Research Article
Print
Research Article
A new interstitial ostracod species of the genus Paracobanocythere from Vietnam, with mitochondrial CO1 sequence data of three Asian species
expand article infoHayato Tanaka‡, Le Dung‡, Ryouichi Higashi§, Akira Tsukagoshi|
‡ Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan
§ Fujieda Higashi Highs School, Shizuoka, Japan
| Shizuoka University, Shizuoka City, Japan

Corresponding author: Hayato Tanaka ( cladocopina@gmail.com )

Academic editor: Rosalie F. Maddocks
© 2016 Hayato Tanaka, Le Dung, Ryouichi Higashi, Akira Tsukagoshi.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Tanaka H, Dung LD, Higashi R, Tsukagoshi A (2016) A new interstitial ostracod species of the genus Paracobanocythere from Vietnam, with mitochondrial CO1 sequence data of three Asian species. ZooKeys 559: 17-33. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.559.6751
ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:AD4F004E-31C6-4D28-BE28-13F1961E1B33
Open Access

Abstract

This study is a first report of an interstitial ostracod from Southeast Asia. The ostracod species, Paracobanocythere vietnamensis sp. n., was found in the marine interstitial environment of Phu Quoc Island, Vietnam. Thus far, three species of this genus have been described. The morphology of the carapace as well as the appendages of this new species are quite similar to P. hawaiiensis and P. watanabei. However, we found that they could be easily distinguished according to the morphology of the male copulatory organ. Additionally, we estimated the evolutionary distances among these three species based on nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the mitochondrial CO1 gene. Similar morphologies of carapaces and appendages, and relatively small evolutionary distances according to CO1 between P. vietnamensis sp. n. and P. watanabei suggest that these two species are very closely related.

Keywords

DNA barcode, interstitial animals, meiofauna, Southeast Asia

Introduction

Ostracods are small bivalve crustaceans that inhabit various aquatic environments. They are one of the major constituents of the meiobenthos, especially interstitial animals inhabiting the pore space in sediment (Giere 2009). Interstitial ostracods are found in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans (Rao 1972, Danielopol and Hartmann 1986). Although a number of taxonomic studies have been performed on extant and fossilized marine ostracods from the marginal sea located in Southeast Asia (e.g. Brady 1880, Müller 1906, Kornicker 1970, Keij 1974, 1975, Hanai et al. 1980, Tanaka et al. 2009), interstitial species have, thus far, not been reported.

This study is the first description of an interstitial ostracod species from Southeast Asia. The new species belongs to the genus Paracobanocythere, which shows typical features of interstitial taxa, including a small and dorso-ventrally depressed carapace inhabiting the interstices between grains of coarse sand (Gottwald 1983, Hartmann 1991, Higashi and Tsukagoshi 2011). Thus far, three species of this genus have been described; these include Paracobanocythere hawaiiensis Gottwald, 1983 (type species), from the island of O’ahu in Hawaii, as well as P. grandis Higashi & Tsukagoshi, 2011 and P. watanabei Higashi & Tsukagoshi, 2011, from the sand beach in Shizuoka Prefecture, on the Pacific coast of central Japan. Here, we describe a new species from Vietnam and supply DNA sequence data of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1(CO1) gene from the three described Asian species.

Materials and methods

Very coarse sand was collected from the Dăm Ngoài Island, in the Phu Quoc Marine Protected Area of Phu Quoc Island, from southwest Vietnam, 9°59'42"N, 104°02'17"E (Fig. 1) approximately 10 cm below the shoreline sand surface at low tide. The samples were washed five times in a bucket with sea water, and the supernatant was strained through a mesh with a 40-µm pore size. The living specimens were isolated from the deposits using a stereo-binocular microscope (SZ-60, OLYMPUS, Japan). The collected specimens were fixed in 80% ethanol and preserved at room temperature for description and DNA extraction. The soft parts of the organisms were separated from the valves and dissected using fine needles. The valves were preserved on a cardboard cell slide and the soft parts mounted in a gum-chloral medium, Neo-Shigaral (Shiga Konchu Fukyusha, Japan), on glass slides using a stereo-binocular microscope. The specimens were then observed and sketched using a transmitted-light binocular microscope (BX-53, OLYMPUS, Japan) with a differential interference contrast system and a camera lucida. The valves were washed with distilled water and gold-coated by an Ion sputtering device (JFC-1100, JEOL, Japan). The materials were then observed by SEM (JSM-6510LV, JEOL, Japan).

