A revision of the Chinese Aulacidae (Hymenoptera, Evanioidea)

Hua-yan Chen; Giuseppe Fabrizio Turrisi; Zai-fu Xu

doi:10.3897/zookeys.587.7207

Research Article

A revision of the Chinese Aulacidae (Hymenoptera, Evanioidea)

Hua-yan Chen^‡, Giuseppe Fabrizio Turrisi^§, Zai-fu Xu^‡†

‡ South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China

§ University of Catania, San Gregorio di Catania, Italy

† Deceased author

Corresponding author: Zai-fu Xu ( xuzaifu@scau.edu.cn )

Academic editor: Michael S. Engel

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Citation: Chen H-y, Turrisi GF, Xu Z-f (2016) A revision of the Chinese Aulacidae (Hymenoptera, Evanioidea). ZooKeys 587: 77-124. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.587.7207

ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:A7513302-E456-46F3-A234-3B0ED9549656

Abstract

The Chinese Aulacidae are revised, keyed and illustrated for the first time. In total twenty-five species are recorded from China, included within two genera Aulacus Jurine, 1807 and Pristaulacus Kieffer, 1900, with five and twenty species respectively. Among the treated species, six are newly described for science: Aulacus magnus sp. n., Pristaulacus calidus sp. n., P. centralis sp. n., P. fopingi sp. n., P. obscurus sp. n., and P. pseudoiosephi sp. n. Three species are newly recorded from China: P. excisus Turner, 1922, P. iosephi Turrisi & Madl, 2013, and P. rufobalteatus Cameron, 1907.

Keywords

Aulacidae , Aulacus , China, keys, new species, Pristaulacus , revision, taxonomy

Introduction

Aulacidae (Evanioidea) are a small cosmopolitan family, with two extant genera, containing 247 recognized species: Aulacus Jurine, 1807, with 77 species, and Pristaulacus Kieffer, 1900, with 170 species (Smith 2001, 2005a, 2005b, 2008; Jennings and Austin 2006; Turrisi et al. 2009; Smith and Carvalho 2010; Turrisi and Konishi 2011; Turrisi and Watanabe 2011; Turrisi 2013a, 2014; Turrisi and Madl 2013; Watanabe et al. 2013; Sundukov and Lelej 2015). Both genera occur in all zoogeographic regions, except Antarctica, although Aulacus is not known from the Afrotropics (Kieffer 1912; Hedicke 1939; Smith 2001; Turrisi 2004; Turrisi 2006; Turrisi et al. 2009). Most species of this family occur in tropical and subtropical regions (Smith 2001; Jennings et al. 2004a, 2004b, 2004c; Turrisi et al. 2009). Aulacids are endoparasitoids of wood-boring larvae of Xiphydriidae (Hymenoptera), Buprestidae and Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) (Barriga 1990; Gauld and Hanson 1995; Smith 2001; Jennings and Austin 2004; Jennings et al. 2004a).

China is located between two zoogeographical regions, Palaearctic and Oriental, and thus includes mixed faunistic characters of both regions. However, Chinese Aulacidae are currently very poorly known (Turrisi 2007) and there have been no comprehensive revisionary attempts, although a few scattered taxonomic papers have been published since the World Aulacidae catalogue by Smith (2001) (He et al. 2002; He 2004; Turrisi 2005, 2007; Sun and Sheng 2007a, 2007b; Turrisi and Smith 2011; Sundukov and Lelej 2015). To date, only sixteen species are recorded from China, four Aulacus and twelve Pristaulacus (Table 1). This number is believed to be an underestimate, suggesting the need for extensive investigation and more research for a better knowledge of the Chinese Aulacidae (Turrisi 2007).

Table 1.

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List of the Chinese species of Aulacidae before this study, with distribution in China.

Species	Chinese distribution
Aulacus flavigenis Alekseev, 1986	Heilongjiang
Aulacus schoenitzeri Turrisi, 2005	Shaanxi
Aulacus sinensis He & Chen, 2007	Zhejiang
Aulacus striatus Jurine, 1807	Inner Mongolia
Pristaulacus albitarsatus Sun & Sheng, 2007	Henan
Pristaulacus asiaticus Turrisi & Smith, 2011	Hubei
Pristaulacus comptipennis Enderlein, 1912	Taiwan, Hongkong
Pristaulacus intermedius Uchida, 1932	Shaanxi
Pristaulacus karinulus Smith, 2001	Henan, Jiangsu, Taiwan
Pristaulacus longicornis Kieffer, 1911	China (unknown whether Palaearctic or Oriental)
Pristaulacus memnonius Sun & Sheng, 2007	Henan
Pristaulacus nobilei Turrisi & Smith, 2011	Jiangsu, Guangdong, Hongkong, Macao
Pristaulacus pieli Kieffer, 1924	Jiangxi
Pristaulacus porcatus Sun & Sheng, 2007	Henan
Pristaulacus rufipes Enderlein, 1912	Taiwan
Pristaulacus zhejiangensis He & Ma, 2002	Zhejiang

The extensive search for aulacid-specimens in several museums of China as well as relevant material from European museums resulted in the discovery of a total of 25 species, 6 of which are newly described, one Aulacus and five Pristaulacus. The present paper is the first attempt to revise the Chinese Aulacidae as a framework for further possible contributions.

Material and methods

Descriptions of the species have been made under either an Olympus SZ61 or SZ40 stereomicroscope, with lighting achieved through a 40W LED lamp or a 27W fluorescent lamp. Photographic images were produced by a digital microscope (VHX-2000c, KEYENCE, Osaka, Japan), and plates were finished with ACDSee 10.0 and Photoshop CS 8.0.1, mostly to adjust the size and background.

Morphological nomenclature follows Crosskey (1951), Huber and Sharkey (1993), and Gauld and Bolton (1996). Terminology for surface sculpture follows Harris (1979). For the number of tooth-like processes on inner margin of pretarsal claw, apex is not included since it represents the tip of the claw (Turrisi 2007).

In text, the following abbreviations are used for some morphological structures: A = antennomere; OOL = distance between outer margin of posterior ocellus and eye; POL = distance between inner margins of posterior ocelli; T = Tergite; S = Sternite.

Type material and other specimens have been examined from the following institutions:

BMNH The Natural History Museum, London, UK (Ms. Suzanne Ryder)

BPBM Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu (Hawaii), U.S.A. (Dr. Francis G. Howarth)

CAS California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, U.S.A. (Dr. Wojciech J. Pulawski)

HNHM Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary (Dr. Csosz Sandor)

IZCAS Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (Dr. Jun Chen, Mr. Jian Yao, Mrs. Hong Liu)

LACM Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A. (through courtesy of Dr. David R. Smith)

OLML Oberosterreichisches Landesmuseum, Linz, Austria (Dr. Fritz Gusenleitner)

NHRS Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Entomology, Stockholm, Sweden (Dr. Hege Vårdal)

SCAU Hymenopteran Collection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China (Dr. Zai-fu Xu)

SDEI Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Müncheberg, Germany (Prof. Joachim Oehlke, Dr. Andreas Taeger)

SEMC Shanghai Entomological Museum, Shanghai, China (Dr. Hai-sheng Ying)

SFPS General Station of Forest Pest Management, State Forestry Administration, Shenyang, China (Prof. Mao-Ling Sheng)

TCUC Turrisi G.F. Collection, University of Catania, Catania, Italy

USNM National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA (Dr. David R. Smith)

ZJU Department of Plant Protection, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (Prof. Jun-hua He & Prof. Xue-xin Chen)

ZMHB Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universitӓt, Berlin, Germany (Dr. Frank Koch)

Systematics

Key to Chinese genera of Aulacidae

1	Occipital carina absent (Fig. 5); forewing with cross-vein 2r-m, with 2-rs+m long (as in Fig. 8), almost as long as 1sr+m; hind coxa of female without groove or notch on inner lateral surface (Fig. 9); pretarsal claw not pectinate, without tooth-like processes along inner margin (Fig. 11)	Aulacus Jurine
–	Occipital carina present (Figs 16, 17, 27, 28, 39, 40, 49, 60, 71, 79, 80, 92, 103, 104, 114, 115); forewing without cross-vein 2r-m, with 2-rs+m relatively short (as in Figs 95, 107, 118) or extremely short (as in Figs 20, 31, 43, 74, 83); hind coxa of female with groove or notch on inner lateral surface (Figs 32, 44, 96, 108); pretarsal claw pectinate with two to six distinct tooth-like processes along inner margin (Figs 22, 37, 54, 64, 68, 85, 97, 101, 120)	Pristaulacus Kieffer

Figure 1.

Aulacus magnus sp. n., holotype, female, habitus, lateral. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figures 2–7.

Aulacus magnus sp. n., holotype, female. 2 Antenna 3 head anterior 4 head dorsal 5 head lateral 6 mesosoma dorsal 7 mesosoma lateral. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figures 8–12.

Aulacus magnus sp. n., holotype, female. 8 Forewing 9 hind coxae 10 hind tarsus 11 pretarsal claws 12 metasoma dorso-lateral. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figure 13.

Pristaulacus calidus sp. n., holotype, male, habitus, lateral. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figures 14–19.

