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Corresponding author: Kaarel Sammet ( kaarel.sammet@gmail.com ) Academic editor: Ivan H. Tuf
© 2021 Kaarel Sammet, Getriin Orgusaar, Mari Ivask, Olavi Kurina.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Sammet K, Orgusaar G, Ivask M, Kurina O (2021) An overview of Estonian woodlice (Isopoda, Oniscidea). ZooKeys 1067: 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1067.68105
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An overview of the Estonian terrestrial isopod fauna is given, based on literature data and material collected from 1984 to 2021. The identified material consisted of 10915 specimens belonging to 14 species and collected from 172 localities throughout Estonia. In combination with previous data from the literature data, there are now reliable records of 16 species of woodlice from Estonia. Two species, viz. Platyarthrus hoffmannseggii Brandt, 1833 and Hyloniscus riparius (C. Koch, 1838), are new for the fauna. The latter has probably colonised Estonia recently and range expansions have been reported elsewhere. The data on Philoscia muscorum (Scopoli, 1763) are dubious, and this species is currently excluded from the Estonian list.
Estonia, Oniscidea, range shifts, soil arthropods
The knowledge on Estonian terrestrial isopods is scattered in various publications, without a modern overview of the fauna. Some publications are in Estonian and may be thus inaccessible to the wider audience.
Data on this group were first given by J. B. Fischer, who mentioned the presence of Oniscus asellus Linnaeus in Livonia (
A lot of unidentified material from various research projects and fieldwork made over many years (1984–2020) has been stored in the entomological collection of Estonian University of Life Sciences (including the zoological collections of the former Institute of Zoology and Botany of the Estonian Academy of Sciences) and Tallinn University of Technology (TalTech) soil biology laboratory. Based on these materials and literature records, an account of the current knowledge is given below.
As complete as possible, a bibliography of historical records of terrestrial isopods in Estonia was compiled. New material was collected using: (1) pitfall traps, (2) Tullgren funnels, (3) sifting moss, leaf litter, and detritus with standard entomological sieves, (4) manual searching in suitable habitats, and (5) as bycatch of non-target species with window traps (attached to tree trunks;
Collecting localities of Estonian Oniscidea. The localities’ numbers correspond to those on Figure
No. | Latitude, Longitude | Name | Methods used |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 58.3132°N, 21.9089°E | a Eeriksaare 1, b Eeriksaare 2, c Kõruse 1, d Kõruse 2, e Tammese, f Neeme | manual collecting; pitfall trapping; Tullgren funnel |
2 | 58.3009°N, 21.9351°E | a Atla 1, b Atla 2, c Atla 3 | manual collecting; pitfall trapping |
3 | 57.9767°N, 21.9954°E | a Türju, b Sõrve south | manual collecting; pitfall trapping |
4 | 58.2731°N, 22.0114°E | a Leedri, b Kipi, c Viidu-Mäebe, d Audaku, e Sutru, f Nakimetsa, g Pitkasoo | sifting soil and litter; manual collecting; pitfall trapping, Tullgren funnel |