Figure 1. 

Map showing sampling locality of Paracobanocythere vietnamensis sp. n. A western part of Southeast Asia B Phu Quoc Island, Vietnam C The Dăm Ngoài Island. Arrowhead indicates the type locality.

The type series was deposited in the collection of the National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo (NSMT), with the prefix ‘NSMT-Cr’.

DNA experiment and analyses

The specimens of both Paracobanocythere grandis and P. watanabei used in DNA extractions were collected from the type localities (See Higashi and Tsukagoshi 2011, fig. 1): Mochimune Beach (34°55'04"N, 138°21'43"E), Shizuoka, central Japan, on 1 Aug. 2015 and Oura Beach (34°40'05"N, 138°56'28"E), Shizuoka, central Japan, on 30 Sep. 2012. Details of the specimens from the three species used for DNA experiment are found in Table 1. Total DNA extraction was performed using the DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit (Qiagen, USA) following the manufacturer’s protocol, except that the elution volume used was changed to 100 µl. To prepare samples for DNA extraction individuals were dissected as follows: the carapace and gut content was removed before DNA extraction, and after the protein digestion step the chitinous soft parts were retrieved from the microtube and mounted in the same manner as method of dissected soft parts samples. The valves and chitinous soft parts were preserved as morphological voucher specimens, and deposited in the NSMT with serial numbers.

Table 1.
Download as
CSV
XLSX

List of CO1 sequences and vouchers for the three Paracobanocythere species.

Species Specimen catalog number GenBank number
P. vietnamensis sp. n. NSMT-Cr 24323 (paratype) LC101962
P. vietnamensis sp. n. NSMT-Cr 24324 (paratype) LC101963
P. vietnamensis sp. n. NSMT-Cr 24325 (paratype) LC101964
P. grandis NSMT-Cr 24335(topotype) LC101965
P. grandis NSMT-Cr 24336(topotype) LC101966
P. grandis NSMT-Cr 24337(topotype) LC101967
P. watanabei NSMT-Cr 24338(topotype) LC101968
P. watanabei NSMT-Cr 24339(topotype) LC101969
P. watanabei NSMT-Cr 24340(topotype) LC101970

Partial sequences of the mitochondrial CO1 gene were PCR amplified using the following primers: a degenerate forward primer (COIO_F 5’- CNACNAAYCAYAARGATATTGG -3’) designed in this study and the universal reverse primer HCO2198 (Folmer et al. 1994). This region is the most commonly used for DNA barcoding to identify animals (Hebert et al. 2003, Bucklin et al. 2011). The 25 µl reaction contained 0.125 µl of TaKaRa Ex Taq HS (TAKARA BIO Inc., Japan), 2.5 µl of 10×Ex Taq buffer, 2 µl of dNTP mix, 2 µl of each primer (5 pmoles each), 2 µl of template DNA, and 14.375 µl sterilized distilled water. The PCR protocol consisted of an initial denaturation step at 95 °C for 2 min, followed by 40 cycles of denaturation at 95 °C for 20 s, annealing at 40 °C for 30 s, extension at 72 °C for 1 min, and a final extension at 72 °C for 10 min. Quantity and length of the PCR products were checked by 1% agarose S (Nippon Gene, Japan) gel electrophoresis and stained with ethidium bromide. The products were purified for sequencing using a FastGene Gel/PCR Extraction Kit (NIPPON Genetics Co,Ltd, Japan), according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Sequencing (of both the forward and reverse reads) was performed by the Macrogen Japan Corp. (Tokyo) with the same primers as were used for PCR amplification. A homology search of CO1 sequences was performed by BLAST (Altschul et al. 1990, 1997) with the discontiguous megablast program from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI, http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi).

