Research Article |
Corresponding author: Jiang-Li Tan ( tanjl@nwu.edu.cn ) Academic editor: Michael S. Engel
© 2021 Jiang-Li Tan, Cornelis van Achterberg, Jia-Xuan Wu, Hang Wang, Qi-Jing Zhang.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Tan JL, Achterberg C van, Wu JX, Wang H, Zhang QJ (2021) An illustrated key to the species of Gasteruption Latreille (Hymenoptera, Gasteruptiidae) from Palaearctic China, with description of four new species. ZooKeys 1038: 1-103. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1038.64978
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Four new species of the genus Gasteruption Latreille, 1797 (Hymenoptera: Evanioidea: Gasteruptiidae: Gasteruptiinae) are described from China. Three are from Shaanxi (NW China; G. granulatum Tan & van Achterberg, sp. nov., G. pedion Tan & van Achterberg, sp. nov., and G. reductum Tan & van Achterberg, sp. nov.) and one from S China and Ningxia (G. kexinae Tan & van Achterberg, sp. nov.). Eleven species are newly recorded for Shaanxi (G. abeillei Kieffer, 1912, G. amoyense Pasteels, 1958, G. bimaculatum Pasteels, 1958, G. corniculigerum Enderlein, 1913, G. latitibia Zhao, van Achterberg & Xu, 2012, G. minutum (Tournier, 1877), G. nigritarse (Thomson, 1883), G. parvicollarium Enderlein, 1913, G. sinarum Kieffer, 1911, G. subtile (Thomson, 1883) and G. brevicuspis Kieffer, 1911). The newly-recorded species and the new species are keyed and illustrated. Two new synonyms are proposed: G. rufescenticorne Enderlein, 1913, with G. japonicum Cameron, 1888, syn. nov. and G. oriplanum Kieffer, 1911, with G. minutum (Tournier, 1877), syn. nov.
Inner Mongolia, new record, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Xinjiang
Gasteruptiidae are very slender apocritan hymenopterans with elongated “neck” (propleuron), swollen hind tibiae and compressed petiolate metasoma attached very high on the propodeum. Up to now, 511 species are recognised as valid in two subfamilies, Gasteruptiinae (with four genera) (
The adults frequently feed on flowers with easily accessible nectar (especially families Apiaceae, Asteraceae and Euphorbiaceae), but likely at least some Gasteruption species feed on both nectar and pollen (
All known gasteruptiids from the Palaearctic Region belong to the subfamily Gasteruptiinae and to the genus Gasteruption Latreille, 1797. Up to 2018, 33 species were known from China, of which seven were found in the NW Chinese Province Shaanxi, which is 21% of the total for China. However,
The specimens were collected by sweep nets or in Malaise traps. The material was directly killed and stored in 70% ethanol and subsequently prepared according to the AXA method (
Observations and descriptions were made with an Opto-Edu A230903 stereomicroscope and a fluorescent lamp. Photographic images were made with the Keyence VHX-5000 digital microscope and processed with Adobe Photoshop CS5, mostly to adjust the size and background. For the identification,
The antesternal carina (van Achterberg in
The following abbreviations are used for the depositories:
ZIL Zoological Institute, Lund;
Gasteruption Latreille, 1797: 113;
Males
Gasteruption abeillei
Kieffer, 1912: 228, 231, 251;
Trichofoenus breviterebrae
Watanabe, 1934: 285;
3 ♀ + 3 ♂ (
China (Shaanxi), Russia (Far East), Europe. New for Shaanxi.
Gasteruption amoyense
Pasteels, 1958: 178–179;
Gasteruption curiosum
Pasteels, 1958: 177–178;
1 ♀ (
Similar to the West Palaearctic G. syriacum Szépligeti, 1903, because of the slender pronotum (Fig.
China (Fujian, Hong Kong, Hunan, Shaanxi, Zhejiang). New for Shaanxi and Fujian; Shaanxi is the first record from the Palaearctic Region.
Gasteruption angulatum
1 ♂ (
The male from Baolongyu (Qinling Mts, Shaanxi) illustrated by
Ichneumon assectator Linnaeus, 1758: 566.
Gasteruption assectator;
Gasteruption margotae
Madl, 1987: 225–227. Synonymised with G. assectator (Linnaeus) by
China (Heilongjiang; Hubei (1800 m alt.), Jilin (740 m alt.), Shanxi (1148–1700 m alt.), Qinghai (3300–4288 m alt.), Tibet (2800 m alt.), Xinjiang (1148–2425 m alt.), Russia (Far East), Europe.
