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Research Article
Five new species of the leaf-beetle genus Monolepta Chevrolat (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae) from China
expand article infoQi-long Lei‡§, Si-yuan Xu§‡, Xing-ke Yang§|, Rui-E Nie§
‡ University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
§ Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources,, Guangzhou, China

Corresponding author: Xing-ke Yang ( yangxk@ioz.ac.cn )

Corresponding author: Rui-E Nie ( niere@ioz.ac.cn )

Academic editor: Alexander Konstantinov
© 2021 Qi-long Lei, Si-yuan Xu, Xing-ke Yang, Rui-E Nie.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Lei Q-l, Xu S-y, Yang X-k, Nie R-E (2021) Five new species of the leaf-beetle genus Monolepta Chevrolat (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae) from China. ZooKeys 1056: 35-57. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1056.65335
ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:01966DD6-9FD5-4100-BED2-F3F4809328E2
Open Access

Abstract

In this study, five new species of the leaf-beetle genus Monolepta Chevrolat, 1836 (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae) are described from China: M. albipunctata sp. nov., M. alticola sp. nov., M. bivittata sp. nov., M. mengsongensis sp. nov., and M. rubripennis sp. nov. A key and catalogue to the 68 Chinese species of Monolepta with the second and third antennomeres of equal length are given as well as photographs of the habitus and aedeagus of the new species and type habitus images of 37 known species.

Keywords

Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae, Monoleptites, Monolepta, new species

Introduction

With 708 species and six subspecies distributed worldwide (Nie et al. 2017), the leaf-beetle genus Monolepta is one of the largest genera in Galerucinae (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). There are 342 species distributed in the Oriental region, which is almost half the species in this genus. Several new Chinese species have been described since revision (Gressitt and Kimoto 1963) and 73 species have been recorded, 71 in the Oriental region and two in the Palaearctic region (Yang et al. 2015).

During sorting of specimens in the Institute of Zoology, Academy of Sciences, five new species were found and are described here. In addition, photographs of the habitus, external parts and aedeagus of the new species and habitus of known species (in Suppl. material 1) are also given together with a key to the Chinese species.

Material and methods

The specimens were examined with an Olympus SZ61 microscope.

Dissections

The abdomen was taken from the specimens, then transferred to a vial containing 5% NaOH solution and heated in boiled water around 5–7 minutes. The abdomen with aedeagus was washed in distilled water 3 or 4 times, transferred into a cavity slide using fine forceps and the aedeagus was separated by hooked minute-pin dissecting needles.

Photographs

Habitus images were taken using a Canon 5DSR digital camera, equipped with a lens EF 75–300 mm f/4–5.6 linking a Nikon CFI Plan Apochromat Lambda 4× or 2× objective lens. Illumination was by flash, and each photo was taken by a macro slide system.

Aedeagus images were taken using a Nikon D610 digital camera, linking a Zeiss V microscope, with 5× and 10× objective lens. A cable shutter release was used to prevent the camera from shaking. The number of images taken was depending on the size of the aedeagus.

To get full depth of focus, all images were stacked with HELICON FOCUS 6 (http://www.heliconsoft.com/heliconsoft-products/helicon-focus/) and the resulting output, edited with Adobe Photoshop CC (https://www.photoshop.com/).

Labels

The label data is translated into English from the original Chinese.

Type depository

Type specimens of the five new species are deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (IZAS).

Biology

The life cycle of most species of Monolepta is little known, but in China the life cycle of M. signata (Olivier, 1808) (= M. hieroglyphica (Motschulsky, 1858)) has been recorded in detail. It has one generation each year and overwinters as eggs, hatching in May. Its larvae live underground for about a month, feeding on grass roots. The mature larvae pupate in the soil after 7–10 days of emergence. Adults normally appear in July and survive until October (Research Group of Leaf Beetle 1979). Some species of this genus are important agriculture pests, for example M. signata, which is a widely distributed pest in Asia and causes serious damage to plants (such as Arachis hypogaea, Gossypium sp., Pyracantha crenulate, Rubus sp., Salix sp., Viburnum sp., Zea mays) in China, Nepal, and Bangladesh (Neupane et al. 2006; Zhang 2012), while M. australis Jacoby, 1882 is harmful to peanut crops in Queensland, Australia (Turner 1980).

Taxonomy

Monolepta Chevrolat

Monolepta Chevrolat 1836: 383. Type species: Crioceris bioculata Fabricius, 1781, by subsequent designation (Chevrolat 1845: 5).

Damais Jacoby 1903: 118. Type species: Damais humeralis Jacoby, 1903, by monotypy. Synonymized by Maulik (1936: 373).

Aemulaphthona Scherer 1969: 89. Type species: Aemulaphthona ochracea (Weise, 1922), by monotypy. Synonymized by Konstantinov (2002: 210).

Chimporia Laboissière 1931: 413. Type species: Chimporia monardi Laboissière, 1931, by monotypy. Synonymized by Wagner (2007: 84).

Distribution

Palaearctic, Oriental, Australian, Afrotropical, Neotropical region.