The CO1 sequences were converted to amino acids based on the invertebrate mitochondrial genetic codon using MEGA6 (Tamura et al. 2013). The evolutionary distances of both the nucleotide and amino acid sequences were estimated with MEGA6 (Tamura et al. 2013) using Kimura’s two parameter model (Kimura 1980) and the Poisson model (Nei and Kumar 2000), respectively. Standard error estimates were obtained by a bootstrap procedure (1000 replicates).

Taxonomy

Order Podocopida Sars, 1866
Superfamily Cytheroidea Baird, 1850
Family Cobanocytheridae Schornikov, 1975
Genus Paracobanocythere Gottwald, 1983

Paracobanocythere vietnamensis Tanaka & Le, sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/EFD9A861-5477-488C-BC70-4B6861FFEB86

Type series

Holotype: adult male (NSMT-Cr 24314), right valve length 323 µm, height 107 µm, left valve length 337 µm, height 111 µm, soft parts mounted on a slide and valves preserved in a cardboard cell slide. Paratypes: 11 adult males (NSMT-Cr 24315–24325) and 9 adult females (NSMT-Cr 24326–24334). All specimens were collected by Hayato Tanaka on 21 November 2014.

Type locality

The holotype specimen was collected from Dăm Ngoài Island, Phu Quoc Marine Protected Area in Phu Quoc Island, the southwest Vietnam, 9°59'42"N, 104°02'17"E (Fig. 1C); in an interstitial environment at 10 cm below the shoreline sand surface. The substrate consisted mainly of very coarse sand (median grain size is about 2 mm).

Diagnosis

Carapace elongate in lateral view and depressed dorsoventrally. Anterior and posterior margins rounded. Carapace surface smooth but with small granular texture visible at high magnification. Sieve-type normal pores with recessed sieve plates and thick rims on carapace surface. Left hemipenis bearing one additional pincer-like structure and one hooked process.

Description of adult male

Carapace (Figs 2A–D, G–H, K, M–O; 3; 4). Length and height of left valves greater than those of right valve (Table 2). Carapace elongated in lateral view and depressed dorso-ventrally. In anterior view, carapace rounded triangular (Fig. 2K). Left valve slightly overlapping right valve along anterior and posterior margins. Anterior and posterior margin rounded in lateral view. Marginal infold broad along anterior margin and narrow in posterior area (Fig. 2C, D). Anterior vestibulum occupying most of area in marginal infold, containing five and six marginal pore canals in left and right valve, respectively (Fig. 3). In both valves a thick, irregular ridge runs diagonally upward across the anterior infold, and three short buttress-like ridges or wrinkles run anteriorly from the upper part of this ridge for additional strength. Adductor muscle scar pattern consisting of row of four elongate closely spaced scars and three frontal scars (Figs 2O; 3). Carapace surface with faint granular texture visible at high magnification, resulting from close-packed, tiny tubercules (Fig. 4A). Sieve type normal pores with recessed sieve plates and thick rims on carapace surface (Fig. 4). Pore systems with one bristle. Hingement adont type (Fig. 2M, N). Color translucent white; living individuals have brown granular patterns.

Figure 2. 

SEM images of valves and carapace of Paracobanocythere vietnamensis sp. n. A and B male paratype (NSMT-Cr 24315) C, D, M–O male, paratype (NSMT-Cr 24316) E and F female, paratype (NSMT-Cr 24327) G male, paratype (NSMT-Cr 24317) H male paratype (NSMT-Cr 24318) I female, paratype (NSMT-Cr 24328) J female, paratype (NSMT-Cr 24329) K male, paratype (NSMT-Cr 24319) L female, paratype (NSMT-Cr 24330). A right external lateral view B left external lateral view C right internal lateral view, anteroventral margin is slightly damaged D left internal lateral view E right external lateral view F left external lateral view G dorsal view H ventral view I dorsal view J ventral view K anterior view L anterior view M hingement part of left valve N hingement part of right valve O adductor muscle scars of left valve. Scale bar indicates 100 µm (A–N) and 40 µm (O). Arrows indicate anterior direction.

Figure 3. 

Valves of Paracobanocythere vietnamensis sp. n. Male, holotype (NSMT-Cr 24314). A left internal lateral view B right internal lateral view. Scale bar indicates 100 µm.

Figure 4. 