Pristaulacus calidus sp. n., holotype, male. 14 Antennae 15 head anterior 16 head dorsal 17 head lateral 18 mesosoma dorsal 19 mesosoma lateral. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figures 20–23.

Pristaulacus calidus sp. n., holotype, male. 20 Forewing 21 hind coxae 22 hind tarsus 23 metasoma lateral. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figure 24.

Pristaulacus centralis sp. n., holotype, female, habitus, lateral. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figures 25–30.

Pristaulacus centralis sp. n., holotype, female. 25 Antennae 26 head anterior 27 head dorsal 28 head lateral 29 mesosoma dorsal 30 mesosoma lateral. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figures 31–34.

Pristaulacus centralis sp. n., holotype, female. 31 Forewing 32 hind coxae 33 hind tarsus 34 metasoma lateral. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figure 35.

Pristaulacus comptipennis Enderlein, 1912, female, habitus, lateral. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figures 36–42.

Pristaulacus comptipennis Enderlein, 1912, female. 36 Antenna 37 hind tarsus 38 head anterior 39 head dorsal 40 head lateral 41 mesosoma dorsal 42 mesosoma lateral. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figures 43–44.

Pristaulacus comptipennis Enderlein, 1912, female. 43 Forewing and hind wing 44 hind coxae. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figure 45.

Pristaulacus excisus Turner, 1922, male, habitus, lateral. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figures 46–51.

Pristaulacus excisus Turner, 1922, male. 46 Antenna 47 head anterior 48 head dorsal 49 head lateral 50 mesosoma dorsal 51 mesosoma lateral. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figures 52–55.

Pristaulacus excisus Turner, 1922, male. 52 Forewing and hind wing 53 hind coxae 54 hind tarsus 55 metasoma lateral. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figure 56.

Pristaulacus fopingi sp. n., holotype, male, habitus, lateral. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figures 57–62.

Pristaulacus fopingi sp. n., holotype, male. 57 Antennae 58 head anterior 59 head dorsal 60 head lateral 61 mesosoma dorsal 62 mesosoma lateral. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figures 63–65.

Pristaulacus fopingi sp. n., holotype, male. 63 Hind coxae 64 hind tarsus 65 metasoma lateral. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figure 66.

Pristaulacus intermedius Uchida, 1932, female, habitus, lateral. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figures 67–73.

Pristaulacus intermedius Uchida, 1932, female. 67 Antenna 68 hind tarsus 69 head anterior 70 head dorsal 71 head lateral 72 mesosoma dorsal 73 mesosoma lateral. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figures 74–75.

Pristaulacus intermedius Uchida, 1932, female. 74 Forewing and hind wing 75 metasoma lateral. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figure 76.

Pristaulacus iosephi Turrisi & Madl, 2013, female, habitus, lateral. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figures 77–82.

Pristaulacus iosephi Turrisi & Madl, 2013, female. 77 Antennae 78 head anterior 79 head dorsal 80 head lateral 81 mesosoma dorsal 82 mesosoma lateral. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figures 83–87.

Pristaulacus iosephi Turrisi & Madl, 2013, female. 83 Forewing and hind wing 84 hind coxae 85 hind tarsus 86 metasoma lateral 87 metasoma dorsal. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figure 88.

Pristaulacus obscurus sp. n., holotype, female, habitus, lateral. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figures 89–94.

Pristaulacus obscurus sp. n., holotype, female. 89 Antenna 90 head anterior 91 head dorsal 92 head lateral 93 mesosoma dorsal 94 mesosoma lateral. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figures 95–98.

Pristaulacus obscurus sp. n., holotype, female. 95 Forewing 96 hind coxae 97 hind tarsus 98 metasoma lateral. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figure 99.

Pristaulacus pseudoiosephi sp. n., paratype, female, habitus, lateral. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figures 100–106.

Pristaulacus pseudoiosephi sp. n., paratype, female. 100 Antenna 101 hind tarsi 102 head anterior 103 head dorsal 104 head lateral 105 mesosoma dorsal 106 mesosoma lateral. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figures 107–110.

Pristaulacus pseudoiosephi sp. n., paratype, female. 107 Forewing and hind wing 108 hind coxae 109 metasoma lateral 110 metasoma dorsal. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figure 111.

Pristaulacus rufobalteatus Cameron, 1907, female, habitus, lateral. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figures 112–117.

Pristaulacus rufobalteatus Cameron, 1907, female. 112 Antennae 113 head anterior 114 head dorsal 115 head lateral 116 mesosoma dorsal 117 mesosoma lateral. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figures 118–121.

Pristaulacus rufobalteatus Cameron, 1907, female. 118 Forewing and hind wing 119 hind coxae 120 hind tarsus 121 metasoma lateral. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Genus Aulacus Jurine, 1807

Aulacus Jurine, 1807: 89. Type species: Aulacus striatus Jurine, by monotypy.

Aulacus Jurine: Blanchard 1840: 300; Bradley 1908: 120; Kieffer 1912: 344; Hedicke 1939: 4; Konishi 1990: 641; Alekseev 1995: 39; Smith 2001: 277; Turrisi et al. 2009.

Remarks

The genus Aulacus has been demonstrated to be paraphyletic (Turrisi et al. 2009), and to date lacks a comprehensive revision of the taxa included to ascertain phylogenetic relationships.

Key to Chinese species of Aulacus

1	Metasoma entirely black	2
–	Metasoma at least with 2^nd and 3^rd tergites brown or reddish-brown	3
2	Antenna black (Fig. 2); forewing with large dark brown spot under stigma and at apex (Fig. 8)	A. magnus sp. n.
–	Antenna extensively reddish-orange, with A1–A4 and A11–A14 dark orange; forewing without dark brown spots	A. schoenitzeri Turrisi
3	Head mainly black with malar area and gena brown	A. striatus Jurine
–	Head mainly reddish-brown, with upper part of frons and median part of vertex black	4
4	Fore coxa brown; lower part of frons with sparse punctures, upper part with oblique transverse carinulae	A. flavigenis Alekseev
–	Fore coxa black; lower part of frons transverse-carinate, upper part punctate	A. sinensis He & Chen

Aulacus flavigenis Alekseev, 1986

Fig. 122

Aulacus flavigenis Alekseev, 1986: 17.

Aulacus salicius Sun & Sheng, 2007b: 122. Synonymized by Sundukov and Lelej (2015).

Aulacus salicius Sun & Sheng: Turrisi et al. 2009: 56; Smith and Tripotin 2011: 520.

Material examined

No available material from China for this study. Examined material: 1 ♀ from South Korea (Tripotin P., gift to Turrisi G.F.).

Diagnosis

Head mainly reddish-brown, with upper part of frons and median part of vertex black; fore coxa brown; metasoma black with most of first tergite (except base) and second tergite reddish-brown; lower part of frons with sparse and indistinct punctures, upper part with distinct oblique transverse carinulae; ovipositor about 0.8 × forewing length.

Distribution

China (Heilongjiang); Russia (Primorski Krai and Skotovo) (Alekseev 1986; Sundukov and Lelej 2015); South Korea (Gangwon-do) (Smith and Tripotin 2011).

Biology

Collected in June (Sun and Sheng 2007b). Host: Xiphydria palaeanarctica Semenov-Tian-Shanskij (Hymenoptera, Xiphydriidae) (Smith and Tripotin 2011), Xiphydria popovi Semenov-Tian-Shanskij & Gussakovskij (Sun and Sheng 2007b). Additional data on biology are provided by Smith and Tripotin (2011).

Remarks

Redescription is provided by Sundukov and Lelej (2015).

Aulacus magnus sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/3EB00C7D-A9F2-4DB8-A543-95AD3AAB4479

Figs 1, 2–7, 8–12, 122

Material examined

Holotype, ♀ (IZCAS), CHINA: Hainan, Mt. Jianfengling, 670 m, 6.V.1964, IOZ(E)1903950.

Etymology

From the Latin adjective “magnus”, meaning “large”, a noun in apposition.

Diagnosis

Antenna entirely black; forewing with large dark brown spots under stigma and at apex; head largely smooth with sparse and fine punctures; lateroventral margin of pronotum without teeth; scutellum mostly rugose with nearly smooth area posteriorly; pretarsal claw with one basal large tooth-like process; ovipositor 0.9 × forewing length.

Description

Holotype. Female. Body length 16.2 mm; forewing length 14.0 mm.

Colour. Black except: apical half of mandible reddish-brown; forewing hyaline, with large dark brown spot under stigma and large dark brown spot at apex; hind wing hyaline.

Head. From above, 1.2 × wider than long, shiny; lower interocular distance 1.5 × eye height; malar space 0.3 × eye height; occipital margin straight; temple, from above, rounded, slightly longer than eye length; occipital carina 0.1 × diameter of an ocellus; POL:OOL=0.8; head largely smooth with sparse and fine punctures (distance between punctures 1.0–4.0 × diameter of a puncture); A3 5.0 × longer than wide; A4 6.0 × longer than wide, and 1.4 × longer than A3; A5 5.5 × longer than wide, and 1.3 × longer than A3.