5 | 58.1213°N, 22.1966°E | Kaugatoma | manual collecting; pitfall trapping |
6 | 58.0000°N, 22.1667°E | Viieristi | manual collecting |
7 | 58.5167°N, 22.2167°E | a Mustjala, b Kugalepa, c Panga | manual collecting; Tullgren funnel |
8 | 58.3186°N, 22.3057°E | a Mõnnuste, b Paadla | manual collecting; pitfall trapping |
9 | 58.2425°N, 22.4249°E | Nasva | manual collecting; pitfall trapping |
10 | 58.2496°N, 22.4800°E | Kuressaare | manual collecting; pitfall trapping |
11 | 58.9445°N, 22.4361°E | a Paope b Reigi | manual collecting; pitfall trapping |
12 | 58.1225°N, 22.5013°E | Abruka | manual collecting; Tullgren funnel |
13 | 58.3005°N, 22.6337°E | Ilpla | manual collecting; pitfall trapping |
14 | 58.2433°N, 22.6741°E | a Vanamõisa 1, b Vanamõisa 2, c Vanamõisa 3 | manual collecting; pitfall trapping |
15 | 58.4563°N, 22.7076°E | a Tika, b Võrsna | manual collecting; pitfall trapping; Tullgren funnel |
16 | 58.7683°N, 22.8143°E | Kassari | manual collecting; pitfall trapping |
17 | 58.8639°N, 22.9836°E | a Aruküla 1, b Aruküla 2, c Saarnaki, d Heltermaa, e Sarve | manual collecting; pitfall trapping; Tullgren funnel |
18 | 58.7769°N, 23.0472°E | a Hanikatsi, b Langekare | manual collecting; pitfall trapping |
19 | 58.5842°N, 23.0236°E | Orinõmme | manual collecting; pitfall trapping |
20 | 58.4389°N, 23.0681°E | Asva 1 | manual collecting; pitfall trapping |
21 | 58.5557°N, 23.0879°E | Orissaare | manual collecting; pitfall trapping |
22 | 58.6132°N, 23.0850°E | Koguva | manual collecting; pitfall trapping |
23 | 58.7421°N, 23.1349°E | Ahelaid | Tullgren funnel |
24 | 58.6412°N, 23.1536°E | a Paenase, b Pallasmaa, c Nõmmküla, d Üügu | manual collecting; pitfall trapping; Tullgren funnel |
25 | 58.9917°N, 23.1928°E | Vormsi | manual collecting; pitfall trapping; Tullgren funnel |
26 | 58.4617°N, 23.2111°E | a Kahtla, b Kübassaare | manual collecting; pitfall trapping Tullgren funnel |
27 | 57.8006°N, 23.2283°E | a Ruhnu 1, b Ruhnu 2 | manual collecting; window pane trap |
28 | 58.5786°N, 23.2653°E | a Mäla 1, b Mäla 2, c Võiküla 3, d Võiküla 1 | manual collecting; pitfall trapping |
29 | 58.6501°N, 23.3133°E | a Lõetsa 1, b Lõetsa 2 | manual collecting; pitfall trapping |
30 | 58.6413°N, 23.5133°E | Hanila | manual collecting; pitfall trapping |
31 | 58.5880°N, 23.5286°E | a Virtsu, b Puhtu, c Laelatu, d Pivarootsi | manual collecting; pitfall trapping; Tullgren funnel |
32 | 59.0084°N, 23.6934°E | Linnamäe | manual collecting; pitfall trapping |
33 | 58.5337°N, 23.8299°E | Paadermaa | manual collecting; pitfall trapping |
34 | 58.8312°N, 23.8785°E | a Keskvere, b Patsu | manual collecting; pitfall trapping; Tullgren funnel |
35 | 58.3818°N, 23.9810°E | a Ermistu, b Tõhela | manual collecting; pitfall trapping; Tullgren funnel |
36 | 58.9020°N, 24.0287°E | a Marimetsa, b Kullamaa 1, c Kullamaa 2 | manual collecting; Tullgren funnel |
37 | 58.9947°N, 24.0559°E | Risti | manual collecting; Tullgren funnel |
38 | 58.6455°N, 24.1253°E | Kurese | manual collecting; Tullgren funnel |
39 | 58.7760°N, 24.2496°E | Vigala | manual collecting; Tullgren funnel |