SEM images of the detailed structure of Paracobanocythere vietnamensis sp. n. A and B male paratype (NSMT-Cr 24315) C male paratype (NSMT-Cr 24316) A three pore systems and small granular texture in external lateral view B sieve type normal pore with recessed sieve plate and thick rim C internal view of sieve plate of sieve type normal pore. Scale bars indicate 5 µm.

Table 2.
Download as
CSV
XLSX

Dimensions of valves of Paracobanocythere vietnamensis sp. n.

Length (µm) Height (µm)
Mean Observed range N Mean Observed range N
Male Right valve 332 322–338 7 107 100–111 7
Left valve 337 325–347 7 111 105–117 7
Female Right valve 349 342–359 5 115 113–119 5
Left valve 354 346–361 5 119 115–120 5

Antennula (Fig. 5A). Consists of six articulated podomeres, of which fourth and fifth are incompletely separated. First podomere bare. Second podomere about two and a half times as long as first podomere, with one long posterodistal seta and short setulae on distal end and eight coarser setulae on anterior margin. Third podomere same length as first podomere and bare. Fourth podomeres twice as long, with one long posterodistal seta. Fifth podomere almost as long, with three anterodistal setae of staggered lengths and one posterodistal seta. Sixth podomere long, slender, with three long anterodistal setae and long distal seta fused at its base with distal aesthetasc.

Figure 5. 

Appendages of Paracobanocythere vietnamensis sp. n. Male, holotype (NSMT-Cr 24314). A antennula B antenna C mandibula D maxillula E brush-shaped organ. Scale bar indicates 50 µm (A–D) and 25 µm (E).

Antenna (Fig. 5B). Four articulated podomeres. First podomere (basis) bare and slightly triangular, tapering distally, with a long, thick, three-segmented exopodite (spinneret seta) reaching beyond distal claws. Second (first endopodial) podomere with one short seta on posterodistal end. Third podomere with one short and one medium anterodistal setae, one short posteromedial seta, and one short posterodistal seta. Fourth podomere with one long stout posterodistal seta and one curved stout distal claw.

Mandibula (Fig. 5C). Coxa with one short setulous seta on anterior margin. Coxal endite consisting of seven teeth, two short setae and one short claw-like seta. Palp consisting of four indistinct podomeres. Basis with one long setulous seta (exopodite) near proximal end and medium setulous seta on posterodistal end. First podomere of endopodite about one and a half times as long as basis, with one medium anterodistal seta and setulae on anterior margin. Second podomere half as long as first podomere, with two long and one medium setulous setae on middle of anterior margin, one medium mediodistal seta, and one medium posterodistal seta. Third podomere small, with four medium setae on distal end.

Maxillula (Fig. 5D). Thin branchial plate (exopodite) with ten plumose setae. Basal podomere with one palp (endopodite) and three endites. Palp consisting of two distinct podomeres: first podomere with five long setae on distal end; second podomere two-thirds as long as first podomere, with one long and one medium setae on distal end. Outer two endites with five setae, and posteriormost one with four setae.

Male brush-shaped organ (Fig. 5E). Consisting of two branches (right and left) each with 16 setae on distal margin.

Fifth limb (Fig. 6A). Four articulated podomeres; two distal podomeres and claw somewhat thickened. First podomere with one medium setulous anterodistal seta, one long setulous posteroproximal seta and setulae along both margins. Second podomere five-fourths as long as first podomere, with one short anterodistal seta. Third podomere bare and half length of second podomere. Fourth podomere same length as third podomere with rows of setulae on anterior surface and one stout distal claw.

Figure 6. 

Appendages of Paracobanocythere vietnamensis sp. n. A and C male paratype (NSMT-Cr 24320) B male holotype (NSMT-Cr 24314) D female paratype (NSMT-Cr 24326) A fifth limb B sixth limb C seventh limb D sixth limb. Scale bar indicates 50 µm.

Sixth limb (Fig. 6B). Three podomeres, of which two are flimsy and weakly developed. First podomere with one medium setulous seta on middle of anterior margin and one long setulous seta on middle of posterior margin. Second podomere two-thirds as long as first podomere, posterior margin flabby, with one long setulous seta on antero-distal end. Basal part of third podomere same length as second podomere, with flabby elongated sheet distally and two weakly developed long branches.