The interpretation of the very similar Gasteruption boreale (Thomson, 1883) is problematic because the lectotype is a male and the most reliable differences are found in the setosity of the ovipositor sheath of the female. The somewhat elongated malar space indicates that it belongs to a species of the G. assectator aggregate with entirely adpressed setosity of the ovipositor sheath and the ovipositor sheath is usually somewhat longer than the hind tibia. So far, no females of typical G. boreale are known from China. Gasteruption assectator is easily confused with G. latitibia Zhao, van Achterberg & Xu, 2012; if the head is distinctly convex dorsally and minute pronotal teeth are present, the specimen most likely belongs to the latter species.
Gasteruption bicoloratum Tan & van Achterberg, 2016: 86–90; van Achterberg et al. 2019: 4.
1 ♀ (
China (Gansu, Shaanxi), Russia (Far East). New for Gansu.
Gasteruption bimaculatum
Pasteels, 1958: 191–192 (only holotype ♂);
Gasteruption obscuripenne Pasteels, 1958: 189–190 (p.p.).
1 ♀ + 1 ♂ (
China (Fujian, Guangxi, Hainan, Henan, Shaanxi, Tibet, Yunnan); Burma. New for Shaanxi and its most northern record.
The specimens from Shaanxi have the sculpture of the mesoscutum reduced, especially in the female (Fig.
Gasteruption brevicuspis Kieffer, 1911: 196, 1912: 293–294; van Achterberg et al. 2019: 4.
Gasteruption terebrelligerum
Enderlein, 1913: 324;
3 ♀ + 5 ♂ (
This species is similar to G. assectator (Linnaeus), but differs by having a slightly longer head in dorsal view, the vertex more convex in lateral view, the hind tibia more slender, the pronotal teeth more or less developed and the mandibles brownish-yellow or yellow (dark brown in G. assectator). Closely related to G. bicoloratum Tan and van Achterberg and differs mainly by the shape of the head as illustrated in the key.
China (Fujian, Gansu, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Taiwan, Yunnan), India, Myanmar, Russia (Far East). New for Gansu and Shaanxi.
Gasteruption coloratum Zhao, van Achterberg & Xu, 2012: 38–40.
China (Xinjiang).
Both specimens reported here are darker than the holotype (and, so far, only known specimen) of G. coloratum, especially the hind leg and the scapus (
Gasteruption corniculigerum
Enderlein, 1913: 322–323;
1 ♀ (
China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, Shaanxi, Taiwan, Zhejiang). New for Shaanxi and for the Palaearctic Region.
Gasteruption parvicollarium;
Holotype, ♀ (
Head of ♀ trapezoid in dorsal view, medio-posteriorly truncate or nearly so, in anterior view hardly protruding below lower level of eyes and mandibular condylus near lower level of eyes; occipital carina narrow and non-lamelliform medio-dorsally; vertex, at most, moderately bulging above upper level of eyes; clypeus with obsolescent depression; propleuron antero-dorsally granulate, rather robust in ventral and lateral; side of pronotum slender and with narrow and weakly crenulated grooves; mesoscutum matt and densely finely granulate; hind tibia slender and basitarsus elongate; hind tibia dark brown to yellowish-brown ventro-basally; apex of ovipositor narrow and with minute dorsal teeth; ovipositor sheath 1.2–1.8× as long as hind tibia and its apex mainly dark brown; apical sternite of ♂ and paramere entirely dark brown.
Easily confused with G. parvicollarium Enderlein, but G. granulatum has the vertex, at most, moderately bulging above upper level of eyes (strongly bulging in G. parvicollarium), head normal in dorsal view (distinctly elongated); apex of ovipositor narrow and with minute dorsal teeth (wider and with coarse dorsal teeth); propleuron less elongate in ventral view (more elongate) and robust in lateral view (somewhat more slender).
Holotype, female, length of body 14.0 mm, of fore wing 6.9 mm.
Head. Vertex and frons with satin sheen, very finely granulate, moderately convex (Fig.
Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 2.1× its height; propleuron robust and 0.8× as long as mesoscutum in front of tegula (Fig.