40 | 58.8960°N, 24.3758°E | Sõtke | manual collecting; pitfall trapping; Tullgren funnel |
41 | 58.3864°N, 24.3695°E | a Valgeranna, b Pärnu | manual collecting; Tullgren funnel |
42 | 58.0195°N, 24.4532°E | Kabli | manual collecting; Tullgren funnel |
43 | 58.0807°N, 24.4889°E | a Häädemeeste, b Palitsa | manual collecting; Tullgren funnel |
44 | 58.2429°N, 24.4965°E | Tahkuranna | manual collecting; Tullgren funnel |
45 | 59.3339°N, 23.9703°E | Väike-Pakri | manual collecting; Tullgren funnel |
46 | 59.5933°N, 24.5025°E | Naissaar | manual collecting; Tullgren funnel |
47 | 59.4425°N, 24.5228°E | a Rannamõisa MKA b Muraste c Tõmmiku | manual collecting; pitfall trapping; Tullgren funnel |
48 | 59.3411°N, 24.6386°E | a Tänassilma cave, b Vana-Mustamäe | manual collecting; pitfall trapping; Tullgren funnel |
49 | 59.2661°N, 24.6483°E | Kasemetsa | manual collecting; Tullgren funnel |
50 | 59.4293°N, 24.7777°E | central Tallinn | manual collecting; Tullgren funnel |
51 | 59.5297°N, 24.8578°E | Lubja | manual collecting; Tullgren funnel |
52 | 59.2378°N, 24.9311°E | Sõmeru | manual collecting; Tullgren funnel |
53 | 59.4631°N, 24.9378°E | a Maardu, b Muuga, c Ülgase cave | manual collecting; pitfall trapping; Tullgren funnel |
54 | 58.9703°N, 24.7294°E | a Kuusiku, b Raela, c Raikküla | manual collecting; pitfall trapping; Tullgren funnel |
55 | 58.3333°N, 25.3000°E | Kõpu | manual collecting; Tullgren funnel |
56 | 58.1562°N, 25.3390°E | Koodioru | manual collecting |
57 | 58.1557°N, 25.4360°E | a Halliste, b Viivre | manual collecting; pitfall trapping; Tullgren funnel |
58 | 59.0835°N, 25.4053°E | Mustla | manual collecting; Tullgren funnel |
59 | 58.8893°N, 25.5725°E | Paide | manual collecting; Tullgren funnel |
60 | 58.6304°N, 25.6196°E | a Koksvere, b Kirivere, c Kõo | manual collecting; Tullgren funnel |
61 | 58.3738°N, 25.6127°E | Viljandi | manual collecting; Tullgren funnel |
62 | 59.2553°N, 25.6669°E | Aegviidu | manual collecting; Tullgren funnel |
63 | 59.6049°N, 25.9230°E | a Käsmu, b Natturi | manual collecting; pitfall trapping; Tullgren funnel |
64 | 58.6548°N, 25.9685°E | Põltsamaa | manual collecting; Tullgren funnel |
65 | 58.5332°N, 25.9468°E | a Kolga-Jaani, b Lalsi | manual collecting; Tullgren funnel |
66 | 58.9996°N, 26.1168°E | Liigvalla | manual collecting; Tullgren funnel |
67 | 59.0970°N, 26.1826°E | Vao | manual collecting; Tullgren funnel |
68 | 59.2742°N, 26.1955°E | a Lasila, b Karunga, c Levala | manual collecting; pitfall trapping; Tullgren funnel |
69 | 59.0233°N, 26.2444°E | Kamariku | manual collecting; pitfall trapping; Tullgren funnel |
70 | 58.8669°N, 26.2625°E | a Tooma, b Kärde | manual collecting; pitfall trapping; Tullgren funnel |
71 | 58.5948°N, 26.3631°E | a Kursi, b Tõrve, c Altnurga | manual collecting; Tullgren funnel |
72 | 58.1072°N, 26.2767°E | Atra | manual collecting; pitfall trapping; Tullgren funnel |
73 | 58.2066°N, 26.3825°E | a Käärdi, b Peedu | manual collecting; pitfall trapping; Tullgren funnel |
74 | 57.5962°N, 26.2855°E | Olina | manual collecting; Tullgren funnel |
75 | 57.7193°N, 26.5000°E | Mähkli | manual collecting; Tullgren funnel |
