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Research Article
Four new species of the spider genus Synagelides Strand, 1906 from South China (Araneae, Salticidae)
expand article infoBing Li‡, Cheng Wang‡§, Xian-Jin Peng‡
‡ Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
§ Tongren University, Tongren, China

Corresponding author: Xian-Jin Peng ( xjpeng@126.com )

Academic editor: Jeremy Miller
© 2021 Bing Li, Cheng Wang, Xian-Jin Peng.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Li B, Wang C, Peng X-J (2021) Four new species of the spider genus Synagelides Strand, 1906 from South China (Araneae, Salticidae). ZooKeys 1074: 175-189. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1074.72823
ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:AB6FE12F-E8EE-4E7A-9E62-DDFC58E7ED22
Open Access

Abstract

Four new species of the jumping spider genus Synagelides Strand, 1906 from Guizhou and Yunnan, China are described: Synagelides angustus sp. nov. (♀), S. latus sp. nov. (♂♀), S. subagoriformis sp. nov. (♂♀), and S. triangulus sp. nov. (♀). Photographs of the habitus and copulatory organs and a distributional map are provided.

Keywords

Ant-like spider, jumping spider, taxonomy, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau

Introduction

Salticidae Blackwall, 1841, represented by 6345 species in 658 genera, is the most diverse spider family worldwide (World Spider Catalog 2021). Synagelides Strand, 1906 comprises a group of ant-like spiders which can be easily separated from all other salticid genera by having a triangular femoral apophysis and an inflated patella of male palp (Peng 2020). Synagelides species are distributed mostly in Asia, from the Far East of Russia to Southeast Asia (Yin et al. 2012; Peng 2020; Wang et al. 2020). In the last 10 years, a series of studies (Barrion et al. 2013; Caleb et al. 2018; Kanesharatnam and Benjamin 2020; Lin and Li 2020; Liu et al. 2017; Logunov 2017; Wang et al. 2020) have resulted in the description of 20 new species and increased the total species number of the genus to 57, of which including 30 from China (World Spider Catalog 2021).

Recently, while examining spider specimens collected from the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, four species of the genus Synagelides were identified as new to science and are described here.

Material and methods

The specimens were collected mainly by beating shrubs and screening leaf litter. All specimens were preserved in 75% ethanol and are deposited in the museum of Tongren University (TRU), Tongren, China. The specimens were examined with an Olympus SZ51 stereomicroscope. Epigynums were cleared in Trypsin enzyme solution before examination and imaging. Left male palps, legs I, and chelicerae were used for illustration. Photographs were taken with a Kuy Nice CCD mounted on an Olympus BX51 compound microscope. Compound focus images were generated using Helicon Focus v. 6.7.1 software. All measurements are given in millimeters. Leg measurements are given as: total length (femur, patella + tibia, metatarsus, tarsus). References to figures in the literature are listed in lowercase type (fig. or figs); figures in this paper are noted with an initial capital (Fig. or Figs). Terminology follows Lin and Li (2020). Abbreviations used in the text and figures are as follows:

ALE anterior lateral eye

AME anterior median eye

AR atrial ridge

BTA basal tibial apophysis

CD copulatory duct

CO copulatory opening

DCA dorsal cymbial apophysis

E embolus

EFL eye field length

F fold

FD fertilization duct

GD gland duct

H hood

MA median apophysis

MS median septum

PCA prolateral cymbial apophysis

PERW posterior eye row width

PLE posterior lateral eye

RTA retrolateral tibial apophysis

S spermatheca

SD sperm duct

Taxonomy

Family Salticidae Blackwall, 1841

Genus Synagelides Strand, 1906

Synagelides angustus Wang, Li & Peng, sp. nov.

http://zoobank.org/1D33F837-DD2D-44C9-B7C1-DD140C6CBAE7
Figs 1, 7

Type material

Holotype. ♀ (TRU-JS 651): China: Guizhou Province: Jiangkou County: Dewang Township: Baxi Village, 27°51.68'N, 108°36.88'E, elevation: 897 m, 15.VI.2015, P. Luo, X. Kuang, G. Liu, T. Liu, Z. Liao, M. Liao and C. Wang leg. Paratype. 1♀ (TRU-JS 652), same locality as holotype, 13.VII.2013, X. Mi and M. Liao leg.

Etymology

The specific name is from the Latin “angustus” and refers to the long and narrow epigynal median septum; adjective.

