Data Paper |
Raíssa N. Brito‡§, Rita C. M. Souza‡, Liléia Diotaitui‡, Valeria S. Lima‡, Raquel A. Ferreira‡
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Corresponding author: Raquel A. Ferreira ( raquel.ferreira@fiocruz.br ) Academic editor: Jader Oliveira
© 2021 Raíssa N. Brito, Rita C. M. Souza, Liléia Diotaitui, Valeria S. Lima, Raquel A. Ferreira.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Brito RN, Souza RCM, Diotaitui L, Lima VS, Ferreira RA (2021) Coleção de Vetores de Tripanosomatídeos (Fiocruz/COLVET) held at the institution Fiocruz Minas in Brazil: diversity of Triatominae (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) and relevance for research, education, and entomological surveillance. ZooKeys 1074: 17-42. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1074.69700
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Abstract
The Coleção de Vetores de Tripanosomatídeos (Fiocruz/COLVET), Minas Gerais, Brazil, stands out as one of the most important collections of blood-sucking triatomines, the vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi that causes Chagas disease. The aim is to describe the collection and the services it provides to support scientific research, educational activities, and entomological surveillance between 2013–2019.The data associated with the specimens held in Fiocruz/COLVET is available from the Sistema de Informação sobre a Biodiversidade Brasileira (SiBBr). These specimen metadata were analyzed and either tabulated or plotted on graph and maps. The records of services provided by the collection between 2013–2019 were also categorized and analyzed. There are 12,568 triatomine specimens deposited in the collection that belong to 77 species and 11 genera, from 15 American countries. Of the ~ 65 species of triatomines found in Brazil, 38 (57.6%) are present in the collection, including specimens from all biomes and all but three Brazilian states. The occurrence of Triatoma costalimai, Triatoma lenti, Rhodnius nasutus, and Panstrongylus lenti apparently collected beyond their known distribution ranges are reported and discussed. The collection provided 168 services, supporting educational activities (41.7%), scientific research (35.7%), and regional/national entomological surveillance of triatomines (22.6%). Between the years 2014 and 2020, the number of biological specimens deposited in the Fiocruz/COLVET repository increased from 4,778 to 12,568 triatomine specimens. In addition to its great value to biodiversity conservation, the collection is of great importance because of its support of research and educational activities, and contributions to entomological surveillance, and, therefore, to public health.
Keywords
Biological collections, Chagas Disease, curatorial services, public health, triatomines
Introduction
Biological collections are organized repositories for ex situ preservation of biological material (
Biological collections of medically important organisms contribute to research and many activities that may have implications for public health (
Fiocruz/COLVET, formerly called Coleção de Vetores da Doença de Chagas (Fiocruz/COLVEC) until 2020, was established in 1996 in the Grupo Triatomíneos (Triatomines Research Group) at the IRR/Fiocruz. The collection is one of the 33 biological collections held at the different research institutes comprising Fiocruz that are officially recognized as an institutional collection: that is, a biological repository that provides services for the academic community and the general public, including the depositing and loaning of specimens, the taxonomic identification of specimens, as well as the training of human resources and the promotion of activities to popularize scientific research for lay audiences (
Fiocruz/COLVET comprises two repositories: (i) scientific and (ii) educational, that house triatomine specimens for different purposes. The scientific collection supports research regarding the biogeography, ecology, genetics, evolution, systematics, and taxonomy of triatomines. On the other hand, the educational repository supports educational activities for academic purposes and the general public. In addition, both scientific and educational repositories contribute to routine entomological surveillance services. In 2014, an article was published presenting the diversity of triatomines deposited in the scientific repository of Fiocruz/COLVET (
Materials and methods
Coleção de Vetores de Tripanosomatídeos (Fiocruz/COLVET)
The scientific repository of Fiocruz/COLVET houses hemipteran specimens, mainly Triatominae, that are organized into four different sections:
(I) Whole and ‘semi-whole’: whole intact adult/nymph hemipteran specimens and semi-whole adult/nymph hemipteran specimens comprising the head, thorax, and abdomen, but with the wings, legs and/or external genitalia removed. Adults (males and females), and fourth- and fifth-stage nymphs, are preserved dry inside steel cabinet drawers closed with a clear acrylic cover. These specimens are pinned through the thorax with an entomological pin. The first- to third-stage nymphs are preserved dry as double mounts (i.e., mounted on a card point, which in turn is attached to an entomological pin).
