Research Article |
Mei-Ying Lin‡, Renzo Perissinotto§, Lynette Clennell |
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Corresponding author: Renzo Perissinotto ( renzo.perissinotto@mandela.ac.za ) Academic editor: Francesco Vitali
© 2021 Mei-Ying Lin, Renzo Perissinotto, Lynette Clennell .
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Lin M-Y, Perissinotto R, Clennell L (2021) Census of the longhorn beetles (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae and Vesperidae) of the Macau SAR, China. ZooKeys 1049: 79-161. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1049.65558
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Abstract
An intensive census, extended over a period of approximately three and a half years, October 2017– May 2021, was conducted in the remaining green areas of the Macau SAR in order to provide an updated status of the biodiversity of longhorn beetles in this region. This insect group includes more than 36,000 species worldwide, subdivided into four families of mainly xylophagous or saproxylic insects, the Vesperidae, Oxypeltidae, Disteniidae, and Cerambycidae. They are of key importance in agricultural and forestry science, and are often used as an indicator of forest habitat health. A total of 52 species was recorded during this census, 2.6 times more than previously reported in the literature for this area. However, recorded abundances and frequency of occurrence for the various species were remarkably low, and of the 20 species previously reported for the region, some prominent ones remained unaccounted for. Among others, these include Batocera horsfieldii (Hope, 1839), Apriona rugicollis Chevrolat, 1852 [previously incorrectly reported as Apriona germarii (Hope, 1831)], Aristobia reticulator (Fabricius, 1781) [previously reported as Aristobia testudo (Voet, 1778)] and Imantocera penicillata (Hope, 1831). It is hypothesised that this may be related to the ongoing manipulation of the natural vegetation of the Macau SAR, which is rapidly being converted to plantations, city parks, and gardens. In particular, dead or dying trees and lower tree branches are systematically removed in order to improve the aesthetic appearance of these green areas. However, this process is also depriving xylophagous and saproxylic species of their essential habitats.
Keywords
Biodiversity, Cerambycidae, China, new records, Palaearctic Region, Vesperidae
Introduction
Longhorn beetles represent one of the largest groupings of extant insects with more than 36,000 species currently described worldwide (
Records of longhorn beetles from the Macau Special Administrative Region (SAR) of China are historically very scarce and, consequently, this territory normally does not feature in either the regional or global revisions of this insect group (e.g.,
The Macau SAR has a special local government structure within the “One Country – Two Systems” dispensation of 1999. It is a very prosperous region with per-capita incomes among the highest in the world. It is, however, also one of the most densely populated places on the planet and, consequently, under enormous residential and developmental pressure (
Materials and methods
The Macau SAR of China is biogeographically part of the Palaearctic Region, but is characterised by a subtropical climate and is close to the interface with the Oriental Region. Thus, many species that occur within its boundaries are actually also found further south and are shared with the latter region. Although the area has undergone extreme urban transformation during the last few decades, some pockets of its natural terrestrial vegetation still remain. Their plant assemblages include five vegetation types, namely coniferous forest, coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest, evergreen broad-leaved forest, evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest, and shrub (
Physically, the Macau SAR occupies a total area of ca. 30 km2 (
Map of the Macau SAR showing its various components including the Peninsula, the islands of Taipa and Coloane, as well as the reclaimed lands of Cotai, the International Airport, and the Hong Kong – Zhuhai – Macau Bridge Port (adapted from https://www.britannica.com; used with permission).
Examples of remaining pockets of subtropical evergreen forest in Macau A Guia Hill (Macau Peninsula) B Barra Hill (Macau Peninsula) C Great Taipa (Taipa) D Little Taipa (Taipa) E Coloane Heights (Coloane) F Ká-Hó Mountain (Coloane). Photographs: A Wikiwand.com C JTM.co.mo B culturalheritage.mo C–E LC F Hio Lou Chang.
Considering the exclusive either diurnal or nocturnal activity of most adult longhorn beetles, observations were undertaken during both daylight hours and at night. Flowers, dead trees and freshly cut branches were inspected during the hottest part of the day, in order to maximise potential encounters with beetles during their peak period of diurnal activity. At night, searches were limited to particularly brightly illuminated areas at the periphery of town, including street lights, public ablution blocks and monument spot-lights. Observations were made on an opportunistic basis from October 2017 and virtually on a daily basis during the period October 2018–May 2021. This generally involved non-manipulative methods, with photographs taken in situ as much as possible. No light traps were used, but the UV-based electric mosquito traps mounted by the authorities in each public ablution block were regularly inspected during the census. Where possible, electrocuted beetles were removed from the traps and preserved as voucher specimens for reference and identification verification purposes, along with other specimens retrieved already dead or moribund in the field. All specimens were analysed in detail and identified at the Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing. Most of these specimens are now deposited in the National Zoological Museum of China, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (
Observations and data records were also obtained from the citizen science platform iNaturalist (https://www.inaturalist.org) and the following literature references:
As far as possible, photos of specimen dorsal and lateral habitus were taken in situ using a Nikon CoolPix S9700 digital camera with macro setting. However, when this was not practical in the field, specimens were photographed and measured under controlled conditions. Also, on rare occasions visual disturbances were removed from the photos using Microsoft Word 2010 (Picture Tools), in order to increase clarity and resolution of the images. All the species recorded during the census in the Macau SAR are illustrated with photos of live specimens in their natural or reconstructed setting, highlighting their key dorsal and, where possible, lateral characters. Specimen body length and maximum width were measured using a Vernier caliper, from the anterior margin of the mandibles to the apex of the pygidium and at the widest point of the elytra or pronotum, respectively. All measurements were approximated to the closest 0.5 mm. Within the text, only the original name, the essential synonyms and the currently recognised names are listed under each taxon, while for a comprehensive list of synonyms the reader is referred to the Catalogue of Chinese Coleoptera Volume IX, by