Mesosoma. Pronotum largely rugose, coarsely areolate-rugose in middle, with lateroventral margin regularly rounded and without teeth; propleuron shiny and largely smooth with sparse and fine punctures; mesoscutum transverse-carinate anteriorly, areolate-rugose posterior to notaulus, prescutum not emarginate medially; notaulus shallow and narrow; scutellum mostly rugose with nearly smooth area posteriorly; axilla oblique-rugulose; metanotum irregularly rugose; propodeum coarsely areolate-rugose; mesopleuron and metapleuron coarsely areolate-rugose; forewing with vein 2-rs+m long: cells SM2 and D1 distantly separated; hind wing veins faint to absent; hind coxa with dorsal surface transverse-carinate basally, densely and finely punctate apically, and ventral surface rugulose-punctate to punctate, punctures coarse and dense; hind basitarsus 12.0 × longer than wide, 1.2 × longer than tarsomeres 2–5; pretarsal claw with one large basal tooth-like process.

Metasoma. Pyriform (lateral view), compressed laterally; petiole elongate, 7.0 × longer than wide; segments 1 and 2 polished and shiny; following segments with fine and dense punctures; ovipositor 0.9 × forewing length.

Male. Unknown.

Distribution

China (Hainan).

Figure 122.

Distribution map of the species of Chinese Aulacidae (Pristaulacus longicornis Kieffer, 1911 is not included). 1 Aulacus flavigenis Alekseev, 1986 2 Aulacus magnus sp. n. 3 Aulacus schoenitzeri Turrisi, 2005 4 Aulacus sinensis He & Chen, 2007. 5 Aulacus striatus Jurine, 1807. 6 Pristaulacus albitarsatus Sun & Sheng, 2007 7 Pristaulacus asiaticus Turrisi & Smith, 2011 8 Pristaulacus calidus sp. n. 9 Pristaulacus centralis sp. n. 10 Pristaulacus comptipennis Enderlein, 1912. 11 Pristaulacus excisus Turner, 1922 12 Pristaulacus fopingi sp. n. 13 Pristaulacus intermedius Uchida, 1932 14 Pristaulacus iosephi Turrisi & Madl, 2013 15 Pristaulacus karinulus Smith, 2001 16 Pristaulacus memnonius Sun & Sheng, 2007 17 Pristaulacus nobilei Turrisi & Smith, 2011 18 Pristaulacus obscurus sp. n. 19 Pristaulacus pieli Kieffer, 1924 20 Pristaulacus porcatus Sun & Sheng, 2007 21 Pristaulacus pseudoiosephi sp. n. 22 Pristaulacus rufipes Enderlein, 1912 23 Pristaulacus rufobalteatus Cameron, 1907 24 Pristaulacus zhejiangensis He & Ma, 2002. Note: The South China Sea islands are not shown on this map.

Biology

Collected in May. Host not known.

Aulacus schoenitzeri Turrisi, 2005

Fig. 122

Aulacus schoenitzeri Turrisi, 2005: 798.

Aulacus schoenitzeri Turrisi: Turrisi et al. 2009: 56.

Material examined

Holotype, ♀ (OLML), CHINA: Shaanxi, Qinling, Xunyangba, 23.V–13.VI.1998, I. H. Marshal leg/Aulacus schoenitzeri Turrisi sp. n.

Diagnosis

Antenna extensively reddish-orange with A1–A4 and A11–A14 darker; legs blackish, except tibiae and tarsi reddish-orange; metasoma entirely black; vertex dull, strongly striolate-punctate; ovipositor 0.9 × forewing length.

Distribution

China (Shaanxi).

Biology

Collected in May or June. Host not known.

Aulacus sinensis He & Chen, 2007

Fig. 122

Aulacus erythrogaster He & Chen, 2002: 149 (preoccupied by Aulacus erythrogaster Kieffer, 1904).

Aulacus sinensis He & Chen, 2007: 66 (replacement name for Aulacus erythrogaster He & Chen, 2002).

Aulacus sinensis He & Chen: Turrisi et al. 2009: 56; Turrisi 2013a: 332.

Material examined

Holotype, ♀ (ZJU), CHINA: Zhejiang, Mt. Tianmu, 2–4.VI.1990, Xin-geng Wang, No. 903191/Aulacus erythrogaster He & Chen sp. n., 2002/ Aulacus sinensis He & Chen, nom. n., 2007.

Diagnosis

Head mainly reddish brown, upper portion of frons and median portion of vertex black; fore and middle femora black, apically yellow, hind tibia yellow at basal 0.14, the rest blackish brown; frons punctate on upper half, transverse-striate on lower half; apical half of hind coxa with a longitudinal groove along inner side.

Distribution

China (Zhejiang).

Biology

Collected in June. Host not known.

Aulacus striatus Jurine, 1807

Fig. 122

Aulacus striatus Jurine, 1807: 89–90.

Aulacus striatus Jurine: Sun and Sheng 2007b: 124; Turrisi et al. 2009: 56; Broad and Livermore 2014: 2.

Material examined

No available material from China for this study.

Diagnosis

Antenna entirely blackish-brown; femora, tibiae and tarsi extensively reddish-orange; metasoma extensively reddish-orange; vertex shining, irregularly, coarsely and deeply punctured, sometimes with very fine carinulae; propodeum weakly declivous; ovipositor 0.7–0.8 × forewing length.

Distribution

China (Inner Mongolia) (Sun and Sheng 2007b); Europe (Smith 2001; Broad and Livermore 2014).

Biology

Collected in August (Sun and Sheng 2007b). Host not known.

Remarks

The diagnosis is based on European specimens. Unfortunately, we were unable to examine Sun & Sheng’s specimens. Therefore, the status of this species in China is unclear to us.

Genus Pristaulacus Kieffer, 1900

Pristaulacus Kieffer, 1900: 813. Type species: Pristaulacus chlapowskii Kieffer, designated by Kieffer, 1903: 455.

Pristaulacus Kieffer: Kieffer 1903: 455; 1910: 350; 1911: 215; 1912: 376; Bradley 1908: 212; Hedicke 1939: 4; Koslov 1988: 243; Konishi 1990: 641; Alekseev 1995: 39; Smith 2001: 277; Turrisi 2006: 28; Turrisi 2007: 28; Turrisi et al. 2009: 53; Watanabe et al. 2013: 188.

Key to Chinese species of Pristaulacus

1	Hind margin of head straight or weakly concave, without medial groove (Figs 59, 72, 91, 114); occipital carina not interrupted (Figs 59, 72, 91, 114)	2
–	Hind margin of head more or less grooved medially (Figs 16, 27, 39, 48, 79, 103); occipital carina interrupted (Figs 16, 27, 39, 48, 79, 103)	12
2	Lateroventral margin of pronotum without tooth-like process	P. pieli Kieffer
–	Lateroventral margin of pronotum at least with one tooth-like process (Figs 19, 30, 42, 51, 62, 73, 82, 94, 104, 117)	3
3	Hind basitarsus 1.9 × longer than tarsomeres 2–5	P. rufipes Enderlein
–	Hind basitarsus at most 1.3 × longer than tarsomeres 2–5	4
4	Occipital carina wide, 0.5 × diameter of ocellus, lamelliform, brownish	5
–	Occipital carina at most 0.2 × diameter of ocellus, pad-shaped, blackish	7
5	Large sized species (body length, excluding ovipositor about 15.0 mm); basal antennomeres very elongate (A3 8.3 × longer than wide, A4 14.0 × longer than wide)	P. longicornis Kieffer
-	Medium sized species (body length, excluding ovipositor about 10.0-11.0 mm); basal antennomeres elongate (A3 5.0–6.0 × longer than wide, A4 10.0 × longer than wide) (Fig. 67)	6
6	Metasoma entirely blackish, at most slightly lightened basally (Fig. 75)	P. intermedius Uchida
–	Metasoma extensively reddish orange	P. karinulus Smith
7	Hind coxa entirely smooth, polished	P. memnonius Sun & Sheng
–	Hind coxa transverse-carinate or rugose	8
8	Hind coxa rugose	P. zhejiangensis He & Ma
–	Hind coxa transverse-carinate	9
9	Forewing with vein 2-rs+m short, cells SM2 and D1 continuous	P. albitarsatus Sun & Sheng
–	Forewing with vein 2-rs+m long, cells SM2 and D1 distinctly separated (Figs 95, 118)	10
10	Metasoma entirely black (Fig. 98); hind tarsus black (Fig. 88)	P. obscurus sp. n.
–	Metasoma at least with first tergite brown (Figs 65, 121); hind tarsus yellowish-brown (Figs 56, 111)	11
11	Frons with yellow areas around antennae (Fig. 58); propleuron largely finely rugose with small smooth area posterodorsally (Fig. 60)	P. fopingi sp. n.
–	Frons entirely black (Fig. 113); propleuron densely punctate ventrally, finely rugose with small smooth area dorsally (Fig. 115)	P. rufobalteatus Cameron
12	Pronotum, in lateral view, with two projecting tooth-like processes, one anteroventral, the other ventral; pretarsal claw with six tooth-like processes	13
–	Pronotum with one anteroventrally projecting tooth-like process; pretarsal claw with four or five tooth-like processes	16
13	Occipital groove pronounced, as deep or deeper than wide	P. asiaticus Turrisi & Smith
–	Occipital groove shallow, less deep than wide (Fig. 103)	14
14	Ovipositor 1.4 × forewing length	P. nobilei Turrisi & Smith
–	Ovipositor 0.8–0.9 × forewing length	15
15	Forewing with vein 2-rs+m short, cells SM2 and D1 slightly separated; propleuron dull, finely rugose with small smooth area dorsally	P. iosephi Turrisi & Madl
–	Forewing with vein 2-rs+m long, cells SM2 and D1 distantly separated (Fig. 107); propleuron shiny, largely smooth with sparse fine punctures (Fig. 104)	P. pseudoiosephi sp. n.
16	Occipital carina not interrupted along occipital medial groove (Fig. 49); occipital medial groove V-shaped, its depth very shallow (Fig. 49)	P. excisus Turner
–	Occipital carina interrupted along occipital medial groove; occipital medial groove abruptly shaped, from narrow to wide and deep (Figs 27, 39)	17
17	Forewing with wide and irregular brown spots on basal part, below stigma and on apex	P. comptipennis Enderlein
–	Forewing with only one brown spot below stigma	18
18	Mesoscutum mostly areolate-rugose	P. porcatus Sun & Sheng
–	Mesoscutum mostly transverse-carinate (Figs 18, 29)	19
19	Setae on body golden brown (Fig. 24); punctures on frons deep and dense, distance between punctures 0.5–1.0 × diameter of a puncture (Fig. 26)	P. centralis sp. n.
–	Setae on body white (Fig. 13); punctures on frons deep and scattered, distance between punctures 2.0–3.0 × diameter of a puncture (Fig. 15)	P. calidus sp. n.

