Research Article
Print
Research Article
Three new species of caddisflies (Trichoptera, Hydroptilidae, Polycentropodidae, Leptoceridae) from Khon Phapheng Waterfall, the Mekong River, Laos
expand article infoPenkhae Thamsenanupap‡, Hans Malicky§, Chanda Vongsombath|, Pongsak Laudee
‡ Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham, Thailand
§ Unaffiliated, Lunz am See, Austria
| National University of Laos, Vientiane, Laos
¶ Prince of Songkla University, Surat Thani, Thailand

Corresponding author: Pongsak Laudee ( pongsak.l@psu.ac.th )

Academic editor: Ana Previšić
© 2021 Penkhae Thamsenanupap, Hans Malicky, Chanda Vongsombath, Pongsak Laudee.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Thamsenanupap P, Malicky H, Vongsombath C, Laudee P (2021) Three new species of caddisflies (Trichoptera, Hydroptilidae, Polycentropodidae, Leptoceridae) from Khon Phapheng Waterfall, the Mekong River, Laos. ZooKeys 1055: 149-159. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1055.66536
ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:0A16D86E-946F-4E26-98B5-FAB2AC33645F
Open Access

Abstract

The Mekong River is a hotspot area for freshwater biodiversity, but caddisfly diversity is largely understudied. Three new species of caddisflies from three different families are described and illustrated from Khon Phapheng Waterfall, the Mekong River, Laos; Orthotrichia choengthongi Malicky & Laudee, sp. nov. (Hydroptilidae), Pseudoneureclipsis khonphaphengensis Malicky & Thamsenanupap, sp. nov. (Polycentropodidae), and Setodes karrilai Malicky & Laudee, sp. nov. Orthotrichia choengthongi Malicky & Laudee, sp. nov. can be differentiated from the most similar Orthotrichia triton Malicky 2008 by the specific shape of segment X which is long and tubular, pointed apically and curved inward then immediately upward in dorsal view. Pseudoneureclipsis khonphaphengensis Malicky & Thamsenanupap, sp. nov. differs from the similar P. kaineus Malicky & Bunlue in Malicky et al. 2004 by the shape of the inferior appendages that are usually broad, almost circular in lateral view. Setodes karrilai Malicky & Laudee, sp. nov. is mainly different to S. omphale Malicky & Changthong in Malicky et al. 2004 by the distal part of segment X which has a brush-like process.

Keywords

Aquatic insects, biodiversity, Oriental Region, taxonomy

Introduction

The Mekong River is one of the main rivers in Southeast Asia, flowing from the Tibetan Plateau through several countries to the South China Sea. A large human population in the Southeast Asian region depends on it as a source for subsistence (Campbell 2009; Mekong River Commission 2020). The ecological system in the Mekong River is also varied as it runs from the Tibetan Plateau through to the South China Sea, and the lower Mekong basin is a hotspot area for aquatic biodiversity (Campbell 2009). At the place where the Mekong River zigzags from the Korat Plateau, which is in the northeastern Thailand, through the Tonle Sab basin, a broad valley to the east of the Khorat Plateau, the river level drops several meters over many waterfalls, such as Li Phi fall and Khon Phapheng waterfall (Campbell 2009).

