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Corresponding author: Vladimir S. Kononenko ( vsk528217@gmail.com ) Academic editor: Alberto Zilli
© 2021 Hui Lin Han, Vladimir S. Kononenko.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Han HL, Kononenko VS (2021) Three new species of the genus Araeopteron Hampson, 1893 (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Boletobiinae) from the Xizang Autonomous Region, China with an updated list of the world species. ZooKeys 1060: 17-32. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1060.67674
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Three new species of the genus Araeopteron Hampson, 1893: A. dawai sp. nov., A. medogensis sp. nov. and A. tibeta sp. nov. are described from Motuo (= Medog) County of the Xizang Autonomous Region (= Tibet), China. The imagines as well as the male genitalia are illustrated. A checklist of the 45 species of the genus Araeopteron in the world fauna is presented, including recently and presently described species.
Araeopteronini, checklist, moths, new species, Noctuoidea systematics, Tibet
The genus Araeopteron Hampson, 1893 (type species A. pictale Hampson, 1893) belongs to the tribe Araeopteronini, subfamily Boletobiinae, Erebidae. The early authors considered Araeopteron in the Eustrotiinae = Erastriinae (Erastrianae sensu
Araeopteronini Fibiger, 2005 originally has been designated and used as a subfamily Araeopteroninae of the family Noctuidae (
The group’s distribution is mainly pantropical, but a few species extend into the temperate zone: six species are recorded in Japan, the Russian Far East, and the Korean Peninsula (
The world fauna list of 36 species of Araeopteron was published by
In China, the genus represented by eight species: Araeopteron amoena Inoue, 1958, A. fragmenta Inoue, 1965, A. nebulosa Inoue, 1965, A. canescens (Walker, [1866]), A. fasciale (Hampson, 1896), A. dawai sp. nov., A. medogensis sp. nov., A. tibeta sp. nov. distributed from the cool temperate zone to the subtropics.
As a result of intensive collecting and study of the Noctuoidea in remote regions of the Xizang Autonomous Region (= Tibet) in China, three new Araeopteron species were found. This article describes and illustrates them in detail.
The material was collected by UV light in remote parts of the Xizang Autonomous Region, Tibet, China. Standard methods for dissection and preparation of the genitalia slides have been used as described by
The materials of the present article, including holotypes, are deposited in the collection of Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China (NEFU).
Araeopteroninae
Fibiger, 2005, Esperiana 11: 25 (in
Araeopteronini:
The tribe comprises rather uniform and small or very small moths with quadrifine hindwing venation. The most conspicuous autapomorphic character states defining the Araeopteronini are: in external appearance, their small size, and the shape of the wings with a long, narrow, pointed forewing and short, rounded, triangular hindwing; in the male genitalia, the shape of the tegumen, hugely developed paratergal sclerites, the structure of the valve and the articulation of uncus; and in the female genitalia the patch between the ovipositor lobes on the ventral side and the shape of the signum in the corpus bursae (e.g.,
Araeopteronini is a poorly studied and neglected group of Erebidae moths. At present, the tribe Araeopterinini includes the Old World genus Araeopteron with many undescribed species and some other tropical genera belonging to the Boletobiinae (Hyriodes Hampson, 1910, Pseudcraspedia Hampson, 1889, and Niaccaba Walker, 1895) (
Araeopteron Hampson, 1893, Illustrations of Typical Specimens of LepidopteraHeterocera in the Collection of the British Museum 9: 33, 136. Type species: Araeopteron pictale Hampson, 1893 [Sri Lanka].
Araeopterum Hampson, 1896, emendation; Thelxinoa Turner, 1902; Essonistis Meyrick, 1902; Araeopterella Fibiger & Hacker, 2001; Araeoptera Hampson, 1910, emendation.