Public collections depositories of historical type material are abbreviated as follows:
NSMT National Science Museum, Tokyo, Japan;
OXUM Hope Entomological Collections, University Museum, Oxford, United Kingdom;
Results
Historical and updated checklists
Gressitt (1951): 2 species
1) Chlorophorus macaumensis (Chevrolat)
2) Pterolophia (Hylobrotus) annulata (Chevrolat)
Easton (1991–1993): 10 species
1) Anoplophora chinensis (Forster)
2) Batocera rubus (Linnaeus)
3) Imantocera penicillata (Hope)
4) Olenecamptus bilobus (Fabricius)
5) Aeolesthes induta (Newman)
6) Aristobia approximator (Thomson)
7) Pyrestes haematica Pascoe
8) Chelidonium sinense (Hope)
9) Chlorophorus annularis (Fabricius)
10) Xystrocera globosa (Olivier)
Pun and Batalha (1997): 13 species
1) Anoplophora chinensis (Forster)
2) Apriona germari (Hope)
3) Batocera horsfieldi (Hope)
4) Batocera rubus (Linnaeus)
5) Chlorophorus annularis (Fabricius)
6) Glenea cantor (Fabricius)
7) Imantocera penicillata (Hope)
8) Megopis marginalis (Fairmaire)
9) Oberea ferruginea Thunberg
10) Olenecamptus bilobus tonkinus Dillon & Dillon
11) Pothyne rugifrons Gressitt
12) Pterolophia annulata (Chevrolat)
13) Xystrocera globosa (Olivier)
Lin and Yang (2019): 5 species
1) Chlorophorus macaumensis (Chevrolat)
2) Glenea (Stiroglenea) cantor (Fabricius)
3) Pterolophia crassipes (Wiedemann)
4) Pterolophia (Hylobrotus) annulata (Chevrolat)
5) Purpuricenus temminckii sinensis White
This Study, 2017–2021: 52 species
1) Philus antennatus (Gyllenhal, 1817)
2) Philus pallescens pallescens Bates, 1866
3) Aegolipton marginale (Fabricius, 1775)
4) Cephalallus unicolor unicolor (Gahan, 1906)
5) Chelidonium argentatum (Dalman, 1817)
6) Embrikstrandia unifasciata (Ritsema, 1896)
7) Polyzonus sinensis Hope, 1842
8) Ceresium elongatum elongatum Matsushita, 1933
9) Ceresium longicorne Pic, 1926
10) Ceresium sinicum ornaticolle Pic, 1907
11) Ceresium zeylanicum Yokoi, 2015
12) Trirachys indutus (Newman, 1842)
13) Rhytidodera integra Kolbe, 1886
14) Chlorophorus annularis (Fabricius, 1787)
15) Chlorophorus macaumensis macaumensis (Chevrolat, 1845)
16) Demonax bimaculicollis (Schwarzer, 1925)
17) Perissus indistinctus Gressitt, 1940
18) Stromatium longicorne (Newman, 1842)
19) Kuegleria annulicornis (Pic, 1935)
20) Nysina rufescens asiatica (Schwarzer, 1925)
21) Pyrestes haematicus Pascoe, 1857
22) Purpuricenus temminckii sinensis White, 1853
23) Xystrocera globosa (Olivier, 1795)
24) Rondibilis undulata (Pic, 1922)
25) Apomecyna longicollis longicollis Pic, 1926
26) Apomecyna saltator (Fabricius, 1787)
27) Ropica dorsalis Schwarzer, 1925
28) Sybra marmorea Breuning, 1939
29) Sybra posticalis (Pascoe, 1858)
30) Batocera rubus rubus (Linnaeus, 1758)
31) Pseudoterinaea bicoloripes (Pic, 1926)
32) Sophronica apicalis (Pic, 1922)
33) Zotalemimon ciliatum (Gressitt, 1942)
34) Olenecamptus taiwanus L.S. Dillon & D.S Dillon, 1948
35) Exocentrus alboguttatus subconjunctus Gressitt, 1940
36) Exocentrus formosofasciolatus Kusama & Tahira, 1978
37) Bumetopia oscitans Pascoe, 1858
38) Coptops licheneus (Pascoe, 1865)
39) Anoplophora chinensis chinensis (Forster, 1771)
40) Blepephaeus subcruciatus (White, 1858)
41) Blepephaeus succinctor (Chevrolat, 1852)
42) Eutaenia tanoni Breuning, 1962
43) Monochamus alternatus alternatus Hope, 1842
44) Desisa subfasciata (Pascoe, 1862)
45) Mispila tholana (Gressitt, 1940)
46) Prosoplus bankii (Fabricius, 1775)
47) Pterolophia kaleea inflexa Gressitt, 1940
48) Pterolophia consularis (Pascoe, 1866)
49) Pterolophia (Hylobrotus) annulata (Chevrolat, 1845)
50) Glenea (Stiroglenea) cantor cantor (Fabricius, 1787)
51) Oberea ferruginea (Thunberg, 1787)
52) Oberea walkeri Gahan, 1894
Taxonomic account
Family VESPERIDAE Mulsant, 1839
Subfamily Philinae J. Thomson, 1861
Tribe Philini J. Thomson, 1861
Philus
Type species
Philus inconspicuus Saunders, 1853 (= Stenochorus antennatus Gyllenhal, 1817).
Philus antennatus
Stenochorus antennatus
Gyllenhal, 1817: 180. TL: India (“orientali”); TD:
Distribution
Palaearctic Region: China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hong Kong, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Taiwan, Zhejiang) (
Macau records
São Francisco Xavier, Ilhas [Coloane], 1 May 2021 8:37, Kisu Wong (https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/76970773); Coloane, Barragem de Ká-Hó, 1 May 2021 8:30, Wai Chan (https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/76102979).
Remarks
Only two observations of male specimens from Macau could be found in the citizen science platform iNaturalist, but unfortunately the accompanying data did not contain any information about their size or habits. A third observation of a female specimen could not be confirmed due to the poor resolution of the photograph (https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/78005663). On Plate IV of
Philus pallescens pallescens
Philus pallescens
Bates, 1866: 350. TL: China (Taiwan); TD:
Philus cantonensis
Pic, 1930: 14. TL: China (“Canton”); TD:
Distribution
Palaearctic Region: China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hong Kong, Hubei, Hunan, Inner Mongolia, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Zhejiang) (
Macau records
Coloane, Hác-Sá, crushed under street light, 5 May 2018, R Perissinotto & L Clennell; ibidem 10 May 2019, electrocuted inside UV mosquito trap of ablution block, R Perissinotto (
Remarks
The size of this species in Macau ranges 18–23 mm in total length and 5–7 mm in maximum width. In the Macau SAR, this species is very scarce and has only been recorded in late spring and always in the Hác-Sá area of Coloane. Like in all Vesperidae, the larvae are presumably subterranean, feeding on root sapwood and pupating within the soil (
Family CERAMBYCIDAE Latreille, 1802
Subfamily Prioninae Latreille, 1802
Tribe Aegosomatini J. Thomson, 1861
Aegolipton
Type species
Cerambyx marginalis Fabricius, 1775.
Aegolipton marginale
Cerambyx marginalis
Fabricius, 1775: 169. TL: “Cap Bonae Spei”; TD:
Distribution
Palaearctic Region: China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hong Kong, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan) (
Macau records
1♂, Taipa, 1 Jun 1988, WW Pun, Megopis marginalis (CIAM); 1♀, Coloane, 26 Jul 1989, WW Pun, Megopis marginalis (CIAM); No data, “Megopis marginalis (Fairmaire), 毛角薄翅天牛28 mm” (
Remarks
The size of this species in Macau ranges 28–38 mm in total length and 8–11 mm in maximum width. Like most prionines, this is an exclusively crepuscular and nocturnal species with activity in Macau restricted to the spring months. It is promptly attracted to artificial light, under which it often remains hidden throughout the daytime.
Subfamily Spondylidinae Audinet-Serville, 1832
Tribe Asemini J. Thomson, 1861
Cephalallus
Type species
Cephalallus oberthueri Sharp, 1905.