Knowledge on species diversity of Trichoptera in Laos is very limited. Approximately two hundred Laotian caddisfly species have been recorded (Malicky 2010). Most of the studies focused on caddisfly fauna were conducted in northern, central, and southern Laos encompassing only a few localities in each area, such as Bokeo Province, Luang Prabang Province, Kham Muan Province and Pakse Province (Malicky and Chantaramongkol 2006; Laudee and Malicky 2017; Malicky and Laudee 2019; Laudee et al. 2020). Considering the under-investigated sites in this country, there are probably many species of caddisflies that have not yet been recorded. The three new species of Trichoptera described in this article are from the genera Orthotrichia Eaton, Pseudoneureclipsis Ulmer, and Setodes Rambur. The genus Orthotrichia, has not been reported from Laos previously. So far, there are only six Laotian species in the genus Pseudoneureclipsis, namely P. usia Malicky & Chantaramongkol, 1993, P. amulius Malicky, 1997, P. ramosa Ulmer, 1913, P. kaineus Malicky & Bunlue in Malicky et al. 2004, Pseudoneureclipsis arael Malicky & Laudee, 2017, Pseudoneureclipsis hamabiel Malicky & Laudee, 2017 (Malicky 2010; Laudee and Malicky 2017; Malicky and Laudee 2017). In the genus Setodes, twenty-one species have been reported from Laos so far (Malicky 2010; Malicky and Laudee 2017; Malicky and Laudee 2019) by various authors. In this count, nine species were described by Malicky and Chantaramongkol (2006), namely Setodes thoneti, S. horatius, S. herakleidos, S. meriones, S. minotauros, S. ischys, S. lausus, S. larva and S. leukothea. Recently, eight species of Setodes were described from Laos, Setodes marianu Malicky & Laudee, 2017 and seven new species by Malicky and Laudee (2019), namely S. dubiel, S. tamiel, S. nithael, S. paniel, S. nanael, S. lezalel, and S. sachiel. In addition, four species were recorded from Laos including S. tarpaka Gordon & Schmid, 1987, S. brevicaudatus Yang & Morse, 1989, S. cheni Yang & Morse, 2000, and S. metis Malicky & Thapanya in Malicky and Chantaramongkol 2006.

The aim of this research study was to describe new species of Trichoptera from the falls in the Mekong River, and thus to provide a valuable contribution to the knowledge on South-East Asian caddisfly diversity.

Materials and methods

Adult stage caddisfly specimens were collected with a UV pan light trap (12 V, 10 W) set beside Khon Phapheng waterfall, Mekong River, at night. The caddisfly specimens were preserved in 70% ethanol. For identifying to species level, the male genitalia of the caddisflies were observed under a stereomicroscope. The male genitalia were dissected and the muscle tissues macerated by heating in 10% KOH at 60 °C for 30–60 minutes then soaked in a detergent solution before being transferred back to 70% ethanol. The genitalia of caddisflies were identified to species level after Malicky (2010). For the new species of caddisflies, drawings of the male genitalia were made in pencil using a compound microscope equipped with a drawing tube, and the drawings were used to produce the final vector graphics in Adobe Illustrator software.

Holotypes are preserved and stored in the Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Natural History Museum, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai Campus, Hat Yai district, Songkhla province, Thailand (PSUNHM). Some paratypes are deposited in the collection of Hans Malicky (CHM), the Clemson University Arthropod Collection (CUAC), and the National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic (NMPC). Terminology for genitalia structures for different genera follows Wells (1979) and Marshall (1979) for the genus Orthotrichia, Oláh and Johanson 2010 for the genus Pseudoneureclipsis, and Laudee and Malicky 2016 for the genus Setodes.

Systematics

Orthotrichia choengthongi Malicky & Laudee, sp. nov.

http://zoobank.org/056A2710-8A8C-4439-BE95-7E45782B9C07
Figure 1

Type material

Holotype. Male. Laos: Pakse Province: Champasak, Khonphapheng waterfall, Mekong River, 13°57'30"N, 105°59'14"E, elev. 64 m, 8.iv.2019, Pongsak Laudee. (PSUNHM). Paratypes: same data as the holotype; Laos, Pakse Province: Champasak, Don Khon, Mekong river, 13°57'45"N, 105°55'07"E, elev. 84 m, 8.iv.2019, Pongsak Laudee. 11 males: 3 males (PSUNHM), 3 males (CHM), 2 males (NMPC), 3 males (CUAC).

Diagnosis

The new species is similar to Orthotrichia triton Malicky, 2008 from Borneo in the general shape of the male genitalia. However, it can be differentiated in that the shape of tergum X of Orthotrichia choengthongi Malicky & Laudee, sp. nov. is long and tubular, pointed apically and curved inwards then abruptly upwards in dorsal view; however, is stout basally then curved slightly downward in O. triton. Moreover, the united inferior appendages of the new species are collectively trilobed; but bilobed in O. triton.

Description

Adult, male, length of each male forewing 1.6.–2.0 mm (n = 11); color in alcohol of head, thorax, forewings, abdomen, and legs light brown.