(II) Partial triatomine specimens: separate triatomine body parts, such as heads, abdomens, legs, and external genitalia, which are preserved dry, or in 70% ethanol, and individually stored in polypropylene microtubes. Wings are preserved dry and stored (each with its respective pair) in polypropylene microtubes or fixed between two microscope slides. In general, these body parts were separated from their associated body to perform taxonomical and ecological studies and were then subsequently deposited in the collection.
(III) Eggs: preserved dry as double mounts.
(IV) Triatomine DNA: genomic extracts stored in polypropylene microtubes, cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen, at -196°C.
Each specimen deposited in the collection receives a label containing a catalogue number. In Section III above, the specimens are independent and, therefore, each has its own unique catalog number. However, in Sections I, II, and IV, there may be different body parts from the same individual triatomine in more than one section. In these cases, the catalogue number of each part from the same individual triatomine (in Sections II and IV) will be the same as the corresponding semi-whole specimen (in Section I), followed by the first letter of the corresponding part of the triatomine. It is important to note that in Section II, there are also body parts that are independent specimens, since the other body sections of the corresponding triatomine were not deposited in the collection. In these latter cases, the specimen parts have their own unique catalogue number followed by the first letter of the corresponding body part. This means that the total number of specimen records in the collection is greater than the total number of individual triatomines held.
The biological material deposited in Fiocruz/COLVET comes from three main sources: (1) ‘research voucher specimens’, whole (or semi-whole) triatomines, their body parts and/or DNA samples, that were used to perform scientific research and then deposited in the collection; (2) whole or parts of triatomines and eggs reared in insectaries (i.e., laboratory stocks), donated from different institutions, or caught in domiciles or sylvatic environments by researchers or others; and (3) triatomines donated by the reference service in taxonomic triatomine identification of the Grupo Triatomíneos at IRR/Fiocruz (Suppl. material
Finally, the educational repository of Fiocruz/COLVET is comprised of specimens that are either partially damaged or with incomplete provenance, as well as specimens whose number of individuals in the scientific repository is already representative of several populations within the ranges of the species distribution (Suppl. material
Fiocruz/COLVET metadata analysis
The Fiocruz/COLVET database is available from SiBBr (https://ala-hub.sibbr.gov.br/ala-hub/occurrences/search?q=collection_uid:co52) in the Darwin Core Archive (DwC-A) file format. This zip file contains text files that can be read by different types of software. We used Microsoft Excel to tabulate the data (e.g., species, genus, country, state and site of capture, etc.) and to plot them as graph and tables. Maps showing the geographical distribution of species were created using Quantum GIS 3.18.2 (QGIS, https://qgis.org). The total number of species present in the educational repository was visually quantified.
The following data were analyzed: (i) the total number of specimens in the collection; (ii), the number of body parts from the same individuals, showing the amount of biological material available according to the deposited taxa; (iii) the diversity of triatomines from Brazil present in the collection, according to their biomes and states of origin; (iv) the most epidemiological important triatomine species in Brazil and their representativeness in the collection; (v) the diversity of triatomine species from other American countries; and (vi) the diversity of triatomine species of unknown origin and from laboratory stocks.
Services provided by Fiocruz/COLVET
The collection provides services to the scientific and non-scientific community upon request using a specific form available on the collection website (http://colvet.fiocruz.br/). Since 2013, all services provided by the collection are recorded by the curator through these request forms. We used the records of these requests generated between the years 2013–2019 to quantify and classify them into: services provided to support (i) scientific research, (ii) educational activities, and (iii) entomological surveillance. The first category comprises services provided that were requested by researchers for scientific purposes, including (a) depositing in the scientific collection of research voucher specimens used in previous research projects, (b) requests for training in the taxonomic identification of Triatominae, (c) verification of taxonomic identification of Triatominae, (d) loaning or donating specimens from the scientific repository, (e) access to specific specimens from the scientific repository through in loco or online consultations, and (f) scientific consultancy for different purposes (e.g., instructions on the use of taxonomic identification tools or of biological collections databases). The services provided to support educational activities include loaning/donating specimens from the educational repository to students or teachers (from secondary to higher education) to be used in practical classes, group work, educational projects, and/or activities to popularize scientific knowledge for lay audiences. Finally, the services provided by the collection to support routine entomological surveillance comprise depositing in the scientific collection of triatomines identified by the reference service and training in triatomine identification for health service workers.