Diagnosis

Synagelides angustus sp. nov. resembles S. subgambosus Wang et al. 2020 in having a long and narrow epigynal median septum, a pair of arc-shaped atrial ridges, and a posteriorly located epigynal fold. However, S. angustus sp. nov. can be distinguished from S. subgambosus by the following characters: 1) posterior margin of epigynal fold arc-shaped (Fig. 1A) in S. angustus sp. nov., but straight in S. subgambosus (fig. 12A in Wang et al. 2020); 2) median septum 20 times longer than wide in S. angustus sp. nov. (Fig. 1A), but about six times longer than wide in S. subgambosus (fig. 12A in Wang et al. 2020).

Figure 1. 

Synagelides angustus sp. nov., holotype. A epigynum, ventral view B internal genitalia, dorsal view C habitus, dorsal view D habitus, ventral view E chelicera, posterior view F leg I, retrolateral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm A, B, E; 0.5 mm C, D, F

Description

Female (holotype). Total length 4.06. Carapace 1.59 long, 1.19 wide. Abdomen 2.41 long, 1.55 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME: 0.40, ALE: 0.22, PLE: 0.21, AREW: 1.22, PERW: 1.22, EFL: 1.01. Leg measurements: I: 4.07 (1.27, 2.07, 0.41, 0.32); II: 2.75 (0.85, 1.02, 0.56, 0.32); III: 3.00 (0.85, 1.02, 0.76, 0.37); IV: 4.28 (1.17, 1.61, 1.10, 0.40). Carapace (Fig. 1C) stippled, reddish-brown, darker anteriorly with brown spots, covered with white hairs anteriorly and laterally. Fovea oval, hollowed. Chelicerae (Fig. 1E) yellow, with two promarginal teeth and one retromarginal fissidentate tooth. Endites and labium (Fig. 1D) yellow, lighter anteriorly, covered with thin brown hairs. Sternum (Fig. 1D) yellow, scutiform, lighter postero-medially, covered with short, thin hairs. Legs yellow except patellae and metatarsi I brown, legs I (Fig. 1F) with five pairs of ventral spines on tibia and two pairs of ventral spines on metatarsus. Abdomen (Fig. 1C, D) ovoid, dorsum brown, darker posteriorly, median area with two pairs of apodemes, posterior area with a wide, irregular horizontal white stripe; venter grayish-white. Epigynum (Fig. 1A, B): almost as long as wide, with a pair of lateral arc-shaped ridges; atrium large, separated by a narrow median septum; copulatory openings located posteriorly; copulatory ducts extending upwards obliquely and then descending posteriorly along longitudinal axis, basally with short gland ducts; spermathecae elongated, extending horizontally; fertilization ducts lamellar.

Male. Unknown.

Distribution

Guizhou Province, China (Fig. 7).

Synagelides latus Wang, Li & Peng, sp. nov.

http://zoobank.org/8084B2A4-E509-4839-B7A1-88B021EF6B28
Figs 2, 3, 7

Type material

Holotype. ♂ (TRU-JS 653): China: Yunnan Province: Nanjian County: Baohua Town: A’pa Village, 24°51.60'N, 100°26.00'E, elevation: 2310 m, 11.VIII.2015, C. Wang, Z. Liao, P. Luo and G. Liu leg. Paratype. 1♀ (TRU-JS 654), same date as the holotype.

Etymology

The specific name is from the Latin “latus”, and refers to the wide basal tibial apophysis; adjective.

Diagnosis

Synagelides latus sp. nov. resembles S. wuliangensis Wang et al. 2020 in having two tibial apophyses and an anterior epigynal hood, but it differs from S. wuliangensis by the following characters: 1) RTA about 1/4 cymbial length in S. latus sp. nov. (Fig. 2B), but almost 1/2 in S. wuliangensis (fig. 13B in Wang et al. 2020); 2) BTA as long as wide in dorsal view in S. latus sp. nov. (Fig. 2D), whereas longer than wide in S. wuliangensis (second retrolateral tibial apophysis in fig. 13F in Wang et al. 2020); 3) tibia of leg I with four pairs of spines in S. latus sp. nov. (Fig. 3G), whereas five pairs in S. wuliangensis (fig. 14H in Wang et al. 2020); 4) distance between epigynal hood and tip of median septum much shorter than median septum in S. latus sp. nov. (Fig. 3A), but much longer than median septum in S. wuliangensis (fig. 14A in Wang et al. 2020).

Figure 2. 

Left male palp of Synagelides latus sp. nov., holotype. A prolateral view B retrolateral view C ventral view D dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm A–D.

