Research Article |
Corresponding author: Hou-Hun Li ( lihouhun@nankai.edu.cn ) Academic editor: Erik J. van Nieukerken
© 2021 Lin-Lin Yang, Hou-Hun Li.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Yang L-L, Li H-H (2021) First report of the genus Pelecystola Meyrick (Lepidoptera, Tineidae) in China, with description of a new species. ZooKeys 1046: 189-206. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1046.68329
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The genus Pelecystola Meyrick, 1920 and the species Pelecystola strigosa (Moore, 1888) are newly recorded from China, and Pelecystola peculiaris sp. nov. is described as new to science. Adults, head, venation, and genitalia of the two species are illustrated. A molecular phylogenetic analysis is presented to ascertain the generic affiliation of the new species. Forty-four species of 38 genera in Tineidae are analyzed using maximum likelihood methods based on one mitochondrial (COI) and two nuclear gene fragments (CAD and wingless). DNA barcodes of the two species are provided, and the genetic distance of barcode divergence among four species of Pelecystola is calculated.
CAD, COI, morphology, molecular phylogeny, new record, taxonomy, wingless
The genus Pelecystola was erected by
The specimens examined were collected using 250-W high-pressure mercury lamps on white sheet. Samples for DNA extraction were collected during the last two years. DNA barcodes of four specimens of Pelecystola peculiaris sp. nov. and five specimens of P. strigosa (Moore, 1888) were sequenced to calculate the minimum genetic p-distance barcode divergence. Three gene fragments (COI: cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, CAD: carbamoyl phosphate synthetase domain protein, and wingless) of five species (Pelecystola peculiaris sp. nov., P. strigosa, Tinissa indica Robinson, 1976, Micrerethista denticulata Davis, 1998, and Opogona sp.) were sequenced. The specimen data of the sequenced species and GenBank accession numbers are listed in Suppl. material
The type specimens are deposited in the Insect Collection, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University (
Morphological terminology in the descriptions follows
DNA was extracted from dried and alcohol-preserved specimens with the head, genitalia, and wings mounted on slides as vouchers. Total genomic DNA of the specimens was extracted using Qiagen DNeasy Blood & Tissue Kit. DNA amplifications of selected genes were carried out using the primers as listed in Suppl. material
The sequences were assembled using DNAMAN v. 8 (Copyright 2018 Lynnon Biosoft) and deposited in GenBank and BOLD systems. Multiple sequence alignments were performed with BioEdit v. 7.2.5 (
The phylogenetic analysis recovered 46 sequences of COI, CAD, and wingless genes. After alignment and the deletion of ambiguous sites, COI had a size range of 657 bp, CAD of 849 bp, and wingless of 402 bp. The results are summarized in the maximum likelihood tree (Fig.
The genetic distance barcode divergence among four species (Pelecystola peculiaris sp. nov., P. strigosa, P. nearctica, and P. fraudulentella (Zeller, 1852) was based on the pairwise analysis of 17 sequences. Sequence divergences among individuals (Table
Percentage of divergence in the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequences of the Pelecystola species.
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 Pelecystola peculiaris sp. nov. | 0.00–1.51 | |||
2 P. strigosa | 11.62–14.00 | 0.50–5.58 | ||
3 P. nearctica | 14.57–15.39 | 12.59–13.98 | 0.00–1.00 | |
4 P. fraudulentella | 16.00–16.63 | 16.43–17.92 | 9.39–9.78 | – |
Pelecystola Meyrick, 1920: 103. Type species: Pelecystola decorata Meyrick, 1920, by original designation.
Zularcha Meyrick, 1937: 75. Type species: Zularcha melanochares Meyrick, 1937, by monotypy.
Neurozestis Meyrick, 1938: 25. Type species: Neurozestis polysticha Meyrick, 1938, by monotypy.