Pristaulacus albitarsatus Sun & Sheng, 2007

Fig. 122

Pristaulacus albitarsatus Sun & Sheng, 2007a: 216.

Pristaulacus albitarsatus Sun & Sheng: Turrisi et al. 2009: 56.

Material examined

No available material for this study.

Diagnosis

Metasoma more or less extensively reddish; hind tarsus withish-yellow; hind margin of head straight or weakly concave, without medial groove; occipital carina at most 0.2 × diameter of ocellus, pad-shaped, blackish; lateroventral margin of pronotum at least with one tooth-like process; forewing with vein 2-rs+m short, cells SM2 and D1 continuous; hind coxa transverse-carinate; hind basitarsus at most 1.3 × longer than tarsomeres 2–5 (Sun and Sheng 2007a).

Distribution

China (Henan) (Sun and Sheng 2007a).

Biology

Collected in May. Host not known (Sun and Sheng 2007a).

Remarks

Unfortunately, we were unable to examine Sun & Sheng’s specimens. The diagnosis is based on the original description of Sun and Sheng (2007a).

Pristaulacus asiaticus Turrisi & Smith, 2011

Fig. 122

Pristaulacus asiaticus Turrisi & Smith, 2011: 10.

Material examined

Holotype, ♂ (CAS), CHINA: W. Hupeh Prov., Lichuan District, Hsiao-Ho/10 August 1948, Gressit & Djou, Calif. Acad. Sciences/Pristaulacus asiaticus Turrisi & Smith sp. n.

Diagnosis

Antenna with A1 dark reddish-brown on ventral surface; forewing infuscate, strongly infuscate on basal third and largely below stigma; hind margin of head grooved medially, occipital groove pronounced, as deep or deeper than wide; pronotum, in lateral view, with two projecting tooth-like processes, one anteroventral, the other ventral; pretarsal claw with six tooth-like processes; forewing with vein 2-rs+m long, cells SM2 and D1 distantly separated.

Distribution

China (Hubei) (Turrisi and Smith 2011).

Biology

Collected in August. Host not known (Turrisi and Smith 2011).

Pristaulacus calidus sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/A4F26A90-5202-4075-B32F-9508528E8565

Figs 13, 14–19, 20–23, 122

Material examined

Holotype, ♂ (IZCAS), CHINA: Yunnan, Cheli, 560 m, 26.IV.1957, Da-hua Liu, IOZ(E) 1903971.

Etymology

From the Latin adjective “calidus”, meaning “hot”, a noun in apposition.

Diagnosis

Antenna black with scape yellowish-orange; metasoma black with posterior margin of first tergite brown; forewing hyaline with a small dark brown spot under stigma; occipital margin concave, with a wide and deep medial groove; pronotum with one anteroventrally projecting tooth-like process; pretarsal claw with five tooth-like processes; forewing with vein 2-rs+m short, cells SM2 and D1 slightly separated.

Description

Holotype. Male. Body length 12.1 mm; forewing length 7.1 mm.

Colour. Antenna black with scape yellowish-orange; head black with clypeus dark brown; mesosoma black; metasoma black with posterior margin of first tergite brown; mandible brown with teeth darker; palpi black; fore leg, tibia and tarsus of mind leg and tarsus of hind leg yellowish-brown, remainder of legs dark brown to black; forewing hyaline with a small dark brown spot under stigma; hind wing hyaline.

Head. From above, 1.2 × wider than long, shiny; lower interocular distance 1.4 × eye height; malar space 0.4 × eye height; occipital margin concave, with a wide and deep medial groove; temple, from above, rounded, distinctly longer than eye length; occipital carina 0.5 × diameter of an ocellus; POL:OOL=0.9; lower frons and clypeus densely and finely punctate, remainder of head largely smooth with sparse and fine punctures; A3 3.5 × longer than wide; A4 5.8 × longer than wide, and 2.0 × longer than A3; A5 5.6 × longer than wide, and 1.9 × longer than A3.

Mesosoma. Pronotum coarsely areolate-rugose, with one anterior short tooth-like process on lateroventral margin; propleuron shiny and smooth ventrally, finely rugose on dorsal surface; mesoscutum mostly transverse-carinate, coarsely areolate-rugose along transscutal fissure and on sides, anterior part slightly emarginate medially, rounded laterally; notauli deep and wide; scutellum transverse-carinate in middle, coarsely areolate-rugose on anterior and posterior margin; axillae, metanotum, propodeum, mesopleuron and metapleuron coarsely areolate-rugose; forewing with vein 2-rs+m short, cells SM2 and D1 slightly separated; hind wing veins faint to absent; hind coxa transverse-carinate; hind basitarsus 10.0 × longer than wide, and 1.3 × of tarsomeres 2–5; pretarsal claw with five tooth-like processes.

Metasoma. Smooth, shining, with fine white pubescence on segment 2 to apex; petiole elongate, 5.7 × longer than wide.

Female. Unknown.

Distribution

China (Yunnan).

Biology

Collected in April. Host not known.

Pristaulacus centralis sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/0B488BA3-8A8A-4C82-AF41-7F07BB80C214

Figs 24, 25–30, 31–34, 122

Material examined

Holotype, ♀ (IZCAS), CHINA: Hubei, Zigui, Mt. Jiulingtou, 250 m, 27.VII.1993, Xiao-lin Chen, IOZ(E) 1903961.

Etymology

From the Latin adjective “centralis”, meaning “placed in the middle”, a noun in apposition.

Diagnosis

Forewing with only one brown spot below stigma; metasoma mostly yellowish-brown with first tergite largely black; occipital margin concave, with a strongly wide and deep medial groove; pronotum with one anteroventrally projecting tooth-like process; mesoscutum mostly transverse-carinate; pretarsal claw with four tooth-like processes; ovipositor 1.6 × forewing length.

Description

Holotype. Female. Body length 14.2 mm; forewing length 9.4 mm.

Colour. Antenna black with scape yellowish-orange; head black with clypeus orange; mesosoma black; metasoma mostly yellowish-brown with first tergite largely black; mandible orange with teeth dark brown; palpi dark brown; hind coxa black, remainder of legs yellowish-orange with tarsi paler; ovipositor sheath black; forewing infuscate, with dark brown spot under stigma; hind wing hyaline.

Head. From above, 1.3 × wider than long, shiny; lower interocular distance 1.4 × eye height; malar space 0.4 × eye height; occipital margin concave, with a strongly wide and deep medial groove; temple, from above, rounded, slightly shorter than eye length; occipital carina 0.8 × diameter of an ocellus; POL:OOL=1.1; frons, clypeus and marlar space densely and finely punctate; vertex and temple largely smooth with sparse and fine punctures; A3 6.5 × longer than wide; A4 8.7 × longer than wide, and 1.3 × longer than A3; A5 9.6 × longer than wide, and 1.1 × longer than A3.

Mesosoma. Pronotum coarsely areolate-rugose, with one anterior short tooth-like process on lateroventral margin; propleuron dull, largely finely rugose or punctate with small smooth area posterodorsally; mesoscutum mostly transverse-carinate, coarsely rugose on sides, anterior part slightly emarginate medially, rounded laterally; notauli deep and wide; scutellum transverse-carinate in middle, coarsely rugose on posterior margin; axillae, metanotum and propodeum coarsely areolate-rugose; mesopleuron mostly coarsely areolate-rugose with small rugose area anteriodorsally; metapleuron coarsely areolate-rugose; forewing with vein 2-rs+m short, cells SM2 and D1 slightly separated; hind wing with veins somewhat distinct, cells Cu and R1+Rs contiguous; hind coxa transverse-carinate; hind basitarsus 9.5 × longer than wide, and 1.2 × of tarsomeres 2–5; pretarsal claw with four tooth-like processes.