Diagnosis

Body length: 1.9–9.5 mm. Antennae longer than half or even equal to the body, segments 2 and 3 almost equal in length, segment 4 equal to or longer than sum of segments 2 and 3. Width of pronotum longer than length; anterior margin slightly depressed, basal margin protruding and lateral margins slightly protruding; basal margin and lateral margins with frame; anterior and posterior angle thickened, each angle with a seta-pore; disc convex, generally depressed on both sides. Scutellum triangular, smooth, and impunctate. Elytra broader than pronotum, humeral angle obvious; epipleuron broad before basal 1/3, then strongly narrowed and disappearing at beginning of apex. Anterior coxal cavities open or closed, each tibia with a spine in apex, spine of hind tibiae longest, 1st segment of hind tarsi longer than remaining segments combined; claws appendiculate. Last sternite of male with trilobate concavities, female normal, without any concavities (Gressitt and Kimoto 1963).

Remarks

Since its description, several genera have been synonymized with Monolepta. Of these, Maulik (1936) synonymized Damais Jacoby, 1903 based on the length of the 1st segment of the hind tarsi which is longer than the remaining combined segments in D. humeralis Jacoby, 1903, the type species. Konstantinov (2002) synonymized Aemulaphthona Scherer, 1969, originally placed in Alticini, based on several characters of the type species Aemulaphthona ochracea (Weise, 1922), such as the flat head in lateral view, absence of a supraorbital sulcus, and metafemur without a metafemoral spring. Wagner (2007) synonymized Chimporia Laboissière 1931 based on the similarity of the aedeagus. Also, based on characters of the anterior coxae and the second antennomere, and morphology of aedeagus, many new genera were described for species previously included in Monolepta, such as Afromaculepta Wagner, 2000, Afromegalepta Wagner, 2001, Afrocandezea Wagner, 2002, Afronaumannia Wagner, 2005, Monoleptoides Wagner, 2011, Neobarombiella Wagner, 2012, Orthoneolepta Hazmi & Wagner, 2013, Paraneolepta Hazmi & Wagner, 2013, Bicolorizea Wagner, 2015, and Doeberllepta Wagner, 2017.

The ratio of antennomeres 2 and 3 is of great importance for the identification in Monolepta and related genera. The length of 2 to 3 in the type species, M. bioculata, is 0.83–1.00 (Wagner 2007). Sometimes antennomere 2 is slightly shorter than 3, as in M. jeanneli (0.78–0.87), or on the contrary, antennomere 2 is slightly longer than 3, as in M. usambarica (1.00–1.20; Wagner 2000). In general, the ratio of antennomeres 2 and 3 is 0.80–1.20.

There are also some similar genera in the Oriental region. In Arcastes, the lack of pronotal depressions and the significantly enlarged antennomeres 3–8 distinguishes it from other genera, as does the ratio of antennomeres 2 and 3, which is 0.5–0.57; thus, it is easily recognized from Monolepta (Hazmi and Wagner 2010a). Rubrarcastes has the similarly enlarged antennomeres of Arcastes, but the ratio of antennomeres 2 and 3 is 0.43–0.57 (Hazmi and Wagner 2010b). In the Oriental region, the relatively large body and the transverse depression on the pronotum distinguish Paraneolepta; antennomeres 4–6 are significantly widened in Orthoneolepta, which is different from that of Monolepta. In Ochralea Clark, 1865 the relatively large body (7.75–14.40 mm) and the deeply incised median lobe of aedeagus are characteristic (Hazmi and Wagner 2010c). The ratio of antennomeres of Neolepta is 0.75–0.80, Paraneolepta is 0.75–0.86, and Orthoneolepta 0.60–1.00. Neolepta is usually with widened median antennomeres. However, these three similar genera have a tansverse depression on pronotum, which is not present in Monolepta.

Eleven similar genera are distributed in China. In Atrachya Dejean, 1837, antennomere 3 is much longer than 2, and the tectum is deeply incised and with strong apical hooks (Lee 2020). In Sermyloides Jacoby, 1884, there is a strong frontal depression in males and a usually modified antennomere 3. In Ochralea Clark, 1865 antennomeres 2 and 3 are almost equal in length. In Shaira Maulik, 1936, the elytra is very short, and so this genus can be easily distinguished. In Pseudosepharia Laboissière, 1936, the epipleuron is very broad and 1/3 times as wide as the elytron. In Paleosepharia Laboissière, 1936, the epipleuron is gradually narrowed from its base to its apex, and there is sexual dimorphism (Lee 2018). In Macrima Baly, 1878, there is a frontal depression in males. Trichosepharia Laboissière, 1936 has the basal part of the median lobe incised and the tectum enlarged at its apex. In Chinochya Lee, 2020, tasomere 1 is swollen in males, and there are two types of endophallic spiculae. Tsouchya Lee, 2020, has antennomere 2 much shorter than 3, and there are two types of endophallic spiculae. In Neochya Lee, 2020 antonnomeres 2 and 3 are almost the same length, but the coxal cavities are widely open and there is only one pair of endophallic spiculae.

The species included in Monolepta generally have two types of antennae: either with segments 2 and 3 equal in length or with segment 3 longer than 2. Most species of the former group have a similar type of aedeagus; these include: M. babai Kimoto, 1996; M. bicavipennis Chen, 1942; M. kwangtunga Gressitt & Kimoto, 1963; M. mordelloides Chen, 1942; M. parvezi Aslam, 1968, and M. subflavipennis Kimoto, 1989. Since the redescription of the type species by Wagner (2007), “true” Monolepta can be distinguished by the similar lengths of antennomeres 2 and 3, the abruptly narrowed epipleuron after the basal 1/3, and the aedeagus type. Although, the closed anterior coxal cavities of Monolepta were the main character to identify the genus in the past, Wagner (1999, 2007) redescribed anterior coxal cavities of the type species and showed them to be open. So, these structures are rather variable, with some closed or almost closed and others completely open.