Holotype: China: • ♂; Sichuan Province, Mianyang, Pingwu, Wanglang (32°54'N, 104°09'E); alt. 2569 m; 23-vii-2017; leg. Mujie Qi and Xiaofei Yang; genitalia slide No. DNAYLL18052. Paratypes: China: • 3♂, 2♀; Henan Province, Neixiang County, Baotianman (33°12'N, 111°53'E); alt. 1200 m; 23–31-v-2006; genitalia slide Nos. NKYLL022, YLL09016 • 1♂; Henan Province, Song County, Mt Baiyun (34°08'N, 112°05'E); alt. 1580 m; 24-v-2002; leg. Xinpu Wang • 1♀; Shaanxi Province, Foping County, Yuebaxiang (38°19'N, 108°00'E); 22-vii-1985; leg. Houhun Li; genitalia slide No. XYL03193 • 1♀; Shaanxi Province, Langao County, Qiancenghe (32°07'N, 108°48'E); alt. 1338 m; 10-viii-2016; leg. Weixing Feng and Wentao Shi; genitalia slide No. DNAYLL18051 • 1♀; Fujian Province, Mt Wuyi, Guadun (27°44'N, 117°38'E); alt. 1100 m; 23-v-2004; leg. Haili Yu; genitalia slide No. YLL09014 • 1♀; Hunan Province, Sangzhi (29°44'N, 110°03'E), Tianpingshan; 11–13-v-2007; leg. Liusheng Chen • 1♀, Huixiangping, Mt Fanjing (27°55'N, 108°41'E), Guizhou Province; alt. 1700 m; 1-vi-2002; leg. Xinpu Wang, genitalia slide No. XYL03192 • 1 ♀; Huguosi, Mt Fanjing, Guizhou Province; alt. 1300 m; 1-viii-2001; leg. Houhun Li and Xinpu Wang, genitalia slide No. XYL02032 • 1♀; Guizhou Province, Mt Leigong (26°22'N, 108°11'E), Xiannvtang; alt. 1535 m; 25.VII.2019; leg. Mengran Xing et al.; genitalia slide No. DNAYLL18063 • 1♀; Guizhou Province, Mt Fanjing, Jinding; alt. 1300 m; 1-vii-2001; leg. Houhun Li and Xinpu Wang; genitalia slide No. XYL02031 • 1♀; Gansu Province, Tianshui, Dangchuan (34°37'N, 105°42'E), Huamiao; alt. 1331 m; 29-vii-2006; leg. Xinpu Wang and Xiangfeng Shi; • 1♀; Sichuan Province, Yaan (30°30'N, 102°54'E), Baoxing, Fengtongzhai; alt. 1565 m; 3-viii-2016; leg. Tao Fei, genitalia slide No. DNAYLL18064.
The new species is similar to Pelecystola strigosa in its venation, forewing pattern, and paired plume-like signa in the female genitalia, but the new species can be easily distinguished from the latter by genital morphology: the subovate valva has an elongated rod-like basal process on ventral margin in the male genitalia, and the simple eighth sternite is not folded ventrad in the female genitalia. In P. strigosa, the divided valva has a pedunculate pectinifer arising from base on costal margin in the male genitalia; and the eighth sternite is strongly folded and forming a tapered plate ventral to ostium in the female genitalia.
Adult (Figs
Adults 2, 3 Pelecystola peculiaris sp. nov. 2 adult, holotype, male 2a lateral view of head, paratype, male 3 adult, paratype, female 3a dorsal view of head, paratype, female 4, 5 P. strigosa 4 adult, male 4a dorsal view of head, male 4b lateral view of head, male 5 adult, female. Scale bars: 5.0 mm (adults); 1.0 mm (heads).
Male genitalia
(Fig.
Female genitalia
(Fig.
China (Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Henan, Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan).
The specific name is derived from the Latin peculiaris (= peculiar), referring to the special bipectinate antenna in both sexes that is peculiar in Tineidae.
Euplocamus strigosa Moore, 1888: 281.
Euplocamus hierophanta
Meyrick, 1916: 617;
Semioscopis maculella Matsumura, 1931: 1093.