76 | 57.8611°N, 26.5241°E | Vana-Antsla | manual collecting; Tullgren funnel |
77 | 57.9510°N, 26.4368°E | Ilmjärve | manual collecting; Tullgren funnel |
78 | 58.0062°N, 26.6073°E | Kaagvere | manual collecting; Tullgren funnel |
79 | 57.5727°N, 26.6413°E | Mõisamõtsa | manual collecting; Tullgren funnel; window pane trap |
80 | 58.5604°N, 26.6285°E | Valgma | manual collecting; Tullgren funnel |
81 | 58.4103°N, 26.6394°E | a Tiksoja, b Tähtvere bog, c Õssu, d Maramaa, e TartuTähtvere, f Tartu central, g Tartu Aardla, h Raadi, I Aruküla cave | manual collecting; pitfall trapping; Tullgren funnel |
82 | 58.2302°N, 26.7011°E | Kambja | manual collecting; Tullgren funnel |
83 | 58.5950°N, 26.7719°E | a Tüükri, b Kalvi, c Oru, d Aseri | manual collecting; pitfall trapping; Tullgren funnel |
84 | 59.3019°N, 26.8818°E | a Ilmaste, b Nüri, c Aidu | manual collecting; pitfall trapping; Tullgren funnel |
85 | 59.2289°N, 27.3247°E | Mäetaguse NR | window pane trap |
86 | 59.4448°N, 27.3348°E | Valaste | manual collecting; Tullgren funnel |
87 | 58.7841°N, 26.9330°E | a Nõmme b Ruskavere | manual collecting; pitfall trapping; Tullgren funnel |
88 | 58.7279°N, 26.8260°E | Odivere | manual collecting; pitfall trapping; Tullgren funnel |
89 | 58.5170°N, 26.9224°E | a Välgi b Pataste | manual collecting; pitfall trapping; Tullgren funnel |
90 | 58.6033°N, 27.1304°E | Alatskivi | manual collecting; Tullgren funnel |
91 | 58.4968°N, 27.2376°E | Varnja | manual collecting; Tullgren funnel |
92 | 58.2750°N, 27.3250°E | Järvselja | manual collecting; sifting soil and litter; Tullgren funnel |
93 | 58.1148°N, 27.0474°E | Saessaare | manual collecting; Tullgren funnel |
94 | 58.0965°N, 27.4744°E | Ristipalo | manual collecting; Tullgren funnel |
95 | 57.7447°N, 27.3335°E | a Möldri b Parmu | manual collecting; Tullgren funnel |
96 | 57.8433°N, 27.4655°E | Piusa | manual collecting; Tullgren funnel |
97 | 59.3573°N, 28.1970°E | Narva | manual collecting; Tullgren funnel |
Altogether 14142 specimens were collected. Of these, 10915 were identified to the species level. The following list contains all the known published records of Estonian woodlice, followed by numbers of studied specimens and collecting localities. Full details for each record from each locality are given in Suppl. material
Ligidium hypnorum Cuvier, 1792
Figs
Published sources.
Studied material. 117 specimens from 13 localities (loc. 30a, 47b, 47c, 54c, 57b, 83c, 87a, 87b, 88a, 89a, 92a, 95a, 95b).
Comments. A locally abundant species, with no records from Estonian islands. It has been described as widespread in Estonia also in the past (
Trichoniscus pusillus Brandt, 1833
Figs
Published sources.
Studied material. 117 specimens from 24 localities (loc. 1e, 4d, 17a, 23b, 25a, 34a, 35a, 39a, 40c, 47a, 50a, 51a, 57a, 58c, 68a, 74a, 78a, 78b, 78e, 80a, 80d, 83a, 89b, 92a).
Comments. Once reported as the most common species of Trichoniscidae (e.g.
* Hyloniscus riparius (C. Koch, 1838)
Figs
Studied material. 202 specimens from 22 localities (loc. 12a, 23b, 35b, 39a, 39a, 49a, 50a, 52b, 53a, 55b, 57a, 58b, 59a, 60b, 61a, 69c, 70b, 78a, 78e, 78g, 83a, 85a).