Cephalallus unicolor unicolor
Criocephalus unicolor
Gahan, 1906: 97. TL: India (North Khasi Hills); TD:
Distribution
Palaearctic Region: China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hong Kong, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Japan; Mongolia; North and South Korea (
Macau records
Macau, University of East Asia, Block I, 17 Aug 1989, ER Easton leg (UMEC); ibidem Block F, 25 Apr 1991, ER Easton leg (UMEC); ibidem [no data], ER Easton leg (UMEC); Great Taipa, 11 Apr 2019, R Perissinotto; Coloane Heights, A-Má Statue, 1 Apr 2020, R Perissinotto; ibidem 9 Nov 2020, under spotlight, R Perissinotto (
Remarks
This species varies remarkably in size, from 12–21 mm in total length, to 3–5 mm in maximum width. In Macau, adults are active throughout the warmer parts of the year, from April till November. Larvae are reported to develop in pine trees, Pinus spp. (
Subfamily Cerambycinae Latreille, 1802
Tribe Callichromatini Swainson & Shuckard, 1840
Chelidonium
Type species
Cerambyx argentatus Dalman, 1817.
Chelidonium argentatum
Cerambyx argentatus
Dalman, 1817: 151. TL: Unknown; TD:
Distribution
Palaearctic Region: China (Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Henan, Hong Kong, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Ningxia, Sichuan, Shaanxi, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang); India (Sikkim) (
Macau records
Taipa, University of East Asia Campus, 28 May 1992, on wall of Tai Fung building and 30 May 1992 outside classroom CLG 401, “Chelidonium sinense (Hope)” (
Remarks
The size of this species in Macau ranges 24–31 mm in total length and 5–7 mm in maximum width. Adults are active during the hottest part of the day during May–June and have been observed while feeding on flowers of Acronychia pedunculata, Psychotria serpens, Dalbergia benthamii, and Syzigium buxifolium (RP pers. obs.). In nearby Hong Kong, larvae of this species have been recorded boring into the wood of citrus plants (
Embrikstrandia
Type species
Callichroma bimaculatum White, 1853.
Embrikstrandia unifasciata
Zonopterus unifasciatus
Ritsema, 1896: 376. TL: Vietnam (Annam); TD:
Distribution
Palaearctic Region: China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Henan, Hong Kong, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Shanxi, Taiwan, Zhejiang); India (Sikkim) (
Macau records
Coloane, Ká-Hó near lighthouse, 1 Jun 2020, on flowers of Syzigium buxifolium, R Perissinotto; Coloane, A-Mà Cultural Village, 17 Jun 2020, on flowers of Acronychia pedunculata, R Perissinotto (
Remarks
In Macau, this species has a total length of 21–27 mm and a maximum width of 6–8.5 mm. Three out of a total of four specimens observed during the study exhibit an expanded pale-yellow band across the elytra reaching all the way to the basal margin (Fig.
Polyzonus
Type species
Saperda fasciata Fabricius, 1781
Polyzonus sinensis
Promeces sinensis
Hope, 1842: 63. TL: China (Guangdong); TD:
Distribution
Palaearctic Region: China (Chongqing, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hong Kong, Hunan, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan); India (Sikkim) (
Macau records
Coloane, 20 May 1994, MW Ng (CIAM); Parque Natural de Taipa Grande, 24 May 2020 5:36, Wai Chan (https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/70479773); ibidem 8 May 2021 17:07, Kit Chang (https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/77868888); Great Taipa, 8 May 2021, perched on leaves on road margin, R Perissinotto & Lynette Clennell (
Remarks
Tribe Callidiopini Lacordaire, 1868
Ceresium
Type species
Ceresium raripilum Newman, 1842.
Ceresium elongatum elongatum
Ceresium elongatum
Matsushita, 1933: 301. TL: Japan (Okinawa); TD:
Distribution
Palaearctic Region: China (Hong Kong, Taiwan); Japan (Ryukyus) (
Macau records
Great Taipa, 13 May 2019, under light in ablution block, R Perissinotto & L Clennell; Coloane Village, 19 May 2019, among flowers of Psychotria serpens, R Perissinotto & L Clennell (
Remarks
This species varies in the range of 10–14 mm in total length and 2–3 mm in maximum width. In Macau, adults appear to be active mainly during late spring, in May–June, and like those of the other species in this genus they are promptly attracted to artificial light during night-time, but are also occasionally seen during the day, hidden, and possibly feeding inside thick inflorescences. In Hong Kong, the larval stages of this species are known to develop within the wood of Citrus spp. and Morus alba (
Ceresium longicorne
Ceresium longicorne
Pic, 1926: 24. TL: China (Taiwan); TD:
Distribution
Palaearctic Region: China (Hong Kong, Hubei, Jiangxi, Taiwan); Japan; South Korea (
Macau records
1♀, Coloane, 11 Aug 1993, Melia azedarach, WW Pun (CIAM); Great Taipa, 1 Apr 2019, under light in ablution block, R Perissinotto & L Clennell (
Remarks
In Macau, adults of this species are active throughout the spring and are generally found in proximity to artificial lights at night. Their range in total length is 9–11 mm, and 1.5–3 in maximum width. In nearby Hong Kong, larvae of this species bore into Citrus spp. plants (
Ceresium sinicum ornaticolle
Ceresium ornaticolle
Pic, 1907: 20. TL: China (Yunnan); TD:
Distribution
Palaearctic Region: China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hong Kong, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang) (
Macau records
Great Taipa, 3 Mar 2019, at light in ablution block, R Perissinotto & L Clennell; ibidem16 Mar 2019, R Perissinotto; ibidem 13 Jun 2019, R Perissinotto & L Clennell (
Remarks
In Macau, this species ranges 11–13 mm in total length and 2.5–3 mm in maximum width. During the current census it has been observed mainly at night under artificial lights, however on one occasion it was found during daytime feeding on flowers of Ligustrum sinense. In nearby Hong Kong, larvae have been documented to bore into wood of Cinnamomum camphora, Citrus spp., and Melia azedarach (
Ceresium zeylanicum
Ceresium zeylanicum
Yokoi, 2015: 198. TL: Sri Lanka; TD:
Distribution
Palaearctic Region: China (Hong Kong) (
Macau records
Great Taipa, 6 May 2019, under light in ablution block, R Perissinotto (
Remarks
In Macau, adults are active only in the spring and range in total length 9.5–15 mm and 2–4 mm in maximum width. Although they have been found mainly around artificial lights at night, they have also been observed feeding on flowers of Lonicera japonica and Gardenia jasminoides during daytime (RP & LC pers. obs.). Larval host plants include Artidesma tetrandrum, Bauhinia malabarica, Careya arborea, Heritiera minor, Lagerstroemia parviflora and Shorea robusta (
Tribe Cerambycini Latreille, 1802
Trirachys
Type species
Trirachys orientalis Hope, 1843
Trirachys indutus
Hammaticherus indutus
Newman, 1842b: 245. TL: Philippines (Luzon); TD:
Distribution
Palaearctic Region: China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hong Kong, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Zhejiang) (
Macau records
Taipa, University of East Asia Campus, 5 Apr 1992, on outside wall of Block I building (
Remarks
This species was recorded only twice during the census and the specimens exhibited a total length of 30–37 mm and a maximum width of 8–10.5 mm. It has been reported previously from the region and from Hong Kong as Aeolesthes induta (Newman, 1842) (
Rhytidodera
Type species
Rhytidodera bowringii White, 1853
Rhytidodera integra
Rhytidodera integra
Kolbe, 1886: 237. TL: Korea; TD:
Distribution
Palaearctic Region: China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hong Kong, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan); South Korea (
Macau records
1♀, Coloane, 3 Jul 2000, ML Lei (CIAM); [Coloane] St. Francis Xavier’s Parish, 18 Jun 2020 21:53, Kit Chang (https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/50057385); Taipa, “Our Lady of Hope” Bay Wetland, 18 Jun 2020 23:36, Eric Kwan (https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/50069409); Macao Peninsula, Escola Luso-Chinesa Técnico-Profissional, 25 May 5:47, Wai Chan (https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/80195805).