Small and very small species, wingspan 9–18 mm. Forewing narrow, with oblique outer margin and long fringes; hindwing shorter than forewing, with shallow concavity under apex; wing colour grey or brown-grey, in some species with orange or pale reddish patches, reniform stigma black; frons scaled. In the male genitalia, tegumen short, broad, paratergal sclerites uniting the tegumen and vinculum hugely developed; vinculum short and broad; uncus with long coecum; costa and cucullus membranous; sacculus sclerotised, narrow; apex of sacculus spatulate or club-shaped; uncus thin, rather short, curved. In the female genitalia, a small raised membranous or slightly sclerotised patch or low cone covered with long hair-like setae lies between posterior ends of anal papillae; signum cone-like or hat-like with a rounded top, fringed basally with spines; sometimes signum as relatively large flat plate. Larva and food specialisation are unknown.
The genus includes 45 described species and many undescribed species distributed mainly in tropical and subtropical regions; a few species extend into the temperate zone.
In China five described species of the genus Araeopteron are known (
Holotype male, China, Xizang Autonomous Region, Motuo (= Medog) County, 16–17.iv.2018, H.L. Han, genit. prep. no. hhl-4010-1 (NEFU). Paratypes. 2 ♂♂, same data as holotype, genit. prep. no. hhl-4009-1 (NEFU).
The new species (Figs
Male genitalia : clasper with medially sclerotised harpe and small thorn-like apical extension (in A. rufescens the clasper with small smooth teeth apically); the costa rounded and swollen in the terminal part of the valva (in A. rufescens it is swollen and triangular in apical third of valva); the uncus as long as the tegumen (in A. rufescens the uncus is ca 1/2 tegumen length); aedeagus slightly curved (in A. rufescens it is straight); vesica with a toothed band (in A. rufescens it bears more than 20 small thin spines).
Adult (Fig.
Male genitalia of Araeopteron spp. 7 A. dawai sp. nov. holotype, gen. prep. no. hhl-4010-1 8 A. rufescens, Malaysia, Borneo, gen. prep. no. hhl-4587-1 9 A. medogensis sp. nov. holotype, gen. prep. no. hhl-4022-1 10 A. ussurica (Russia, Primorye, after
Male genitalia
(Fig.
Female genitalia . Female unknown.
(Fig.
The species name is dedicated to Mr Wa Da, Chinese entomologist, a famous insect researcher of the fauna in the Xizang Autonomous Region, China.
(Figs
Holotype male, China, Xizang Autonomous Region, Motuo (= Medog) County, 16–17.iv.2018, H.L. Han, genit. prep. no. hhl-4022-1 (NEFU). Paratypes. 6 ♂♂, same data as holotype, genit. prep. nos. hhl-4021-1, hhl-4023-1, hhl-4024-1, hhl-4025-1 (NEFU).
The new species, superficially and by the structure of the male genitalia, is similar to A. ussurica Fibiger & Kononenko, 2008 (Figs
Adult (Fig.
Male genitalia
(Fig.
Female genitalia . Female unknown.
(Fig.
The species name refers to the Tibetan name of the type locality Medog in Tibet, China.
(Figs
Holotype : male, China, Xizang Autonomous Region, Motuo (= Medog) County, 16–17.iv.2018, H.L. Han, genit. prep. no. hhl-4026-1 (NEFU). Paratype: 1 male with same data (NEFU).
The new species is similar to A. amoena (Figs
Adult (Fig.
Male genitalia
(Fig.
Female genitalia . Female unknown.
(Fig.
The species name refers to Tibet.
(Figs
Araeopteron acidalica (Hampson, 1910), “Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae in the British Museum” 10: 22, fig. 9 (Araeoptera). Type locality: Jamaica, Moneagaue.
Araeopteron adeni Fibiger & Hacker, 2001, “Esperiana” 8: 578, Pl. 28: 8. Type locality: Yemen, Prov. Abyan, 50 km NE Aden, 7 km NNW Zinjibar, 50 m.