Metasoma. Ovipositor sheath 5.3 mm, 0.4× as long as body, 0.5× as long as metasoma and 1.6× as long as hind tibia; ovipositor sheath with dense cover of fine brownish and adpressed setae, its apical half slender; ovipositor apex narrow and its dorsal teeth minute; hypopygium shallowly V-shaped emarginate medio-posteriorly (Fig.
Colour. Black; apical fifth of antenna largely brown; tegulum and mandible brownish-yellow (except narrow dark borders); clypeus latero-ventrally and humeral plate dark brown; third–sixth metasomal tergites very narrowly apically pale greyish, fourth–sixth sternites apically pale greyish; fore and middle legs (except coxae) largely, hind trochantellus, hind femur apico-ventrally, hind tibial spurs, hind basitarsus apically and more or less second-fourth hind tarsal segments, yellowish-brown; remainder of hind leg (including basal half of tibia and excluding coxa), veins and pterostigma dark brown; wing membrane slightly infuscate, except basally; apex of ovipositor sheath mainly dark brown (Fig.
Male. Similar to female (including fine granulate sculpture of mesoscutum and scutellum, Fig.
According to
China (Shaanxi). According
The name is derived from granulum (Latin for small grain or seed) because of the granulate mesoscutum and scutellum.
Gasteruption japonicum
Cameron, 1888: 134;
Gasteryption (!) sibiricum Semenov, 1892: 24; van Achterberg et al. 2019: 5 (synonymised with G. japonicum).
Gasteruption rufescenticorne
Enderlein, 1913: 324–325 (only female lectotype; not
Gasteruption sinense var. minus
Kieffer, 1924: 78;
1 ♀ + 2 ♂ (
The female lectotype of Gasteruption rufescenticorne Enderlein proved to be a synonym of G. japonicum (syn. nov.).
. China (Fujian, Gansu, Heilongjiang, Hubei, Hunan, Inner Mongolia, Jilin, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shanghai, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Japan (Honshu, Hokkaido).
Gasteruption rufescenticorne; Zhao, van Achterberg & Xu, 2012: 75–80 (paralectotype; not lectotype).
Holotype, ♀ (
Head of ♀ comparatively long and nearly parallel-sided behind eyes in dorsal view, with deep medial depression in front of occipital carina and with pair of shallow lateral depressions (Fig.
Easily confused with G. corniculigerum Enderlein, 1913; differs mainly by the shape of the head in dorsal view (nearly parallel-sided behind eyes in female and distinctly contracted in G. corniculigerum), the sculpture of the middle lobe of the mesoscutum (without fine transverse elements anteriorly; present in G. corniculigerum), the anteriorly more slender propleuron and the shorter pale part of the ovipositor sheath (1.0–2.1× versus 2.8–3.5× as long as hind basitarsus in G. corniculigerum).
Holotype, female, length of body 16.1 mm, of fore wing 6.5 mm.
Head. Vertex and frons with satin sheen and densely punctulate; vertex weakly convex medio-posteriorly in front of deep medio-posterior depression and a pair of shallow elliptical lateral depressions (Figs
Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 2.2× its height; propleuron rather slender and 1.2× as long as mesoscutum in front of tegula, in ventral view anteriorly distinctly narrowed; pronotal side rugose ventrally, setosity not obscuring sculpture and crenulated grooves wide, antero-ventral tooth small and triangular (Fig.
Metasoma. Ovipositor sheath 14.6 mm, 0.9× as long as body, 1.4× as long as metasoma and 5.6× as long as hind tibia; ovipositor sheath with dense cover of very fine adpressed setae, its apical white part 1.5× as long as hind basitarsus; emargination of hypopygium 0.4× length of hypopygium (Fig.
Colour. Black; antenna (except blackish four basal segments and apical segment) largely dark brown; mandible largely brown (Fig.
Male. Very similar to female (including fine coriaceous sculpture of mesoscutum, Fig.
Body length of ♀ 14.6–16.1 mm, of ♂ 12.5–16.5 mm; propleuron 1.0–1.2× as long as mesoscutum in front of tegula; ovipositor sheath 0.9–1.0× as long as body; white or ivory apical part of ovipositor sheath 1.0–2.1× longer than hind basitarsus; antenna (except basally) dark brown or brown.
China (Fujian, Guangxi, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Ningxia, Shanghai, Taiwan, Zhejiang).
Named after the first author of the revision of the Gasteruptiidae from China, Ms Ke-xin Zhao, for her excellent cooperation and taxonomical insight.
