyses somewhat developed. Fore wing with areolet present or absent, when present sessile or short petiolate, rectangular. Hind leg as a rule stout, hind femur 2.85–4.9 times as long as high. First metasomal segment with glymma lacking, sternite fused to tergite and reaching 0.5–0.6 of the segment, with spiracle near middle; second tergite matt or polished, sometimes with longitudinal striae; ovipositor upcurved, with a dorsal subapical notch, 0.5–1.1 times as long as hind tibia.
Medium-sized genus, with 13 described species (
1 | Fore wing with areolet (Figs |
2 |
– | Fore wing without areolet (Figs |
4 |
2 | Metapleuron coriaceous (Fig. |
G. dentifer Thomson |
– | Metapleuron polished and impunctate (Figs |
3 |
3 | Second tergite coriaceous, without longitudinal striae (Fig. |
G. crassulus Thomson |
– | Second tergite polished, longitudinally striate (Fig. |
G. koreensis Humala & Lee, sp. n. |
4 | Female face at the level of antennal fossae 0.47 times as wide as head; face brown near antennal sockets (Fig. |
G. flavipes Förster |
– | Female face at the level of antennal fossae 0.53 times as wide as head, face entirely black (Fig. |
G. fuscipes Humala & Lee, sp. n. |
Gnathochorisis koreensis sp. n. (holotype, female); 7 Habitus, lateral view 8 Head, anterior view 9 Head and mesoscutum, dorsal view 10 Propodeum, dorsal view 11 Wings 12 Metasoma, basal tergites, dorsal view 13 Hind femur, lateral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (7); 0.5 mm (5); 0.2 mm (8–10, 12, 13).
Gnathochorisis dentifer; 19 Habitus, lateral view 20 Head of female, anterior view 21 Areolet of fore wing 22 Metapleuron, lateral view 23 Metasoma, second tergite, lateral view; 24 Metasoma, second to fourth tergites, dorsal view. Scale bars: 1 mm (19); 0.5 mm (21); 0.2 mm (20, 22–24).
Closely allied to G. flavipes Grav. but differs by its wider and matt face, more matt and rough sculpture of the mesoscutum, the slenderer first and second tergites of metasoma; the absence of light apical bands on tergites 2–3, the presence of sclerotized area on second sternite, the stouter flagellomeres, the fuscous hind coxa, and the hind tibia infuscate apically and in apical third. Separable from other known Palaearctic Gnathochorisis species by the absence of a closed areolet in the fore wing.
Female (holotype). Fore wing length 3.8 mm.
Head. 1.1 times as wide as high; frons nearly polished with weak microsculpture; face polished with sparse and fine punctures, at the level of antennal fossae 0.5 times as wide as head (Fig.
Mesosoma. 1.4 times as long as high. Mesoscutum matt with short adpressed dense setae; notauli well developed, meeting in the centre of mesoscutum (Fig.
Metasoma. First metasomal segment moderately arched, 2.2 times as long as its posterior width, polished, with dorsal longitudinal carina strong; postpetiole longitudinally striate. Spiracle at 0.65, sternite at 0.55 of tergite 1 length. Second tergite 0.85 times as long as its posterior width, with small thyridium basally; polished with longitudinal striae, restricted by transverse groove at apical 0.25 (Fig.
Colour. Fuscous. Clypeus, mandible, palpi, tegula, corners of pronotum, wings bases, antenna ventrally, except for brownish flagellomeres in apical 1/3 of flagellum, pale yellow. Legs basically light brown, hind coxa dark brown basally, hind tibia somewhat darkened basally and apically, fore and middle coxae and all trochanters pale yellow. Metasoma from apical third of tergite 3 brown. Wings hyaline, veins and pterostigma brown.
Male. Unknown.
Named after the fuscous hind legs.
Holotype: female (YNU), Korea: GW, Wonju-si, Socho-myeon, Hakgong-ri, Chiaksan National Park, 37°22'18"N, 128°03'1.84"E, Malaise trap, 9–20 June 2013 (J.W. Lee)
South Korea (GW).
Fore wing with areolet. Metapleuron polished; notauli well developed, meeting in the centre of mesoscutum. Female frontal orbits fuscous. Second tergite polished, longitudinally striate. Hind femur inflated, 3.0 times as long as wide. From similar Palaearctic G. flavipes Grav. it differs by the presence of closed areolet and the absence of light apical bands on tergites 2–3. Separable from other known Palaearctic Gnathochorisis species with closed areolet by the polished metapleuron, fine sculpture of mesoscutum, long notauli meeting in the centre of mesoscutum, narrow face, entirely fuscous and polished metasomal tergites with longitudinal striae on tergite 2. From the more closely allied G. meridionator Aubert, reported from Russian Far East (
Female (holotype). Fore wing length 3.3 mm.