Seventh limb (Fig. 6C).Four articulated podomeres, all very large. First podomere with one short setulous seta on antero-distal end, one medium setulous seta on near postero-proximal part, and setulae along anterior margin. Second podomere five-fourths as long as first podomere, with one short seta and row of setulae on antero-distal end. Third podomere one-third as long as second podomere, with rows of setulae on anterior surface and distal margin. Fourth podomere same length as third podomere, with rows of setulae on anterior surface and distal margin, with one stout, club-shaped distal claw with rows of setulae on middle part, near distal part, and around distal end.

Male copulatory organ (Fig. 7). Copulatory duct very long, more than length of capsule. Tip of capsule (Tc) and distal lobe (Dl) asymmetric in right and left hemipenes. Right hemipenis (Fig. 7A): Tc almost square distal part with rounded corner; Dl finger-shaped, bending ventrally at half. Left hemipenis (Fig. 7B): Tc slender, bending ventrally near the tip; Dl acute-angle triangular, curving ventrally at half; additional pincer-like structure (Ps) and hooked process (Hp) exist. Both hemipenes bearing one long and two short setae on ventral margin (vestigial furca).

Figure 7. 

Copulatory organ of Paracobanocythere vietnamensis sp. n. Male, paratype (NSMT-Cr 24320) A internal view of right organ B internal view of left organ. Abbreviations: Dl distal lobeHp hooked processPs pincer-like structureTc tip of capsule. Scale bar indicates 50 µm.

Eye. Present.

Description of adult female

Carapace (Fig. 2E, F, I, J, L). Both left and right valve of female slightly greater than valves of male (Table 2, Fig. 9). In dorsal view, width of carapace slightly greater than that of male (Fig. 2I, J). Anterior and posterior margins more tapered rather than those of male (Fig. 2E, F).

Sixth limb (Fig. 6D). Four articulated podomeres with slender, more normal proportions than the male limb. First podomere with one medium setulous anterodistal seta and one medium setulous posteroproximal seta. Second podomere four-thirds as long as first podomere, with one short anterodistal seta. Third podomere bare and half as long as first podomere. Fourth podomere same length as third podomere, with row of setulae on anterior distal surface, with one tapering distal claw.

Posterior part of body and female genitalia (Fig. 8). Sclerotized framework of paired genital openings trapezoidal in shape. Spermathecal duct very long, connecting with genital opening and receptaculum seminis. Two setulose setae (vestigial caudal rami) situated near each genital opening. Five rows of tiny setulae on abdominal end.

Figure 8. 

Posterior body and genitalia of Paracobanocythere vietnamensis sp. n. Female, paratype (NSMT-Cr 24326). Scale bar indicates 50 µm.

Dimensions

See Table 2 and Fig. 9.

Figure 9. 

Scatter plots of valves of Paracobanocythere vietnamensis sp. n.

Occurrence

So far known only from type locality.

Etymology

Named in recognition of this being the first record of Paracobanocythere from Vietnam.

Remarks

Paracobanocythere grandis and other three species including P. vietnamensis sp. n. are easily distinguishable by the length of carapace (Table 3). While P. grandis has an exceptionally large carapace (approximately 500 µm) for this genus (Higashi and Tsukagoshi 2011), those of the other three species are relatively smaller (roughly 300 µm) (Gottwald 1983, Higashi and Tsukagoshi 2011). Furthermore, the female carapace larger than that of the male in P. grandis, and that is opposite to the status in the other three species (Table 3). The carapace shape as well as appendage morphologies including chaetotaxy and the number of podomeres, of P. vietnamensissp. n. are quite similar to those in P. hawaiiensis and P. watanabei (Table 3). One slight difference is found in the chetotaxy of the sixth limb of male, i.e., the first podomere lacks the one short seta on antero-distal end, which is present in P. hawaiiensis and P.watanabei but absent in P. vietnamensis sp. n. Moreover, the faintly granular texture of carapace surface of P. vietnamensis sp. n. has never been reported from P. hawaiiensis and P. watanabei. As for the morphology of the male coplatory organ, the new species can be easily distinguished from these two species. Specifically, the left hemipenis of P. vietnamensis sp. n. possesses Ps and Hp, whereas these structures are not observed in the original description of either of the two other species (Table 3).

