Research Article |
Corresponding author: Xiao Zhang ( xzhang_cn@163.com ) Academic editor: Netta Dorchin
© 2021 Zehui Kang, Xiao Zhang.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Kang Z, Zhang X (2021) New species and records of the subgenus Libnotes (Laosa) Edwards (Diptera, Limoniidae) from China with a key to world species. ZooKeys 1041: 101-112. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1041.65906
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Twenty species of Libnotes (Laosa) Edwards, 1926 are known worldwide and three are known from China so far. Here, two species of Laosa are added to the Chinese fauna, of which L. (L.) baiyunensis sp. nov. is described and illustrated as new to science, and L. (L.) fuscinervis Brunetti, 1912 is newly recorded from China. Morphologically, the new species is most similar to L. (L.) charmosyne (Alexander, 1958) but can be distinguished by the pleura of the thorax, the relative position of the additional cross veins in cell r3 and r5, and the details of the male genitalia. A key to the world species of Laosa is presented.
Chinese fauna, crane flies, Limoniinae, new record, taxonomy
Libnotes Westwood, 1876 is a species-rich Limoniidae genus with a total number of 293 species and subspecies, separated into eight subgenera: Afrolimonia Alexander, 1965, Goniodineura van der Wulp, 1895, Gressittomyia Alexander, 1936a, Laosa Edwards, 1926, Libnotes (s. str.), Metalibnotes Alexander, 1972, Neolibnotes Alexander, 1972 and Paralibnotes Alexander, 1972. The subgenus Laosa constitutes a small group within the genus with 20 known species from the Oriental (nine species), Australasian/Oceanian (eight species) and Palaearctic (three species) regions (
Three species of the subgenus Laosa were previously recorded from China: L. (L.) diphragma (Alexander, 1934a), L. (L.) regalis Edwards, 1916 and L. (L.) transversalis de Meijere, 1916. In this paper, two Laosa species are added to the Chinese fauna, of which L. (L.) baiyunensis sp. nov. is described and illustrated as new to science and L. (L.) fuscinervis Brunetti, 1912, known previously only from India, is newly recorded from China. A key to the world species of Laosa based on types and non-type specimens, and on the literature is presented.
Specimens for this study were collected from several localities in China by different entomologists between 2002–2016. Type specimens are deposited in the Entomological Museum of China Agricultural University, Beijing, China (
Species | Specimens examined | Collection |
---|---|---|
L. (L.) charmosyne | Holotype, male, Japan: Shikoku, Mt. Ishizachi (1800 m), 1956.VI.16, T. Yano. |
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L. (L.) fuscinervis | Paratype, male, India: East Himalayas, Dajiling (1829 m), 1908.IX.22, E. Brunetti. |
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L. (L.) kariyana | Holotype, male, Japan: Honshu, Ontake (1800 m), 1934.VII.6–10, H. Ise. |
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L. (L.) manobo | Holotype, male, Philippines: Mindanao, Mt. Apo (1981 m), 1930.IX.14, C. F. Clagg. |
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L. (L.) noctipes | Holotype, female, India: Sikkim, karponang (2469 m), 1959.VIII.22, Schmid. |
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L. (L.) regalis | Holotype, male?, China: Taiwan, Taihoku, T. Shiraki. Other material: 1 male, China: Taiwan, Arisan, 1917.IV.20, T. Shiraki. |
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L. (L.) rotundifolialeos | Paratypes, 2 males 2 females, Indonesia: Sulawesi Utara, Dumoga-Bone National Park (211 m), 1985.VIII. 19–30, Chen W. Young. |
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L. (L.) taficola | Holotype, female, Papua New Guinea: Mt Tafa (2591 m), 1934.III, L. E. Cheesman. |
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L. (L.) transversalis | 1 male, China: Taiwan, Arisan, 1919.IV.25, T. Shiraki. |