Description

Male (holotype). Total length 2.93. Carapace 1.24 long, 1.03 wide. Abdomen 1.56 long, 0.89 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME: 0.33, ALE: 0.19, PLE: 0.18, AREW: 0.99, PERW: 1.08, EFL: 0.88. Leg measurements: I: 4.59 (1.39, 2.32, 0.56, 0.32); II: 2.47 (0.73, 0.88, 0.54, 0.32); III: 2.64 (0.76, 0.90, 0.66, 0.32); IV: 3.32 (0.95, 1.27, 0.78, 0.32). Carapace (Fig. 3C) stippled, covered with sparse and thin hairs anteriorly. Eye base black. Fovea oval, hollowed, cervical and radial groove indistinct. Chelicerae (Fig. 3F) yellow, with two promarginal teeth and one retromarginal fissidentate tooth. Endites (Fig. 3D) as long as wide, lighter antero-internally. Labium (Fig. 3D) brown except white basally, covered with sparse black hairs. Sternum (Fig. 3D) yellow, scutiform. Legs I (Fig. 3G) with four pairs of ventral spines on tibia, two pairs of ventral spines on metatarsus. Abdomen (Fig. 3C, D) oblong, dorsum brown, darker posteriorly, apodemes indistinct, with a pair of round white spots on anterior edge, a horizontal stripe of white hairs and two pairs of irregular yellow spots in median area, several arc-shaped lines of spots in posterior area; venter grayish-brown, covered with dark-brown spots posteriorly. Palp (Fig. 2A–D): patella swollen; tibia stubby, RTA sword-shaped, PCA wide, shovel-shaped; bulb big, separated by crevice; embolus spiraling, tip reaching cymbial apex; median apophysis complicated and sclerotized.

Figure 3. 

Synagelides latus sp. nov. A epigynum, ventral view B internal genitalia, dorsal view C holotype habitus, dorsal view D holotype habitus, ventral view E paratype habitus, dorsal view F holotype chelicera, posterior view G holotype leg I, prolateral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm A, B, F; 0.5 mm C–E, G.

Female (paratype). Total length 4.30. Carapace 1.65 long, 1.22 wide. Abdomen 2.56 long, 1.44 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME: 0.40, ALE: 0.22, PLE: 0.21, AREW: 1.18, PERW: 1.28, EFL: 1.10. Leg measurements: I: 4.03 (1.27, 1.90, 0.49, 0.37); II: 2.75 (0.85, 1.02, 0.56, 0.32); III: 2.98 (0.88, 1.02, 0.76, 0.32); IV: 4.05 (1.15, 1.51, 1.02, 0.37). Habitus (Fig. 3E) similar to those of male except two pairs of apodemes distinct and with a pair of irregular white spots instead of the horizontal stripe in middle of dark-brown abdomen. Epigynum (Fig. 3A, B): wider than long, hood narrow, bell-shaped; atrium large, with a pair of arc-shaped ridges; copulatory openings situated postero-laterally; copulatory ducts stout, eggplant-shaped, gland ducts present; spermathecae pear-shaped, touching each other anteriorly; fertilization ducts lamellar, extending horizontally.

Distribution

Yunnan Province, China (Fig. 7).

Synagelides subagoriformis Wang, Li & Peng, sp. nov.

http://zoobank.org/5C453648-6ACD-4C79-BFFE-941038038AA9
Figs 4, 5, 7

Type material

Holotype. ♂ (TRU-JS 655): China: Guizhou Province: Tongren City: Shiqian County: Ganxi Town: Fuyan Village, 27°21.46'N, 108°20.26'E, elevation: 859 m, 28–30.IV.2017, X. Mi, C. Wang, Y. Mi, S. Lei, G. Tian and H. Liu leg. Paratypes. 2♀♀ (TRU-JS 656–657), China: Guizhou Province: Tongren City: Shiqian County: Pingshan Town: Fodingshan Village, 27°21.50'N, 108°09.35'E, elevation: 859 m, 12.VII.2017, X. Mi, C. Wang, G. Tian and H. Liu leg.; 1♀ (TRU-JS 658), same locality as the holotype, 27°21.65'N, 108°01.98'E, elevation: 708 m, 16.VII.2017, X. Mi, C. Wang, F. Li, G. Tian and H. Liu leg.; 4♂♂, 3♀♀ (TRU-JS 659–665), same date as the holotype.

Etymology

The specific name is from its similarity to S. agoriformis Strand, 1906; substantive.