Table 3.
Download as
CSV
XLSX

Morphological difference among four species of Paracobanocythere.

Character P. hawaiiensis P. grandis P. vietnamensis sp. n. P. watanabei
Male
Carapace, length (left; right) [µm] 256–290 497–519; 481–503 325–347; 322–338 240–254; 236–250
height (left; right) [µm] 84–97 166–175; 157–165 105–117; 100–111 67–82; 72–80
granular texture on surface – – present –
Antennula, one seta on middle of anterior margin of fourth podomere present present absent absent
Mandibula, one seta on antero-distal end of basis absent present present present
Maxillula, seta number on endites (anterior; middle; posterior) 5 to 6 (6; 5; 4) (5; 5; 4) (5; 5; 4)
Sixth limb, one short seta on antero-distal end of 1st podomere present present absent present
third podomere weakly developed clearly segmented weakly developed clearly segmented
Seventh limb, proximal spines and hook-shaped structure on distal claw absent presnt absent absent
Brush-shaped organ, seta number 12 16 16 16
Copulatory organ, pincer-like structure and hooked process on left hemipenis absent absent present absent
Female
Carapace, length (left; right) [µm] 260–344 466–486; 457–471 346–361; 342–359 252–266; 246–259
height (left; right) [µm] 92–117 162–171; 151–158 115–120; 113–119 81–89; 81–86
length and height larger than male no yes no no

Evolutionary distances of nucleotide and amino acid sequences among three Asian species

The CO1 sequences from Paracobanocythere vietnamensis sp. n., P. watanabei and P. grandis were obtained in this study. The lengths of the CO1 barcoding region were 661 bp and the alignment of each sequence contained no indels. From this barcoding region, the first nucleotide was removed as it was not a complete codon, and the remaining 660 bp of the aligned sequence were translated into amino acid sequences. The evolutionary distances of both the nucleotide and amino acid sequences are shown in Table 4. The distances between P. vietnamensis sp. n. and P. watanabei are the least since this is the most closely related pair according to both the nucleotide and amino acid sequences.

Table 4.
Download as
CSV
XLSX

Evolutionary distances of CO1 among three Asian species of Paracobanocythere. Standard error estimate are shown above the diagonal and were obtained by a bootstrap procedure (1000 replicates). A the result of nucleotide sequences with Kimura’s two parameter model B the result of amino acid sequences with Poisson model.

A 1 2 3
1 P. vietnamensis sp. n. 0,03 0,03
2 P. watanabei 0,31 0,03
3 P. grandis 0,41 0,37
B 1 2 3
1 P. vietnamensis sp. n. 0,02 0,04
2 P. watanabei 0,12 0,03
3 P. grandis 0,26 0,21

Discussion

Paracobanocythere vietnamensis sp. n. closely resembles P. watanabei and P. hawaiiensis according to the appendage morphology, including chaetotaxy and shapes of the podomeres; however, they have divergent male copulatory organ morphologies (Table 3). Some interstitial ostracods, e.g., species from the genera Microloxoconcha and Parapolycope, are distinguished by specific differences only in the characters associated with mating or courtship; these are not highly divergent in carapace morphology, and the other appendages have almost no differences (see Higashi and Tsukagoshi 2008, Tanaka and Tsukagoshi 2013). Therefore, most diagnostic characters appear in reproductive features such as the male copulatory organ, which can be used to identify interstitial species rather than surface-dwelling ostracods. This is possibly due to the simplification of appendage morphologies driven by the adaptation to the interstitial environment (Hartmann 1973, Maddocks 1976, Danielopol 1976) and the relatively large size of reproductive characters such as the male copulatory organ (Polilov and Beutel 2009). The Paracobanocythere species are likely not an exception to this observed taxonomic tendency.