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The morphological terminology mainly follows
1 | Basal 1/4 of wing with complete or broken crossband; m-m shorter than basal section of M3 (Fig. |
2 |
– | Basal 1/4 of wing without conspicuous crossband; m-m significantly longer than basal section of M3 (Figs |
9 |
2 (1) | Wing with broad and complete crossband extending from cord to distal end of cell dm (Fig. |
3 |
– | Wing without broad or complete crossband extending from cord to distal end of cell dm (Fig. |
5 |
3 (2) | Tip of wing narrowly falcate | L. (L.) falcata (Alexander, 1935) |
– | Tip of wing round | 4 |
4 (3) | Rs nearly straight or slightly curved, r-r far beyond r-m and distance between them more than twice length of r-r (Fig. |
L. (L.) rotundifolialeos (Young, 1990) |
– | Rs strongly arcuated, r-r beyond r-m and distance between them about length of r-r | L. (L.) innuba (Alexander, 1941) |
5 (2) | Crossvein r-r situated before r-m, basal section of CuA1 at fork of M (Fig. |
L. (L.) iris (Alexander, 1950) |
– | Crossvein r-r situated beyond r-m, basal section of CuA1 distinctly beyond fork of M (Figs |
6 |
6 (5) | Pleura pale yellow without dark area | L. (L.) bipartita (Alexander, 1936b) |
– | Pleura with conspicuous dark area | 7 |
7 (6) | Basal section of CuA1 slightly beyond fork of M and at about 1/8 of cell dm | L. (L.) manobo (Alexander, 1931) |
– | Basal section of CuA1 far beyond fork of M and at 1/4–1/2 of cell dm (Figs |
8 |
8 (7) | Coxae yellow; R2 far before tip of Sc2 and distance between them about twice length of R2, tip of A1 bent very strongly to wing margin | L. (L.) pavo (Alexander, 1964) |
– | Coxae brown; R2 before tip of Sc2 and distance between them about length of R2, tip of A1 slightly curved | L. (L.) suffalcata (Alexander, 1964) |
9 (1) | Wing without additional cross vein in cell r5 (Fig. |
10 |
– | Wing with additional cross vein in cell r5 (Figs |
15 |
10 (9) | Wing with stripes along veins broad and extensive, nearly covering wing tip | L. (L.) noctipes (Alexander, 1967) |
– | Wing with stripes along veins not as broad or extensive | 11 |
11 (10) | Crossvein m-m about four times or more as long as basal section of M3 | 12 |
– | Crossvein m-m less than three times as long as basal section of M3 (Fig. |
13 |
12 (11) | Wing with many conspicuous spots; R2 and r-r distinct before distal end of cell dm | L. (L.) taficola (Alexander, 1948) |
– | Wing nearly unpatterned except very light brown spots at fork of Sc and over tip of Sc2; R2 distinct beyond distal end of cell dm, r-r aligned with distal end of cell dm | L. (L.) transversalis de Meijere, 1916 |
13 (11) | Anterior scutum and pleura dark brown, without conspicuous pattern | L. (L.) dolonigra (Alexander, 1956) |
– | Anterior scutum and pleura with conspicuous stripes (Fig. |
14 |
14 (13) | Body length of male more than 13.0 mm; r-r aligned with distal end of cell dm ( |
L. (L.) impensa (Alexander, 1967) |
– | Body length of male less than 10.0 mm; r-r distinctly before distal end of cell dm (Fig. |
L. (L.) fuscinervis Brunetti, 1912 |
15 (9) | R2 far before tip of Sc2 | 16 |
– | R2 close to tip of Sc2 (Fig. |
17 |
16 (15) | Antennal scape yellow, pedicel and flagellomeres dark brown; anterior scutum with four yellow stripes; Sc relatively short, end aligned with base of cell dm ( |
L. (L.) joculator (Alexander, 1959) |
– | Antenna black throughout; anterior scutum with three confluent dark brown stripes; Sc long, end aligned with middle of cell dm | L. (L.) kariyana (Alexander, 1947) |
17 (15) | Crossvein r-r close to R2 | 18 |
– | Crossvein r-r far before R2 and distance between them about or more than length of r-r (Figs |
19 |
18 (17) | Anterior scutum with indistinct median stripe; wing length of male 10.0–15.0 mm, r-m distinctly before distal end of cell dm, tip of A2 nearly straight or slightly curved | L. (L.) charmosyne (Alexander, 1958) |