Comments. The species is widespread and common, but has only recent records and is probably extending its range in the Europe. It has been often found in human settlements, but also seashore habitats and different types of forests, except the very dry ones. Present also in Latvia (
Haplophthalmus mengii (Zaddach, 1844)
Fig.
Published source.
Comments. Reported as rare, with only one finding locality in northern Estonia (
* Platyarthrus hoffmannseggii Brandt, 1833
Figs
Studied material. 3 specimens from 1 locality (loc. 80g).
Comments. A myrmecophilous species, found from a nest of Lasius niger (Linnaeus, 1758). There are no records from the northern Baltic region so far, but it has recently been found in Lithuania (
Trachelipus rathkii (Brandt, 1833)
Figs
Published sources.
Studied material. 3180 specimens from 114 localities (loc. 1a, 1c, 1e, 1f, 3a, 3b, 4c, 6a, 7a, 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b, 11a, 12a, 13a, 14b, 15a, 15b, 16a, 17a, 17b, 17c, 17d, 18a, 18b, 18c, 19a, 20a, 21a, 22a, 23a, 23b, 23c, 25a, 27a, 28a, 28b, 29a, 30a, 30c, 30d, 33a, 33b, 34a, 34b, 35b, 35b, 35c, 35c, 37a, 38a, 39a, 40a, 40b, 41a, 41b, 42a, 46b, 51a, 51b, 52a, 52b, 53a, 55a, 56a, 57a, 58a, 58b, 59a, 60b, 61a, 62a, 63b, 64a, 65a, 66a, 66b, 66c, 66c, 67a, 68b, 69a, 69b, 70a, 71a, 72a, 73a, 76a, 77a, 78a, 78d, 78e, 78f, 78f, 79a, 80a, 80b, 80c, 80d, 81a, 81b, 81c, 82a, 83a, 84a, 85a, 86a, 87a, 90a, 91a, 91b).
Comments. One of the most common species in Estonia, in all kinds of habitats (both anthropogenic and natural, except bogs). It has also been described as widespread and common in Estonia in the past (
Porcellio scaber Latreille, 1804
Figs
Published sources.
Studied material. 217 specimens from 13 localities (loc. 3b, 24a, 26a, 26b, 30b, 35c, 46b, 48a, 63a, 78c, 78e, 78f, 84a).
Comments. The species was described as purely synanthropic in continental Estonia and free-living in western Estonian islands (
Porcellio spinicornis Say, 1818
Figs
Published sources.
Studied material. 68 specimens from 19 localities (loc. 4b, 6b, 20b, 32a, 35b, 39a, 40b, 46a, 51c, 52b, 60a, 61a, 78f, 78h, 78i, 84a, 89a, 93a, 97).
Comments. A common and widespread species, often found on stone walls in human settlements, but also in mesic deciduous forests. Present also in Leningrad region (European Russia,
Porcellionides pruinosus (Brandt, 1833)
Published source.
Comments. No recent records. This species has been described as purely synanthropic in Estonia (
Cylisticus convexus (De Geer, 1778)
Figs
Published sources.
Studied material. 825 specimens from 5 localities (loc. 46b, 66a, 78e, 78f, 78g).
Comments. This species is widespread and locally quite abundant, both in human settlements and in forests, under stones or in rotten logs. It has been described as widespread and mainly synanthropic in Estonia by W. Herold, with free-living populations in northern and western Estonian islands (
Oniscus asellus Linnaeus, 1758
Figs
Published sources.
Studied material. 433 specimens from 5 localities (loc. 4b, 6, 36b, 47b, 48b).
Comments. The species seems to be free-living on the island of Saaremaa, but synanthropic and sometimes quite abundant elsewhere.
Armadillidium opacum (Koch, 1841)
Figs
Published sources.