Results
The scientific repository of Fiocruz/COLVET contains 13,126 biological records related to insects in general. Of these, 95.7% (12,568) are specimens of the subfamily Triatominae. The remaining 4.3% (558) are specimens from other hemipteran families, as follows: Reduviidae (491), Pentatomidae (55), Coreidae (6), Aradidae (2), and Phloeidae (2). In addition, there are also two hymenopteran specimens belonging to the family Apidae. A summary of all the specimen records of triatomines is shown in Table
Summary of the records of biological material from triatomine species deposited in the scientific repository of the Coleção de Vetores de Tripanosomatídeos (Fiocruz/COLVET) that either came from sylvatic or domestic/peridomestic environments, laboratory stocks, or are of unknown origin. The records include whole triatomines, body parts, eggs, and cryopreserved DNA.
| Species | Section I | Section II | Section III | Section IV | Total specimens | Countries | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Whole/semi–whole of known origin | Whole of unknown origin | Body parts | Eggs | DNA | |||
| Tribe Triatomini | |||||||
| Dipetalogaster maxima | 6 | – | – | – | – | 6 | 1 |
| Eratyrus cuspidatus | 4 (2) | 2 | – | – | – | 8 | 3 |
| Eratyrus mucronatus | 29 | 5 | – | 5* | – | 39 | 3 |
| Hermalentia matsunoi | 1 | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 |
| Mepraia spinolai | 1 | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 |
| Nesotriatoma flavida | – | 33 | – | – | – | 33 | – |
| Pantrongylus chinai | 5 (2) | – | – | – | – | 7 | 1 |
| Pantrongylus humeralis | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | 2 | 1 |
| Pantrongylus lenti | 1 | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 |
| Pantrongylus lignarius | 10 (52) | 2 | – | – | – | 64 | 3 |
| Pantrongylus lutzi | 158 | 1 | – | – | – | 159 | 1 |
| Pantrongylus megistus | 718 (6) | 12 | 1,736a | 10 | 2,482 | 3 | |
| Pantrongylus rufotuberculatus | 10 | 1 | – | – | – | 11 | 2 |
| Paratriatoma hirsuta | 1 | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 |
| Paratriatoma lecticularia | 9 | 3 | – | – | – | 12 | 2 |
| Triatoma barberi | 5 | 7 | – | – | – | 12 | 2 |
| Triatoma diasi | 60 | 6 | – | – | – | 66 | 1 |
| Triatoma dimidiata | 37 (4) | 5 | – | – | – | 46 | 4 |
| Triatoma geniculatus | 71 | 4 | 3 | – | – | 78 | 4 |
| Triatoma gerstaeckeri | 2 | – | – | – | – | 2 | 1 |
| Triatoma longipennis | 3 | – | – | – | – | 3 | 1 |
| Triatoma maculata | 180 | 2 | – | 1 | – | 183 | 2 |
| Triatoma mazzotti | 7 | – | – | – | – | 7 | 1 |
| Triatoma melanocephala | 1 (6) | – | (19)b | – | – | 27 | 1 |
| Triatoma nigromaculata | 12 | – | – | – | – | 12 | 1 |
| Triatoma nitida | – | 1 | – | – | – | 1 | – |
| Triatoma pallidipennis | 7 | – | – | – | – | 7 | 1 |
| Triatoma phyllosoma | 3 | – | – | – | – | 3 | 1 |
| Triatoma picturata | 35 | 2 | – | – | – | 37 | 1 |
| Triatoma protracta | 6 | 3 | – | – | – | 9 | 1 |
| Triatoma rubida | – | 1 | – | – | – | 1 | – |
| Triatoma rubrofasciata | 16 | – | – | – | – | 16 | 1 |