Diagnosis

Synagelides subagoriformis sp. nov. most closely resembles S. agoriformis Strand, 1906, but it differs from S. agoriformis by the following characters: 1) RTA present in S. subagoriformis sp. nov. (Fig. 4B, D), whereas absent in S. agoriformis; 2) the length of genital bulb more than 2/3 cymbial length in S. subagoriformis sp. nov. (Fig. 4B) whereas about 1/2 cymbial length in S. agoriformis (fig. 20 in Omelko and Fomichev 2021); 3) median septum as long as wide in S. subagoriformis sp. nov. (Fig. 5A), whereas wider than long in S. agoriformis (figs 29–32 in Omelko and Fomichev 2021); 4) spermathecae extending obliquely in S. subagoriformis sp. nov. (Fig. 5B, C), whereas extending horizontally in S. agoriformis (figs 33, 34 in Omelko and Fomichev 2021).

Figure 4. 

Left male palp of Synagelides subagoriformis sp. nov., holotype. A prolateral view B retrolateral view C ventral view D dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm A–D.

Description

Male (holotype). Total length 3.44. Carapace 1.67 long, 1.22 wide. Abdomen 1.75 long, 1.01 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME: 0.41, ALE: 0.24, PLE: 0.21, AREW: 1.24, PERW: 1.21, EFL: 1.01. Leg measurements: I: 4.37 (1.34, 2.20, 0.49, 0.34); II: 2.72 (0.83, 0.98, 0.59, 0.32); III: 2.87 (0.85, 1.00, 0.68, 0.34); IV: 3.87 (1.07, 1.46, 0.93, 0.41). Carapace (Fig. 5D) reddish-brown, darker anteriorly, covered with thin hairs. Fovea oval, hollowed. Chelicerae (Fig. 5G) yellow, with two promarginal teeth and one retromarginal fissidentate tooth with two cusps. Endites (Fig. 5E) longer than wide, white medially, covered with brown hairs. Labium (Fig. 5E) yellowish-brown, anteriorly covered with thin hairs. Sternum (Fig. 5E) scutiform, lighter medially. Legs I (Fig. 5H) with three pairs of ventral spines on tibia and two pairs of ventral spines on metatarsus. Abdomen (Fig. 5D, E) oblong, dorsum dark-brown, a pair of grayish-white spots in anterior area, one discontinuous white horizontal stripe and two pairs of apodemes in median area, two indistinct herringbone stripes in posterior area; venter grayish-white, with a pair of brown longitudinal stripes in bilateral areas, covered with dark-brown spots in posterior area. Palp (Fig. 4A–D): patella swollen, longer than wide; tibia stubby, RTA sclerotized, finger-shaped; cymbium with dorsal and prolateral apophyses; bulb swollen; embolus flat, basal portion semicircular, distal portion thin, bent and blunt; median apophysis sclerotized, with little tubercles.

Figure 5. 

Synagelides subagoriformis sp. nov. A epigynum, ventral view B, C internal genitalia, dorsal view D holotype habitus, dorsal view E holotype habitus, ventral view F female paratype habitus, dorsal view G holotype chelicera, posterior view H holotype leg I, prolateral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm A–C, G; 0.5 mm D–F, H.

Female (paratype, TRU-JS 656). Total length 4.96. Carapace 2.22 long, 1.59 wide. Abdomen 2.67 long, 1.57 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME: 0.52, ALE: 0.28, PLE: 0.26, AREW: 1.61, PERW: 1.62, EFL: 1.33. Leg measurements: I: 4.99 (1.54, 2.54, 0.54, 0.37); II: 3.49 (1.10, 1.29, 0.73, 0.37); III: 3.76 (1.10, 1.34, 0.95, 0.37); IV: 5.25 (1.46, 2.01, 1.32, 0.46). Habitus (Fig. 5F) similar to those of males except white horizontal stripe in median area shorter, and one white stripe whose shape near triangular contour in posterior area of abdomen. Epigynum (Fig. 5A–C): atrial ridges located along front margin of epigynum, roughly bow-shaped; median septum trapezoidal, wider basally; copulatory openings below the lateral sides the atrial ridges; copulatory ducts extending upward, distal portion coiled, with short gland ducts; spermathecae touching each other anteriorly; fertilization ducts lamellar, originating from top of inner sides of spermathecae, extending horizontally.

Distribution

Guizhou Province, China (Fig. 7).

