Research Article |
Corresponding author: Éva Szita ( szita.eva@atk.hu ) Academic editor: Roger Blackman
© 2016 Mehmet Bora Kaydan, Zsuzsanna Konczné Benedicty, Balázs Kiss, Éva Szita.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Kaydan MB, Konczné Benedicty Z, Kiss B, Szita É (2016) A survey of scale insects in soil samples from Europe (Hemiptera, Coccomorpha). ZooKeys 565: 1-28. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.565.6877
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In the last decades, several expeditions were organized in Europe by the researchers of the Hungarian Natural History Museum to collect snails, aquatic insects and soil animals (mites, springtails, nematodes, and earthworms). In this study, scale insect (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) specimens extracted from Hungarian Natural History Museum soil samples (2970 samples in total), all of which were collected using soil and litter sampling devices, and extracted by Berlese funnel, were examined. From these samples, 43 scale insect species (Acanthococcidae 4, Coccidae 2, Micrococcidae 1, Ortheziidae 7, Pseudococcidae 21, Putoidae 1 and Rhizoecidae 7) were found in 16 European countries. In addition, a new species belonging to the family Pseudococcidae, Brevennia larvalis Kaydan, sp. n. and a new species of Ortheziidae, Ortheziola editae Szita & Konczné Benedicty, sp. n. are described and illustrated based on the adult female stage. Revised keys to the adult females of Brevennia and Ortheziola are presented.
Hypogeal scale insects, faunal surveys, Berlese
Several expeditions were organized since the 1950’s mainly within mainland Europe by the Hungarian Natural History Museum to collect snails, aquatic insects and soil animals (mites, springtails, nematodes, and earthworms). More recently, these studies were focused on the Balkan Peninsula and the Carpathian Region (
Scale insects are small, sap-sucking true bugs, sister to Aphidoidea, Aleyrodoidea and Psylloidea (
It has been argued (
Our knowledge on the scale insect fauna of European countries is very variable (
Although the pest scale insect species found on the aerial parts of agricultural and horticultural plants are well studied in Europe, there is a great gap in the knowledge on the hypogeal scale insect fauna in Europe. The aim of this study was to investigate the hypogeal scale insect fauna of Europe by studying the scale insect specimens found in the soil and litter samples of the Acarology Collection of
The specimens described and recorded in this study were all obtained from the soil samples in the
Specimens were prepared for light microscopy using the slide-mounting method discussed by
All measurements and counts were taken from all the available material, and the values are given as a range for each character.
Holotypes of the new species are deposited in the
Detailed locality and collection data have been provided for the new and some rare species only. For a host plant list of each species see
Among 2970 soil samples, 280 samples (approximately 10%) contained scale insect specimens. Of these, 4 species are Acanthococcidae, 2 are Coccidae, 7 are Ortheziidae and 7 are Rhizoecidae, 21 are Pseudococcidae and there was 1 species of Micrococcidae and Putoidae. One new pseudococcid, namely Brevennia larvalis Kaydan, sp. n. and one new species of Ortheziidae, Ortheziola editae Szita & Konczné Benedicty, sp. n. are described and illustrated based on the adult female stage.
Croatia: 1 ♀ – Njivice.
United States of America, Armenia, Austria, Bulgaria, former Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Iraq, Italy, Kazakhstan, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Sicily, Sweden, Ukraine, United Kingdom (Channel Islands, England, Scotland) (
former Czechoslovakia: 2 ♀♀ – unknown locality.
Austria, China, former Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Poland, Romania, Russia, South Korea, Ukraine, United Kingdom (England), former Yugoslavia (
Serbia: 2 ♀♀ – Braničevo District, Homoljske planina, Žagubica.
Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, China, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Italy, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom (England, Wales), former Yugoslavia (
Croatia: 2♀♀ – Njivice.
Germany, Hungary, Iran (
Greece: 1 ♀ – Florina regional unit, Lehovo village.
Armenia, Cyprus, Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Romania, Russia, Slovenia, Turkey, Ukraine, former Yugoslavia (
Romania: 1 ♀ – Harghita County, Praid (Parajd).
Czech Republic, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Russia, Slovakia, United Kingdom (England) (
Greece: 2 ♀♀ – West Greece, Aetolia-Acarnania regional unit, Akarnania Mts., Trifos village.