Male genitalia extremely asymmetric (Fig. 1A–E). Tergum IX broadly rounded in dorsal and ventral views (Fig. 1A, D); somewhat triangle, anterior margin rounded, with hooked posterodorsal process in left lateral view (Fig. 1B); somewhat triangle in right lateral view (Fig. 1C). Posterolateral processes of tergum IX asymmetrical; left process shorter, bilobed, each lobe pointed apically; right process longer, tubular, bifurcate apically with acute apices in dorsal view (Fig. 1A); in left lateral view, directed caudad, short, pointed apically (Fig. 1B); in right lateral view (Fig. 1C), somewhat triangular, short. Dorsal spine of tergum IX lanceolate, curved upward, pointed apically in dorsal view (Fig. 1A). Tergum X long tubular, pointed apically, curved mesad then abruptly upward in dorsal view (Fig. 1A); shaped nearly as isosceles triangle, pointed apically in right lateral view. United inferior appendages trilobed, asymmetrical, each lobe shaped as isosceles triangle and acute apically, with middle lobe smallest and closer to right lobe in ventral view, left lobe thicker than right one in lateral view (Fig. 1B, C). Pair of tubular processes of inferior appendages long, slender, each with long seta apically (Fig. 1B–D). Paramere spine long, acute apically in ventral view (Fig. 1D). Phallus, long, enlarged and bilobed apically, with titillator encircling segment 1 time tightly against it near the middle (Fig. 1E).

Figure 1. 

Orthotrichia choengthongi, sp. nov. Male genitalia A tergum IX and tergum X, dorsal B terga IX and X and inferior appendages, left lateral C terga IX and X and inferior appendages, right lateral D inferior appendages and paramere, ventral E phallus, left lateral. Abbreviations: Te IX = tergum IX, Pos = Posterolateral process (paired), Do = Doral spine, Te X = tergum X, Inf = united inferior appendages, Tu = Tubular processes, Par = Paramere.

Etymology

The species epithet honors Asst. Prof. Dr Suchart Choengthong, Prince of Songkla University, Surat Thani Campus.

Pseudoneureclipsis khonphaphengensis Malicky & Thamsenanupap, sp. nov.

http://zoobank.org/CDDB7489-A5C2-4371-B4B8-F3CDE6CA538C
Figure 2

Type material

Holotype. Male. Laos: Pakse Province: Champasak, Khonphapheng waterfall, Mekong river, 13°57'30"N, 105°59'14"E, elev. 64 m, 8.iv.2019, Pongsak Laudee. (PSUNHM). Paratypes: same data as the holotype; Laos: Vientiane province: Nam Lik river, 18°31'29"N, 102°31'19"E, elev. 180 m, 8.iv.2019, Pongsak Laudee. 9 males: 2 males (PSUNHM), 3 males (CHM), 2 males (NMPC), 2 males (CUAC).

Diagnosis

The male genitalia of P. khonphaphengensis sp. nov. are similar to those of P. kaineus Malicky & Bunlue in Malicky et al. 2004 from Thailand. However, P. khonphaphengensis sp. nov. is strikingly different from P. kaineus and the other species of the genus by the usually broad, almost circular inferior appendages with 1.5 × longer than its width in lateral view, while the inferior appendages of P. kaineus are oval and 3.2 × longer than its width in lateral view. In addition, the phallus of P. khonphaphengensis sp. nov. bearing the hooked phallic sclerite which are lacking in P. kaineus.

Description

Adult, male, length of each male forewing 4.0–4.5 mm (n = 9); general body color in alcohol yellow brown.

Male genitalia as in Figure 2A–E. Segment IX narrow in lateral view, with anterior margin produced forward in ca. 100° angle. (Fig. 2B). Segment X bilobed, blunt apically in dorsal view; finger like with setae in lateral view. Preanal appendages, long, slender with setae, rounded apically in dorsal view and lateral view (Fig. 2A, B). Intermediate appendages hooked and turned dorsally then bend outward immediately in dorsal view (Fig. 2A); in lateral view hooked, slightly curved upward, pointed apically (Fig. 2B). Inferior appendages strikingly broad and rounded, total length < 2 × of its subapical width in lateral view (Fig. 2B); slender oviform, total length < 2 × of its width in ventral view (Fig. 2C). Basodorsal processes of inferior appendages curved with strong setae dorsomedially, pointed apically in lateral view (Fig. 2B); in ventral view, horn like, originated basodorsally, curved inward, each with tapering apex (Fig. 2C). Phallus, long, cylindrical, bulbous basally, straight laterally with hooked phallic sclerite intermediately, with numerous subapical spines in lateral view and dorsal view (Fig. 2D, E).