Metasoma. Smooth, shining, with fine white pubescence on segment 3 to apex; petiole elongate, slender, 4.5 × longer than wide; ovipositor 1.6 × forewing length.

Male. Unknown.

Distribution

China (Hubei).

Biology

Collected in July. Host not known.

Pristaulacus comptipennis Enderlein, 1912

Figs 35, 36–42, 43–44, 122

Pristaulacus comptipennis Enderlein, 1912: 265.

Pristaulacus comptipennis Enderlein: Enderlein 1913: 319, 326; Hedicke 1939: 7; Konishi 1990: 652; 1991: 564; Smith 2001: 282; Turrisi 2007: 28; Turrisi et al. 2009: 56; Turrisi and Smith 2011: 14.

Material examined

Lectotype, ♀ (SDEI), TAIWAN: Hoozan, Formosa, II.10, H. Sauter/Pristaulacus comptipennis Enderl., ♀, Type, Dr. Enderlein det. 1912/Syntypus/Eberswalde coll. DEI/Lectotypus ♀, Pristaulacus comptipennis Enderlein, 1912, des. T. Megjaszai 1999/Pristaulacus comptipennis Enderlein, 1912, ♀, Lectotypus G.F. Turrisi des. 2006. Paralectotypes: 2 ♀♀ (SDEI), Hoozan, Formosa, V.10, H. Sauter/Pristaulacus comptipennis Enderl., ♀, Type, Dr. Enderlein det. 1912/Syntypus/Eberswalde coll. DEI/Paralectotypus ♀, Pristaulacus comptipennis Enderlein, 1912, des. T. Megjaszai 1999/Pristaulacus comptipennis Enderlein, 1912, ♀, Paralectotypus G.F. Turrisi des. 2006. Additional material: 1 ♀ (SDEI), Taiwan, Hoozan, V.1910, H. Sauter; 2 ♀♀ (SDEI), Taiwan, Anping, 22.VII.1911, H. Sauter; 1 ♀ (SDEI), Taiwan, Kankau (Koshun), V.1912, H. Sauter; 2 ♀♀ (SDEI, USNM), Taiwan, Kosempo, H. Sauter; 1 ♀ (SDEI), Taiwan, Kosempo, 1911, H. Sauter; 2 ♂♂ (SDEI, USNM), Taiwan, Kosempo, 1912, H. Sauter; 7 ♂♂ (SDEI), Taiwan, Kosempo, V.1912, H. Sauter; 2 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂ (SDEI), Taiwan, Tainan, 22.VII.1911, H. Sauter; 2 ♀♀ (SDEI), Taiwan, Taihorin, V.1910, H. Sauter; 1 ♀ (ZMHB), Taiwan, Hoozan, IX.1910, Sauter (ZMHB); 2 ♀♀ (ZMHB), Taiwan, Taihorish, VI.1910, H. Sauter S-G.; 1 ♀, 1 ♂ (ZMHB), Taiwan, IX.1910; 1 ♂ (ZMHB), Taiwan, X.1910; 1 ♀ (HNHM), Taiwan, Taihorinsho, IX.1909, Sauter; 3 ♀♀ (HNHM), Taiwan, Kosempo, IX.1909, Sauter; 1 ♀ (LACM), Taiwan, Puli Village, Nam-tou, Hsien, 15-30.XII.1963, coll. K.H. Chen. 1 ♀ (NHRS) Taiwan, Hoozan, 7.IX.1910, H. Sauter leg. (labelled as “Cotypus”); 1 ♂ (USNM), Taiwan, Keelung, 1910, Victor Kühne leg. CHINA: 1 ♀ (IZCAS), Hainan, Mt. Jianfengling, 2.VI.1982, Pei-zheng Chen, IOZ(E) 1903947; 1 ♀ (SCAU), Hunan, Yongzhou, 27.VI.1981, Tong Xin-wang; 1 ♀ (USNM), Hong Kong, Pak Sha O, 22.25N, 114.19E, 3.VI.2005, Ch. Bartelemy leg.; 1 ♀ (TCUC), Hong Kong, Tai Po Kau Forest, 50Q KK 094 813, 370 m, 21.VI.2006, Ch. Barthélémy leg.

Diagnosis

Antenna black with scape brown; forewing with wide and irregular brown spots on basal part, below stigma and on apex; metasoma black with second tergite brown anteriorly; occipital margin concave, with a wide and deep medial groove; pronotum with one anteroventrally projecting tooth-like process; ovipositor 1.2 × forewing length.

Distribution

China (Taiwan, Hunan, Hongkong, Hainan); Korea; Japan; Laos (Turrisi and Smith 2011; Choi et al. 2013).

Remarks

Redescriptions and data on intraspecific variation are provided by Konishi (1990, 1991) and Turrisi (2007). Additional notes on identification and distribution are provided by Turrisi and Smith (2011).

Biology

Collected in May–July, September, October, and December. Host: Ceresium elongatum Matsushita, 1933 (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) (Konishi 1991) and Olenecamptus bilobus nipponensis Dillon & Dillon (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) (Turrisi and Smith 2011).

Pristaulacus excisus Turner, 1922

Figs 45, 46–51, 52–55, 122

Pristaulacus excisus Turner 1922: 271.

Pristaulacus excisus Turner: Hedicke 1939: 7; Smith 2001: 283; Turrisi et al. 2009: 57; Turrisi and Smith 2011: 25.

Material examined

Holotype, ♀ (BMNH) examined (see Turrisi and Smith 2011). Additional material: 1 ♂ (IZCAS), CHINA: Guangxi, Ningming, 102 m, 17.V.1984, Gui-biao Luo, IOZ(E) 1903963; 1 ♂ (IZCAS), Guangxi, Chongming, 110 m, 20.V.1984, Jin-yi Huang, IOZ(E) 1903964.

Diagnosis

Metasoma black with transverse patch near posterior margin of first tergite and anterior margin of second tergite yellowish-brown; forewing infuscate, with anterior third darker and dark brown spot under stigma; occipital margin concave, V-shaped, its depth very shallow; pronotum with one anteroventrally projecting tooth-like process; pretarsal claw with four tooth-like processes.

Distribution

China (Guangxi); Vietnam (Turrisi and Smith 2011).

Biology

Collected in May and August (Turrisi and Smith 2011). Host not known.

Remarks

Redescription is provided by Turrisi (2007). This is the first description of the male and the first record of this species from China.

Pristaulacus fopingi sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/68C2B82D-9CEB-48BD-9097-DEF7A9CE4E2A

Figs 56, 57–62, 63–65, 122

Material examined

Holotype, ♂ (IZCAS), CHINA: Shaanxi, Foping, 900 m, 27.VI.1999, Jian Hu, IOZ(E) 1903962.

Etymology

Named after the type locality.

Diagnosis

Frons with yellow areas around antennae; hind margin of head straight, without medial groove; lateroventral margin of pronotum with one tooth-like process; propleuron largely finely rugose with small smooth area posterodorsally; forewing with vein 2-rs+m long, cells SM2 and D1 distantly separated; hind coxa transverse-carinate.

Description

Holotype. Male. Body length 12.3 mm; forewing length 8.8 mm.

Colour. Antenna black with scape brown; head black with clypeus and lower frons under antennal sockets yellow; mesosoma black; metasoma black with first tergite and anterior margin of second tergite brown; mandible dark brown; palpi yellowish-brown; coxae and hind femura black, remainder of legs yellowish-orange with tarsi paler; forewing slightly infuscate, with dark brown spot under stigma; hind wing hyaline.

Head. From above, 1.2 × wider than long, shiny; lower interocular distance 1.5 × eye height; malar space 0.3 × eye height; occipital margin straight; temple, from above, rounded, slightly shorter than eye length; occipital carina 0.1 × diameter of an ocellus; POL:OOL=0.8; frons above antennal sockets and marlar space densely and finely punctate, remainder of head largely smooth with sparse and fine punctures; A3 3.0 × longer than wide; A4 5.0 × longer than wide, and 1.6 × longer than A3; A5 5.4 × longer than wide, and 1.7 × longer than A3.

Mesosoma. Pronotum coarsely areolate-rugose, with one anterior short tooth-like process on each lateroventral margin; propleuron dull, largely finely rugose with small smooth area posterodorsally; mesoscutum transverse-carinate anteriorly, coarsely areolate-rugose posterior to notauli, anterior part emarginate medially, rounded laterally; notauli deep and wide posteriorly, becoming narrower anteriorly; scutellum transverse-carinate in middle, coarsely rugose on posterior margin; axillae, metanotum and propodeum coarsely areolate-rugose; mesopleuron mostly coarsely areolate-rugose with small rugose area anteriodorsally; metapleuron coarsely areolate-rugose; forewing with vein 2-rs+m long, cells SM2 and D1 distantly separated; hind wing with veins distinct, cells Cu and R1+Rs contiguous; hind coxa transverse-carinate; hind basitarsus 9.6 × longer than wide, and 1.2 × of tarsomeres 2–5; pretarsal claw with four tooth-like processes.