Although 73 species of Monolepta are known from China, little recent detailed work on the genus has so far been published, and some species with the second and third antennomeres of unequal length and different types of aedeagus may need to be transferred to other genera in the future, for example M. yaosanica Chen, 1942 and M. postfasciata Gressitt & Kimoto, 1963. The following key is restricted to those 68 species which have antennomeres 2 and 3 of equal length.

Key to the species of Chinese Monolepta

Note: the key only includes species with the second and the third antennomeres approximately equal in length (see generic Remarks).

1 Elytra with depressions 2
– Elytra without depressions 3
2 Elytra yellow, with three transverse black bands (Suppl. material 1: Fig. S6) M . cavipennis Baly, 1878
– Elytra orange red, with two kidney-shaped depressions, one before middle suture, another outside of middle suture (Suppl. material 1: Fig. S37) M. quadricavata Chen, 1976
3 Elytra entirely red 4
– Elytra yellowish brown, reddish brown or black 5
4 Pronotum black, elytra red (Fig. 29) M. rubripennis sp. nov.
– Pronotum orange red, elytra with a pale-yellow dot near apex (Suppl. material 1: Fig. S11) M. eunicia Maulik, 1936
5 Elytra black 6
– Elytra yellowish brown, reddish brown or partially black 16
6 Head yellow (Suppl. material 1: Fig. S51) M. yaosanica Chen, 1942
– Head black or partial black 7
7 Head partially black 8
– Head black, body wide oval (Suppl. material 1: Fig. S43) M. semenovi Ogloblin, 1936
8 Head partially black 9
– Head yellow, yellowish brown or reddish brown 12
9 Pronotum dark brown 10
– Pronotum yellowish brown or reddish brown 11
10 Abdomen yellowish brown M. asahinai Chûjô, 1962
– Abdomen black (Suppl. material 1: Fig. S14) M. horni Chûjô, 1938
11 Head black, frontal area dark yellowish brown (Suppl. material 1: Fig. S9) M. epistomalis Laboissière, 1934
– Head yellowish brown (Fig. 22) M. alticola sp. nov.
12 Abdomen yellowish brown 13
– Abdomen black or dark brown 14
13 Scutellum yellowish brown (Suppl. material 1: Fig. S41) M. schereri Gressitt & Kimoto, 1963
– Scutellum black M. longicornis (Jacoby, 1890)
14 Legs black (Suppl. material 1: Fig. S10) M. erythrocephala (Baly, 1878)
– Legs reddish brown 15
15 Antennae yellowish brown, segments 9–11 darker (Suppl. material 1: Fig. S32) M. ovatula Chen, 1942
– Antennae black, basal 4–5 segments yellowish brown M. chinkinyui Kimoto, 1996
16 Elytra yellow or reddish brown, without any bands 17
– Elytra with yellow or with black bands 39
17 Head black or partially black 18
– Head not black 20
18 Occiput reddish brown (Suppl. material 1: Fig. S27) M. meridionalis Gressitt & Kimoto, 1963
– Occiput black or head entirely black 19
19 Pronotum yellow; punctures of head stronger than that of elytra (Suppl. material 1: Fig. S50) M. xanthodera Chen, 1942
– Pronotum red; punctures of head finer than that of elytra (Suppl. material 1: Fig. S5) M. capitata Chen, 1942
20 Abdomen black 21
– Abdomen not black 22
21 Apex of elytra truncate (Suppl. material 1: Fig. S48) M. subrubra Chen, 1942
– Apex of elytra rounded M. mandibularis Chûjô, 1962
22 Body usually small, less than 8 mm 23
– Body very large, 9.5 mm M. severini (Jacoby, 1896)
23 Body length less than 2.5 mm 24
– Body length more than 3.0 mm 26
24 Elytral punctures arranged in irregular longitudinal rows (Suppl. material 1: Fig. S29) M. minutissima Chen, 1942
– Elytral punctures not arranged in rows 25
25 Pronotum punctures larger than elytral ones; punctures of elytra not combined (Suppl. material 1: Fig. S28) M. minor Chûjô, 1938
– Pronotum punctures finer than elytral ones; some punctures of elytra combined (Suppl. material 1: Fig. S4) M. brittoni Gressitt & Kimoto, 1963
26 Antennae black, yellowish, or reddish brown 27
– Antennae yellowish or reddish brown, except basal 3 segments black M. indochinensis Medvedev, 1999
27 Antennae black 28
– Antennae yellowish brown or reddish brown 31
28 General color reddish brown 29
– General color yellowish brown 30
29 Elytra with strong punctures; abdomen without long hairs M. annamita Laboissière, 1935
– Elytra with fine punctures; abdomen with long hairs M. meihuai Lee, Tian & Staines, 2010
30 Apex of aedeagus constricted dorsally (Suppl. material 1: Fig. S38) M. rufofulva Chûjô, 1938
– Apex of aedeagus expanded dorsally, constricted near apex M. nakanei Kimoto, 1969
31 Antennomere 4 longer than or equal to the sum of 2 and 3 32
– Antennomere 4 shorter than the sum of 2 and 3 (Suppl. material 1: Fig. S18) M. lauta Gressitt & Kimoto, 1963
32 Pronotum yellowish brown, lateral margins black (Suppl. material 1: Fig. S31) M. ongi Lee & Staines, 2010
– Pronotum yellowish brown, without any color margin 33
33 Antennomere 3 as long as 2 34
– Antennomere 3 1.3 times as long as 2 (Suppl. material 1: Fig. S33) M. pallidula (Baly, 1874)
34 Body length less than 3.5 mm 35
– Body length more than 5.5 mm (Suppl. material 1: Fig. S7) M. cheni Beenen, 2008
35 Ventral side of mesothorax yellow or brown 36
– Ventral side of mesothorax black M. hongkongensis Kimoto, 1967
36 Ventral side of mesothorax yellow 37
– Ventral side of mesothorax brown (Suppl. material 1: Fig. S3) M. arundinariae Gressitt & Kimoto, 1963