Etymology

The species is named for the type locality, Khon Phapheng waterfall.

Figure 2. 

Pseudoneureclipsis khonphaphengensis, sp. nov. Male genitalia A segment X, preanal appendages and intermediate appendages, dorsal B segments IX and X and inferior appendages, left lateral C inferior appendages, ventral D phallus, left lateral; the arrow shows hooked phallic sclerite, ventral E phallus, dorsal. Abbreviations: Seg IX = segment IX, Seg X = segment X, Pre = preanal appendages, Int = Intermediate appendage, Inf = inferior appendage (paired), Bas = basodorsal process of inferior appendage.

Setodes karrilai Laudee & Malicky, sp. nov.

http://zoobank.org/7CE4F44E-4315-4313-A7B6-C276EC4F46C0
Figure 3

Type material

Holotype. Male. Laos: Pakse Province: Champasak, Khonphapheng waterfalls, Mekong river, 13°57'30"N, 105°59'14"E, elev. 64 m, 8.iv.2019, Pongsak Laudee. (PSUNHM). Paratypes: same data as the holotype; Laos: Vientiane province: Nam Lik river, 18°31'29"N, 102°31'19"E, elev. 180 m, 8.iv.2019, Pongsak Laudee; Laos, Pakse province: Champasak, Don Khon, Mekong river, 13°57'45"N, 105°55'07"E, elev. 84 m, 8.iv.2019, Pongsak Laudee; Laos: Vientiane province: Nam Ngum river, 18°31'29"N, 102°31'37"E, elev. 180 m, 8.iv.2019, Pongsak Laudee. 31 males: 10 males (PSUNHM), 8 males (CHM), 5 males (NMPC), 5 males (CUAC).

Diagnosis

The male genitalia of S. karrilai sp. nov. are similar to those of S. omphale Malicky & Changthong in Malicky et al. 2004 from Thailand. Both species share similar characteristics of five lobes of each inferior appendage. However, the most prominent difference is the structure of segment X, i.e., the distal part of segment X in S. karrilai sp. nov. has a brush-like process, visible in lateral and dorsal views, which is lacking in S. omphale. In addition, the phallus of S. karrilai sp. nov. has a pair of very long, thin, pointed parameres with distal 1/3 bent and twisted meso-upward; whereas the parameres of S. omphale are curved downward.

Description

Length of each male forewing 6.5–7.0 mm (n = 18); color in alcohol of head, thorax, forewings, and abdomen yellow; femora and tibiae brown or dark brown; wings clear and transparent, yellowish with brown veins.

Male genitalia as in Figure 3. Segment IX somewhat triangular with long sinuous edges posteriorly, convex anteriorly in lateral view (Fig. 3B); square in ventral view (Fig. 3C). Segment X long, slender, divided into basal segment and apical segment (Fig. 3A, B); basal segment mostly tubular with shallow and broad excision apically, apical segment slender, tubular with brush of straight hairs at posterior end in dorsal view (Fig. 3A); in lateral view, basal segment tubular, apical segment thicker apically and with apical brush (Fig. 3B). Preanal appendages very small, leaf-like with scattered setae (Fig. 3A, B). Inferior appendages each five-lobed (Fig. 3B); dorsal lobe long, tubular and erect basally then curved caudad, two finger-like mesal lobes tubular and with upper mesal lobe longer than lower mesal lobe, basoventral lobe small and knot-like, ventral lobe very long and sword-like with scattered setae in lateral view (Fig. 3B). Phallus long, slender, bent downwards with pair of very long, thin, and pointed parameres with distal 1/3 bent and twisted meso-upward in lateral view (Fig. 3D).