Metasoma. Smooth, shining, with fine white pubescence on segment 3 to apex; petiole elongate, slender, 3.5 × longer than wide.

Female. Unknown.

Distribution

China (Shaanxi).

Biology

Collected in June. Host not known.

Pristaulacus intermedius Uchida, 1932

Figs 66, 67–73, 74–75, 122

Pristaulacus intermedius Uchida, 1932: 190.

Pristaulacus intermedius Uchida: Hedicke 1939: 11; Smith 2001: 288; Turrisi 2007: 48; Lee and Turrisi 2008: 115; Turrisi et al. 2009: 57; Smith and Tripotin 2011: 523.

Material examined

CHINA: 1 ♀ (IZCAS), Jilin, Jiaogou, 21.VII.1985, IOZ(E) 1903967; 1 ♀ (IZCAS), Jilin, Mangjiang, 26.VII.1955, Zhi-yin Li, IOZ(E) 1903965; 1 ♀ (IZCAS); Yunnan, Menghai, 17.IV.1982, Chun-mei Huang, IOZ(E) 1903966; 1 ♀ (OLML), Shaanxi province, Mounts Qinling, Xunyangba (6 km E), 1000–1300 m, 23.V–13.VI.1998, I.H. Marshal leg.

Diagnosis

Forewing slightly infuscate, with large dark brown spot under stigma; metasoma entirely blackish, at most slightly lightened basally; basal antennomeres elongate (A3 5.0–6.0 × longer than wide, A4 10.0 × longer than wide); occipital margin straight, wide, 0.5 × diameter of ocellus, lamelliform, brownish; lateroventral margin of pronotum without process; ovipositor 1.3 × forewing length.

Distribution

China (Liaoning, Jilin, Shaanxi, Yunnan); Japan; South Korea (Lee and Turrisi 2008; Smith and Tripotin 2011).

Biology

Collected from April to August. Host: Chlorophorus japonicus (Chevrolat, 1863) (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) (Uchida 1932).

Remarks

This is the first record of this species from the Oriental Region.

Pristaulacus iosephi Turrisi & Madl, 2013

Figs 76, 77–82, 83–87, 122

Pristaulacus iosephi Turrisi & Madl, 2013: 239.

Material examined

Holotype, ♀ (BPBM), THAILAND: NW. Chiangmai: Fang, 500 m. IV–12–19–’58/T.C. Maa Collector, No. 388/Pristaulacus iosephi Turrisi and Madl sp. n. ♀ 2010 Holotypus. Additional material: CHINA: 1 ♀ (IZCAS), Yunnan, Baoshan, 1700 m, 18.V.1955, Kpыжановский O. Ӆ., IOZ(E) 1903954.

Diagnosis

Metasoma black with posterior half of first tergite brown; forewing infuscate, with anterior third darker and large dark brown spot under stigma; lateral margin of pronotum with two well-developed tooth-like processes; pretarsal claw with six tooth-like processes; ovipositor 0.8 × forewing length.

Distribution

China (Yunnan); Thailand (Turrisi and Madl 2013).

Biology

Collected in April and May. Host not known.

Remarks

This species is newly recorded from China.

Pristaulacus karinulus Smith, 2001

Fig. 122

Pristaulacus kiefferi Enderlein, 1912: 266 (preoccupied by Bradley 1908).

Pristaulacus karinulus Smith, 2001: 288 (replacement name for Pristaulacus kiefferi Enderlein, 1912).

Pristaulacus karinulus Smith: Sun and Sheng 2007a: 219; Turrisi et al. 2009: 57.

Material examined

CHINA: 1 ♀, Taiwan (Hoozan), labelled as syntypus of Pristaulacus kiefferi (SDEI).

Diagnosis

Metasoma extensively reddish orange; basal antennomeres elongate (A3 5.0–6.0 × longer than wide, A4 10.0 × longer than wide); occipital carina straight, wide, 0.5 × diameter of ocellus, lamelliform, brownish.

Distribution

China (Henan, Jiangsu, Taiwan) (Sun and Sheng 2007a); India (Smith 2001).

Biology

Collected from May to July. Host not known.

Remarks

Sun and Sheng (2007a) recorded this species from Henan and Jiansu. However, we were unable to examine Sun & Sheng’s specimens.

Pristaulacus longicornis Kieffer, 1911

Pristaulacus longicornis Kieffer, 1911: 230.

Pristaulacus longicornis Kieffer: Kieffer 1912: 386; Hedicke 1939: 12; Smith 2001: 289; Turrisi 2007: 54; Turrisi et al. 2009: 57.

Material examined

Holotype, ♀, CHINA: “B.M. Type Hym. 3.a.99/Pristaulacus longicornis Kieff./F. Sm. Coll. 79.22/ determined by Dr. Kieffer” (BMNH).

Diagnosis

Mandible extensively dark red, with base and apex blackish; forewing slightly infuscate at apex, with a small irregular and narrow brown substigmal spot and a small irregular brown spot on middle part of B; metasoma reddish-brown, with T1 and T2 extensively reddish-orange and petiole blackish; occipital carina wide, lamelliform, 0.5 × diameter of an ocellus; A3 8.3 × longer than wide; A4 14.0 × longer than wide, and 1.7 × longer than A3; pronotum with a weak anterior tooth-like process on lateroventral margin; hind basitarsus 14.0 × longer than wide, and slightly longer than tarsomeres 2–5; pretarsal claw with four tooth-like processes; metasoma with petiole elongate and slender, 2.0 × longer than wide.

Distribution

China (unknown whether Palaearctic or Oriental) (Turrisi 2007; Turrisi et al. 2009).

Biology

Unknown.

Remarks

Redescription is provided by Turrisi (2007).

Pristaulacus memnonius Sun & Sheng, 2007

Fig. 122

Pristaulacus memnonius Sun & Sheng, 2007a: 217.

Pristaulacus memnonius Sun & Sheng: Turrisi et al. 2009: 57.

Material examined

Paratype: 1 ♀ (SFPS), CHINA: Lingshan, Henan, 1999.5.24, M.-L. Sheng//400–500 m, 1999.5.24/Pristaulacus memnonius Sun & Sheng.

Diagnosis

Hind margin of head straight; occipital carina about 0.2 × diameter of ocellus, pad-shaped, blackish; lateroventral margin of pronotum with one tooth-like process; hind coxa entirely smooth, polished.

Distribution

China (Henan) (Sun and Sheng 2007a).

Biology

Collected in May (Sun and Sheng 2007a). Host not known.

Pristaulacus nobilei Turrisi & Smith, 2011

Fig. 122

Pristaulacus nobilei Turrisi & Smith, 2011: 41.

Material examined

Holotype, ♀ (ZMHB), CHINA: Canton (China), Westfluss, Ting-Wu-San, Mell S.G./Zool. Mus. Berlin/[unreadable handwritten label]/Pristaulacus nobilei Turrisi & Smith sp. n., ♀, 2009, Holotypus. Paratypes: 1 ♀ (USNM), F, China, NGistGee, coll./Pristaulacus nobilei Turrisi & Smith sp. n., ♀, 2009, Paratypus; 3 ♀♀ (BMNH), China Macao/Pristaulacus nobilei Turrisi & Smith sp. n., ♀, 2009, Paratypus; 1 ♀ (USNM), Tai-o Lantau Isl, Hong Kong, VI.12.1978/RD Montgomery colr/Davis/USNM 2046975/Pristaulacus nobilei Turrisi & Smith sp. n., ♀, 2009, Paratypus.

Diagnosis

Metasoma with second tergite extensively dark reddish; occipital margin weakly grooved medially; lateroventral margin of pronotum with two well-developed tooth-like processes; pretarsal claw with six tooth-like processes; ovipositor 1.4 × forewing length.

Distribution

China (Jiangsu, Guangdong, Hongkong, Macao) (Turrisi and Smith 2011).

Biology

Collected in June. Host not known (Turrisi and Smith 2011).

Pristaulacus obscurus sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/65606CFD-531D-4BD4-9AED-FB05CC4976C5

Figs 88, 89–94, 95–98, 122

Material examined

Holotype, ♀ (IZCAS), CHINA: Yunnan, Nanhua County, 2400 m, 24.VI.1980, Pei-zhi Yang, IOZ(E) 1903948. Paratype, 1 ♀ (IZCAS), CHINA: Yunnan, Jingdong, Waidaba, 1250 m, 26.V.1956, Xing-chi Yang, IOZ(E) 1903949.

Etymology

From the Latin adjective “obscurus”, meaning “dark, black”, a noun in apposition.

Diagnosis

Body and legs entirely black; forewing hyaline, with dark brown spot under stigma; occipital margin straight; lateroventral margin of pronotum with one tooth-like processes; forewing with vein 2-rs+m long, cells SM2 and D1 distantly separated; ovipositor 0.8 × forewing length.