Remarks
The only specimen available in Macau collections exhibits a total length of 26 mm and a maximum width of 6 mm. Three other observations of this species from Macau were obtained from the citizen science platform iNaturalist, but unfortunately the accompanying data did not contain any information about their size or habits. In nearby Hong Kong, adults may attain a total length of 22–34 mm (
Tribe Clytini Mulsant, 1839
Chlorophorus
Type species
Callidium annulare Fabricius, 1787
Chlorophorus annularis
Callidium annularis
Fabricius, 1787: 156. TL: Thailand (“Siam”); TD:
Distribution
Palaearctic Region: China (Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hong Kong, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shanghai, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Japan; Nepal; South Korea (
Macau records
Taipa, University of East Asia Campus, 28 May 1992 on outside wall of Tai Fung Building and 18 Jun 1992 near Library (
Remarks
According to
The main larval host plants for the species include Bambusa spp., Chimonobambusa tumidissinoda, Dendrocalamus strictus, Dipterocarpus tuberculatus, Cassia fistula, Gossypium sp., Indosasa crassiflora, Phyllostachys reticulata, Saccharum officinarum, Sinocalamus spp., Vitis spp., and Zea mays (
Chlorophorus macaumensis macaumensis
Clytus macaumensis
Chevrolat, 1845: 98. TL: China (Macau); TD:
Distribution
Palaearctic Region: China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hong Kong, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan) (
Macau records
1♀, Coloane, 21 Jul 1988, Bambú, Chlorophorus annularis, WW Pun (CIAM); 1♀, ibidem 3 Jun 1994, Chlorophorus annularis, WW Pun (CIAM); 1♂, ibidem 21 May 1999, ML Lei (CIAM); 1♀, ibidem 14 Jun 2001, ML Lei (CIAM); Coloane Village, Jun 2018, L Clennell (MACT); Little Taipa, 28 Sep 2018, on roadside vegetation, R Perissinotto & L Clennell (MACT); Coloane Village, 28 Apr 2019, R Perissinotto & Clennell (
Remarks
This is the only species that was found in reasonable abundance during the census, as shown by the extensive list of records above. Yet, remarkably it was not reported in the previous surveys by either
Demonax
Type species
Demonax nigrofasciatus J. Thomson, 1861
Demonax bimaculicollis
Chlorophorus bimaculicollis
Schwarzer, 1925a: 28. TL: China (Taiwan); TD:
Distribution
Palaearctic Region: China (Hainan, Taiwan) (
Macau records
Little Taipa, 4 Mar 2019, on flowers of Ligustrum sinense, R Perissinotto; ibidem 13 Mar 2019, on dead tree trunk by roadside, R Perissinotto (MACT); ibidem 25 Apr 2019, on flowers of Mangifera sp. by roadside, R Perissinotto & L Clennell (
Remarks
In Macau, this species has so far only been recorded from Little Taipa Hill during March–April 1999 and ranges 8–11 mm in total length and 2–3 mm in maximum width. Adults appear to be active in daytime only during the early spring and have been observed mainly feeding on flowers of Mangifera sp. and occasionally also of Ligustrum sinense.
Perissus
Type species
Perissus x-littera Chevrolat, 1863
Perissus indistinctus
Perissus indistinctus
Gressitt, 1940a: 72. TL: China (Hainan); TD:
Distribution
Palaearctic Region: China (Hainan, Hong Kong) (
Macau records
Coloane Heights, A-Mà Cultural Village, 12 Jul 2020, on dead tree trunk, R Perissinotto & L Clennell (
Remarks
In Macau, adult activity has been recorded from early spring till late autumn. Specimens range 7–10.5 mm in total length and 1.5–3 mm in maximum width. Adults are active during the hottest part of the day and are generally observed on dead tree branches or roots, where they crawl back and forth with extreme rapidity searching for mates and areas suitable for egg deposition. No information seems to be available in the literature on the larval food plants.
Tribe Hesperophanini Mulsant, 1839
Stromatium
Type species
Callidium barbatum Fabricius, 1775
Stromatium longicorne
Arhopalus longicornis
Newman, 1842a: 246. TL: Philippines (Manila); TD:
Stromatium asperulum
White, 1855: 300. TL: China (Hong Kong); TD:
Distribution
Palaearctic Region: China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guidzou, Hainan, Hong Kong, Inner Mongolia, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang); India (north); Japan; Nepal; (
Macau records
Great Taipa, 6 Jun 2019, on floor in ablution block, R Perissinotto & L Clennell (
Remarks
In Macau, adults appear to be active only in late spring and range in total length 23–28 mm and 6.5–8 mm in maximum width. The species is exclusively nocturnal and readily attracted to artificial lights. The larvae apparently bore into lumber and a variety of trees, such as Machilus spp., Morus alba and oaks (
Tribe Obriini Mulsant, 1839
Kuegleria
Type species
Obrium atricolor Pic, 1953.
Kuegleria annulicornis
Falsobrium annulicorne
Pic, 1935: 13. TL: Vietnam (Tonkin); TD:
Distribution
Palaearctic Region: China [Hong Kong, new record: 1♂, Shing Mun, 24 May 2010, Atwood Chiu (on loan to
Macau records
Great Taipa, 9 May 2019, on pile of dead wood in barbeque area, R Perissinotto & L Clennell (
Remarks
This species represents a new record for China and the broader Palaearctic Region. The two specimens recorded during this survey exhibit a total length of 6–7 mm and a maximum width of 1–1.5 mm. One specimen was active during daytime, flying above a pile of dead wood, while the second specimen was recovered from an ablution block, where it had likely been attracted by artificial lights during the night.
Tribe Phoracanthini Newman, 1840
Nysina
Type species
Sphaerion orientale White, 1853.