| Triatoma sinaloensis | – | 1 | – | – | – | 1 | – |
| Triatoma tibiamaculata | 1 (2) | 4 | – | – | – | 7 | 1 |
| Triatoma vitticeps | 357 (97) | 1 | 103c | 7 (17) | – | 582 | 1 |
| Tritoma arthurneivai | 28 | 4 | – | – | – | 32 | 1 |
| Tritoma baratai | 4 | 3 | – | – | – | 7 | 1 |
| Tritoma brasiliensis | 639 (8) | 219 | 270 | – | 156 | 1,292 | 1 |
| Tritoma brasiliensis macromelasoma | 4 | – | – | – | – | 4 | 1 |
| Tritoma carcavalloi | –1 | 2 | – | – | – | 3 | – |
| Tritoma costalimai | 10 (1) | 4 | – | – | – | 15 | 1 |
| Tritoma delpontei | – | 3 | – | – | – | 3 | – |
| Tritoma garciabesi | 1 | 5 | – | – | – | 6 | 2 |
| Tritoma guasayana | 14 | 12 | – | – | – | 26 | 1 |
| Tritoma guazu | – | 3 | – | – | – | 3 | – |
| Tritoma infestans | 803 (11) | 7 | 141d | – | – | 962 | 3 |
| Tritoma juazeirensis | 8 | – | – | – | – | 8 | 1 |
| Tritoma lenti | 21 (3) | 12 | 15e | – | – | 51 | 1 |
| Tribe Triatomini | |||||||
| Tritoma matogrossensis | 5 | 11 | – | – | – | 16 | 1 |
| Tritoma melanica | 33 | – | 89f | – | – | 122 | 1 |
| Tritoma oliveirai | – | 2 | – | – | – | 2 | – |
| Tritoma petrocchiae | 4 | 2 | – | – | – | 6 | 1 |
| Tritoma platensis | – | 7 | – | – | – | 7 | – |
| Tritoma pseudomaculata | 476 | 5 | 144 | – | – | 625 | 1 |
| Tritoma rubrovaria | 22 | 4 | – | – | – | 26 | 2 |
| Tritoma sordida | 2,871 (16) | 28 | 77 (4) | 2 | – | 2,997 | 2 |
| Tritoma vandae | –1 | – | – | – | – | 1 | – |
| Tritoma williami | 10 | 2 | – | – | – | 12 | 1 |
| Tritoma wygodzinskyi | 44 | – | – | – | – | 44 | 1 |
| Tribe Cavernicolini | |||||||
| Cavernicola lenti | 12 (39) | 1 | – | – | – | 52 | 1 |
| Cavernicola pilosa | 52 (19) | – | – | (1) | – | 72 | 2 |
| Tribe Rhodniini | |||||||
| Rhodnius pallescens | 3 | 3 | – | – | – | 6 | 1 |
| Psammolestes arthuri | 56 | 5 | – | 4 (1) | – | 66 | 1 |
| Psammolestes coreodes | 5 | – | – | – | – | 5 | 1 |
| Psammolestes tertius | 20 | 1 | – | – | – | 21 | 1 |
| Rhodnius brethesi | 2 (6) | 2 | – | – | – | 10 | 1 |
| Rhodnius colombiensis | 2 | – | – | – | – | 2 | 1 |
| Rhodnius domesticus | 21 | 1 | – | – | – | 22 | 1 |
| Rhodnius ecuadoriensis | 6 | 8 | – | – | – | 14 | 1 |
| Rhodnius nasutus | 421 (69) | – | 650 (60)g | – | – | 1,200 | 1 |
| Rhodnius neglectus | 421 (2) | 37 | 30 | – | 8 | 498 | 1 |
| Rhodnius neivai | 10 | – | – | 13 | – | 23 | 1 |
| Rhodnius pictipes | 45 (5) | 6 | – | – | – | 56 | 2 |
| Rhodnius prolixus | 86 (2) | 1 | – | – | – | 89 | 1 |
| Rhodnius robustus | 109 | – | 81h | – | 32 | 222 | 4 |
| Rhodnius stali | 10 | – | – | – | – | 10 | 1 |
| Non-identified | |||||||
| Psammolestes sp. | 1 | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 |
| Rhodnius sp. | 1 | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 |
| Triatominae | 1 | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 |
| Total | 8,392 | 497 | 3,422 | 61 | 196 | 12,568 | |
There is currently a total of 12,172 triatomine individuals deposited in the scientific repository and 558 individuals from the other families mentioned above. Regarding the number of species, the collection houses 77 Triatominae species from 11 genera.