We discovered that the evolutionary distances among three Asian species of Paracobanocythere ranged from 0.37±0.03 to 0.41±0.03 according to the nucleotide sequences (Table 4). This value is almost identical to the interspecies genetic distances of other podocopid ostracods (Yamaguchi 2000, Higashi et al. 2011) or somewhat larger (Martens et al. 2005, Brandăo et al. 2010, Karanovic 2015). The distance revealed by the nucleotide and amino acid sequences demonstrated that the distance between P. vietnamensis sp. n. and P. watanabei is smaller than that between P. vietnamensis sp. n. and P. grandis or P. watanabei and P. grandis (Table 4). It is highly possible that P. vietnamensis sp. n. and P. watanabei are phylogenetically closely related. The similar carapace and appendage morphologies (see Table 3) and small evolutionary distance between these lineages also supports this suggestion. In the future, the discoveries of additional undescribed species and molecular phylogenetic analyses with summarizing their fossil records will shed light on the evolutionary story of the interstitial genus Paracobanocythere.

This new species is the first marine interstitial ostracods described from Southeast Asia. Since there have been no taxonomic studies of interstitial ostracods in this region, their biodiversity has largely remained unknown. The Southeast Asian region (the Oriental realm) is known as a marine biodiversity hotspot (see Roberts et al. 2002), likely harboring an abundance of undescribed species. Therefore, we can expect that there are also highly diverse interstitial ostracods in the region since the majority of interstitial genera are distributed globally (Rao 1972, Hartmann 1973, Gottwald 1983, Higashi and Tsukagoshi 2008). Finally, we suggest that more intensive studies are needed in this area, which could reveal cryptic diversity of interstitial ostracods in this underexplored geographic location.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the Research Institute for Marine Fisheries (RIMF) and the Provincial People’s Committee of Kien Giang for their help during our field trip in Vietnam. The authors thank Prof. Susumu Ohtsuka (Hiroshima University, Japan) for providing research facilities and the Editage (http://www.editage.jp/) for the English language review. The authors are grateful to Hirokazu Ozawa and Rosalie Maddocks for their help in significantly improving this manuscript. This study was partly funded by the Japan Society as the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research/ Overseas Academic Research (No.26304011, AT) and the Promotion of Science for Young Scientists (No. 263700, HT).