The female lectotype of G. rufescenticorne Enderlein became available after the revision by
Gasteruption latitibia Zhao, van Achterberg & Xu, 2012: 62–65.
18 ♀ + 5 ♂ (
China (Fujian, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi (410–1508 m alt.), Zhejiang). New for Shaanxi and Zhejiang.
Foenus minutus
Tournier, 1877: ix;
Faenus minutus;
Gasteruption minutum;
Foenus longigena
Thomson, 1883: 849;
Gasteruption longigena;
Gasteruption oriplanum
Kieffer, 1911: 210;
Lectotype
of G. minutum here designated, ♀ (
1 ♂ (
Unfortunately, the holotype of G. oriplanum is a male and has the head severely damaged (figs 166–173 in
Foenus nigritarsis
Thomson, 1883: 849;
Gasteruption nigritarse; Schletterer 1885: 310;
The female lectotype from Lund (Scania, S Sweden) was selected by
3 ♀ (
Gasteruption nigritarse (Thomson), female, Shaanxi 176 head lateral 177 details of hypostomal bridge 178 mesosoma lateral 179 mesosoma dorsal 180 fore wing 181 hind leg 182 head anterior 183 head dorsal 184 apex of metasoma ventral 185 details of apex of ovipositor sheath 186 base of antenna 187 apex of antenna.
Europe; China (Gansu, Shaanxi). Collecting a couple of this species in the small NWU garden (at the Taibai campus in the very centre of Xi’an) on bush-killer, Cayratia japonica (Thunb.) Gagnep. was a real surprise. New for China, Gansu, Shaanxi and even for the East Palaearctic Region.
The Chinese specimens have the temple slightly longer than in European specimens (the eye/temple ratio is the same in the examined specimens) and the hind tibia is slightly more inflated. Both are likely part of clinal variation and, therefore, the Chinese specimens are considered to be conspecific.
Gasteruption oshimensis Watanabe, 1934: 283–284.
Gasteruption oshimense;
2 ♂ (
China (Gansu, Guizhou, Henan, Hunan, Jilin, Shaanxi), Japan. New for Gansu.
One of the most common species in China; large specimens tend to have the head less narrowed, less shiny and more sculptured in dorsal view (Figs
Gasteruption oshimense Watanabe, large female, Shaanxi 198 head lateral 199 mesosoma lateral 200 mesosoma dorsal 201 hind leg 202 apex of ovipositor sheath lateral 203 head anterior 204 head dorsal 205 wings 206 apex of metasoma ventral 207 medio-posterior depression of head latero-dorsal.
Gasteruption parvicollarium
Enderlein, 1913: 323–324;
2 ♀ (
The proper recognition of a species depends a lot on the size and quality of the type series and Gasteruption species are no exception. It becomes very complicated if the holotype (and only available type specimen) is a deformed male from Taiwan as in the case of G. parvicollarium Enderlein. The illustrated associated female by
Holotype, ♀ (
Head gradually narrowed in dorsal view and with satin sheen (Fig.
Gasteruption pedion Tan & van Achterberg, sp. nov., female, holotype 235 head lateral 236 mesosoma lateral 237 mesosoma dorsal 238 fore wing 239 hind leg 240 head anterior 241 head dorsal 242 apex of metasoma ventral 243 apex of ovipositor sheath 244 base of antenna 245 apex of antenna.
Easily confused with G. sinepunctatum Zhao, van Achterberg & Xu, 2012, but the new species has the mesoscutal lobes flattened and very finely coriaceous without transverse elements (mesoscutal lobes bumpy and sculpture with very fine transverse elements in G. sinepunctatum), the vertex rather matt and densely finely sculptured with very fine transverse rugulae (rather sparsely to densely punctulate and rather shiny), the mandible black (largely brownish-yellow), the metasoma of ♀ black ventrally (largely yellowish-brown) and the fore coxa black (dark brown).
Holotype, female, length of body 15.0 mm, of fore wing 7.8 mm.
Head. Vertex and frons with rather matt, very finely and densely coriaceous, on vertex mixed with very fine transverse elements; vertex moderately convex in lateral view (Fig.
Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma twice its height; propleuron rather robust and 0.9× as long as mesoscutum in front of tegula, in ventral view rather robust and less narrowed than in G. sinepunctatum; pronotal side entirely granulate-coriaceous, except for wide crenulated grooves and sparsely setose, with obtuse and rather large lobe-shaped tooth antero-ventrally (Figs
Metasoma. Ovipositor sheath 13.6 mm, 0.9× as long as body, 1.3× as long as metasoma and 4.3× as long as hind tibia; ovipositor sheath with dense cover of very fine adpressed setae, its white apical part (becoming ivory more basally) 2.6× as long as hind basitarsus; apical half of hypopygium emarginate medio-posteriorly.
Colour. Black (including mandible); subapically antenna somewhat brownish ventrally; tegula, legs (but coxae black, hind tibia with large ivory ventro-basal patch, ivory basal patch of fore and middle tibia and middle basitarsus (except apex)), veins and pterostigma dark brown; wing membrane slightly brownish; apex of ovipositor white (Fig.
Male. Very similar to female (including fine sculpture of mesoscutum, but usually somewhat coarser (Fig.
Body length of ♀ 12.3–15.7 mm, of ♂ 12.2–14.7 mm; fourth antennal segment of ♀ 1.5–1.6× as long as third segment; ovipositor sheath 0.9–1.1× as long as body; apical white part of ovipositor sheath 2.1–2.6× as long as hind basitarsus; propleuron 0.8–0.9× as long as mesoscutum in front of tegula.
China (Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Yunnan).
From “pedion” (Greek for “flat, plain”), because of the flat and evenly coriaceous mesoscutum.
Holotype, ♀ (
Head in dorsal view distinctly narrowed, moderately convex and medio-posteriorly flat, without a depression in front of occipital carina; mandibular condylus near lower level of eyes; temple dorsally dull and finely coriaceous; fourth antennal segment of ♀ 1.2–1.3× as long as third segment; third antennal segment of ♂ 1.4× as long as second segment; occipital carina non-lamelliform medio-dorsally propleuron; 0.8–0.9× as long as mesoscutum in front of tegula; notauli narrow, finely crenulate and posteriorly reduced and with transverse rugae; mesoscutum rather flat, with satin sheen and without rugae or punctures in lateral view; mesoscutum mainly very finely coriaceous mixed with very fine transverse rugulae, but medio-posteriorly with distinct transverse rugae; hind femur and tibia slender; ovipositor sheath 1.0–1.1× as long as body; apical white part of ovipositor sheath 1.2–2.5× as long as hind basitarsus; apical sternite of ♂ entirely dark brown and paramere densely whitish setose, with its apex dark brown.
Gasteruption reductum shares with G. graciloides van Achterberg, 2019, from Far East Russia, the peculiar sculpture of the mesoscutum and the slender body, but the new species has the notauli narrow, finely crenulate and posteriorly reduced and with transverse rugae (notauli medium-sized, moderately crenulate and posteriorly distinctly impressed and only crenulate in G. graciloides) and the vertex distinctly protruding above level of ocelli (hardly protruding above level ocelli in G. graciloides). The new species differs from G. pedion sp. nov. mainly by the reduced notauli (distinctly impressed in G. pedion), the propleuron distinctly narrowed anteriorly in ventral view (hardly narrowed), the very finely transversely rugulose mesoscutum (only very finely granulate-coriaceous) and the small ocelli (larger).
Holotype, female, length of body 9.1 mm, of fore wing 4.3 mm.
Head. Frons very finely coriaceous and with satin sheen; vertex very finely coriaceous with very fine transverse rugulae, moderately convex and medio-posteriorly flat, without a depression; head rather gradually contracted behind eyes in dorsal view and temples slightly rounded (Fig.
Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.9× its height; propleuron moderately robust, shiny and 0.9× as long as mesoscutum in front of tegula; pronotal side granulate-coriaceous, except for wide crenulate-rugose grooves and sparsely setose, with distinct acute tooth antero-ventrally (Figs
Metasoma. Ovipositor sheath 9.7 mm, 1.1× as long as body, 1.5× as long as metasoma and 5.5× as long as hind tibia; ovipositor sheath with dense cover of fine adpressed setae, its white apical part 1.7× longer than hind basitarsus; apical half of hypopygium emarginate medially.
Colour. Black; apex of apical antennal segment brown; basal half of mandible dark brown and apical half dark reddish-brown; tegulum, humeral plate, veins and pterostigma largely brown; fore and middle tibiae (but basally and apically somewhat paler) and tarsi, trochantelli and hind tarsus dark brown; hind tibia baso-ventrally with elongate ivory patch; hind tibial spurs brown; wing membrane slightly brownish; ivory or whitish apex of ovipositor sheath basally brownish and remainder of sheath dark brown (Fig.