Etymology

The species epithet honors Assoc. Prof. Dr Seppo Karrila, Faculty of Science and Industrial Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Surat Thani Campus.

Figure 3. 

Setodes karrilai, sp. nov. Male genitalia A segment X, preanal appendages, dorsal B segments IX and X, preanal appendages, inferior appendages, left lateral C segment IX, inferior appendages, ventral D phallus, left lateral. Abbreviations: Seg IX = segment IX, Pre = preanal appendage (paired), Inf = inferior appendage (paired).

Discussion

Three new species of caddisflies were described from Khon Phapheng waterfall, where the whole Mekong River drops 30 meters over the waterfalls. These species are Orthotrichia choengthongi sp. nov., Pseudoneureclipsis khonphaphengensis sp. nov., and Setodes karrilai sp. nov. The three new species are potamon species that live in large rivers. The substrate is dominated by bedrocks, boulders, and sand (Fig. 4A–D). There is no previously reported species of Orthotrichia in Laos. However, more than 50 species of the genus have been reported from adjacent countries (Malicky 2010), thus we expect additional new findings of this genus in Laos, in further surveys. Most of Orthotrichia spp. in Asia were found from waterfalls and streams with large-sized lithal as the dominant substrate (e.g., boulders, Malicky and Chantaramongkol 2007; Ito and Park 2016), as in the study sites at the Khon Phapheng waterfall. Moreover, Well and Dudgeon 1990 reported that the larvae are often found under rocks in streams. The Orthotrichia spp. in South-East Asia show restricted regional distribution, as only 9 of the 54 species are reported to be widely distributed (Malicky and Chantaramongkol 2007; Malicky 2010).

Figure 4. 

Study sites from Mekong A, B Khon Phapheng Waterfall, Paksong, Pakse Province C, D Don Khon, Paksong, Pakse Province.

The genus Pseudoneureclipsis has been previously reported from Laos, i.e., six species were known; thus including P. khonphaphengensis sp. nov. there are now seven species of Pseudoneureclipsis recorded from Laos. In addition to the Laotian species, there are three species (P. romosa, P. usia and P. kaineus) with wider distribution in South-East Asia (Malicky 2010). Pseudoneureclipsis romosa and P. kaineus are potamon species as they were found from the Mekong River (Laudee and Malicky 2017) but Thapanya et al. 2004 reported that Pseudoneureclipsis spp. are found also in mountain streams in Doi Suthep-Pui and Doi Inthanon National Parks, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. The larvae of the genus Pseudoneureclipsis live on undersides of stones in shallows of fast flowing water (Dudgeon 1999).

In addition to the description of a new species, for Setodes karrilai sp. nov. we give data on its distribution, as it was collected from several provinces in Laos, not only from the Khon Phapheng waterfall. Thus, it is a widespread species in the Mekong River, which is found from central to southern Laos. The genus Setodes is represented by twenty Laotian species, among the more than eighty species that have been reported from South-East Asia (Malicky 2010) and the 285 species reported from the Oriental Biogeographic Region (Morse 2021). The genus Setodes inhabits a variety of habitats, such as waterfalls, small streams, and rivers (Malicky and Chantaramongkol 2006; Laudee and Malicky 2016). In addition, Setodes larvae have been reported to burrow into sand deposits of riffle areas (Merill and Wiggins 1971).

Acknowledgements

This research is supported by the Thailand Research Fund (TRF), project number DBG 6180021 and Prince of Songkla University, Surat Thani Campus. We thank Assoc. Prof. Dr Seppo Karrila for comments and linguistic assistance. We also thank Prof. Dr John C Morse, Prof. Dr Lianfang Yang and Dr Manpreet Singh Pandher for providing very useful suggestions to improve the manuscript.