Description

Holotype. Female. Body length 12.0 mm; forewing length 9.4 mm.

Colour. Black except: forewing hyaline, with dark brown spot under stigma; hind wing hyaline.

Head. From above, 1.3 × wider than long, shiny; lower interocular distance 1.7 × eye height; malar space 0.3 × eye height; occipital margin straight; temple, from above, rounded, distinctly shorter than eye length; occipital carina 0.1 × diameter of an ocellus; POL:OOL=1.0; head largely smooth except frons above and lateral antenna densely and finely punctate; A3 3.7 × longer than wide; A4 6.0 × longer than wide, and 1.6 × longer than A3; A5 6.3 × longer than wide, and 1.8 × longer than A3.

Mesosoma. Pronotum coarsely areolate-rugose, with one anterior short tooth-like process on lateroventral margin; propleuron smooth and shiny; mesoscutum transverse-carinate anteriorly, irregularly rugose posterior to notauli, anterior part strongly emarginate medially, slightly pointed laterally; notauli deep and wide; scutellum transverse-carinate medially, areolate-rugose laterally; axillae areolate-rugose; metanotum, propodeum, mesopleuron and metapleuron coarsely areolate-rugose; forewing with vein 2-rs+m long, cells SM2 and D1 distantly separated; hind wing veins faint to absent; hind coxa transverse-carinate; hind basitarsus 8.5 × longer than wide, and 1.2 × of tarsomeres 2–5; pretarsal claw with four tooth-like processes.

Metasoma. Smooth, shining, with fine white pubescence on segment 3 to apex; petiole elongate, 3.8 × longer than wide; ovipositor 0.8 × forewing length.

Male. Unknown.

Distribution

China (Yunnan).

Biology

Collected in May and June. Host not known.

Pristaulacus pieli Kieffer, 1924

Fig. 122

Pristaulacus pieli Kieffer, 1924: 79.

Pristaulacus pieli Kieffer: Hedicke 1939: 14; Wu 1941: 90; Smith 2001: 294; Turrisi et al. 2009: 58.

Material examined

The type material is not known (Smith 2001), and no additional specimen is currently known.

Diagnosis

Hind margin of head straight, without medial groove; lateroventral margin of pronotum without tooth-like process (Kieffer 1924).

Distribution

China (Jiangsu).

Biology

The holotype was collected in July. Host not known.

Pristaulacus porcatus Sun & Sheng, 2007

Fig. 122

Pristaulacus porcatus Sun & Sheng, 2007a: 217.

Pristaulacus porcatus Sun & Sheng: Turrisi et al. 2009: 58; Turrisi and Smith 2011: 43.

Material examined

Paratype, 1 ♀ (SFPS), CHINA: Henan, Lingshan, 400–500 m, 24.V.1999, M. L. Sheng/Pristaulacus porcatus Sun & Sheng, sp. n.

Diagnosis

Antenna with A1 light orange and A2 dark reddish; metasoma with side of first tergite, most of second tergite and side of third tergite irregulary orange; occipital margin concave, with a wide and deep medial groove; pronotum with one anteroventrally projecting tooth-like process; pretarsal claw with four tooth-like processes; ovipositor 1.2 × forewing length.

Distribution

China (Henan) (Sun and Sheng 2007a).

Biology

Collected in May (Sun and Sheng 2007a). Host not known.

Remarks

Redescription is provided by Turrisi and Smith (2011).

Pristaulacus pseudoiosephi sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/B66E7537-6642-4B01-9DE2-7315591CDC6F

Figs 99, 100–106, 107–110, 122

Material examined

Holotype, ♀ (IZCAS), CHINA: Guangxi, Longteng, Mt. Tianping, 740 m, 18.VI.1962, Shu-yong Wang, IOZ(E) 1903953. Paratypes: 1 ♀ (IZCAS), CHINA: Yunnan, Jinping, Mengla, 420 m, 21.IV.1956, Ke-ren Huang et al., IOZ(E) 1903951; 1 ♀ (IZCAS), Yunnan, Jinping, Mengla, 400 m, 24.IV.1956, Ke-ren Huang et al., IOZ(E) 1903952.

Etymology

The name refers to the similar appearance to P. iosephi.

Diagnosis

Body black; forewing infuscate, with large dark brown spot under stigma; occipital margin concave, with a wide and deep medial groove; pronotum with two anteroventrally projecting tooth-like process; pretarsal claw with six tooth-like processes; ovipositor 0.9 × forewing length.

Description

Holotype. Female. Body length 16.6 mm; forewing length 11.3 mm.

Colour. Black except: scape of antenna, palpi and tarsi dark brown; forewing infuscate, with large dark brown spot under stigma; basal 2/3 of hind wing hyaline, apical 1/3 infuscate.

Head. From above, 1.2 × wider than long, shiny; lower interocular distance 1.3 × eye height; malar space 0.2 × eye height; occipital margin concave, with a wide and deep medial groove; temple, from above, rounded, distinctly longer than eye length; occipital carina 0.3 × diameter of an ocellus; POL:OOL=1.1; frons and clypeus densely and finely punctate; vertex and temple largely smooth with sparse and fine punctures; A3 2.4 × longer than wide; A4 3.7 × longer than wide, and 1.8 × longer than A3; A5 3.2 × longer than wide, and 1.5 × longer than A3.

Mesosoma. Pronotum coarsely areolate-rugose, with two well-developed anterior and posterior tooth-like processes on lateroventral margin; propleuron largely smooth with sparse fine punctures, shiny; mesoscutum transverse-carinate anteromedially, remainder of mesocutum coarsely areolate-rugose, anterior part strongly emarginate medially, rounded laterally; notauli deep but narrow; scutellum, axillae, metanotum, propodeum, mesopleuron and metapleuron coarsely areolate-rugose; forewing with vein 2-rs+m long, cells SM2 and D1 distantly separated; hind wing with veins somewhat distinct, cells Cu and R1+Rs contiguous; hind coxa transverse-carinate; hind basitarsus 11.3 × longer than wide, and 1.1 × of tarsomeres 2–5; pretarsal claw with six tooth-like processes.

Metasoma. Smooth, shining, with fine white pubescence on segment 3 to apex; petiole elongate, 3.3 × longer than wide; ovipositor 0.9 × forewing length.

Male. Unknown.

Distribution

China (Guangxi, Yunnan).

Biology

Collected in April and June. Host not known.

Pristaulacus rufipes Enderlein, 1912

Fig. 122

Pristaulacus rufipes Enderlein, 1912: 266.

Pristaulacus rufipes Enderlein: Hedicke 1939: 15; Smith 2001: 295; Turrisi et al. 2009: 58.

Material examined

Holotypus, ♀ (SDEI), CHINA: Formosa, Hoozan, Sauter H./Pristaulacus rufipes Enderlein sp. n. Other material: 1 ♂ (TCUC), Taiwan, Gaofong Ln., about 1400 m, Ren-ai T. Nantou, 7–9.V.2009, Takakuwa M. leg.

Diagnosis

Antenna reddish-orange with A1 lighter; legs light reddish-orange, except coxae and hind trochanters darker; metasoma largely black, except S1, most part of T2 and apex of following tergites dark reddish; occipital margin straight; pronotum with one anteroventrally projecting tooth-like process; pretarsal claw with four tooth-like processes; ovipositor 1.8 × forewing length.

Redescription

Holotype. Female. Body length 14.8 mm; forewing length 11.9 mm.

Colour. Blackish-brown except: clypeus extensively dark brown; mandible extensively reddish-orange, with apex blackish; maxillo-labial complex brownish to dark brownish; antenna reddish-orange with A1 lighter; legs light red orange, except coxae and hind trochanter darker; wings hyaline, forewing with a wide brown spot below stigma (two third as wide as stigma width) not extending beyond cells SM-1 and R; metasoma largely black, except S1, most part of T2 and apex of following tergites dark reddish; valvula 3 of ovipositor dark brown to blackish-brown. Setae: whitish to goldish.

Head. From above, 1.4 × wider than long, shiny; occipital margin straight; temple, from above, weakly developed, weakly convex; occipital carina about 0.2 × diameter of an ocellus; POL:OOL= 1.2; vertex and temple with fine, and scattered to dense punctures (distance between punctures 3.0–1.5 × diameter of a puncture); frons with coarse, and scattered to dense punctures (distance between punctures 3.0–1.0 × diameter of a puncture); clypeus with coarse, and dense punctures; malar area with coarse, and dense punctures; occipital area with fine, and dense punctures (distance between punctures about 1.5 × diameter of an ocellus).