Nysina rufescens asiatica
Neosphaerion asiaticum
Schwarzer, 1925a: 22. TL: China (Taiwan); TD:
Distribution
Palaearctic Region: China (Fujian, Guangxi, Hainan, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Zhejiang) (
Macau records
Coloane Heights, 5 Jul 2019, feeding on unidentified flower in garden, R Perissinotto & L Clennell (
Remarks
In Macau, adults are active throughout the spring and summer, both during the day feeding on flowers and at night when they are attracted to artificial lights. They range in total length 10.5–13 mm and 2.5–3 mm in maximum width. There appears to be no information available in the literature on the larval food plant(s) of this species.
Tribe Pyrestini Lacordaire, 1868
Pyrestes
Type species
Pyrestes haematicus Pascoe, 1857.
Pyrestes haematicus
Pyrestes haematicus
Pascoe, 1857: 97. TL: China (North); TD:
Pyrestes cardinalis
Pascoe, 1863: 50. TL: China (Hong Kong); TD:
Distribution
Palaearctic Region: China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hong Kong, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jangxi, Shaanxi, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang); North & South Korea (
Macau records
Taipa, University of East Asia Campus, 28 March & 24 April on wall of Block I building, “Pyrestes haematica Pascoe” (
Remarks
In Macau, adults are active only during late spring to early summer and specimens range in total length 10–16 mm and 2–4 mm in maximum width. They feed on a variety of flowers during the hottest part of the day, including Acronychia pedunculata, Dalbergia benthamii and Elaeocarpus sylvestris. Known larval food plants include Cinnamomum camphora, Machilus spp. and Pueraria lobata (
Tribe Trachyderini Dupont, 1836
Purpuricenus
Type species
Cerambyx kaehleri Linnaeus, 1758
Purpuricenus temminckii sinensis
Fig.
Purpuricenus sinensis
White, 1853: 139. TL: China (Shanghai); TD:
Distribution
Palaearctic Region: China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hong Kong, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanghai, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang); India (Arunachal Pradesh); South Korea (
Macau records
Taipa Central, 19 Mar 2019, flying near bus stop, R Perissinotto.
Remarks
The only specimen observed in Macau had a total length of 16.5 mm and a maximum width of 5.5 mm.
Tribe Xystrocerini Blanchard, 1845
Xystrocera
Type species
Cerambyx globosus Olivier, 1795; designated by
Xystrocera globosa
Cerambyx globosus Olivier, 1795: 27, pl. XII, fig. 81. TL: Indonesia (“Batavia”); TD: Unknown.
Distribution
Palaearctic Region: Bhutan; China (Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hong Kong, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Egypt; India (Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Uttarakhand); Israel (introduced); Japan; Nepal; North & South Korea; Pakistan (
Macau records
Taipa, University of East Asia Campus, 9 Apr & 5 May 1992, on outside wall of Block I building, (
Remarks
In Macau, adults are active from early spring till mid-autumn and range in total length 24–30.5 mm and 5–8 mm in maximum width. In the Coloane area, adults have repeatedly been observed while emerging from exit holes on dead or moribund trunks of Albizia lebbeck. In nearby Hong Kong, host plants for this species include Acacia confusa, Albizia lebbeck, Bauhinia spp. and Bombax ceiba (
Subfamily Lamiinae Latreille, 1825
Tribe Acanthocinini Blanchard, 1845
Rondibilis
Type species
Rondibilis bispinosa Thomson, 1857.
Rondibilis undulata
Erysamena
[sic] undulata Pic, 1922: 14. TL: Vietnam (Tonkin); TD:
Rondibilis multinotatus
Gressitt, 1939: 83. TL: China (Guangdong); TD:
Distribution
Palaearctic Region: China (Guangdong, Hainan); South Korea (
Macau records
Great Taipa, 26 Apr 2019, in mosquito trap, R Perissinotto & L Clennell (
Remarks
In Macau, adults are active only in late spring and range in total length 6.5–8 mm and 1.5–2 mm in maximum width. They are strictly nocturnal and readily attracted to artificial lights. No information is available in the literature on their larval host plant(s).
Tribe Apomecynini J. Thomson, 1860
Apomecyna
Type species
Saperda alboguttata Megerle, 1802 (= Lamia histrio Fabricius, 1793).
Apomecyna longicollis longicollis
Apomecyna longicollis
Pic, 1926: 28. TL: Vietnam (Tonkin); TD:
Distribution
Palaearctic Region: China (Guizhou, Hong Kong, Jiangxi, Yunnan) (
Macau records
Great Taipa, 26 Apr 2019, in ablution block, R Perissinotto & L Clennell (
Remarks
In Macau, adults are active throughout spring and summer, ranging in total length 7–10 mm and 1.5–3 mm in maximum width. Like the other species of this genus, A. l. longicollis is nocturnal and readily attracted to artificial lights. There is no published information on its larval host plant(s).
Apomecyna saltator
Lamia saltator
Fabricius, 1787: 141. TL: Unknown; TD:
Distribution
Palaearctic Region: China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hong Kong, Hubei, Hunan, Jangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang); India (Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh); Pakistan; Nepal (
Macau records
Great Taipa, 29 Apr 2019, on mosquito trap, R Perissinotto & L Clennell (
Remarks
In Macau, adults have so far been recorded only in late spring and range in total length 10–12 mm and 3–4.5 mm in maximum width. In nearby Hong Kong, however, they have been observed throughout the summer and there larval food plants include Cucurbita moschata, Benincasa hispida, Luffa acutangula and Lagenaria siceraria (
Ropica
Type species
Ropica piperata Pascoe, 1858.
Ropica dorsalis
Ropica formosana var. dorsalis
Schwarzer, 1925b: 145. TL: China (Taiwan); TD:
Distribution
Palaearctic Region: China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hong Kong, Hunan, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Taiwan, Zhejiang); Japan, Nepal (
Macau records
1♀, Cotai Ecological Zone, 1st zone, 14 Oct 2015, leg. Feng-Long Jia (
Remarks
Macau specimens exhibit a total length of 6.0–6.5 mm and a maximum width of 2.0–2.5 mm. The species is nocturnal and attracted to artificial lights. In the past, it has been misidentified and confused with R. honesta (
Sybra
Type species
Ropica stigmatica Pascoe, 1859.
Sybra marmorea
Sybra marmorea
Breuning, 1939: 264. TL: China; TD:
Distribution
Palaearctic Region: China (
Macau records
Coloane Village, 20 May 2021, on building wall under street light, R Perissinotto & L Clennell (
Remarks
This is a highly significant record, as the type locality of this species was only vaguely reported as “China” in the original description of
Sybra posticalis
Ropica posticalis
Pascoe, 1858: 248. TL: China (Hong Kong); TD:
Distribution
Palaearctic Region: China (Hainan, Hong Kong, Taiwan) (
Macau records
1♂, Coloane, 16 Apr 1994, PF Cheong (CIAM); 2♂, 2♀, Cotai Ecological Zone, 1st zone, 4–5 Apr 2013, leg. Feng-Long Jia & Wei-Cai Xie (
Remarks
In Macau, adults seem to be active only in late spring and range in total length 5.5–8 mm and 1.5–3 mm in maximum width. Activity is mainly nocturnal and individuals are readily attracted to artificial lights. In Hong Kong, a larva was reared successfully in captivity to adulthood when fed a mixture of soft dead woods (
Tribe Batocerini J. Thomson, 1864
Batocera
Type species
Cerambyx rubus Linnaeus, 1758.