37 Space between elytral punctures equals to or larger than diameter of punctures 38
– Space between elytral punctures less than diameter of punctures (Suppl. material 1: Fig. S34) M. palliparva Gressitt & Kimoto, 1963
38 Space between punctures equals to diameter of punctures (Suppl. material 1: Figs S15, S16) M. hupehensis Gressitt & Kimoto, 1963
– Space between punctures 3 times as diameter of punctures (Suppl. material 1: Fig. S1) M. aglaonemae Gressitt & Kimoto, 1963
39 The apical area of elytra mostly black 40
– The apical area of elytra not black 44
40 Head partially black or not black 41
– Head black M. bacboensis Medvdev, 2012
41 Head partially black 42
– Head not black 43
42 Vertex black, basal 2/3 of elytra reddish brown M. yama Gressitt & Kimoto, 1965
– Frontal area black, basal 2/3 of elytra yellowish brown (Suppl. material 1: Fig. S42) M. selmani Gressitt & Kimoto, 1963
43 Ventral surface of mesothorax and metathorax black, basal 1/2 of elytra reddish brown, apical 1/2 black (Suppl. material 1: Fig. S39) M. sasajii Kimoto, 1969
– Ventral surface of mesothorax and metathorax yellowish brown, basal 3/5 of elytra yellowish brown, apical 1/2 dark brown (Suppl. material 1: Fig. S47) M. subapicalis Gressitt & Kimoto, 1963
44 Elytra with colorful border 45
– Elytra with black markings 51
45 Ventral side of mesothorax yellowish brown 46
– Ventral side of mesothorax black (Suppl. material 1: Fig. S49) M. wilcoxi Gressitt & Kimoto, 1965
46 Lateral margin of pronotum has the same color as pronotum 47
– Lateral margin of pronotum black M. takizawai Kimoto, 1996
47 Antennae reching more than 2/3 of elytra 48
– Antennae reaching middle of elytra M. weigeli Medvedev, 2012
48 Antennae almost as long as body 49
– Antennae not reaching apical 2/3 of elytra 50
49 Elytra yellowish brown, 4/5 lateral margin of elytra black (Suppl. material 1: Fig. S17) M. kuroheri Kimoto, 1966
– Elytra yellowish brown, 2/5 lateral margin of elytra black (Suppl. material 1: Fig. S40) M. sauteri Chûjô, 1935
50 Ventral surface of mesothorax and metathorax black (Suppl. material 1: Fig. S2) M. alnivora Chen, 1976
– Ventral surface of metathorax black, mesothorax yellow (Suppl. material 1: Fig. S13) M. gracilipes Chûjô, 1938
51 Elytra with black stripes or bands 52
– Elytra with black or yellowish-brown spots 58
52 Pronotum reddish brown 53
– Pronotum yellowish brown, each elytron with a semicircle spot in the middle, apex with a black parentheses-shaped marking (Suppl. material 1: Fig. S35) M. parenthetica Gressitt & Kimoto, 1963
53 Elytra black, with two pale spots in basal and apical area; or apex not black, with yellow spots in basal part (Suppl. material 1: Fig. S46) M. signata (Olivier, 1808)
– Elytron without above characters 54
54 Pronotum reddish brown 55
– Pronotum yellowish brown 62
55 Elytra without two black transverse bands 56
– Elytra with two black transverse bands (Fig. 8) M. bivittata sp. nov.
56 Elytra with a black thin longitudinal band (Suppl. material 1: Fig. S44) M. sexlineata Chûjô, 1938
– Elytra bands not longitudinal 57
57 Apex and base of elytra with a black band, middle yellow (Suppl. material 1: Fig. S30) M. occifluvis Gressitt & Kimoto, 1963
– Basal 1/6 of elytra and apical 1/6 with black bands, middle with transverse brown and yellow bands (Suppl. material 1: Fig. S53) M. zonalis Gressitt & Kimoto, 1963
58 Elytra with a small spot near base, a slightly larger spot after middle (Suppl. material 1: Fig. S23, S24) M. longitarsoides Chûjô, 1938
– Elytra with more than two black spots or with yellow or brown bands 59
59 Elytra with black spots between humeral angle and middle suture (Suppl. material 1: Fig. S45) M. shaowuensis Gressitt & Kimoto, 1963
– Elytra with yellow or brown bands 60
60 Abdomen not black 61
– Abdomen black; basal 2/3 of elytra black, with a yellow spot M. quadriguttata (Motschulsky, 1860)
61 Basal part of elytra red, turn black gradually to apex, with a rounded spot in middle (Suppl. material 1: Fig. S25) M. lunata Gressitt & Kimoto, 1963
– Middle part of elytra with a “T” shape black stripes (Suppl. material 1: Fig. S36) M. postfasciata Gressitt & Kimoto, 1963
62 Abdomen black M. discalis Gressitt & Kimoto, 1963
– Abdomen yellowish brown or reddish brown 63
63 Antennae as long as body (Fig. 15) M. mengsongensis sp. nov.
– Antennae not reaching apical 2/3 of elytra 64
64 Antennae not reaching to half length of body 65
– Antennae reaching more than half length of body 66
65 Tibiae and tarsi yellowish brown (Suppl. material 1: Fig. S26) M. maana Gressitt & Kimoto, 1963
– Fore-legs yellowish brown, apex of tibiae and tarsi dark brown; coxae to femurs of meso and meta-legs yellow, tibiae and tarsi dark brown (Suppl. material 1: Figs S19, S20) M. leechi Jacoby, 1890
66 Elytra without any transverse bands 67
– Elytra dark brown with a transverse yellow band (Suppl. material 1: Figs S21, S22) M. liui Gressitt & Kimoto, 1963
67 Elytra yellowish brown with wide dark brown frame (Suppl. material 1: Fig. S12) M. flavovittata Chen, 1942
– Elytra black with a yellow dot in the middle (Suppl. material 1: Fig. S52) M. yunnanica Gressitt & Kimoto, 1963