Head. 1.2 times as wide as high; frons nearly polished with weak microsculpture; face polished, sparsely and finely punctate, at the level of antennal fossae 0.45 times as wide as head (Fig.
Mesosoma. 1.45 times as long as high. Mesoscutum convex, matt with short adpressed dense setae; epomia present; notauli well developed, meeting in centre of mesoscutum (Fig.
Metasoma. First metasomal segment moderately arched, 2.1 times as long as its posterior width, dorsal longitudinal carina well developed; postpetiole polished, striate laterally; spiracle and end of sternite near middle of tergite length. Second tergite 0.85 times as long as its posterior width, polished with small thyridium basally and oblique longitudinal striae basally and laterally, whereas central and apical parts smooth (Fig.
Colour. Fuscous. Clypeus, mandible, tegula, wings bases, dorsal corner of pronotum, antenna ventrally yellow, palp whitish yellow. Legs mostly light brown, hind coxa reddish brown, darkened basally, hind femur gradually infuscate to apex, hind tibia somewhat darkened basally and apically. Metasoma fuscous; tergites 2–4 with reddish brown apical bands; thyridium reddish brown. Wings hyaline, veins and pterostigma brown.
Male. Unknown.
Named after the type locality, Korea.
Holotype female (YNU), Korea: GB, Mungyeong-si, Geaun-eup Wanjang-ri, Songnisan National Park, Beorimigijae, 36°40'59"N, 127°57'07"E, Malaise trap, 12 August–11 September 2013 (J.K. Choi). Paratype female (YNU), Korea: GG, Kwangju-si, Docheong-myeon Mt. Taehwasan, Malaise trap, 15–25 June 2008 (J.K. Choi)
South Korea (GG).
Blapticus crassulus
Acroblapticus crassulus Thomson (Schmiedeknecht, 1911).
Gnathochorisis crassulus Thomson (Aubert, 1966).
Inner eye orbits slightly divergent ventrally, face matt, finely punctate; antenna moderately long with 22–24 flagellomeres. Mesosoma finely and densely punctate on mesoscutum and mesosternum, polished on metapleuron. Propodeum polished, carinae complete and strong. Fore wing with areolet short petiolate, rectangular (Fig.
Korea: 1 female, GW, Taebaek-si, Hyeol-dong, Yuilsa, 37°06'N 128°26'E, Malaise trap, 30 June 1991 (J.W. Lee).
Holarctic; in Palaearctic region it was reported from Europe, Siberia, Russian Far East (
Blapticus dentifer
Acroblapticus dentifer Thomson (Schmiedeknecht, 1911: 2174).
= Acroblapticus debilis
Gnathochorisis dentifer Thomson (
Inner eye orbits slightly divergent ventrally, face lightly matt; antenna moderately long with 22–27 flagellomeres. Mesosoma finely and densely punctate on mesoscutum, coriaceous on metapleurum. Propodeum matt, carinae complete. Fore wing with areolet short petiolate, rectangular (Fig.
Korea: 1 female, GW, Donghae-si, Samhwa-dong, Mureung Valley, 37°27'N 129°01'E, Malaise trap, 16 October–25 November 2005 (J.W. Lee) (YNU).
Holarctic; in Palaearctic region it was reported from Europe, Siberia, Russian Far East (
= Gnathochorisis terebrata
Gnathochorisis flavipes
Blapticus (Gnathochorisis) flavipes Förster (
Gnathochorisis flavipes Förster (
Female face at the level of antennal fossae 0.47 times as wide as head; clypeus rather small, weakly separated from face by a groove, flattened; maxillary palp long, almost reaching middle coxae; malar space with distinct subocular sulcus; antenna moderately long with 20–21 flagellomeres. Mesosoma slightly matt and finely punctate on mesoscutum, polished on pronotum, mesopleuron and metapleuron (Fig.
Korea: 2 females, GW, Wonju-si, Socho-myeon, Hakgong-ri, Mt. Chiaksan, 37°22'18"N, 128°03'1.84"E, Malaise trap, 1–22 August 2013 (J.W. Lee); 2 females, GW, Wonju-si, Heungeup-myeon, Maeji-ri, Yonsei Univ., 20 July–28 August 2013 (H.Y. Han); 1 female, GW, Donghae-si, Samhwa-dong, Mureung Valley, 37°27'52"N, 129°01'26"E, Malaise trap, 5–18 August 2007 (J.W. Lee); 1 female, GW, Donghae-si, Samhwa-dong, Mureung Valley, 10–20 September 2006 (J.W. Lee); 2 females, CB, Chungju-si, Suanbo-myeon, Samun-ri, Woraksan National Park, 35°49'46"N, 128°04'05"E, 17 July–12 August 2013 (J.K. Choi); 1 female, CN, Seosan-si, Haemi-myeon, Daedok-ri, Hanseo Univ., 16 July–3 August 2013 (J.K. Kim); 1 female, GB, Cheongdo-gun, Unmun-myeon, Unmunsan, 6 June–1 July 2008 (J.W. Lee); 1 female, GN, Jinju-si, Gajwa-dong, 11–18 November1987 (J.W. Lee); 1 female, GN, Jinju-si, Gajwa-dong, 12–18 August 1989 (J.W. Lee).