Pelecystola strigosa:
China: • 1♂; Yunnan Province, Ruili (24°00'N, 97°50'E), Rare Botanical Garden; alt. 1000 m; 5-viii-2005; leg. Yingdang Ren; genitalia slide No. YLL11078 • 1♂; Yunnan Province, Xishuangbanna (22°10'N, 100°51'E), Yexianggu; alt. 762 m; 17-vii-2014; leg. Kaijian Teng et al.; genitalia slide No. DNAYLL18053 • 2♂; Yunnan Province, Baoshan City (25°24'N, 98°45'E), Gaoligongshan, Baihualing; alt. 1470 m; 30-vii-2013; leg. Linlin Yang; genitalia slide Nos. YLL18067, YLL18070 • 1♂; Yunnan Province, Baihualing, Hanlongzhai; alt. 1577 m; 5-viii-2015; leg. Kaili Liu and Jingxia Zhao; genitalia slide No. DNAYLL18068 • 1♂; Yunnan Province, Dehong, Ruili, Rare Botanical Garden; alt. 1166 m; 17-viii-2015; leg. Jingxia Zhao; genitalia slide No. DNAYLL18065 • 1♂; Yunnan Province, Wenshan (23°10'N, 104°48'E), Masupo, Xiajinchang; alt. 1470 m; 27-vii-2016; leg. Kaijian Teng; genitalia slide No. DNAYLL18066 • 1♂; Hainan Province, Mt Jianfeng (18°50'N, 108°43'E), Tianchi; alt. 810 m; 30-iii-2008, leg. Bingbing Hu and Haiyan Bai; genitalia slide No. YLL13099 • 1 ♀; Xizang Autonomous Region, Bomi (29°51'N, 95°46'E), Sangdeng; alt. 2695 m; 21-viii-2017; leg. Mujie Qi, Xiaofei Yang; genitalia slide No. DNAYLL18054.
Adults with wingspan 17.5–21.0 mm in male (Fig.
China (Hainan, Yunnan, Xizang), India, Japan, Malaysia (Sabah), Indonesia (Sulawesi).
Pelecystola strigosa was originally described in Euplocamus and later assigned to Pelecystola (
Our discovery of the new species dates back to 2010. During the preparation of specimens of the subfamily Euplocaminae, the first author found a species possessing bipectinate antennae in the females, which has never been observed in females of Euplocaminae. After examining its venation and genitalia structures, we supposed it belonged to the genus Pelecystola, as it shared the following characters with species of Pelecystola: deeply bilobed uncus and valva in the male genitalia and the paired plume-like signa in the female genitalia. However, the valva of the new species lacked the pedunculate pectinifer which was considered as a distinctive feature of Pelecystola. It was hoped that DNA barcoding might provide better resolution of the generic affiliation of the new species.
In the last few years, we were able to obtain some fresh specimens for DNA extraction and sequencing. As the genus Pelecystola is morphologically close to Euplocaminae and Scardiinae, in the initial study, we tried to reconstruct a molecular phylogenetic tree based on COI sequences partly obtained from our study and partly from published data of the two subfamilies from GenBank. The previous result showed the new species to form an independent clade, which made it a new genus. However, this conclusion was doubted by other experts, as the validity of the new genus was not sufficiently supported. Dr Marko Mutanen pointed out the weaknesses in the analysis and provided new evidence that the new species was nested within Pelecystola when the tree was built from COI combined with additional sequence data of Tineidae. Following his suggestions, we added more COI sequences of Tineidae for analysis, only to find that the systematic position of the new species was unstable. It is inadequate to fully resolve the generic affiliation of the new species based on only one gene marker and very limited species sampling.
We extended our gene selection to include the CAD and wingless genes in addition to COI, because the two nuclear markers could provide useful taxonomic information within Tineidae in previous studies (
We express our thanks to those who took part in the field work and Dr Haili Yu, Northwest University, Xi’an, China, for providing specimens. The first author expresses cordial thanks to Dr D.C. Lees, Natural History Museum, London, UK (NHM, UK) for helping to examine specimens of Pelecystola strigosa deposited in NHM, UK, and to Dr Qingyun Wang, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China, and Tengteng Liu, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China for their suggestions on phylogenetic analysis. We thank Dr Erik J. van Nieukerken, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, the Netherlands, Dr Hirowatari Toshiya, Kyushu University, Japan, and Dr Marko Mutanen, University of Oulu, Finland for their valuable comments and suggestions on the manuscript. This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31702034), National Key Basic Research Program of Science and Technology of China (No. 2015FY210300), Basic Scientific research project (No. 2021ZC45), and Science-Technology Foundation for Outstanding Young Scientists (No. 2018YQ18) of Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences.
Table S1. Specimen data and GenBank accessions
Data type: species data
Table S2. Species used in the phylogenetic analysis, with GenBank and BOLD references
Data type: molecular data
Table S3. List of forward (F) and reserve (R) primers with annealing temperature used in PCR amplification
Data type: molecular data
Table S4. PCR reaction system
Data type: molecular data
Table S5. PCR thermal cycling
Data type: molecular data