Description of new species

Monolepta albipunctata sp. nov.

http://zoobank.org/C2EB97A0-B103-4666-8451-1082316A27C3
Figs 1–10

Type material

Holotype : China • ♂; Guangxi, Jinxiu, Luoxiang; 400 m; 14-V-1999; Xing-ke Yang leg. (IZAS). Paratypes: China • 1♂; same data as holotype • 1♀; Guangxi, Jinxiu, Luoxiang; 450 m; 30-VI-2000; Jun Chen leg. • 2♀♀; Guangxi, Jinxiu, Luoxiang; 400 m; 15-V-1999; Da-jun Liu leg. (all IZAS).

Description

Length: 5.5–6.6 mm, width 2.7–3.7 mm. Holotype: length 6.6 mm, width 3.4 mm.

Head, pronotum, prothorax, scutellum, ventral side of mesothorax and metathorax, abdomen, and legs orange; clypeus and mouthparts black; antennae black except 1st segment paler; tibiae slightly dark orange, tarsi black; basal area of elytra orange, middle to apical area black with an oval white spot.

Vertex slightly convex, with transverse wrinkles, punctures obvious, space between punctures almost equal to diameter of punctures, each puncture with a seta; frontal tubercle obvious, not deeply divided by ecdysial suture, triangular, glabrous and with several large punctures near frontal area; antennae longer than half of body, 1st segment arc-shaped, length ratio of 2nd and 3rd segment 19: 18; length ratio of 4th and the combination of 2nd and 3rd 2: 1.

Pronotum transverse, pronotum around 1.6 times as broad as long; disc slightly convex, glabrous, shallowly depressed on each side, surface with irregular strong and fine punctures, each puncture with short seta.

Scutellum triangular, smooth and impunctate.

Elytra about 1.5 times as long as broad, basal part wider than pronotum; humeral angle obvious; two types of punctures in elytra: space between large punctures about 3 times as wide as diameter of puncture, small punctures irregularly distributed; epipleuron strongly narrowed after basal 1/3 and disappearing at the beginning of apex.

Ventral surface of mesothorax and metathorax covered with long setae. 1st segment of hind tarsi 1.9 times as long as remaining segments combined. Anterior coxal cavities open.

Male. Last ventrite of male with trilobite concavities. The median apical lobe of the last sternite around twice as broad as long (Fig. 5). Aedeagus very slender, almost parallel-sided from base to middle, suddenly narrowed before 1/2 part, rounded at apex, slightly curved towards ventral side (Fig. 9). Tectum extends almost to apex of aedeagus (Fig. 8).

Female. Last ventrite of female with very slight concavities. Spermathecal cornu slender, curved almost vertical, middle part short, curved, nodulus middle narrow. Ventral part of bursa sclerites slender, slightly undulate at outer side, dorsal pair slender, pointed at apex.

Etymology

The specific epithet albipunctatus, -a, -um (meaning ‘white-spotted’) is a New Latin adjective formed from the Latin adjective albus, -a, -um (‘white’) and the New Latin adjective punctatus, -a, -um (‘punctate’, ‘marked by spots or punctures’); it refers to the large white spots on the elytra of this species.

Distribution

China: Guangxi.

Diagnosis

This species is similar to M. postfasciata Gressitt & Kimoto, 1963, but the latter has a smaller body with an obvious T-shaped black spot on each elytron, whereas M. albipunctata sp. nov. has a larger body with two separate large, white, round spots on each elytron.

Figures 1–10. 