Algeria, Greece, Morocco (
Bulgaria: 1 ♀ – Borovets; 2 ♀♀ – Rila Mts., Struma basin, Rilomanastirska Gora Reserve, Stream Djavolska. Slovakia: 2 nymphs – Low Tatras, Stare Hory; 1 ♀ – 2 nymphs – Mutne; 3 nymphs – Pieniny Natural Park, Červený Kláštor; 1 nymph – Slovenský Raj NP, Vel’ký Sokol gorge, Kamenné vráta. Sweden: 2 ♀♀ – unknown locality.
Austria, Belgium, Canada, Corsica, Croatia, Czech Republic, Faeroe Islands, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom (England, Scotland), United States of America (
Albania: 2 nymphs –Leskovik. Greece: 2 nymphs – Epirus, Ioannina regional unit, Melia village; 1 ♀ – Larissa regional unit, Ossa Mts.; 2 nymphs – West Greece, Aetolia-Acarnania regional unit, Kamaroula village. Serbia-Montenegro: 1 nymphs – Raška District, Pazariste village.
Switzerland (
Albania: 1 ♀ – Has District, Pashtrik Mts., Salghinë village; 1 ♀ –Leskovik; 1 ♀ –Malësi District, Qafa e Valbones; 1 ♀ – Kukës District, Mali i Gjalica e Lumës; 1 ♀ – Shkodër District, Prokletije Mts., Kir village. Bosnia-Herzegovina: 1 ♀ – Ozren Mts., Vilić; 1 ♀ – Sutjeska valley. Bulgaria: 2 ♀ – Borovetz; 3 ♀ – Rodope Mts., Musala; 1 ♀ – Sinemorec; 1 ♀ – Stara Planina, Stidovska Mts. Croatia: 1 ♀ – Ivanšćica; 1 ♀ – Krk Island, Glavotok; 1 ♀ – Psunj Mts., Sisak-Moslavina county, Novska; 1 ♀ – Rab Island. Greece: 1 ♀ – Arcadia regional unit, Korfes village; 1 ♀ – Arkadia regional unit, Elliniko; 1 ♀ – Central Greece, Evrytania regional unit, Anatoliki Fragkista village; 1 ♀ – Epirus, Ioannina regional unit, Melia village; 1 ♀ – Florina regional unit, Verno Mts., Pisoderi village; 1 ♀ –Ioannina regional unit, Metsovo; 1 ♀ – Larisa regional unit, Ossa Mts.; 1 ♀ – Messinia regional unit, Haravgi, Polilimnio village; 1 ♀ – Thesprotia regional unit, Vrosina. Macedonia: 1 ♀ – Vinica Municipality, Obozna Planina Mts., Laki. Romania: 1 ♀ – Bihor County, Vlădeasa, Săcuien; 1 ♀ – Bihor County, Bihor Mts., Cetătile Rădesei; 1 ♀ – Bukovina County, Iedu; 1 ♀ – Bukovina County, Stratioara; 2 ♀♀ – Bukovina County, Valea Stânei; 1 ♀ – Caraş-Severin County, Semenic Mts., Văliug; 1 ♀ – Caraş-Severin County, Semenik Mts., Gărâna; 1 ♀, 1 nymph – Cluj County, Havasrekettye; 1 ♀ – Harghita County, Kis Beszterce; 1 ♀ – Harghita County, Sâncrăieni (Csíkszentkirály); 1 ♀ – Harghita County, Băile Homorod (Homoródfürdő); 1 ♀ – Harghita County, Băile Tuşnad (Tusnádfürdő); 3 ♀ – Maramureş County, Maramureşului Basin, Rona de Sus (Rónaszék); 1 ♀ – Maramureş County, Rodna Mts., Sǎcel (Izaszacsal); 1 ♀ – Maramureş County, Maramureş Mts., Vişeu de Sus; 1 ♀ – Maramureş County, Ignis, Mts., Plesca village; 1 ♀ – Maramureş County, Ignis Mts., Kőhát, Săpânța (Szaplonca); 1 ♀ – Maramureş County, Gutin Mts., Breb (Bréb); 1 ♀ – Maramureş County, Baia Mare (Nagybánya), Valhani plateau, Rozsály Mt.; 1 ♀ – Maramureş county, Maramureş Mts., Borşa-Băile Borşa, Vinişor valley; 1 ♀ – Oltenia, Leleşti; 2 ♀ – Oltenia, Runcu; 1 ♀ – Oltenia; Poiana Mărnlui; 1 ♀ – Sibiu District, Bradu (Fenyőfalva); 1 ♀ – Sibiu District, Cisnădioara (Kisdisznód); 1 ♀ – Hunedoara County, Petroşani (Petrozsény); 1 ♀ – Hunedoara County, Obersia. Serbia-Montenegro: 1 ♀ – Kosovo, Novo Selo; 1 ♀ – Maljen Mts., Ražana; 1 ♀ – Savino Polje, Đalovica klisura; 3 ♀♀ – Vojnik Mts., Mokro, Šavnik; 4 ♀♀ – Žabljak Municipality, Durmitor National Park, Crno Jezero. Slovakia: 1 ♀ – Becherov, Nizke Beskydy); 1 ♀ – Úhorná; 2 ♀ – Javorina (Jávoros); 1 ♀ – Košice District, Smolník; 1 ♀ – Liptovsky Osada; 4 ♀♀ – Slovenský Raj National Park; 1 ♀ – Stratehná; 1 ♀ – Tatranska Poliana; 1 ♀ – Závadka, Hronom Muvaska Plania. Slovenia: 1 ♀ – Triglav National Park, Koča pri Peričniku. Sweden: 1 ♀ –Hagfors; 4 ♀ – Ilsbo; 2 ♀ – Lapland Prov., Kiruna; 1 ♀ – Lysvik. Turkey: 1 ♀ – Kuru, Kuru Mts.
Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Corsica, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom (England, Scotland) (
N. floccosa is the most common species in the collection. Although there is some variability in the number of antennal segments and in the size of the individuals examined in this study, all specimens above are considered to be part of the morphological variation of N. floccosa.
Albania: 1 ♀ – Sarandë District, Borsh; 1 ♀ – Tepelenë District, Griba Mts., Bënçë. Greece: 1 ♀ – Ioannina regional unit, Kalpaki, Vellas Monasteri. Serbia: 1 ♀ – Đerdap Mts., Mosna.
France (Corsica), Greece (
N. susannae is closest to N. floccosa but differs (i) in having hair-like setae on most antennal segments; (ii) a higher number of quadrilocular pores on venter and dorsum, and (iii) complete wax plate bands on mid dorsum (
Ortheziola vejdovskyi Šulc, 1895, 1.
Adult female in life with a series of marginal, mediolateral and medial waxy protrusions, corresponding to wax plates on slide-mounted specimens. The distribution of these protrusions and wax plates (Fig.
Slide-mounted adult female with three-segmented antennae; third antennal segment with a slender apical seta, flagellate sensory seta and small subapical seta; second segment with one sensory pore. Eye stalk protruding, thumb-like, fused with sclerotized area at base of each antenna (sometimes called the pseudobasal antennal segment). Legs well developed; leg setae robust, spine-like; trochanter and femur fused, tibia and tarsus fused; tibia with one sensory pore and at least one fleshy sensory seta; tarsus without digitules; claw digitules hair-like, claw without a denticle. Labium one-segmented, with many setae; labium with three long setae near apex, very close together, all situated in a single setal socket . Anal ring situated in a dermal fold on dorsal surface, ring bearing six setae. Sclerotized plate present on dorsum anterior to anal ring, wider than long. Modified pores, each with two, three or four loculi, scattered over surface, appearing like microtubular ducts. Thumb-like pores forming a cluster on each side of anal ring. Abdominal spiracles ventral on anterior segments, with at least one present on each side of segments I, II or III; when present, posterior abdominal spiracles located on dorsum near anal ring, surrounded by a cluster of multilocular pores (
The 13 species of Ortheziola are found in the Palaearctic and north-eastern part of the Oriental Regions. For detailed distribution data of the twelve previously known species, see ScaleNet (
The genus Ortheziola resembles the genera Ortheziolacoccus and Ortheziolamameti in having three-segmented antennae, with the basal part of the antenna fused to the eye. However, Ortheziola differs from Ortheziolacoccus and Ortheziolamameti in having only a single spine band inside the ovisac band, and these genera have different geographic distribution: Ortheziola species are distributed in the Palaearctic and north east part of Oriental Regions, Ortheziolacoccus species occur only in Ethiopian Region, while Ortheziolamameti species in the Oriental and Ethiopian Regions.