Male. Similar to female (including very fine transverse sculpture of mesoscutum: Fig.
Body length of ♀ 9.1–11.5 mm, of ♂ 9.5 mm; fourth antennal segment of ♀ 1.2–1.3× as long as third segment; ovipositor sheath 1.0–1.1× as long as body; apical white part of ovipositor sheath 1.2–2.5× as long as hind basitarsus; propleuron 0.8–0.9× as long as mesoscutum in front of tegula.
China (Shaanxi, Hebei).
Name derived from “reductus” (Latin for “withdrawn”) because of the narrow and posteriorly reduced notauli.
Gasteruption sinarum
Kieffer, 1911: 205–206, 1912: 229, 264;
Gasteruption sinense
Kieffer, 1924: 77–78;
1 ♀ (
China (Anhui, Beijing, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Inner Mongolia, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanghai, Tianjin, Zhejiang). New for Shaanxi.
Gasteruption sinepunctatum
Zhao, van Achterberg & Xu, 2012: 85;
1 ♀ (
Gasteruption sinepunctatum Zhao, van Achterberg & Xu, 2012, is a large (about 15 mm body length or more) species described from C. China (Zhejiang) with paratypes from Taiwan, Jilin and Tibet. A large (13 mm body length) male from Taiwan has been associated with this species (
China (Jilin, Shaanxi, Taiwan, Tibet, Zhejiang).
Foenus subtilis Thomson, 1883: 847.
Gasteruption subtile;
Gasteruption kriechbaumeri
Schletterer, 1889: 384, 389, 395, 396, 426;
Gasteruption sabulosum
Schletterer, 1889: 390, 396, 423;
Gasteruption poecilothecus Kieffer, 1911: 205.
Gasteruption poecilothecum;
Gasteruption rossicum
Semenov Tian-Shanskij & Kostylev, 1928: 89;
Lectotype of G. subtile ♀ (ZIL) from Sweden, “Norl” [= Norrland], “subtilis”, “Lectotypus Foenus subtilis Thoms., ♀, K.-J. Hedqvist, det. 1972”. Holotype of G. poecilothecum, ♀ (BMNH), “Type”, B.M. Type 3.a.164”, “Gasteruption poecilothecus Kieff.”, “[Far East Russia or North China], Amoor [= Amur River= Heilongjiang] / 71 25”, “Determined by Dr. Kieffer”.
1 ♀ (
China (Hebei, Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Jilin, Xinjiang); Europe (alpine-boreal); Mongolia; Far East Russia. New for Inner Mongolia and Shaanxi.
The specimens identified as G. poecilothecum (including the holotype) fall within the variation range of G. subtile, resulting in its synonymy with the latter species.
In this paper, we reviewed the Palaearctic Chinese species of Gasteruption and provide a new and extensively-illustrated identification key. The association of the sexes in Gasteruption is problematic in several cases and, for recent revisions, the association is based on morphological similarity of the sexes and similar collection data, keeping in mind that males are, in general, more coarsely sculptured than females and have a shorter head in dorsal view. However, smaller males are less sculptured than larger ones and, often, several species occur together at the same locality. In future, presence of DNA data and of reared specimens may solve the problem, but, for the moment, we have to rely on extensive collections per site and precise comparisons of similar specimens. In a few cases, no males are available with distinctive features and probably non-sexual characters of the female are tentatively used for the inclusion in the key as far as possible.
We reported 14 additional species (of which three are new to science) from Shaanxi, bringing the total for Shaanxi to 18 species, which is 46% of the total 39 species known from China. Although coming closer to the 60% hypothesis proposed by
Thanks are due to Sergey Belokobylskij (St. Petersburg), Christer Hansson (Lund), Bernhard Merz (Geneva), David Notton and Gavin Broad (London), Masahiro Ohara (Sapporo), Hege Vårdal (Stockholm), Zoltán Vas and Sándor Csösz (Budapest), Claire Villemant and Agnièle Touret-Alby (Paris) and Dominique Zimmermann (Vienna) for the loan of the types. The research was supported jointly by the Foundation the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, No. 31872263, 31572300, 31201732), the Agricultural Sci-Tech Innovation Programme of Xi’an Science and Technology Bureau (No.201806116YF04NC12-1) and the Opening Foundation of Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation (Northwest University).