Palaearctic; reported from Europe, Siberia and Russian Far East (Primorsky Terr.) (
Reared from Neoempheria striata Mg. (Mycetophilidae) (
Symplecis
Blapticus
Inner eye orbits strongly convergent ventrally in female, slightly in male; clypeus small, weakly to more strongly separated from face by a groove; eye large; temple short; malar space very narrow with subocular sulcus; mandible small, usually not twisted; male antenna lacking tyloids. Notaulus short and deep; epicnemial carina complete; carinae of propodeum complete and strong. Fore wing with areolet present or absent, when present sessile or short petiolate, rectangular. First metasomal segment slender, with glymma lacking, its sternite fused to tergite. Second tergite coriaceous, or with longitudinal striae. Ovipositor usually short, almost straight, stout at base, slenderer in apical part, 0.4–0.9 times as long as hind tibia.
Medium sized genus with 14 recognized species distributed worldwide: 11 species are known in the Palaearctic region, six in the Nearctic region (
Two species are reported from South Korea in this paper. This is the first record of the genus from this country. Both Korean species of Symplecis are Holarctic.
There are two known host records for Symplecis, both from Diptera, Sciaroidea: S. breviuscula Roman was reared from Diadocidia ferruginosa Meigen (Diadocidiidae) in Europe (
1 | Fore wing with areolet (Fig. |
S. bicingulata Gravenhorst |
– | Fore wing without areolet (vein 3rs-m absent) (Fig. |
S. invisitata Rossem |
Mesoleptus bicingulatus Gravenhorst, 1829: 107; type depository: IZU.
Inner eye orbits strongly convergent ventrally in female (Fig.
Korea: 10 females, GW, Donghae-si, Samhwa-dong, Mureung Valley, [9–17 August 2005, 22 June–3 July 2006, 17–28 August 2006, 10–20 September 2006, 20 September–2 October 2006, 9 November 2006] (J.W. Lee); 1 female, ditto, 28 August–9 October 2006 (K.B. Kim); 1 male, GW, Wonju-si, Heungeup-myeon, Yeonse Univ., 22 July–11 August 2007 (J.W. Lee); 2 females, GG, Anyang-si, Manan-gu, Anyang-dong, Kwanagsan, 15–25 July 2008 (J.O. Lim); 1 male, GB, Gyeongsan-si, Daehak-ro, Yeungnam Univ., 22 April–1 May 2006 (J.W. Lee); 1 male, Ulsan-si, Sangbuk-myeon, Gajisan, 11 August 1989 (J.W. Lee).
Holarctic; in Palaearctic region reported from Europe, Siberia, Russian Far East (Primorsky Terr., Sakhalin Isl., Kunashir Isl.) (
Symplecis invisitata Rossem, 1981: 126–127; type depository:
Inner eyes orbits strongly convergent ventrally in both sexes (Figs
Korea: 1 female, GW, Donghae-si, Samhwa-dong, Mureung Valley, 9–17 August 2005, (J.W. Lee); 1 male, GW, Hongcheon-gun, Hongcheon-eup, Jangjeoonpyeong-ri, Geodungae village, 1–14 July 2006, (J.W. Lee); 1 female, CB, Chungju-si, Suanbo-myeon, Samun-ri, Mt. Woraksan, 35°49'46"N, 128°04'05"E, Malaise trap, 17 July–12 August 2013, (J.K. Choi) (YNU).
Holarctic; reported in the Eastern Palaearctic from Kamchatka Peninsula, Primorsky Terr., Sakhalin Isl. (
The fauna of Orthocentrinae of the Eastern Palaearctic and Oriental regions has been extremely poorly studied. There are only six known species of orthocentrine in China and four species in Japan (
Korean orthocentrines are very poorly known. We have been conducting an inventory of this subfamily since 2014. Up to now only two species of Orthocentrinae from the genera Proclitus Förster, 1869 and Eusterinx Förster, 1869 were reported from South Korea (
We are deeply grateful to Dr Gavin Broad and Dr Andrey Khalaim for reviewing this manuscript. This work was supported by the 2015 Yeungnam University Research Grant and by a grant from the National Institute of Biological Resources (