Araeopteron alboniger Fibiger & Hacker, 2001, “Esperiana” 8: 581, Pl. 28: 14, 15. Type locality: Yemen, Prov. Ibb, Lower Wadi Duur, village Azuhirya, 1300 m.
Araeopteron amoena Inoue, 1958, “Tinea” 4: 230, fig. 2. Type locality: Japan, Kangawa Pref., Chigasaki.
Araeopteron aulombardi Fibiger & Hacker, 2001, “Esperiana” 8: 580, Pl. 28: 12, 13. Type locality: Yemen, Prov. Ibb, Wadi Merhab, village Lajajil, 1600 m.
Araeopteron betie (Dyar, 1914), “Procceedings of the United States National Museum” 47: 184 (Araeoptera). Type locality: Panama, Trinidad.
Araeopteron canescens (Walker, 1866), “Illustrations of Typical Specimens of Lepidoptera Heterocera in the Collection of the British Museum” 34: 1318 (?Isopteryx). Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Moreton Bay.
= favillalis (Walker, [1866]), “Illustrations of Typical specimens of Lepidoptera Heterocera in the Collection of the British Museum” 34: 1319 (?Isopteryx). Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Moreton Bay.
Araeopteron dawai Han & Kononenko, sp. nov., “ZooKeys” (present publication). Type locality: China, Xizang Autonomous Region, Motuo County.
Araeopteron diehli Fibiger, 2002, “Heterocera Sumatrana” 12.3: 129. Type locality: Sumatra, S Medan, Dolok Merengir (Simarsopa) 170 m.
Araeopteron ecphaea (Hampson, 1914), “Annals and Magazine of Natural History” (8)13: 167 (Araeoptera). Type locality: Nigeria, Faro.
Araeopteron elam (Schaus, 1911), “Annals and Magazine of Natural History” (8)8: 108 (Acidaliodes). Type locality: Costa Rica, Juan Vinas.
Araeopteron epiphracta (Turner, 1902), “Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of New South Wales” 27: 132 (Thelxinoa). Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Brisbane.
Araeopteron fasciale (Hampson, 1896), “The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Moths” 4: 543 (Araeopterum). Type locality: Sri Lanka.
Araeopteron flaccida Inoue, 1958, “Tinea” 4: 229, Pl. 32: 1. Type locality: Japan, Kanagawa Pref., Chigasaki.
Araeopteron fragmenta Inoue, 1965, “Tinea” 7: 81, Pl. 15: 5A, 5B. Type locality: Japan, Kanagawa Pref., Fujisawa.
Araeopteron goniophora Hampson, 1907, “Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society” 17: 670. Type locality: Sri Lanka, Nawalpitiya.
Araeopteron griseata Hampson, 1907, “Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society” 17: 670. Type locality: Sri Lanka.
Araeopteron imbecilla (Turner, 1933), “Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of South Australia” 57: 161 (Araeoptera). Type locality: Australia, North Queensland, Babinda.
Araeopteron koreana Fibiger & Kononenko 2008, "Zootaxa" 1891: 50, Figs 11, 18. Type locality: South Korea, Pyounchang GW, Moonsen-ri.
Araeopteron kurokoi Inoue, 1958, “Tinea” 4: 230. Type locality: Japan, Fukoka Pref., Hikosan Mt.
Araeopteron legraini Bippus, 2018; “Phelsuma” 26: 23; Type locality: Réunion, La Possession, 400 m.
Araeopteron leucoplaga (Hampson, 1910), “Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae in the British Museum” 10: 29, Pl. 149: 19 (Araeoptera). Type locality: Borneo, Pulo Laut.
Araeopteron makikoae Fibiger & Kononenko 2008, "Zootaxa" 1891: 49, Figs 7, 8, 16, 24, 29. Type locality: Russia, Primorye terr., Gornotaezhnoe.