Synagelides triangulus Wang, Li & Peng, sp. nov.

http://zoobank.org/5F8655C0-5BA8-4A79-BC3C-CF278FB013C6
Figs 6, 7

Type material

Holotype. ♀ (TRU-JS 666): China: Yunnan Province: Kunming City: Xishan Forest Park: 24°59.00'N, 102°37.01'E, elevation: 2117 m, 9.VIII.2015, C. X. Mi, C. Wang, M. Liao, Z. Liao, P. Luo, X. Kuang, T. Liu and G. Liu leg. Paratypes. 1♀ (TRU-JS 667), same locality as the holotype, 13.VII.2013; 1♀ (TRU-JS 668), same locality as the holotype, 16.VIII.2018, C. Wang, H. Liu and Y. Yang leg.

Etymology

The specific name is from the Latin “triangulus” and refers to the triangular epigynal hood; adjective.

Diagnosis

Synagelides triangulus sp. nov. most closely resembles S. hamatus Zhu et al. 2005 in having the epigynal hood far away from the atrial ridge, but it differs from S. hamatus by the following characters: 1) atrial ridges horizontally arc-shaped in S. triangulus sp. nov. (Fig. 6A), whereas longitudinally arc-shaped in S. hamatus (fig. 12B in Zhu et al. 2005); 2) spermathecae medially located in S. triangulus sp. nov. (Fig. 6B) but posteriorly located in S. hamatus (fig. 12C in Zhu et al. 2005).

Figure 6. 

Synagelides triangulus sp. nov., holotype. A epigynum, ventral view B internal genitalia, dorsal view C habitus, dorsal view D habitus, ventral view E chelicera, posterior view F chelicera, anterior view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm A, B, E, F; 0.5 mm C, D.

Description

Female (holotype). Total length 5.68. Carapace 2.36 long, 1.68 wide. Abdomen 3.27 long, 1.86 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME: 0.35, ALE: 0.19, PLE: 0.18, AREW: 1.06, PERW: 1.16, EFL: 0.92. Leg measurements: I: 3.44 (1.05, 1.61, 0.46, 0.32); II: 2.53 (0.78, 0.95, 0.51, 0.29); III: 2.59 (0.73, 0.93, 0.61, 0.32); IV: 3.73 (1.07, 1.44, 0.88, 0.34). Carapace (Fig. 6C) stippled, reddish-brown. Eye base black. Fovea oval, hollowed, cervical and radial groove indistinct. Chelicerae (Fig. 6E, F) yellow, with two promarginal teeth and one retromarginal fissidentate tooth. Endites and labium (Fig. 6D) yellow, lighter anteriorly, covered with dark thin hairs. Sternum (Fig. 6D) yellow, scutiform. Legs yellow except legs I reddish-brown, legs I (Fig. 6C, D) with three pairs of ventral spines on tibia, two pairs of ventral spines on metatarsus. Abdomen (Fig. 6C, D) oblong, dorsum dark brown, two pairs of spots, two pairs of apodemes and several indistinct herringbone stripes in median area; venter grayish-white, with two lines of spots and two grayish-brown longitudinal stripes of spots. Epigynum (Fig. 6A, B): longer than wide, with wrinkles under triangular epigynal hood; atrial ridges horizontal arc-shaped; copulatory openings located postero-laterally, indistinct; copulatory ducts long, main portion arc-shaped and extending horizontally; spermathecae pear-shaped, touching each other anteriorly; fertilization ducts extending horizontally.

Male. Unknown.

Distribution

Yunnan Province, China (Fig. 7).

Figure 7. 

Type localities of new species of Synagelides. 1 S. angustus sp. nov. 2 S. latus sp. nov. 3 S. subagoriformis sp. nov. 4 S. triangulus sp. nov.

Acknowledgements

The manuscript benefitted greatly from comments by Jeremy A. Miller (Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden), Dmitri V. Logunov (The Manchester Museum, University of Manchester, Manchester), Joseph Schubert (Entomology/Arachnology, Museums Victoria, Victoria) and Takeshi Yamasaki (Museum of Nature and Human Activities, University of Hyogo, Sanda-shi). Dr Stephanie F. Loria (American Museum of Natural History, New York) kindly checked the English of the manuscript. This study was supported by the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (NSFC-30970327, 31272271, 31272272, 31301861, 31660609), Natural Science Research Project Foundation of Guizhou Province of education [grant number KY [2018] 345], and the Science and Technology Project Foundation ([2020] 1Z014) and Key Laboratory Project ([2020] 2003) of Guizhou Province.

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