Monolepta albipunctata sp. nov. (holotype) 1 dorsal view 2 lateral view 3 frontal view 4 ventral view of 5th ventrite, female 5 ditto, male 6 spermatheca 7 bursa sclerites 8 aedeagus, dorsal view 9 ditto, lateral view 10 ditto, ventral view. Scale bars: 1 mm (1–5, 8–10); 0.5 mm (6, 7).

Monolepta alticola sp. nov.

http://zoobank.org/FE2246D1-7C30-42C5-9D58-2137498E3545
Figs 11–20

Type material

Holotype: China • ♂; Yunnan, Zhongdian, Gezan; 3000 m; 3-VIII-2003 (IZAS). Paratypes: China • 1♂; Yunnan, Zhongdian, Gezan; 3000 m; 3-VIII-2003 • 2♀♀; Yunnan, Lunan, Shilin; 1700 m; 9-VII-1956; Kryzhanovskiy leg. (IZAS).

Description

Length: 2.5–3.5 mm, width: 1.5–2.0 mm. Holotype: length 3.5 mm, width 2.0 mm.

Vertex orange, frons yellow, mouthparts dark brown; antennae dark brown except segments 1–3 brown; dorsal and ventral side of prothorax, coxae of front legs, femora yellow; scutellum, elytra, ventral side of mesothorax, metathorax, middle and hind legs dark brown; tibiae and tarsi of front legs pale brown, apex of middle and hind legs pale yellow.

Vertex convex, punctures sparsely and irregularly distributed; frontal tubercle developed; antennae longer than half of body, 1st segment arc-shaped, length ratio of 2nd and 3rd segment 16: 15, length ratio of 4th segment and the combination of 2nd and 3rd 45: 31.

Pronotum transverse, around 1.6 times as broad as long; disc slightly convex, shallowly depressed on each side, punctures unapparent, sparsely distributed; space between punctures wider than diameter of punctures.

Scutellum triangular, smooth and impunctate. The elytron about 1.6 times as long as broad; basal part wider than pronotum, humeral angle obvious; punctures on elytra irregularly distributed, space between punctures about 3 times as diameter of punctures. Epipleuron strongly narrowed after basal 1/3 and disappearing at beginning of apex.

Ventral surface of mesothorax, metathorax, and abdomen covered with long hairs.

Width and length ratio of median apical lobe 1.1 (apex part width to length), 2.2 (basal part width to length) (Fig. 15). 1st segment of hind tarsi about 1.7 times as long as remaining segments combined.

Male. Aedeagus slender, ratio of length and width around 5; greatest width in basal 1/3, and suddenly narrowed from basal 1/2 and parallel sided; apex slightly cuspidate. Tectum extends almost to the apex of aedeagus, cuspidate apically (Fig. 18).

Female. Last ventrite of female normal, male with trilobite concavities. Spermathecal cornu slender, apex slightly pointed, middle part short, curved, nodulus nearly spherical, large.

Etymology

The specific epithet alticola, altus (meaning ‘living in high altitude’) is a Latin adjective and the Latin col, (‘lives’); it refers to the high-altitude habitat of this species.

Distribution

China: Yunnan.

Diagnosis

This species is similar to M. schereri Gressitt & Kimoto, 1963 and M. epistomalis Laboissière, 1935. The main differences are the following: the ventral side of the meso- and meta-thorax and the abdomen of M. schereri are yellowish brown, whereas these are dark brown in M. alticola sp. nov. M. epistomalis has a dark-brown head and a yellowish-brown abdomen, whereas M. alticola sp. nov. has a yellow head and a black abdomen, and with the aedeagus tapering towards its apex.

Figures 11–20. 

Monolepta alticola sp. nov. (holotype) 11 dorsal view 12 lateral view 13 frontal view 14 ventral view of 5th ventrite, female 15 ditto, male 16 spermatheca 17 bursa sclerites 18 aedeagus, dorsal view 19 ditto, lateral view 20 ditto, ventral view. Scale bars: 1 mm (11–15, 18–20); 0.5 mm (16, 17).

Monolepta bivittata sp. nov.

http://zoobank.org/B9A59187-352B-4171-8B08-B49BB8A1061D
Figs 21–27

Type material

Holotype : China • ♂; Zhejiang, Taishun, Wuyanling Nature Reserve station by light; 800 m; 1-VIII-2005; Liu Ye leg. (IZAS). Paratypes: China • 3♂♂; Zhejiang, Taishun, Wuyanling Nature Reserve station, at light; 800 m; 1-VIII-2005; Liu Ye leg. (IZAS).

Description

Length: 3.0–3.6 mm, width: 1.5–1.7 mm. Holotype: length 3.6 mm, width 1.7 mm.

Head, dorsal and ventral side of prothorax, and legs yellowish brown; mouthparts, scutellum, ventral side of mesothorax and metathorax black; antennae black, except segments 1–3 yellowish brown; elytra and abdomen pale yellow, basal and postmedian area of elytra with transverse black stripe.

Vertex convex, with sparsely distributed punctures; frontal tubercle developed, trapezoid, glabrous and without punctures; antennae reach half of body, 1st segment arc-shaped, length ratio of segment 2nd and 3rd 15: 16, length ratio of 4thand combination of 2nd and 3rd 34: 31.

Pronotum about 1.5 times as broad as long; disc slightly convex, shallowly depressed on each side, punctures unapparent and sparsely distributed.