Batocera rubus rubus
Cerambyx rubus Linnaeus, 1758: 390. TL: India; TD: Unknown
Distribution
Palaearctic Region: China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hong Kong, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang); India (Arunachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand); Japan (Ryukyus); Nepal; Pakistan; Saudi Arabia; Turkey (
Macau records
Taipa, University of East Asia Campus, 6 July 1991, on Block I (
Remarks
This is the largest longhorn beetle encountered in the Macau SAR during the current census, attaining a total length of 24–36 mm and a maximum width of 8–11 mm. Adults are active from late spring till mid-autumn, both during the day and night. The larvae burrow in a wide variety of forest trees, including Artocarpus heterophyllus, Careya arborea, Ficus spp. and Mangifera spp., from India through southeast Asia and south China, including Hong Kong (
Tribe Desmiphorini Thomson, 1860
Pseudoterinaea
Type species
Pseudanaesthetis bicoloripes Pic, 1926.
Pseudoterinaea bicoloripes
Pseudanaesthetis bicoloripes
Pic, 1926: 26. TL: Vietnam (Tonkin); TD:
Distribution
Palaearctic Region: China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hong Kong, Yunnan) (
Macau records
1♀, Coloane, 9 May 1994, WW Pun (CIAM); Great Taipa, 9 Apr 2019, under light in ablution block, R Perissinotto & L Clennell; ibidem 28 Apr 2019, R Perissinotto & L Clennell (
Remarks
In Macau, adults are active throughout the spring and summer and range in total length 7–8.5 mm and 2–3 mm in maximum width. Activity appears to be mainly during night time, when specimens are readily attracted to artificial lights. No information is available in the literature on the larval food plant(s) of this species.
Sophronica
Type species
Sophronica calceata Chevrolat, 1855
Sophronica apicalis
Phunginus apicalis
Pic, 1922: 15. TL: Vietnam (Tonkin); TD:
Distribution
Palaearctic Region: India (Uttarakhand); Nepal (
Macau records
Coloane Village, 1 May 2021, on wall under light in ablution block, R Perissinotto & L Clennell (
Remarks
This is a new record for China. The specimen observed at Coloane exhibits a total length of 9 mm and a maximum width of 2.5 mm. Adult activity is presumably nocturnal and the specimen in question was obviously attracted to artificial light. No information is available in the literature on the larval food plant(s) or general biology of this species.
Zotalemimon
Type species
Zotalemimon apicale Pic, 1925 (= Sybra posticata Gahan, 1895).
Zotalemimon ciliatum
Donysia ciliata
Gressitt, 1942: 212. TL: China (Guangdong, Honan Island); TD:
Distribution
Palaearctic Region: China (Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, Hong Kong, Yunnan) (
Macau records
Great Taipa, 16 Mar 2019, under light in ablution block, R Perissinotto; Coloane Village, 3 Apr 2020, on the wall in ablution block, R Perissinotto.
Remarks
In Macau, adults appear to be active only in the spring and range in total length 10.5–12 mm and 3–4 mm in maximum width. Adults are nocturnal and attracted to artificial lights. Known larval host plants include Dendrocalamus latiflorus and Xylosma sp. (
Tribe Dorcaschematini J. Thomson, 1860
Olenecamptus
Type species
Olenecamptus serratus Chevrolat, 1835 (= Saperda biloba Fabricius, 1801).
Olenecamptus taiwanus
Olenecamptus bilobus taiwanus
L. S. Dillon & E. S. Dillon, 1948: 229, pl. X, fig. 9. TL: China (Taiwan); TD:
Distribution
Palaearctic Region: China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Yunnan); Japan (
Macau records
Taipa, University of East Asia Campus, 10 Sep 1991, on Block I, “Olenecamptus bilobus” (
Remarks
In Macau, adults are active from late spring to late summer and range in total length 11.5–20 mm and 2.5–5 mm in maximum width. According to
Tribe Exocentrini Pascoe, 1864
Exocentrus
Type species
Cerambyx balteatus Fabricius sensu
Exocentrus alboguttatus subconjunctus
Exocentrus alboguttatus subconjunctus
Gressitt, 1940a: 184. TL: China (Hainan); TD:
Distribution
Palaearctic Region: China (Guangxi, Hainan, Hong Kong) (
Macau records
Great Taipa, 29 Apr 2019, at light in ablution block, R Perissinotto & L Clennell (
Remarks
In Macau, adults are active from late spring till early summer and range in total length 4.5–7.5 mm and 1.5–3 mm in maximum width. They are readily attracted to artificial lights at night, but are also active during daytime when they can be observed crawling and mating on dead tree twigs and branches. In nearby Hong Kong, where in the past this species has been erroneously reported as E. guttulatus subconjunctus, the larval host plants include Acacia farnesiana, Mallotus spp. and Morus alba (
Exocentrus formosofasciolatus
Exocentrus (Camptomyne) formosofasciolatus Kusama & Tahira, 1978: 17, figs 7, 7 p. TL: China (Taiwan); TD: NSMT.
Distribution
Palaearctic Region: China (Taiwan) (
Macau records
Great Taipa, 13 May 2019, in mosquito trap, R Perissinotto & L Clennell (MACT × 2); ibidem 13 Jun 2019, R Perissinotto & L Clennell (
Remarks
In Macau, adults seem to be active only in late spring and range in total length 4–5 mm and 1.5–2 mm in maximum width. Like in its congeneric species above, individuals are active both during the daytime and at night, when they are readily attracted to artificial lights. No information is available on its larval food plant(s).
Tribe Homonoeini J. Thomson, 1864
Bumetopia
Type species
Bumetopia oscitans Pascoe, 1858.
Bumetopia oscitans
Bumetopia oscitans
Pascoe, 1858: 252. TL: China (Hong Kong); TD:
Distribution
Palaearctic Region: China (Hong Kong, Shaanxi, Taiwan); South Korea (
Macau records
1♂, Little Taipa, 25 Mar 2021, on branch of Cinnamomum burmannii, R Perissinotto (
Remarks
The only specimen observed in Macau during this study exhibits a total length of 13 mm and a maximum width of 4 mm. In Hong Kong, adults have been reported feeding on Miscanthus sp. (
Tribe Lamiini Latreille, 1825
Anoplophora
Type species
Anoplophora stanleyana Hope, 1839.