1 | Dorsal wax plates 5 and 6 present, either fused or separate | 2 |
– | Dorsal wax plates 5 and 6 absent | 11 |
2 | Dorsal wax plate 3 present (represented by at least a small spine group) | 3 |
– | Dorsal wax plate 3 absent | 12 |
3 | Dorsal wax plates 5 and 6 fused with marginal spine bands | O. matskasii Kozár & Konczné Benedicty |
– | Dorsal wax plates 5 and 6 clearly separate from marginal spine band | 4 |
4 | Dorsal wax plate 3 reduced to a small spine group | 5 |
– | Dorsal wax plate 3 fully developed | 7 |
5 | Ventral plate 19 present; anterior margin of ovisac band almost completely straight | O. britannica Kozár & Miller |
– | Ventral plate 19 absent; anterior margin of ovisac band with characteristic waves | 6 |
6 | Anterior margin of ovisac band with at least 8 waves; several multilocular pores present anterior to vulva | O. marottai Kaydan & Szita |
– | Anterior margin of ovisac band with six waves; one or two multilocular pores present anterior to vulva | O. editae sp. n. |
7 | Multilocular pores present around vulva | 8 |
– | Multilocular pores absent from around vulva | 9 |
8 | Multilocular pores present both anterior and posterior to vulva; dorsal 5-locular pores present throughout the last three abdominal segments | O. szelenyii Konczné Benedicty & Kozár |
– | Multilocular pores present only anterior to vulva; dorsal 5-locular pores concentrated around anal ring | O. vejdovskyi Šulc |
9 | Ventral wax plates 11 and 19 present | O. peregovitsi Kozár & Konczné Benedicty |
– | Ventral wax plates 11 and 19 absent | 10 |
10 | Ventral wax plate 12 present; marginal wax plates on abdominal segments IV-VI clearly separated from each other and from medial plates | O. hauseri Konczné Benedicty & Kaydan |
– | Ventral wax plate 12 absent; marginal wax plates on abdominal segments IV-VI fused to each other and partly fused to medial plates | O. mizushimai Tanaka & Amano |
11 | Ventral wax plates 11 and 12 present, longest seta on antenna ca. 10 µm long | O. viti Konczné Benedicty & Szita |
– | Ventral wax plates 11 and 12 absent; shortest seta on antenna ca. 19 µm long | O. marginalis Kozár & Konczné Benedicty |
12 | Multilocular pores present around vulva | O. vietnamiensis Kozár & Konczné Benedicty |
– | Multilocular pores absent from around vulva | O. fusiana Shiau & Kozár |
Holotype. Adult female. Bulgaria: Blagoevgrad province, Pirin Mts., Pirin, hazel bush towards Beljata Reka, N 41°35.968', E 23°32.809', 1280 m a.s.l., 26.x.2013, leg. Kontschán, Murányi, Szederjesi, litter and soil (PPI: 11912,
Unmounted adult female. Not seen.
Slide mounted adult female. Body 1.5–2.0 mm long, 1.2–1.3 mm wide. Length of antennal segments: 1st 76–89 µm; 2nd 46–56 µm; 3rd 250–270 µm; 3rd segment parallel sided or weakly clubbed; apical seta 127–173 µm, subapical seta 30–46 µm; fleshy sensory seta near apical seta 28–31 µm; basiconic sensilla present near apex of antenna; all segments of antennae covered with moderate number of robust spine-like, straight, apically acute setae, longest seta 15 µm long.
Venter. Labium 120–148 µm long. Stylet loop about as long as labium. Leg segment lengths: front coxa 107–127 µm, middle 117–133 µm, hind 122–127 µm; front trochanter-femur 291–332 µm, middle 321–357 µm, hind 316–362 µm; front tibia-tarsus 357–372 µm, middle 357–388 µm, hind 438–454 µm; front claw 46–54 µm, middle 43–51 µm, hind 51–54 µm long; claw digitules spine-like, 7–12 µm long; legs with rows of robust setae; longest seta on trochanter-femur, each 12–14 µm long; with one flagellate sensory seta on each of femur and tibia, 10–12 µm long; each trochanter with four sensory sensilla on each surface. Wax plate 11 and 12 present at marginal areas of head; marginal wax band surrounding each thoracic spiracle (plates 15 and 16); wax plates in front of coxae absent (plates 13, 14, 17 and 18 absent), plate 19 absent; with scattered clusters of spines between hind legs and ovisac band. Anterior margin of ovisac band with three waves; with one band of spines within ovisac band, with quadrilocular pores predominant near anterior edge of spine bands and scattered within the spinebands, each pore 3.5–4 µm in diameter. Thoracic spiracles each with scattered quinquelocular pores loosely associated with spiracle opening, each group contains 10–13 pores, each pore 5–6 µm in diameter (several of these pores present on dorsum); diameter of opening of anterior thoracic spiracle 13–20 µm. Setae few, scattered in medial areas of thorax, with several setae present near anterior margin of ovisac band (some capitate), several associated with anterior and posterior multilocular pore rows, several more associated with posterior multilocular pores surrounding vulva. Multilocular pores each 8–9 µm in diameter, with 7–9 (mainly 7) loculi around perimeter and one loculus in central hub; partial band of multilocular pores near anterolateral edge of spine band, also scattered around vulva and near ovisac band, almost forming a row on the apical abdominal segment. Abdominal spiracles present, two pairs on each side of body anterior to ovisac band and one pair situated inside ovisac band, near anterolateral angle; each abdominal spiracle with sclerotized vestibule.