Studied material. 5294 specimens from 44 localities (loc. 1a, 1b, 1c, 1d, 1e, 1f, 2a, 2b, 2c, 4b, 5a, 6a, 8a, 8c, 9a, 9b, 11a, 13a, 14a, 14b, 14c, 14c, 15b, 16a, 17a, 17b, 17c, 17d, 18b, 19a, 20a, 21a, 23a, 23c, 25a, 25b, 27a, 28a, 28b, 29a, 30a, 30d, 31a, 35a, 37a).
Comments. Very common in western Estonia and islands (in forests, grasslands, and coastal habitats) but rare elsewhere. Present also in Latvia (
Armadillidium pictum Brandt, 1833
Fig.
Published sources.
Studied material. 5 specimens from 3 localities (loc. 28a, 44a, 45a).
Comments. A rare species found only in northern Estonia and Muhu island in coastal habitats (broad-leaved forest under limestone escarpment, pine forest near seashore, alvar grassland). Present also in Latvia (
Distribution of Estonian Oniscidea. Red denotes studied specimens (1984–2020), blue = literature data 1970–1993, yellow = literature data 1927–1930 A Ligidium hypnorum B Trichoniscus pusillus C Hyloniscus riparius D Haplophthalmus mengii E Platyarthrus hoffmannseggii F Trachelipus rathkii G Porcellio scaber H Porcellio spinicornis I Cylisticus convexus J Oniscus asellus K Armadillidium opacum L Armadillidium pictum M Armadillidium pulchellum N Armadillidium zenckeri O Armadillidium vulgare. Porcellionides pruinosus has been omitted since the published source mentions no specific localities.
Armadillidium pulchellum (Zenker, 1798)
Figs
Published sources.
Studied material. 1 specimen from 1 locality (loc. 4d).
Comments. A rare species found only on Saaremaa island in western Estonia (in a spring fen). Present also in Latvia (
Armadillidium vulgare (Linnaeus, 1758)
Fig.
Published source.
Studied material. 1 specimen from 1 locality (loc. 81a).
Comments. A rare synanthropic species with only one finding from Estonia (from suburban area in Tartu). Present also in Latvia (
Armadillidium zenckeri Brandt, 1833
Figs
Published sources.
Studied material. 452 specimens from 44 localities (loc. 1a, 1b, 1d, 1e, 1f, 2a, 2b, 2c, 3a, 4a, 4c, 4e, 5a, 7a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 11a, 13a, 14a, 14b, 15b, 16a, 17a, 17b, 17c, 17d, 19a, 20a, 21a, 23a, 23b, 23c, 25a, 28a, 28b, 29a, 30a, 30d, 36a, 37a, 37a, 37a, 43a).
Comments. Common in western Estonia and islands, but rare elsewhere. Present in dry to mesic forests and different grasslands. Present also in Latvia (
There are reliable records of 16 species of terrestrial isopods from Estonia. One species has been dubiously claimed to occur in Estonia, and it is presently not included in the checklist. We failed to find any records or specimens to support the occurrence of Philoscia muscorum (Scopoli, 1763) in Estonia, although marked as “present” in Fauna Europaea database (
We would like to thank Mart Meriste, Ilmar Süda, Tõnu Talvi, Allan Selin, Urmas Jürivete, Tõnu Kesküla, Märt Kruus, Heli Kirik, Erki Õunap, Miina Oras, Elisabeth Prangel, Ene Kook and Hannes Järve who collected material for the present study. We are also grateful to Konstantin Gongalsky and Ferenc Vilisics for the helpful comments to the initial draft of the manuscript. This work was partially financed by Estonian Environmental Board grant “Large-scale restoration of calcareous grasslands, implications for biodiversity” (3-2_7/8555-5/2018) and funding programme RITA “Enhancing farmland biodiversity” (2014-2020.4.02.16-0025).
Supplementary data
Data type: occurences
Explanation note: Finding details of studied Estonian Oniscidea specimens from each locality (repeated findings from exactly the same locality are omitted).