Scutellum triangular, smooth and impunctate. Elytron about 1.5 times as long as broad; basal part wider than pronotum, humeral angle obvious; punctures evenly distributed, space between punctures is about 2 times as diameter of puncture, each puncture with seta; epipleuron strongly narrowed after basal 1/3, disappearring at beginning of apex. Ventral side of mesothorax, metathorax and abdomen covered with long hairs.

Male. Last ventrite of male with trilobite concavities. Width and length ratio of median apical lobe 1.4 (apex width to length), 1.5 (basal width to length) (Fig. 24). Aedeagus: ratio of length to width around 4:3; gradually and slightly tapering from base to near apex then abruptly constricted in distal 1/5 in lateral view; apex rounded and slightly pointed (Figs 25, 27). Tectum broad, long, reaching to apex of aedeagus (Fig. 25).

Etymology

The specific epithet bivittatus, -a, -um (meaning ‘bivittate’, ‘having two bands or stripes or vittae’) is a New Latin adjective formed from the Latin prefix bi- (a shortened form of bis, ‘twice’) and the Latin adjective vittatus, -a, -um (‘banded’); it refers to the two transverse black stripes on the elytra of this species, a character which distinguishes this species from all other species in the genus.

Distribution

China: Zhejiang.

Diagnosis

This species is similar to M. leechi Jacoby, 1890, M. maana Gressitt & Kimoto, 1963, and M. liui Gressitt & Kimoto, 1963. The main differences are the following: the abdomen of M. leechi is black and the apex of the aedeagus is sharp, whereas the abdomen of M. bivittata sp. nov. is pale yellow and the apex of the aedeagus is blunt. The space between the punctures on the elytra of M. maana is equal to the diameter of the punctures, whereas in M. bivittata sp. nov., it is about twice the diameter of the punctures. The mid- and hind-legs of M. liui are dark brown, whereas the legs of M. bivittata sp. nov. are yellowish brown.

Figures 21–27. 

Monolepta bivittata sp. nov. (holotype) 21 dorsal view 22 lateral view 23 frontal view 24 ventral view of 5th ventrite, male 25 aedeagus, dorsal view 26 ditto, lateral view 27 ditto, ventral view. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Monolepta mengsongensis sp. nov.

http://zoobank.org/BCF69DF0-2A5A-49AC-BB27-36D0D561EC9D
Figs 28–34

Type material

Holotype : China • ♂; Yunnan, Menglong, Banna, Mengsong; 1600 m; 27-IV-1958; Shu-yong Wang leg. (IZAS). Paratype: China • 1♂; Yunnan, Menglong, Banna, Mengsong; 1600 m; 27-IV-1958; Shu-yong Wang leg. (IZAS).

Description. Length: 5.5–6.5 mm, width 3–3.5 mm. Holotype: length 6.5 mm, width 3.5 mm.

Head, dorsal and ventral side of prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax, and femora orange; mouthparts darker; antennae dark brown, 1st segment pale; scutellum, tibiae, and tarsi black; a wide, transverse, pale, yellowish-brown stripe after middle part of elytra, which reaches middle sutures but not to lateral margins.

Vertex convex, with transverse wrinkle, punctures obvious and evenly distributed, space between punctures is about twice as diameter of punctures; frontal tubercle developed, deeply divided by ecdysial suture, not reaching compound eye, triangular, glabrous and with a few punctures; antennae reach apex of elytra, 1st segment arc-shaped, 2nd antennomere equal to 3rd, 4th segment longer than sum of 2nd and 3rd.

Pronotum about 1.5 times as broad as long; disc slightly convex, shallowly depressed on each side; punctures obvious, densely and irregularly distributed, space between punctures wider than diameter of punctures.

Scutellum triangular, smooth and impunctate. Elytron nearly 1.6 times as long as broad; basal part broader than pronotum, humeral angle obvious; punctures evenly distributed, space between punctures about 2–3 times diameter of punctures. Epipleura strongly narrowed after basal 1/3 and disappearing at beginning of apex. Ventral side of mesothorax, metathorax and abdomen covered with long hairs.

Male. Last ventrite of male with trilobite concavities. Width and length ratio of median apical lobe 0.76 (apex width to length), 1.3 (basal width to length) (Fig. 31). Aedeagus almost straight, parallel sided in apical 1/5, slightly widened in the middle part, narrowed after 1/3 of apex, rounded at apex, slightly curved towards ventral side (Fig. 33). Tectum not reaching apex of aedeagus, apex rounded (Fig. 32). 1st segment of hind tarsi about 1.5 times as long as remaining segments combined.

Etymology

This species is named after its type locality at Mengsong.

Distribution

China: Yunnan.

Diagnosis

This species resembles M. leechi, M. liui, and M. lunata, but the length of the antennae reaches half of the body in M. leechi and M. liui, whereas in this species the length of the antennae reaches the apex of elytra. M. lunata has a rounded spot on the elytra, but in the new species there is a transverse band. This species has a transverse stripe on each elytron and its antennae reach the apex of the elytra, which can easily distinguish it from other species of Monolepta with transverse stripes.

Figures 28–34. 