Anoplophora chinensis chinensis
Cerambyx chinensis
Forster, 1771: 39. TL: China; TD:
Distribution
Palaearctic Region: Austria (introduced); China (Anhui, Beijing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hong Kong, Hubei, Hunan, Jangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanghai, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Croatia (introduced); France (introduced); Germany (introduced); Italy (introduced); Netherlands (introduced); Turkey (introduced); South Korea (
Macau records
Taipa, University of East Asia Campus, 22 May 1991, near tennis courts under street lamp (
Remarks
Blepephaeus
Type species
Monohammus succintor Chevrolat, 1852.
Blepephaeus subcruciatus
Monohammus subcruciatus
White, 1858: 410. TL: China (Hong Kong); TD:
Distribution
Palaearctic Region: China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hong Kong) (
Macau records
Guia Hill, 12 May 2019, near light in ablution block, R Perissinotto & L Clennell (
Remarks
Only one specimen was observed in Macau during the entire study period, exhibiting a total length of 20 mm and a maximum width of 6 mm. Adults seem to be active in late spring and mainly at night, being attracted to artificial lights. There is no published information on its biology.
Blepephaeus succinctor
Monohammus succinctor
Chevrolat, 1852: 417. TL: China (Shanghai); TD:
Distribution
Palaearctic Region: China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hunan, Hong Kong, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shanghai, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang); India (Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim); Nepal (
Macau records
Guia Hill, 4 May 2019, crushed on pavement, R Perissinotto & L Clennell (
Remarks
In Macau, adults are active only in late spring and range in total length 22–27 mm and 6–9 mm in maximum width. They are mainly nocturnal and readily attracted to artificial lights. In nearby Hong Kong, larvae utilise a wide variety of food plants, including Adenanthera miscrosperma, Citrus reticulata, Melia azedarach, Morus alba, and Vernicia fordii (
Eutaenia
Type species
Ceroplesis javeti J. Thomson, 1857 (= Lamia trifasciella White, 1850).
Eutaenia tanoni
Eutaenia tanoni
Distribution
Palaearctic Region: China (Guangxi) (
Macau records
Coloane, Cheoc Van, on coastal vegetation, 18 May 2019, R Perissinotto & L Clennell (
Remarks
Since this species was originally described on the basis of a single specimen,
Monochamus
Type species
Cerambyx sutor Linnaeus, 1758.
Monochamus alternatus alternatus
Monohammus alternatus Hope, 1842: 61. TL: China (Zhejiang); TD: OXUM
Monohammus tesserula
White, 1858: 408. TL: China (Hong Kong): TD:
Distribution
Palaearctic Region: China (Anhui, Beijing, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hong Kong, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang); South Korea (
Macau records
1♀, Coloane, 19 Apr 2001, CM Chan, Monochamus alternatus Hope ♀ (CIAM); 1♂, ibidem 25 Apr 2001, CM Chan, Monochamus alternatus Hope ♂ (CIAM); 1♂, ibidem 26 Apr 2001, CM Chan, Monochamus alternatus Hope ♂ (CIAM); Coloane Heights, A-Mà statue, 22 May 2020, R Perissinotto; ibidem 30 May 2020, dead under spot-light, R Perissinotto & L Clennell (
Remarks
In Macau, adults are active mainly at night and only in late spring; they range in total length 18–21 mm and 6–7.5 mm in maximum width. In Hong Kong, larvae reportedly bore into Pinus massoniana and carry the pine-wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xilophilus, which is a pest of pine plantations (
Tribe Mesosini Mulsant, 1839
Coptops
Type species
Coptops parallela Audinet-Serville, 1835 (= Lamia aedificator Fabricius, 1793).
Coptops licheneus
Coptops lichenea
Pascoe, 1865: 118. TL: Malaysia (Malacca); TD:
Distribution
Palaearctic Region: China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hong Kong, Yunnan); Nepal (
Macau records
Coloane, Hác-Sá, 28 Apr 2019, on dead tree branch, R Perissinotto & L Clennell (
Remarks
In Macau, adults are active from late spring to mid-summer and range in total length 15–18 mm and 6–7.5 mm in maximum width. Individuals are readily attracted to artificial lights at night, but are also active during the day while crawling and mating on dead tree surfaces. In Hong Kong, Mangifera indica and Derris spp. have been reported as food plants for the larvae of this species (
Tribe Pteropliini J. Thomson, 1860
Desisa
Type species
Praonetha subfasciata Pascoe, 1862.
Desisa subfasciata
Praonetha subfasciata
Pascoe, 1862: 348. TL: Cambodia; TD:
Distribution
Palaearctic Region: China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Henan, Hong Kong, Hubei, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Yunnan, Zhejiang); India (Uttarakhand); Nepal (
Macau records
Coloane, A-Má Cultural Village, 28 Apr 2019, R Perissinotto & L Clennell (
Remarks
In Macau, adults are active only in mid to late spring and range in total length 10–15 mm and 4–6 mm in maximum width. They are both nocturnal, being readily attracted to artificial lights, and diurnal, crawling and mating on dead tree branches and trunks. In Hong Kong, larvae have been found boring into various trees, including Mallotus philippensis, Morus alba and Prunus persica (
Mispila
Type species
Mispila venosa Pascoe, 1864.
Mispila tholana
Enispia tholana
Gressitt, 1940a: 157, pl. 4, fig. 11. TL: China (Hainan); TD:
Distribution
Palaearctic Region: China (Hainan, Yunnan) (
Macau records
Coloane Heights, A-Má Cultural Village, 28 Apr 2019, on wall near artificial light, R Perissinotto & L Clennell (
Remarks
In Macau, adults are active only in the spring and during night time, when they are attracted to artificial lights. The only specimen that could be measured exhibited a total length of 9 mm and a maximum width of 3 mm. There is no information in the literature on the biology of this species.
Prosoplus
Type species
Leiopus sinuatofasciatus Blanchard, 1853
Prosoplus bankii
Lamia bankii
Fabricius, 1775: 176. TL: South Africa (“Cap Bonae Spei”); TD:
Distribution
Palaearctic Region: China (Guangdong, Hainan, Taiwan); Japan (
Macau records
Coloane, Tin Hau Temple, 14 Jun 2019, R Perissinotto & Lynette Clennell (
Remarks
In Macau, adults seem to be active only in late spring and range in total length 8–13 mm and 3–5 mm in maximum width. Individuals have so far only been found around artificial lights, indicating a predominant nocturnal activity.
Pterolophia
Type species
Mesosa bigibbera Newman, 1842.
Pterolophia kaleea inflexa
Pterolophia kaleea inflexa
Gressitt, 1940b: 11, pl. 1, fig. 3. TL: China (Guangdong); TD:
Distribution
Palaearctic Region: China (Fujian, Guangdong, Sichuan, Taiwan) (
Macau records
Great Taipa, 21 May 2019, at light in ablution block, R Perissinotto & L Clennell (
Remarks
Only one female specimen was found during the census period and this exhibited a total length of 6.5 mm and a maximum width of 2 mm. The species appears to be mainly nocturnal and attracted to artificial lights.