Mesosoma. Coarsely sculptured; pronotum areolate punctate, except lower third, coarsely punctate to areolate rugulose, with one weakly developed anterior tooth on each lateroventral margin; propleuron polished and shiny, coarsely, deeply, and densely punctate-rugulose on dorsal surface, with coarse, deep, and scattered to dense punctures on ventral surface (distance between punctures 1.0–2.0 × diameter of a puncture); prescutum sub-triangular, very wide, not concave, transverse-carinulate-punctate to transverse-carinate; mesoscutum transverse-carinate, with anterior part slightly emarginate in middle, rounded (lateral view); notauli deep and narrow; scutellum transverse-carinate; mesopleuron areolate-rugose (upper part) to rugulose-punctate-carinulate (lower part), except a wide part of subalar area, punctate-rugulose; metanotum mostly smooth, with a few confused carinulae; propodeum areolate-rugose, except anterior margin longitudinally carinate; ventral parts of mesosoma rugose to punctate; forewing with vein 2-rs+m short, cells SM2 and D1 continuous; fore coxa polished with coarse, deep, and dense punctures; mid coxa rugulose-punctate; hind coxa with very coarse, deep, and dense punctures on most of dorsal surface (with a few transverse weakly defined carinae in middle), mostly polished (rugose on sides) and punctate on ventral surface (punctures coarse, deep, and dense, distances between punctures 0.5–1.0 × diameter of a puncture); hind basitarsus 13.4 × longer than wide and 1.9 × longer than tarsomeres 2–5; pretarsal claw with four tooth-like processes.

Metasoma. Pyriform (lateral view), compressed laterally; petiole elongate, slender, 4.4 × as long as wide; segments 1 and 2 polished and shiny; following segments with fine and dense punctures; ovipositor 1.8 × forewing length.

Male. Similar to the female, but metasoma darker.

Distribution

China (Taiwan).

Biology

Unknown.

Pristaulacus rufobalteatus Cameron, 1907

Figs 111, 112–117, 118–121, 122

Pristaulacus rufobalteatus Cameron, 1907: 222.

Pristaulacus rufobalteatus Cameron: Smith 2001: 297; Turrisi et al. 2009: 58.

Material examined

1 ♀ (IZCAS), CHINA: Yunnan, Jingdong, 1200 m, 6.III.1957, IOZ(E) 1903968; 1 ♀ (IZCAS), Yunnan, Lushui, 1900 m, 8.VI.1981, Su-bo Liao, IOZ(E) 1903969; 1 ♀ (IZCAS), CHINA: Gansu, Kang County, Qinghe Forestry Station, 2250 m, 8.VII.1999, Hong-jian Wang, IOZ(E) 1903970.

Diagnosis

Metasoma black with first tergite largely brown; fore hyaline with dark brown spot under stigma; occipital margin straight; occipital carina 0.1 × diameter of an ocellus; pronotum with one anteroventrally projecting tooth-like process; pretarsal claw with four tooth-like processes; ovipositor 0.9 × forewing length.

Redescription

Female. Body length 8.7 mm; forewing length 6.8 mm.

Colour. Antenna black with scape yellowish-orange; head black with clypeus dark brown; mesosoma black; first tergite largely brown, and remainder of tergites black; mandible brown with teeth darker; palpi brown; coxae black, femur and tibia dark brown, remainder of legs yellowish-orange with tarsi paler; ovipositor brown; fore hyaline with dark brown spot under stigma; hind wing hyaline.

Head. From above, 1.4 × wider than long, shiny; lower interocular distance 1.5 × eye height; malar space 0.3 × eye height; occipital margin straight; temple, from above, rounded, slightly shorter than eye length; occipital carina 0.1 × diameter of an ocellus; POL:OOL=1.3; lower frons and clypeus densely and finely punctate, remainder of head largely smooth with sparse and fine punctures; A3 3.7 × longer than wide; A4 6.6 × longer than wide, and 1.7 × longer than A3; A5 6.2 × longer than wide, and 1.5 × longer than A3.

Mesosoma. Pronotum coarsely rugose, with one anterior small process on lateroventral margin; propleuron dull, densely punctate ventrally, finely rugose with small smooth area dorsally; mesoscutum mostly transverse-carinate, coarsely rugose on sides, anterior part slightly emarginate medially, rounded laterally; notauli deep and wide; scutellum transverse-carinate in middle, coarsely rugose on anterior and posterior margin; axillae coarsely areolate-rugose; metanotum coarsely rugose; propodeum largely coarsely areolate-rugose, coarsely rugose in middle; mesopleuron coarsely areolate-rugose posteriodorsally, remainder rugose; metapleuron coarsely areolate-rugose; forewing with vein 2-rs+m long, cells SM2 and D1 distantly separated; hind wing veins faint to absent; hind coxa transverse-carinate; hind basitarsus 8.5 × longer than wide, and 1.3 × of tarsomeres 2–5; pretarsal claw with four tooth-like processes.

Metasoma. Smooth, shining, with fine white pubescence on segment 2 to apex; petiole elongate, 2.4 × longer than wide; ovipositor 0.9 × forewing length.

Male. Unknown.

Distribution

China (Gansu, Yunnan); India (Cameron 1907).

Biology

Collected in March, June and July. Host not known.

Remarks

This is a newly recorded species for China.

Pristaulacus zhejiangensis He & Ma, 2002

Fig. 122

Pristaulacus zhejiangensis He & Ma, 2002: 150.

Pristaulacus zhejiangensis He & Ma: Turrisi et al. 2009: 59.

Material examined

Holotype, ♀ (ZJU), CHINA: Zhejiang, Mt. Fengyang, 16.VIII.1982, De-ming Yu, No. 826802/Pristaulacus zhejiangensis He & Ma, sp. n. Paratypes: 1 ♀ (ZJU), Zhejiang, Mt. Fengyang, 19.IV.1984, li-rong Shen, No. 843798/Pristaulacus zhejiangensis He & Ma, sp. n. Additional material: 1 ♀ (SEMC), CHINA: Fujian, Yong’an, Xiyang, 27.IV.1960, Geng-tao Jin, 34008303; 1 ♀ (SCAU), CHINA: Hunan, 1981, Tong Xin-wang.

Diagnosis

Metasoma black with posterior margin of first tergite dark brown; tibiae and tarsi yellowish-brown with tarsi paler, remainder of legs dark brown to black; forewing infuscate, with large dark brown spot under stigma; occipital margin straight; occipital carina 0.1 × diameter of an ocellus; pronotum with one anteroventrally projecting tooth-like process; pretarsal claw with four tooth-like processes; ovipositor 0.9 × forewing length.

Redescription

Female. Body length 10.1 mm; forewing length 7.2 mm.

Colour. Black except: scape of antenna dark brown; mandible yellowish-brown with teeth darker; posterior margin of first tergite dark brown; tibiae and tarsi yellowish-brown with tarsi paler, remainder of legs dark brown to black; forewing infuscate, with large dark brown spot under stigma; hind wing infuscate.

Head. From above, 1.4 × wider than long, shiny; lower interocular distance 1.5 × eye height; malar space 0.3 × eye height; occipital margin straight; temple, from above, rounded, slightly longer than eye length; occipital carina 0.1 × diameter of an ocellus; POL:OOL=1.1; malar area densely and finely punctate, remainder of head largely smooth with sparse and fine punctures; A3 3.4 × longer than wide; A4 5.8 × longer than wide, and 1.8 × longer than A3; A5 5.3 × longer than wide, and 1.6 × longer than A3.

Mesosoma. Pronotum coarsely areolate-rugose, with one anterior short tooth-like process on lateroventral margin; propleuron dull, mostly finely rugose, posteroventral corner smooth with sparse fine punctures; mesoscutum transverse-carinate anteriorly, irregularly rugose posterior to notauli, anterior part slightly emarginate medially, rounded laterally; notauli deep and wide; scutellum transverse-carinate in middle, irregularly rugose on anterior and posterior margin; axillae, metanotum and propodeum coarsely areolate-rugose; mesopleuron mostly coarsely areolate-rugose with small rugose area anteriodorsally; metapleuron coarsely areolate-rugose; forewing with vein 2-rs+m short, cells SM2 and D1 slightly separated; hind wing with veins somewhat distinct, cells Cu and R1+Rs contiguous; hind coxa rugose; hind basitarsus 11.4 × longer than wide, and 1.1 × of tarsomeres 2–5; pretarsal claw with four tooth-like processes.

Metasoma. Smooth, shining, with fine white pubescence on segment 2 to apex; petiole elongate, slender, 2.9 × longer than wide; ovipositor 0.9 × forewing length.

Male. Unknown.

Distribution

China (Zhejiang, Fujian, Hunan).

Biology

Collected in April and August. Host not known.

Acknowledgements

We are very grateful to Dr. David Smith (Washington DC) for sending us bibliography, Prof. Jun-hua He, Prof. Dr. Xue-xin Chen (Hangzhou), Prof. Dr. Mao-ling Sheng (Shenyang), for the loan of types of Aulacidae and additional material; to Prof. Dr. Ge-xia Qiao, Prof. Dr. Jun Chen, Dr. Hong-bing Liang, Dr. Yan-kui Zhang, Dr Jian Yao and Dr Hong Liu (Beijing), Drs Hai-sheng Yin and Wei-nian Zhang (Shanghai), Dr. Pu Tang (Hangzhou), for their kind help in examining and imaging types of Aulacidae and additional material. We are indebted to Dr. Michael Engel, Dr. John Jennings and anonymous reviewers for their useful suggestions to improve the manuscript. This study is supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2013CB127600).

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1† Deceased