Diversity in the Fiocruz/COLVET scientific repository of Triatominae collected in Brazil
Section I – Dry-preserved whole/semi-whole individuals
In total, in the Fiocruz/COLVET scientific repository, there are 6,788 whole/semi-whole triatomine individuals caught in sylvatic or domestic/peri-domestic environments from Brazil. These specimens comprise 38 triatomine species caught in 24 of the 27 Brazilian states (Table
Summary of the whole/semi-whole triatomine specimens according to Brazilian state deposited in the Coleção de Vetores de Tripanosomatídeos (Ficoruz/COLVET). The Brazilian states are abbreviated as follows: (AC) Acre, (AL) Alagoas, (AP) Amapá, (AM) Amazonas, (BA) Bahia, (CE) Ceará, (DF) Distrito Federal, (ES) Espírito Santo, (GO) Goiás, (MA) Maranhão, (MT) Mato Grosso, (MS) Mato Grosso do Sul, (MG) Minas Gerais, (PA) Pará, (PB) Paraíba, (PR) Paraná, (PE) Pernambuco, (PI) Piauí, (RJ) Rio de Janeiro, (RN) Rio Grande do Norte, (RS) Rio Grande do Sul, (RO) Rondônia, (RR) Roraima, (SC) Santa Catarina, (SP) São Paulo, (SE) Sergipe, and (TO) Tocantins.
Summary of the whole/semi-whole triatomine specimens caught in either sylvatic or domestic/peridomestic environments deposited in the Coleção de Vetores de Tripanosomatídeos (Fiocruz/COLVET) according to their capture location within Brazil.
| Species | Brazilian states | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AC | AL | AP | AM | BA | CE | DF | ES | GO | MA | MT | MS | MG | PA | PB | PR | PE | PI | RJ | RN | RS | RO | RR | SC | SP | SE | TO | |
| C. lenti | 12 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| C. pilosa | 5 | 42 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| E. mucronatus | 6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| P. diasi | 60 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| P. geniculatus | 4 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 50 | 4 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| P. lenti | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| P. lignarius | 6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| P. lutzi | 121 | 32 | 3 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| P. megistus | 17 | 26 | 3 | 4 | 616 | 2 | 29 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Ps. arthuri | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ps. tertius | 5 | 5 | 2 | 8 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| R. brethesi | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| R. domesticus | 1 | 20 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| R. nasutus | 9 | 377 | 30 | 3 | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| R. neglectus | 2 | 15 | 1 | 184 | 3 | 216 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| R. pictipes | 1 | 26 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| R. robustus | 2 | 15 | 8 | 31 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| T. arthurneivai | 28 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| T. b. macromelasoma | 4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| T. baratai | 4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| T. brasiliensis | 6 | 383 | 42 | 33 | 159 | 15 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| T. costalimai | 1 | 9 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| T. infestans | 8 | 3 | 23 | 31 | 41 | 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| T. juazeirensis | 8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| T. lenti | 1 | 20 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| T. maculata | 139 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| T. matrogrossensis | 5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| T. melanica | 33 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| T. melanocephala | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| T. petrocchiae | 4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| T. pseudomaculata | 17 | 347 | 38 | 11 | 1 | 59 | 2 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
| T. rubrofasciata | 9 | 2 | 4 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| T. rubrovaria | 12 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| T. sordida | 52 | 4 | 20 | 2,769 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| T. tibiamaculata | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| T. vitticeps | 1 | 3 | 353 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| T. williami | 3 | 7 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| T. wygodzinsky | 2 | 42 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rhodnius sp. | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Triatominae non-identified | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total number of specimens | 2 | 0 | 0 | 30 | 123 | 1,271 | 4 | 3 | 22 | 4 | 14 | 31 | 4,259 | 0 | 53 | 33 | 42 | 225 | 1 | 27 | 53 | 15 | 147 | 49 | 49 | 1 | 330 |
| Total number of species | 1 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 12 | 8 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 18 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 1 | 6 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 9 |
The collection houses specimens native to all Brazilian biomes, e.g., Rhodnius robustus Larrousse from the Amazon rainforest; Triatoma vitticeps Stål and Panstrongylus megistus Burmeister from the Atlantic forest; Triatoma baratai Carcavallo & Jurberg from the seasonally-flooded lowland Pantanal; and Triatoma brasiliensis Neiva, Triatoma sordida Stål and Triatoma rubrovaria Blachard that are native to the dry, open lowlands of the Caatinga, Cerrado and Pampas, respectively (Fig.