References

  • Cambell IC (2009) The Mekong: biophysical environment of an international river basin. Elsevier Inc, USA, 343 pp.
  • Dudgeon D (1999) Tropical Asian streams: zoobenthos, ecology and conservation. Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong, 830 pp.
  • Gordon AE, Schmid F (1987) Considérations diverses sur quelques genres leptocerins (Trichoptera, Leptoceridae). Bulletin de I’institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique Entomologie 57(suppl.): 142–144.
  • Laudee P, Malicky H (2017) Pseudoleptonema tansoongnerni new species (Hydropsychidae: Trichoptera) with species list of Trichoptera from Li Phi Falls, Mekong River, southern Laos. Zootaxa 4242(2): 383–391. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4242.2.10
  • Laudee P, Seetapan K, Vongsombath C, Malicky H (2020) New species of caddisflies (Trichoptera, Ecnomidae, Polycentropodidae, Psychomyiidae) from Mekong tributaries, Laos. Zookeys 962: 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.962.52759
  • Malicky H (1997) Weitere neue Köcherfliegen-Arten (Trichoptera) aus Asien. Linzer Biologische Beiträge 29(1): 217–238.
  • Malicky H (2008) Köcherfliegen (Insecta, Trichoptera) aus der Umgebung von Malinau (Kalimantan, Borneo, Indonesien). Linzer Biologische Beiträge 40(1): 833–879.
  • Malicky H (2010) Atlas of Southeast Asian Trichoptera. Biology Department, Science Faculty, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 346 pp.
  • Malicky H, Chantaramongkol P (1993) Neue Trichoptera aus Thailand. Teil 1: Rhyacophilidae, Hydrobiosidae, Philopotamidae, Polycentropodidae, Ecnomidae, Psychomyidae, Arctopsychidae, Hydropsychidae. Linzer Biologische Beiträge 25(1): 433–487.
  • Malicky H, Chantaramongkol P (2006) Beiträge zur Kenntnis asiatischer Setodes-Arten (Trichoptera, Leptoceridae). Linzer Biologische Beiträge 38(2): 1531–1589.
  • Malicky H, Chantaramongkol P (2007) Beiträge zur Kenntnis asiatischer Hydroptilidae (Trichoptera). Linzer Biologische Beiträge 39(2): 1009–1099.
  • Malicky H, Chantaramongkol P, Bunlue P, Changthong N, Nawvong J, Nuntakwang A, Prommi T, Thamsenanupap P, Thapanya D (2004) 27 neue Köcherfliegen aus Thailand (Insecta, Trichoptera). (36. Arbeit über thailändische Köcherfliegen). Linzer Biologische Beiträge 36(1): 287–304.
  • Malicky H, Laudee P (2017) Fünf neue Köcherfliegen (Trichoptera) aus Laos und Myanmar. Linzer Biologische Beiträge 49(2): 1447–1452.
  • Malicky H, Laudee P (2019) Neue Köcherfliegen (Insecta, Trichoptera) aus Laos und Kambodscha. Linzer Biologische Beiträge 51(2): 1447–1452.
  • Marshall JE (1979) A review of the genera of the Hydroptilidae (Trichoptera). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology series 39: 135–226.
  • Mekong River Commission (2020) Annual Mekong hydrology, flood and drought report 2018: The synergy among reports on hydrological, flood, and drought conditions in the Lower Mekong River Basin. Mekong River Commission, Vientiane, 110 pp.
  • Oláh J, Johanson KA (2010) Contribution to the systematics of the genera Dipseudopsis, Hyalopsyche and Pseudoneureclipsis (Trichoptera: Dipseudopsudae), with descriptions of 19 new species from Oriental Region. Zootaxa 2435: 1–37. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/39966355
  • Thapanya D, Chantaramongkol P, Malicky H (2004) An updated survey of caddisflies (Trichoptera, Insecta) from Doi Suthep-Pui and Doi Inthanon National Parks, Chiangmai Province, Thailand. Journal of Natural History, Chulalongkorn University 4: 21–40.
  • Ulmer G (1913) Über westafrikanische Trichoptera. Zoologischer Anzeiger 28(10): 353–359.
  • Ulmer G (1951) Köcheröiegen (Trichopteren) von den Sunda-Inseln (Teil 1). Archiv für Hydrobiologie, Supplement 19: 1–528.
  • Yang L, Morse JC (1989) Setodini of the People’s Republic of China (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae, Leptocerinae). Contribution of the American Entomological Institute 25(4): 1–77.
  • Yang L, Morse JC (2000) Leptoceridae (Trichoptera) of the People’s Republic of China. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 64: 1–309.
login to comment