Monolepta mengsongensis sp. nov. (holotype) 28 dorsal view 29 lateral view 30 frontal view 31 ventral surface of 5th ventrite, male 32 aedeagus, dorsal view 33 ditto, lateral view 34 ditto, ventral view. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Monolepta rubripennis sp. nov.

http://zoobank.org/9B3D7F14-3838-450E-959E-1274765678C5
Figs 35–44

Type material

Holotype : China • ♂; Sichuan, Mount Emei, Baoguo temple; 550–750 m; 2-VI-1957; Ke-ren Huang leg. (IZAS). Paratypes: China • 2♀♀; Hunan, Guiding, Sidu, Xinlong village; 12-VII-2008; Hong-bin Liang leg. • 1♂; Fujian, Chongan, Xing village, Sangang; 740 m; 4-VI-1960; Yong Zuo leg. • 1♀; Sichuan, Mount Emei, Baoguo temple; 550–750 m; Ke-ren Huang leg.; 2-VI-1957 • 1♀; Mount Emei; 28-II-1955; Ke-ren Huang leg. • 1♀; Sichuan, Mount Emei, Baoguo temple; 550–750 m; 29-V-1957; Zong-yuan Wang leg. (all IZAS).

Description

Length: 4.5–5.5 mm, width 2.2–3.0 mm. Holotype: length 5.5 mm, width 2.8 mm.

Head, pronotum, prothorax, and legs black; scutellum, elytra, mesothorax, metathorax, and abdomen orange to reddish brown. Basal 1/2 of hind femur orange.

Vertex slightly convex with transverse wrinkle visible only laterally, punctures sparsely and irregularly distributed; frontal tubercle developed, deeply divided by ecdydial suture, triangular, not very glabrous and with many wrinkles on; antennae reach half of the body, 1st segment arc-shaped, length ratio of segment 2nd and 3rd 19:21, length ratio of 4th and the combination of 2nd and 3rd 23:18.

The pronotum is about 1.7 times as broad as long; disc slightly convex, shallowly depressed on each side; surface with irregular strong punctures, densely distributed near anterior margin, sparsely near basal margin. Anterior coxal cavities open.

Scutellum triangular, smooth and impunctate. Elytra is about 1.4 times as long as broad; basal part wider than pronotum, humeral angle obvious; punctures on elytra evenly distributed, with very short seta, space between punctures about 2–4 times as diameter of punctures; epipleuron strongly narrowed after basal 1/3 and disappearing at the beginning of apex. Ventral side of mesothorax, metathorax and abdomen glabrous, covered with longhairs.

The width and length ratio of median apical lobe is 1.2 (apex width to length), 2.3 (basal width to length) (Fig. 39). The 1st segment of hind tarsi is about 1.5 times as long as remainder combined.

Male. Last ventrite of male with trilobite concavities. Aedeagus very slender and evenly narrowing from base to apex, apex rounded with a small cuspidate process. Tectum not reaching the apex of aedeagus, acute angle apex and curved towards ventral side (Fig. 43).

Female. Last ventrite of female normal. Spermathecal cornu curved strongly, middle part short, curved, very slender, nodulus small, nearly spherical. Ventral part of bursa sclerites fusiform, dorsal pair triangular, pointed at apex.

Etymology

The specific epithet rubripennis, rubripenne (meaning ‘having red feathers or wings’) is a New Latin adjective formed from the Latin adjective ruber, rubra, -um (‘red’) and the Latin noun penna, -ae (‘feather’, ‘wing’); it refers to the red elytra of this species.

Distribution

China: Hunan, Fujian, Sichuan.

Diagnosis

This species is similar to M. rufipennis Jacoby, 1899 and M. langbianica Kimoto, 1989. The main differences are the following: M. rubripennis sp. nov. has. an orange abdomen and black antennae, whereas M. rufipennis has a black abdomen and yellow antennae, and M. langbianica has yellowish-brown antennae and a yellowish-brown abdomen.

Figures 35–44. 

Monolepta rubripennis sp. nov. (holotype) 35 dorsal view 36 lateral view 37 frontal view 38 ventral view of 5th ventrite, female 39 ditto, male 40 spermatheca 41 bursa sclerites 42 aedeagus, dorsal view 43 ditto, lateral view 44 ditto, ventral view. Scale bars: 1 mm (35–39, 42–44); 0.5 mm (40, 41).

Acknowledgements

We acknowledge Valérie A. Lemaître and Michael D. Webb (the Natural History Museum of London, UK) for checking the English and giving useful comments. We thank Jan Bezděk (Mendel University, Czech Republic) and Yan-dong Chen for providing some references, Jin Wang for helping to check the labels of M. mengsongensis, and Qiang Ding and Xu He for taking some photographs. We thank the Institute of Zoology for providing the specimens. This research was supported by grants from the National Science Foundation of China (no. 31772496 and 31961143002), the Biological Resources Program, Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. KFJ-BRP-017-26), and partly by GDAS Special Project of Science and Technology Development (no. 2018GDASCX-0107, 2020GDASYL-20200102021, and 2020GDASYL-20200301003).

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Supplementary material

Supplementary material 1 

Appendix S1. Monolepta checklist

Qi-long Lei, Rui-e Nie, Xing-ke Yang

Data type: catalogue and habitus

Explanation note: The file contains the catalogue of Chinese Monolepta with third antennal segment longer than second are denoted by Wagner. Also provide the habitus of most of these species.

This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited.
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