– | Anterior scutum with four ill-defined stripes; wing length of male about 25.0 mm, r-m aligned with distal end of cell dm, tip of A2 bent very strongly toward margin | L. (L.) regalis Edwards, 1916 |
19 (17) | Axillary region of wing without spots (Fig. |
L. (L.) baiyunensis sp. nov. |
– | Axillary region of wing darkened (Fig. |
20 |
20 (19) | Tibiae yellow with broad, brown subbasal rings; r-r far before R2 and distance between them about 1.5 times length of r-r | L. (L.) riedelella (Alexander, 1934b) |
– | Tibiae brownish yellow without subbasal ring; r-r before R2 and distance between them less than length of r-r | L. (L.) diphragma (Alexander, 1934a) |
Holotype, male (
Anterior scutum brown with side edges brownish black. Pleura brownish yellow with a broad brownish black stripe extending from cervical region to base of wing. Tip of wing round. Wing nearly unpatterned except some pale brown patches around cross veins and portions of longitudinal veins, without conspicuous crossband from top to bottom. Sc long, ending near middle of cell dm. Rs slightly curved. R2 slightly before tip of Sc2. Two additional cross veins in cells r3 and r5, the former (r-r) beyond distal end of cell dm, the latter (r-m) aligned with distal end of cell dm; m-m twice as long as basal section of M3. Basal section of CuA1 far beyond fork of M and at about 1/3 of cell dm. Tip of A2 nearly straight.
Male. Body length 12.0–14.0 mm, wing length 19.0–22.0 mm.
Head
(Fig.
Thorax
(Fig.
Abdomen. Tergites brownish yellow with a brown median stripe, lateral borders brown; eighth tergite brown. Sternites brownish yellow with eighth sternite brown. Hairs on abdomen white.
Hypopygium
(Fig.
Female. Body length 11.5 mm, wing length 17.5 mm. Similar to male, but eighth tergite brownish yellow with a broad brown median stripe. Tenth tergite brown. Cercus (Fig.
The species is named after the type locality Mt. Baiyun.
China (Henan).
This species is somewhat similar to L. (L.) charmosyne from South Korea and Japan in having similar spots on the wing, but it can be easily distinguished from the latter by the pleura of the thorax being brownish yellow with a broad brownish black stripe, the crossvein r-r being 1.5 to 2 times its length before R2, the crossvein r-m being aligned with the distal end of cell dm, the basal section of CuA1 being far beyond the fork of M and at about 1/3 of cell dm (Fig.
Libnotes fuscinervis Brunetti, 1912: 411. Type locality: Dajiling, East Himalayas (India).
Paratype, male (
Anterior scutum brown with a broad, posteriorly subdivided, dark brown median stripe and a spot on each side of it; posterior half of median stripe with a paler division that broadens out across posterior scutum and scutellum. Pleura brownish yellow with a broad, anteriorly indistinct, brownish black stripe extending from cervical region to mediotergite. Tip of wing round. Wing with many conspicuous spots but without conspicuous crossband from top to bottom. Sc long, ending at 1/3 of cell dm. Rs slightly curved. R2 before tip of Sc2 and distance between them about length of R2. Crossvein r-r before distal end of cell dm. Additional cross vein in cell r5 absent; m-m twice as long as basal section of M3. Basal section of CuA1 far beyond fork of M and at about 1/4 of cell dm. Tip of A2 slightly curved.
Male. Body length 9.5 mm, wing length 14.5 mm.
Head
(Fig.
Thorax
(Fig.
Abdomen. Tergites brownish yellow with lateral borders brownish black. Sternites brownish yellow, middle of first sternite paler. Hairs on abdomen white.
Hypopygium
(Fig.
Female. Unknown.
China (Yunnan); India.
This species was known previously only from India. Now it is recorded from China for the first time.
We express our sincere thanks to Ding Yang for his great help during the study. We are very grateful to Jon K. Gelhaus, Sigitas Podenas, David G. Furth, Yan Li and Qifei Liu for great help during the study of type material from