References

  • Altschul SF, Gish W, Miller W, Myers EW, Lipman DJ (1990) Basic local alignment search tool. Journal of Molecular Biology 215: 403–410. doi: 10.1016/S0022-2836(05)80360-2
  • Altschul SF, Madden TL, Schäffer AA, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Miller W, Lipman DJ (1997) Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs. Nucleic Acids Research 25: 3389–3402. doi: 10.1093/nar/25.17.3389
  • Brady GS (1880) Report on the Ostracoda dredged by H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873–1876. Report on the scientific result of the Voyage of HMS Challenger, Zoology 1: 1–184. doi: 10.5962/bhl.title.6513
  • Brandăo SN, Sauer J, Schön I (2010) Circumantarctic distribution in Southern Ocean benthos? A genetic test using the genus Macroscapha (Crustacea, Ostracoda) as a model. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 55: 1055–1069. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.014
  • Danielopol DL (1976) Supplementary data on Pussella botosaneanui Danielopol, 1973 (Ostracoda, Bairdiidae). Vie et Milieu 26: 261–273.
  • Danielopol DL, Hartmann G (1986) Ostracoda. In: Botosaneanu L (Ed.) Stygofauna Mundi. Brill, Leiden, 265–294. doi: 10.2307/1310855
  • Folmer O, Black M, Hoeh W, Lutz R, Vrijenhoek R (1994) DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology 3: 294–299.
  • Giere O (2009) Meiobethology (2nd edition). Springer Verlag, Berlin, 527 pp.
  • Gottwald J (1983) Interstitielle Fauna von Galapagos (XXX). Podocopida 1 (Ostracoda). Mikrofauna Meeresboden 90: 1–187.
  • Hanai T, Ikeya N, Yajima M (1980) Checklist of Ostracoda from Southeast Asia. The University Museum, The University of Tokyo, Bulletin 17: 1–236.
  • Hartmann G (1973) Zum gegenwartigen stand der Erforschung der Ostracoden interstitieller Systeme. Annales de Speleologie 28: 417–426.
  • Hartmann G (1991) Ostracoden von Hawaii, insbesondere aus dem marinen Interstitial. Helgolander Meeresuntersuchungen 45: 165–198. doi: 10.1007/BF02365641
  • Hebert PDN, Cywinska A, Ball SL, deWaard Jr (2003) Biological identifications through DNA barcodes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 270: 313–321. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2002.2218
  • Higashi R, Tsukagoshi A (2008) Two New Species of Microloxoconcha (Crustacea: Ostracoda: Podocopida) from Japan, with a redescription of the genus. Species Diversity 13: 157–173.
  • Higashi R, Tsukagoshi A (2011) Four new species of the interstitial Family Cobanocytheridae (Crustacea: Ostracoda) from central Japan. Zootaxa 2924: 33–56.
  • Higashi R, Tsukagoshi A, Kimura H, Kato K (2011) Male dimorphism in a new interstitial species of the genus Microloxoconcha (Podocopida: Ostracoda). Journal of Crustacean Biology 31: 142–152. doi: 10.1651/09-3234.1
  • Karanovic I (2015) Barcoding of Ancient Lake Ostracods (Crustacea) reveals cryptic speciation with extremely low distances. PLoS ONE 10: e0121133. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121133
  • Keij AJ (1974) Review of the Indopacific species of Triebelina (Ostracoda). Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen Series B Physical Sciences 77: 345–358.
  • Keij AJ (1975) Note on three Holocene Indo-Malaysian ostracod species. Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen Series B Physical Sciences 78: 231–241.
  • Kimura M (1980) A simple method for estimating evolutionary rate of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. Journal of Molecular Evolution 16: 111–120. doi: 10.1007/BF01731581
  • Kornicker LS (1970) Myodocopid Ostracoda (Cypridinacea) from the Philippine Islands. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 39: 1–32. doi: 10.5479/si.00810282.39
  • Maddocks RF (1976) Pussellinae are interstitial Bairdiidae (Ostracoda). Micropaleontology 22: 194–214. doi: 10.2307/1485400
  • Martens K, Rossetti G, Butlin RK, Schön I (2005) Molecular and morphological phylogeny of the ancient asexual Darwinulidae (Crustacea, Ostracoda). Hydrobiologia 538: 153–165. doi: 10.1007/s10750-004-4945-5
  • Müller GW (1906) Die Ostracoden der Siboga-Expedition. Buchhandlung und druckerei vormals, E. J. Brill, Leiden, 88 pp. doi: 10.5962/bhl.title.10417
  • Nei M, Kumar S (2000) Molecular Evolution and Phylogenetics. Oxford University Press, New York, 352 pp.
  • Polilov AA, Beutel RG (2009) Miniaturisation effects in larvae and adults of Mikado sp. (Coleoptera: Ptiliidae), one of the smallest free-living insects. Arthropod Structure and Development 38: 247–270. doi: 10.1016/j.asd.2008.11.003
  • Rao GC (1972) On the geographical distribution of interstitial fauna of marine beach sand. Proceedings of the National Science Academy, India 38: 164–178.
  • Roberts CM, McClean CJ, Veron JEN, Hawkins JP, Allen GR, McAllister DE, Mittermeier CG, Schueler FW, Spalding M, Wells F, Vynne C, Werner TB (2002) Marine biodiversity hotspots and conservation priorities for tropical reefs. Science 295: 1280–1284. doi: 10.1126/science.1067728
  • Tamura K, Stecher G, Peterson D, Filipski A, Kumar S (2013) MEGA6: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0. Molecular Biology and Evolution 30: 2725–2729. doi: 10.1093/molbev/mst197
  • Tanaka G, Komatsu T, Phong ND (2009) Recent ostracod assemblages from the northeastern coast of Vietnam and the biogeographical significance of the euryhaline species. Micropaleontology 55: 365–382.
  • Tanaka H, Tsukagoshi A (2013) The taxonomic utility of the male upper lip morphology in the ostracod genus Parapolycope (Crustacea), with descriptions of two new species. Journal of Natural History 47: 963–986. doi: 10.1080/00222933.2012.743615
  • Yamaguchi S (2000) Phylogenetic and biogeographical history of the genus Ishizakiella (Ostracoda) inferred from mitochondrial COI gene sequences. Journal of Crustacean Biology 20: 357–384. doi: 10.1163/20021975-99990047
login to comment