Pterolophia consularis
Praonetha consularis
Pascoe, 1866: 240. TL: Malaysia (Malacca); TD:
Pterolophia cervina
Gressitt, 1939: 74. TL: China (Guangdong); TD:
Distribution
Palaearctic Region: China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hong Kong, Yunnan); Bhutan; India (Sikkim) (
Macau records
Coloane Village, 1 Jun 2020, on mosquito trap in ablution block, R Perissinotto & L Clennell (
Remarks
The only two specimens observed in Macau exhibited a total length of 9–9.5 mm and a maximum width of 4 mm. Its general morphology matches rather well that of Pterolophia cervina Gressit, 1939 from Guangdong, which was recently considered as a synonym of Praonetha consularis Pascoe, 1866 (
Subgenus Hylobrotus
Type species
Hylobrotus ploemi Lacordaire, 1872.
Pterolophia (Hylobrotus) annulata
Coptops annulata
Chevrolat, 1845: 99. TL: China (Macau); TD:
Praonetha bowringii
Pascoe, 1865: 170. TL: China (Hong Kong); TD:
Distribution
Palaearctic Region: China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hong Kong, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shanghai, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang); India (Sikkim); Japan; Nepal; North & South Korea (
Macau records
Coloane, 28 Jan 1992, Morus alba, A Fai, Pterolophia annulata (CIAM); No data, “Pterolophia annulata (Chevrolat), 桑坡天牛12 mm ” (
Remarks
In Macau, adults are active from early spring till mid-autumn and range in total length 11–15 mm and 4–6 mm in maximum width. The species is mainly nocturnal and promptly attracted to artificial lights. In Hong Kong, larvae of this species bore into wood of Morus alba (
Tribe Saperdini Mulsant, 1839
Glenea
Type species
Saperda novemguttata Guérin-Méneville, 1831, designated by
Subgenus Stiroglenea
Glenea Sg. Stiroglenea Aurivillius, 1920: 30.
Type species
Lamia cantor Fabricius, 1787.
Glenea (Stiroglenea) cantor cantor
Lamia cantor
Fabricius, 1787: 142. TL: China; TD:
Distribution
Palaearctic Region: China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hong Kong, Jiangxi, Yunnan, Zhejiang) (
Macau records
1♀, Coloane, 20 Jul 1994, Tai Ip, Glenea cantor (CIAM); No data, “Glenea cantor (Fabricius), 眉斑并脊天牛15 mm” (
Remarks
This species has been recorded only three times in Macau during the current census, in late spring and late summer. Adult activity is mainly during the hottest part of the day, when individuals promptly take off in flight when disturbed in the forest undergrowth, or display thanatosis if captured (
Oberea
Type species
Cerambyx linearis Linnaeus, 1760.
Oberea ferruginea
Saperda ferruginea
Thunberg, 1787: 57. TL: Unknown; TD:
Oberea semiargentata
Pic, 1923: 15. TL: China (Guangdong); TD:
Oberea notativentris
Pic, 1924: 30. TL: China (Guangdong); TD:
Distribution
Palaearctic Region: China (Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Yunnan); India (Sikkim); Nepal (
Macau records
1♂, Taipa, 14 Jul 1992, Dr Easton, Oberea ferruginea (CIAM); Trilho da Taipa Grande, 19 Sep 1995, hovering over false tea, ER Easton, J Bizarro & T Novo leg (UMEC); No data, “Oberea ferruginea Thunberg, 短足筒天牛16 mm” (
Remarks
In Macau, adults are active during daytime from early spring till mid-autumn and range in total length 16–23 mm and 2.5–4 mm in maximum width. The larvae of this species are known stem-borers of a variety of plants, including Bambusa spp., Schima superba and Vernicia fordii (
Oberea walkeri
Oberea walkeri
Gahan, 1894: 487. TL: China (Hong Kong); TD:
Distribution
Palaearctic Region: China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hong Kong, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang); India (Sikkim) (
Macau records
Coloane Heights, A-Má Cultural Village, 28 Apr 2019, R Perissinotto & L Clennell (
Remarks
This species is rather scarce in Macau, having been observed only three times and only in mid spring. Adults are active during daytime and range in total length 14–18 mm and 2.5–4 mm in maximum width. The only larval host plant reported so far for this species is Sassafras tzumu (
Discussion
A total of 52 longhorn beetle species was recorded during this census, 2.6 times more than previously reported in the literature for this area (
There are, however, still species that while previously recorded from Macau were not encountered during the current census. These include Imantocera penicillata (Hope, 1831), Aristobia approximator (Thomson, 1865), Apriona germarii (Hope, 1831), Batocera horsfieldi (Hope, 1839), Pothyne rugifrons Gressitt, 1940 (
On the more concerning side, this census has also revealed that while longhorn species diversity in Macau is remarkably higher than previously reported, the relative abundance and frequency of occurrence of most species is actually extremely low. This is an unfortunate development that is currently being reported from across the whole world, as the so-called “insect apocalypse” (
In Macau, all these factors are exacerbated by high human population density and sophisticated infrastructure. Most of the beetle species observed during this study are predominantly nocturnal in their adult activity, and, therefore readily attracted to artificial lights. Thus, like in all nocturnal insects their orientation and navigation are disrupted when light pollution interferes with the natural light from the moon or stars they generally use for these purposes (
As virtually all the longhorn beetles found in this region are xylophagous or saproxylic, with larval development depending entirely on availability of dead or dying trees that are preferably still standing (
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to the Guangdong Academy of Sciences (Special Project of Science and Technology Development, No. 2020GDASYL-20200301003) and to the Macau Anglican College for supporting this project and providing funding towards its completion. We thank the members of the Macau Entomological Society and the general public of the Macau SAR for contributing with photos and observations towards the compilation of the species record. These include Kit Chang, Kisu Wong, Annie Lao, Wai Chan, Erik Kwan, Benny Kuok, Hannah Leung, Amanda Wan, Kelvin Joshua Che and Danny Chi-Man Leong. Philip Kuok is also thanked for his invaluable help with host-plant identification. Thanks also to the following specialists for assisting with the identification of the more complex species: Alain Drumont, Belgium (Aegolipton marginale); Alexandr Miroshnikov, Russia (Trirachys indutus); Andre Skale, Germany (Chelidonium argentatum); Andreas Weigel, Germany (Exocentrus formosofasciolatus, Ropica dorsalis and Sybra marmorea); Junsuke Yamasako, Japan (Prosoplus bankii); Petr Viktora, Czech Republic (Demonax bimaculicollis); Tatsuya Niisato, Japan (Kuegleria annulicornis); Wen-Xuan Bi, China (Mispila tholana); and Carolus Holzschuh, Austria (Sophronica apicalis). We are very grateful to Chen Jin (Beijing, China) for specimen mounting, to Wilson Hoi & Suki Chong (UMEC), the Macau Municipal Affairs Bureau (CIAM) and Feng-Long Jia (
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