Dorsum. Wax plates covering two-thirds of marginal area; mediolateral thoracic plates (3, 5 and 6) present; waxplate 3 small, containing only a few spines and pores; medial area of thorax and abdomen with a few scattered spines and pores. Spines at margin of wax plate 4 each 15–16 µm long, those in middle of wax plate each 16–18 µm long; spines truncate and expanded at apex. Flagellate setae present in very small numbers on each wax plates and in medial bare area, each seta 17 µm long. Quadrilocular pores, each 3.0–3.5 µm in diameter, with four loculi, present at the margins of all waxplates and scattered within the waxplates. Quinquelocular pores, each 5.5–6.0 µm in diameter, present in marginal areas of abdomen, between the waxplates; also present in a cluster near anal ring. Sclerotized plate on abdomen 63–77 µm long, 230–251 µm wide; with a few setae with pointed apices situated at posterior edge of plate. Anal ring with incomplete triple rows of circular pores, each pore 1.5–3.0 µm in diameter; longest anal ring seta 72–74 µm long; anal ring 60–67 µm long, 50–55 µm wide. Thumb-like pores, each 6 µm long. Abdominal spiracle present in center of multilocular pore cluster situated laterad to anal ring.
Unknown.
Bulgaria, Croatia.
The new species is dedicated to Edit Horváth, who has worked as an assistant in the Acarology Collection of the Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest for many years and helped our work in extracting the specimens and finding locality data.
Ortheziola editae is characterized by the presence of (i) dorsal wax plate 3 being only slightly developed, (ii) ventral plates 11 and 12 present at the base of antennae, and (iii) plate 19 absent from near the body margin. This species is very close to O. marottai but differs in having (O. marottai values in brackets): (i) only one or two multilocular pores anterior to vulva (plenty of multilocular pores); (ii) multilocular pores near each thoracic spiracle, each pore with five loculi (four loculi) and (iii) anterior margin of ovisac band with six waves (at least eight waves).
Greece: 1 ♀ – Ioannina regional unit, Kalpaki, Vellas Monasteri. Macedonia: 2 ♀♀ – Prilep Municipality, Raec canyon. Romania: 3 ♀♀ – Alba County, Munții Apuseni Mts., Cheile Albioarei, Tarina village; 1 ♀ – Hunedoara County, Retyezát Mts., Campu lui Neag village.
Croatia (former Yugoslavia), Cyprus, Greece, Iran, Turkey (
Bosnia-Herzegovina: 1 ♀ – Prenj Mts., Borci. Croatia: 1 ♀ – Krapina Zagorje County, Ivansaica Mts., Stari Golubovec; 4 ♀♀ – Mala-kapela, Plitvice Lakes; 2 ♀ – Papuk, Štrmac. France: 1 ♀ – Midi Pyrenees, Arreau. Italy: 1 ♀ – Abruzzi, Mts. Maiella, Sulmona. Romania: 1 ♀ – Alba County, Runc (Aranyosronk), Runki-szoros; 6 ♀ – Alba County, Rimetea (Torockó);1 ♀ – Bihor County, Bihor Mts., Vislo village; 1 ♀ – Bukovina County, Voievodeasa; 1 ♀ – Caraş-Severin County, Ţarcu Mts., Poiana Mărului; 1 ♀ – Cluj County, Sinfalva, Aranyos valley; 1 ♀ – Cluj County, Turda (Torda), Cheile Turzii (Tordai hasadék); 2 ♀ – Harghita County, Băile Homorod (Homoródfürdő); 1 ♀ – Maramureş County, Maramureş Mts., Petrova, Frumuena; 1 ♀ – Maramureş County, Baia Mare (Nagybánya), Valhani plateau, Rozsály Mt.; 1 ♀ – Maramureş County, Rodna Mts., Săcel (Izaszacsal); 1 ♀ – Maramureş County, Săpânţa (Szaplonca), Kőhát; 1 ♀ – Maramureş County, Sighetu Marmatiei; 1 ♀ – Satu Mare County, Negrești-Oaș. Russia: 1 ♀ – Chechnya, Dzheirakhs District, Olgeti village. Serbia-Montenegro: 1 ♀ – Savino Polje; 1 ♀ – Zlatibor Mts., Vodice. Slovakia: 2 ♀ – Červený Kláštor, Pieniny National Park; 1 ♀ – Košice (Kassa); 4 ♀ – Slovakian Raj NP, Cingov; 1 ♀ – Staré Hory (Óhegy). Slovenia: 1 ♀ – Bohinjska Bela; 1 ♀ – Predjama; 1 ♀ – Ribcev Laz Lake Bohijsko Jezero; 1 ♀ – Triglav NP., Koča pri Peričniku. Ukraine: 1 ♀ – Kiev.