Summary of the specimens caught in sylvatic and domestic/peri-domestic environments deposited in the Coleção de Vetores de Tripanosomatídeos (Fiocruz/COLVET) according to species and location (North, Central, and South American countries). Countries colored pale pink have at least one specimen deposited in the collection. Countries are abbreviated as follows: (US) United States, (MX) Mexico, (GT) Guatemala, (CR) Costa Rica, (PA) Panama, (VE) Venezuela, (CO) Colombia, (EC) Ecuador, (PE) Peru, (BO) Bolivia, (CL), Chile, (PY) Paraguay, (AR) Argentina, and (UY) Uruguay. Also, nine specimens of P. megistus from Paraguay, three specimens of Rhodnius robustus from Ecuador, two of T. dimidiata from Guatemala, and one specimen, respectively, of Pantrongylus geniculatus and Mepraia spinolai from Costa Rica and Chile are deposited in the scientific repository Ficoruz/COLVET. One specimen morphologically identified as a Psammolestes sp. and caught in Venezuela is also deposited in the collection.
The five species with greatest medical relevance in Brazil (i.e., Triatoma infestans Klug, P. megistus, T. sordida, T. brasiliensis, and Triatoma pseudomaculata Corrêa & Spínola are well-represented in the scientific repository, both in terms of the numbers of specimens and populations, and/or sample origin. Although T. infestans is not native to Brazil, it was the main vector of T. cruzi in the country, and was virtually eliminated from Brazilian domiciles through residual insecticide spraying campaigns (
Fifty-nine adult individuals morphologically-identified as Triatoma costalimai Verano & Galvão (9), Triatoma lenti Sherlock & Serafim (20), and Rhodnius nasutus Stål (30) from the northern municipalities of the state of Minas Gerais are deposited in the scientific repository (see Table
Sections II, III, and IV – Body parts, eggs, and DNA samples
All body parts and DNA samples of triatomines deposited in the scientific repository are research voucher specimens from completed scientific projects. These specimens include 3,422 body parts (wings, heads, abdomens, legs, and/or genitalia), and 196 DNA samples (Table
Diversity in the Fiocruz/COLVET scientific repository of Triatominae from other American countries
Section I – Dry-preserved whole individuals
A total of 1,250 whole triatomine individuals deposited in the Fiocruz/COLVET scientific repository came from other 14 American countries: United States of America (10), Mexico (78), Guatemala (2), Costa Rica (1), Panama (2), Venezuela (345), Colombia (11), Ecuador (3), Peru (15), Bolivia (743), Chile (1), Paraguay (9), Uruguay (10) and Argentina (20). These specimens comprise 40 triatomine species and one triatomine specimen of the genus Psammolestes (Fig.
Whole specimens of Panstrongylus geniculatus Latreille and R. robustus present in the collection also came from three different American countries, as well as Brazil. Likewise, Panstrongylus lignarius Walker, P. megistus, Eratyrus mucronatus Stål and T. infestans also came from two other South American countries besides Brazil. Similarly, specimens of Triatoma maculata Erichson, Cavernicola pilosa Barber and Rhodnius pictipes Stål from Venezuela and specimens of T. sordida and T. rubrovaria from Bolivia and Paraguay, respectively, are also deposited in Fiocruz/COLVET (Fig.
Triatoma dimidiata Latreille is well-represented in the collection by 37 specimens that came from North, Central and South American countries: Guatemala, Mexico, Venezuela, and Colombia. Also, Eratyrus cuspidatus Stål specimens from South and Central American countries, Venezuela and Panama, can be found in the collection (Fig.
The collection also houses the North American species Paratriatoma hirsuta Barber and Triatoma protracta Uhler, from the United States of America, and Triatoma barberi Usinger and Paratriatoma lecticularia Stål from both the United States of America and Mexico. Other North American species Triatoma gerstaeckeri Stål, Triatoma longipennis Usinger, Triatoma mazzotti Usinger, Triatoma pallidipennis Stål, Triatoma phyllosoma Burmeister, Tritoma picturata Usinger, and Dipetalogaster maxima Uhler are represented in the scientific repository by specimens from Mexico (Fig.
Section IIII – Eggs
In addition to the whole specimens, eggs of Rhodnius neivai Lent (13), T. maculata (1), E. mucronatus (4) and Psammolestes arthuri Pinto (4) from Venezuela are also deposited in the collection (Table
Specimens from laboratory stocks and of unknown origin in the Fiocruz/COLVET scientific repository
Section I – Dry-preserved whole/semi-whole individuals
The scientific repository also houses samples from several laboratory stocks, which have uncertain origins. Table
The educational collection
The educational repository comprises 51 triatomine species of the genus Triatoma, Dipetalogaster, Panstrongylus, Eratyrus, Rhodnius, Cavernicola, and Psammolestes (Suppl. material
Services provided by the educational and scientific repositories of Fiocruz/COLVET
Between 2013 and 2019, Fiocruz/COLVET provided 168 service requests (Fig.