Araeopteron medogensis Han & Kononenko, sp. nov., “ZooKeys” (present publication). Type locality: China, Xizang Autonomous Region, Motuo County.
Araeopteron micraeola (Meyrick, 1902, April), “Transactions of the Entomological Society of London” 35: 36 (Essonistis). Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Brisbane.
= calliscia Turner, 1902 (Thelxinoa), “Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of New South Wales”. Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Brisbane.
Araeopteron microclyta (Turner, 1920), “Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of South Australia” 44: 161 (Araeoptera). Type locality: Australia, North Queensland, Kuranda.
Araeopteron minimale Freyer, 1912, “Transactions of the Linnaean Society of London (Zool.)” 15(1): 11. Type locality: Seychelles, Mahe.
Araeopteron nebulosa Inoue, 1965, “Tinea” 7: 82, pl, 15: 4A, 4B. Type locality: Japan, Shizouka Pref., Odaru Spa.
Araeopteron nivalis Hampson, 1907, “Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society” 17: 671. Type locality: Sri Lanka, Paradeniya.
Araeopteron obliquifascia (Joanis, 1910), “Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France” 1910: 201 (Araeoptera). Type locality: Mauritius, Curepipa.
Araeopteron papaziani Guillermet, 2009; “L’Entomologiste” 65 (3): 121; Type locality: Réunion, Les Avirons 250 m.
Araeopteron pictale Hampson, 1893, “Illustrations of Typical Specimens of Lepidoptera Heterocera in the Collection of the British Museum” 9: 33, 137, Pl. 168: 19. Type locality: Sri Lanka, Pundaloya.
Araeopteron pleurotypa (Turner, 1902), “Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of New South Wales” 27: 133 (Thelxinoa). Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Cairns, Townsville.
Araeopteron poliobapta (Turner, 1925), “Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of South Australia” 44: 39 (Araeoptera). Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Montville.
Araeopteron poliophaea (Hampson, 1910), “Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae in the British Museum” 10: 29, Pl. 149: 20 (Araeoptera). Type locality: Sri Lanka, Maskeliya.
Araeopteron proleuca Hampson, 1907, “Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society” 17: 671. Type locality: India, Sri Lanka.
Araeopteron rufescens (Hampson, 1910), “Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae in the British Museum” 10: 27, Pl. 149: 17 (Araeoptera). Type locality: Sri Lanka, Kegalle.
Araeopteron schreieri Fibiger & Hacker, 2001, “Esperiana” 8: 579, Pl. 28: 10, 11. Type locality: Yemen, 36, Prov. Al Hudaydah, Jabal Burra, 25 km SE Bajil, 600 m.
Araeopteron sterrhaoides (Fibiger & Hacker, 2001), “Esperiana” 8: 582: Pl. 28: 16, 17 (Araeopterella). Type locality: Yemen, Prov. Sanaa, Jabal Raymah, 25 km E Al Mansuriyah, Wadi Bullbull, 2 km SE Khansa, 700 m.
Araeopteron tibeta Han & Kononenko, sp. nov., “ZooKeys” (present publication). Type locality: China, Xizang Autonomous Region, Motuo County.
Araeopteron vilhelmina (Dyar, 1916), “Proceedings of the United States National Museum” 51: 18 (Araeoptera). Type locality: Mexico, Tabasco, Teapa.
Araeopteron xanthopis Hampson, 1907, “Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society” 17: 672. Type locality: Sri Lanka, Haldamulla.
Araeopteron yemeni Fibiger & Hacker, 2001, “Esperiana” 8: 577, Pl. 8: 4. Type locality: Yemen, Prov. Sanaa, Jabal Raymah, 25 km E Al Mansuriyah, Wadi Bullbull, 2 km SE Khansa, 700 m.
The present study was supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China, No. 31872261, 31572294 and 31272355, and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. 2572019CP11). We are grateful to Mr Wa Da and Mr Yongqiang Xu for their help and support during field work in the Motuo region during 2018.