Armenia, Austria, Azores, Belgium, China (Beijing (=Peking)), Corsica, former Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Luxembourg, Madeira Islands, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland, USSR, Ukraine, United Kingdom (England, Scotland, Wales), former Yugoslavia (
The type locality of O. vejdovskyi is in Czech Republic, originally: Bohemia, Bechlin; Králové Dvur n. L. east Bohemi (Šulc 1895), and this is the only report from the area of former Czechoslovakia (
Slovakia: 1 ♀ – Pieniny National Park, Červený Kláštor.
China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Uzbekistan (
Spain: 1 ♀ – Canary Island, Tenerife, Masca.
Argentina, Ascension Island, Australia (Queensland), Bahamas, Bermuda, Brazil, Canary Islands, Cook Islands, Cuba, Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii), India, Israel, Jamaica, Kiribati, Mexico, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, Peru, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Swaziland, Tobago, Tonga, Trinidad, Tuvalu, United States of America, Vanuatu, Venezuela (
Romania: 1 ♀ – Maramureş County, Maramureş Mts., Borşa-Băile Borşa.
Bulgaria, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom (England) (
Albania: 1 ♀ – Shkodër Municipality, Shkodër, Castle of Rozafat. Romania: 1 ♀ – Maramureş County, Maramureş Mts., Borşa-Băile Borşa.
Italy, North Korea, Russia, Sardinia (
Ripersia Goux, 1940: 58. Type species: Ripersia tetrapora Goux by original designation. Accepted valid name.
Asphodelococcus Morrison, 1945: 41. Type species: Ripersia asphodeli Bodenheimer by monotypy and original designation. Junior synonym.
Brevennia Borchsenius, 1948: 953. Change of status.
Asphodeloripersia Bodenheimer, 1953: 164. Misspelling of genus name.
Pseudorhodania Borchsenius, 1962: 242. Type species: Pseudorhodania marginata Borchsenius, by original designation. Synonymy by
Ripersia (Brevennia) tetrapora Goux, 1940: 58.
Living female. Female covered with white wax powder.
Adult female. Labium three-segmented, longer than wide. Posterior pair of spiracles always larger than anterior spiracles. Circulus present or absent. Legs well developed, claw with or without denticle; tarsal digitules hair-like, not capitate; claw digitules knobbed, claw digitules broader than tarsal digitules. Only posterior ostioles developed; anterior ostioles absent. Anal lobes poorly developed. Anal ring oval, with one inner row of pores and one or two outer rows of pores plus with six setae. Minute discodial pores present of various sizes, scattered throughout.
Dorsum. Antennae 6-8 segmented. Eyes oval, each on a small basal cone. Cerarii present numbering 1-4, only on posterior abdominal segments. Dorsal body setae spinelike. Multilocular disc pores present or absent. Quinquelocular pores present, scattered all surface. Oral collar tubular present in transverse rows on body segments. Trilocular pores absent. Minute discodial pores present, from a few to scattered on the surface, variable in sizes.
Venter. Most ventral setae slender and hair-like, of various sizes. Oral collar tubular ducts of one or two sizes, each varying in length and width. Multilocular disc pores present on posterior abdominal segments, especially around vulva or absent. Quinquelocular pores present, scattered throughout. Trilocular pores, each 2.5–5.0 μm in diameter, only around atrium of both pairs of spiracles. Minute discodial pores present, of variable sizes, scattered through.