Regarding the type of services provided by Fiocruz/COLVET, 41.7% (70) of the total were provided to support educational activities, whereas 35.7% (60) and 22.6% (38) were to support scientific research and routine entomological surveillance, respectively (Fig.
Among the 60 service requests to support scientific research, 36 were deposits of research voucher specimens used in research projects, eight were consultations of the scientific collection by researchers, three were requests for verification of taxonomic identification, six were requests for training in taxonomic identification of triatomines, three were for the loan of specimens, and two were donations of legs from the scientific repository. The remaining two services were technical advice regarding deposited specimens and the usage of the online database of collections. All services provided to support scientific research were for researchers from several institutes, including Brazilian state/regional health departments and universities (e.g., Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, Universidade Federal do Piauí [
Among the 38 service requests that supported actions related to entomological surveillance, 16 were deposits of specimens into the scientific repository, 12 were donations of specimens from the educational collection, and ten were requests for the training of technicians in the taxonomic identification of triatomines. The requesting institutions included the reference service for identification of triatomines of the IRR/Fiocruz, the special indigenous health department (Secretaria Especial de Saúde Indígena, SESAI), the state health departments of Ceará, Minas Gerais and Rondonia, and other regional institutions of the states of Minas Gerais and Ceará.
Discussion
In the last seven years, the scientific repository of Fiocruz/COLVET went through an increase in deposits of biological material, jumping from 4,778 specimens of triatomines in the year 2014 (
In 2014, the scientific repository housed 56 species of triatomines (
The structuring of Fiocruz/COLVET into four sections is recent. Until 2014 the collection had only whole specimens of triatomines deposited (
The main goal of Fiocruz/COLVET is to preserve and make the collection materials available for scientific research, conservation of biodiversity, and provision of services to the scientific community, entomological surveillance, and the general public. In this sense, it is extremely important that the collection is rich and diverse. Of the ~ 66 species of triatomines encountered in the Brazilian territory (
Another practical example is the nine adult specimens of T. costalimai, captured in domestic and peri-domestic environments from Januária, in the north of Minas Gerais, which were sent to IRR/Fiocruz via the reference service and deposited in Fiocruz/COLVET (
Important examples of the relevant partnership among Fiocruz/COLVET, entomological surveillance and research are the cases of ‘R. nasutus’ and T. lenti from the state of Minas Gerais and P. lenti from the state of Tocantins. It remains uncertain whether the specimens from domiciles in the municipality of Varzelândia (in the north of Minas Gerais) are R. nasutus. The analysis of morphological characteristics of the specimens is in agreement with the description of this species (
Triatoma lenti is distributed in Caatinga and seems to be more widespread in the dry forests of the Atlantic Forest in the Chapada Diamantina, in Bahia (
Panstrongylus lenti is a species of the Cerrado, until now encountered in residences of the states of Bahia and Goiás (
The specimens derived from laboratory stocks were deposited in the scientific repository when the Fiocruz/COLVET was first established in 1996. In contrast, the specimens of unknown provenance (i.e., without any associated information) have recently been deposited. The decision to deposit these specimens was because they are species rarely encountered/collected in sylvatic, domestic, or peri-domestic environments and, therefore, represent precious and rare materials.
Besides insects of the subfamily Triatominae, insects from other hemipteran families, included in the scientific repository are of great importance since these specimens can be used, for example, in further studies aimed at understanding the evolutionary processes within the order Hemiptera. In addition, the existence of the educational repository is also a strength of the Fiocruz/COLVET, as it is the basis for the vast majority of services provided by the collection to society. The large number of specimens held in this repository allows for the solicitation of training in identifying Triatominae found in all regions of Brazil. During training sessions, the health service workers (and other students) have the opportunity to handle many different triatomine species, which can sometimes result in specimens becoming damaged. However, due to the large number of specimens per species, the educational repository has sufficient material to replace any specimens damaged during training sessions. The large number of available specimens also allows the collection to offer training/courses to relatively large classes of ~ 15–20 people, without affecting the quality of teaching and learning through hands-on experience (as each student can have their own specimens). However, it is also possible to meet the demand for donations of specimens requested by students and professors, since the Grupo Triatomíneos at IRR/Fiocruz has a large insectary for the breeding of triatomines, which allows the replacement of specimens from the educational repository whenever necessary.