Comments. In this study, the concept of
(adapted from
1 | Multilocular pores present either on venter or dorsum | 2 |
– | Multilocular pores absent from both venter and dorsum | Brevennia larvalis sp. n. |
2 | Multilocular pores absent on dorsum | 3 |
– | Multilocular pores present on dorsum | 4 |
3 | Trilocular pores situated in cerarii and near spiracles; one circulus present | B. cicatricosa (Danzig) |
– | Trilocular pores situated only in cerarii; circuli absent | B. dasiphorae (Danzig) |
4 | Cerarii with quinquelocular pores only | 5 |
– | Cerarii with both quinquelocular pores and trilocular pores | 6 |
5 | Multiocular disc pores on dorsum present on margin of head, thorax and abdominal segments | B. rehii (Maxwell-Lefroy) |
– | Multiocular disc pores on dorsum present only on margin of abdominal segments | B. oryzae (Tang) |
6 | Multilocular disc pores on dorsum wide band on body margin and present on mid-abdominal area of posterior abdominal segments | B. filicta (De Lotto) |
– | Multilocular disc pores on dorsum few on body margin and absent on mid-abdominal area of posterior abdominal segments | B. pulveraria (Newstead) |
Holotype. Adult female. Albania: Qafa e Pejës, 1700 m a.s.l., 17.vii.1996, leg. Horváth E. (PPI: 12211,
Adult female (Fig.
Dorsum. Body setae spine-like in various sizes, each 5.0–12.5 µm long. Quinquelocular pores in rows on abdominal segments as follows: I-III 84, IV 32, V 32, VI 39, VII 34, VIII + IX 11; each pore 5–6 µm in diameter; pores scattered on head and thorax. Oral collar tubular ducts, each 7.5–10 µm long, 4–5 µm wide, in single rows across all abdominal segments: I-III 14 ducts, IV 8, V 8, VI 10, VII 9, VIII + IX 3, and also submarginal area of head and thorax, each pore 5–6 µm in diameter. Minute discoidal pores scattered throughout, each 2 µm in diameter.
Venter. Setae slender, hair-like, each 10–35 µm long, longest setae medially on head. Apical setae of anal lobe each 110–120 µm long. Multilocular disc pores absent. Quinquelocular pores each 5–6 µm in diameter; in rows on abdominal segments as follows: II-III 74, IV 36, V 45, VI 39, VII 50, VIII + IX 34; and scattered on head and thorax. Minute discoidal pores few, each 2 µm in diameter, scattered throughout. Oral collar tubular ducts concentrated on body margin of abdominal segments, of one size, each 4–5 µm long, 7.5–10 µm wide, and on margin of head, thorax and abdominal segments, as follows: II-III 30 ducts, IV 12, V 10, VI 9, VII 4, VIII + IX.
Brevennia larvalis sp. n. Kaydan can be readily distinguished by: (i) absence of multilocular pores; (ii) absence of pores and setae on the lips of ostioles; and (iii) in having three pairs of cerarii. There is no other species in the genus without multilocular pores.
First-instar nymph (Fig.
Dorsum. Body setae spinelike of various sizes, each 5.0–12.5 µm long. Quinquelocular pores in four longitudinal rows, each pore 5–6 µm in diameter.
Venter. Setae slender and hair-like, each 15–25 µm long, longest setae medially on head. Apical setae of anal lobe each 42.5–85.0 µm long. Quinquelocular pores in four longitudinal rows, each pore 5–6 µm in diameter.
This species is named because of absence of multilocular pores on venter and dorsum, which is a character of larval (nymphal) stages.
Unknown.
Albania.
Greece: 3 ♀♀ – Epirus, Ioannina regional unit, Lakmos Mts. Romania: 6 ♀♀ – Cluj County, Cheile Turzii (Tordai hasadék).
Armenia, Austria, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Luxembourg, Mongolia, Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Sweden, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom (Channel Islands, England) (
Croatia: 1♀ – Njivice.
Corsica; France (
Greece: 1♀, 1 nymph – West Greece, Aetolia-Acarnania regional unit, Panetoliko Mts., Agios Vlasios.
China, Czech Republic, France, Hungary, Italy, Moldova, Mongolia, Poland, Russia, Turkey, Ukraine (
Romania: 4 ♀♀ – Cluj County, Cheile Turzii (Tordai hasadék).
Armenia, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Georgia (Georgia) , Hungary, Italy, Kazakhstan, Lithuania, Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Ukraine, United Kingdom (Channel Islands, England, Scotland) (
Bulgaria: 1♀ – Plovdiv Province, Asenovgrad.
Armenia, China; Italy, Kazakhstan, Lithuania, Mongolia, Russia, South Korea, Turkey, Ukraine (
Romania: 1 ♀ – Maramureş County, Rodna Mts., Borşa-Staţiunea Borşa.