In 2013 the collection provided only one service. This can be explained by the fact that in that year, the official registration for service requests was initiated in the collection, using its own standardized form. In addition, in the first few years of registration (2013–2015), several requests were not registered in the forms of Fiocruz/COLVET because some activities were not considered as ‘services provided by the collection’. Thus, the number of services provided by Fiocruz/COLVET is probably much greater than that reported here, especially with regard to educational activities and the support of entomological surveillance (mainly training in the identification of Triatominae). In 2016, there was a higher number of services provided by the collection compared to other years. The depositing of biological material in the scientific repository was the service most provided by the collection in 2016. This material was derived from research projects and the reference service in identification of triatomines, which were already stored (before 2016) in the collection. However, due to insufficient staff, these samples have yet to be sorted, mounted, tagged, and catalogued.
Most services provided by the collection (41.7%) had the purpose of supporting educational activities, which included donations of specimens from the educational repository for use in classes and, in some cases, loaning specimens for science exhibition/fairs. This role of Fiocruz/COLVET in providing the lay public with contact with the specimens and, hence, with research is of great importance because it creates a connection and establishes a dialogue between academic institutions and wider society, which often has little or no direct contact with science (
The mission of Fiocruz/COLVET is to ensure the preservation of triatomines in the collection and the information associated with them, which are sources of strategic resources for the development of scientific research. Thus, not surprisingly, services to support research (35.7%) include Brazilian and non-Brazilian institutions, many of which have no established research partnerships with the collection. This demonstrates the recognition of the collection by the academic community and the importance of the collection to the development of scientific research nationally and internationally.
Services provided to support entomological surveillance accounted for the minority of all services provided by the collection. However, it is important to highlight that support for entomological surveillance, through the contribution to the taxonomic identification of triatomines, conducting training and donations of specimens, is fundamentally the duty of the reference service, which uses the collection to subsidize its activities. Therefore, the 38 (22.6%) services provided to support surveillance in the period analyzed represent a significant number of services requested to the collection.
Excellence in the provision of services by the collection is the primary way of the collection assisting the academic community, the Brazilian state/regional health departments, and society in general. The recognition and credibility that Fiocruz has both within the scientific community and civil society likely contributes to the total number of services requested to, provided by, Fiocruz/COLVET.
Conclusions
The increase in the number of specimens and species from diverse regions of the Americas in the scientific repository Fiocruz/COLVET is a result of the financial investment of Fiocruz in organizing, managing, and maintaining the collections, and hiring and training personnel and curators of them. In addition to research support, the collection stands out for its support of educational activities and contributions to entomological surveillance and, therefore, to public health. The visibility of Fiocruz/COLVET in different sectors of Brazilian society, and the international community, demonstrates the important role of the collection for both scientific and civil community. The commitment of the curators of Fiocruz/COLVET is to maintain and expand the scientific and educational repositories, as well as ensuring continuity and excellence in providing services in future years.
Financial support
Vice Presidência de Pesquisas e Coleções Biológicas da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (VPPCB/Fiocruz); Instituto René Rachou/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IRR/Fiocruz); Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq).
Acknowledgements
We thank the Vice Presidência de Pesquisas e Coleções Biológicas da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (VPPCB/Fiocruz) for institutional support, Milena Vieira Simões de Freitas for help with counting triatomine body parts, and Dr. Paloma Helena Fernandes Shimabukuro for comments and suggestions on the manuscript.
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Supplementary materials
Figure S1
Data type: schematic flowchart
Explanation note: Schematic flowchart showing the specimens of the Coleção de Vetores de Tripanosomatídeos (Fiocruz/COLVET) and the services provided by the scientific and educational repositories. Gray arrows indicate the origin and destination of specimens coming to the collection. Dotted arrows indicate the origin of specimens and the purpose of the service provided. *Indicates the reference service in taxonomic identification of triatomines of the Grupo de Pesquisa em Triatomíneos at Instituto René Rachou/Fiocruz.
Table S1
Data type: list of the species
Explanation note: List of the species present in the educational repository of the Coleção de Vetores de Tripanosomatídeos (Fiocruz/COLVET).