Russia (
Greece: 1 ♀ – Kos.
Armenia, Azerbaijan, Italy, Kazakhstan, Sardinia, Sweden, Turkey (
Croatia: 1 ♀ – Njivice.
Armenia, Crete, Georgia, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Poland, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan (
Albania: 2 ♀♀ –Mat District, Qafa e Shtamës.
Armenia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Italy, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Sweden, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom (England) (
Greece: 3 ♀♀ – Epirus, Ioannina regional unit, Lakmos Mts.
Armenia, Austria, Kazakhstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkey (
Serbia: 1 ♀ – Niš.
China, Mongolia, North Korea, Russia, Tajikistan (
Greece: 1 ♀, 1 nymph – Pieria regional unit, Olympos, Litochoro.
Kazakhstan (
Greece: 1 ♀ – West Greece, Aetolia-Acarnania regional unit, Panetoliko Mts., Agios Vlasios village.
Armenia, Turkey (
Bulgaria: 2 ♀♀ – Belogradchik.
Armenia, France, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Poland, Russia, Turkey, Ukraine (
Slovakia: 1 ♀ – Štos-Kupele.
Armenia, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Ukraine, United Kingdom (England), former Yugoslavia (
Romania: 1♀ – Cluj County, Cheile Turzii (Tordai hasadék).
Armenia, Bulgaria, France, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Turkey, Ukraine (
Bulgaria: 1 ♀ –Pirin, Demianitsa; 1 ♀ – Pirin; Vihren; 1 ♀ – Vitosha. Serbia: 1 ♀ – Savino Polje, Đalovica klisura.
Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, Serbia, Switzerland (
Occurring on needles and in bark crevices of conifers. Biology in Italy studied by
Romania: 1 ♀ – Prahova County, Cheia Cul. Mea, Gropsoarale, Zagram.
Armenia, Crete, France, Germany, Hungary, Iran, Italy, Kazakhstan, Romania, Russia, Sweden, Ukraine, United Kingdom (England) (
Albania: 1 second instar nymph – Skrapar District, Tomor Mts., Skrapar.
Albania, Hungary, Kazakhstan (
Spain: 1 ♀ – Canary Islands, Tenerife, Masca, 450 m a.s.l., 20.x.2008, leg. Jely Z., soil (PPI: 11938,
Crassula sp., Kalanchoe tomentosa, Sedum sp. (Crassulaceae), Aloe sp. (Liliaceae) (
United States of America (
This species is characterized by the lack of multilocular pores on both the dorsum and venter and in having very few oral collar tubular ducts on the dorsum. This species is similar to R. cacticans and R. leucosomus, but differs from both in having more anal ring pores. In addition, this species is also similar to R. nakaharai but differs in having a longer labium. However, these are poor characteristics upon which to base species differences and so a drawing of this species is presented here. Detailed descriptions of the above mentioned species are available in
Serbia: 2 ♀♀ – Niš; 5 ♀♀ – Špiljani.
Germany (
Albania: 2 ♀♀ – Kukës District, Topojan.
Bulgaria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Poland, Russia, Ukraine, United Kingdom (England, Scotland, Wales) (
Albania: 6 nymphs – Librazhd District, Gizavësh, Librazhd; 2 nymphs – Mirditë District, Ndërshenë; 1 nymph – Mat District, Dejë Mts., Macukull; 25 nymphs – Pogradec District, Lin.
Albania, Russia, Turkey (
Greece: 1 ♀, 1 nymph – Pieria regional unit, Olympos Mts., Litochoro.
Greece, Hungary, Italy, Turkey (
In this study, 43 scale insect species were found in 16 different European countries. Despite scale insects being found in only 10% of the 2970 samples collected, the Berlese funnel collection method has revealed new species and widened distribution records for known species. It is believed that the use of diverse collecting methods can provide researchers with additional sources of information about species distribution and diversity.
We would like to thank the OTKA (Hungarian National Science Found) (Grant No. K 83829, K100369) for funding this project. The first author (MBK) thanks TUBITAK for their financial support to enable study of the family Ortheziidae in Hungary. The authors wish to thank Dr. László Dányi, the curator of Pedozoology Collection of Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest for his kind help and for making it possible for us to study those collections. Special thanks go to Dr. Takumasa Kondo (Corpoica, Colombia), Prof. Giuseppina Pellizzari (University of Padova, Italy), Dr. Roger Blackman (subject editor), and Gillian W. Watson (CDFA, USA) for their critical comments on the manuscript.