Xanthogaleruca aenescens (Fairmaire, 1878), X. yuae sp. nov., and the additional ca. ten Palaearctic species (Beenen 2010, 2019; Nie et al. 2012, 2017a; Beenen and Talpur 2019).

Large sized species (7.9–9.5 mm). Antenna slender, antennomeres III–VII long (2.5–3.1 × longer than wide), VIII–X shorter. Body flattened (Fig. 1C, F). Elytra relatively narrower, 1.6–1.8 × longer than wide. Aedeagus (Figs 2C, D, 3C, D) asymmetrical; ostium covered by a more or less sclerotized membrane; endophallic sclerite composed of a single slender sclerite with base recurved, with one row of stout teeth along lateral margin. Ventrite VIII (Figs 2F, 3F) in females well sclerotized, with dense short setae along apical margin; spiculum extremely short. Gonocoxae (Figs 2E, 3E) well sclerotized and with dense short setae along apical margins. Apical margin of abdominal ventrite V with angular depression at middle in males (Figs 2H, 3H), followed by shallow notch; represented by a semicircular depression in females (Figs 2G, 3G). Mesotibia with apical spine in males (Figs 2I, 3K); but mesotarsi with tarsomere I not modified.

Larvae and adults feed on leaves of Ulmus species and Zelkova serrata (Thunb.) Makino (Ulmaceae).

Tentatively we accept Xanthogaleruca as valid genus. Internal sclerite of aedeagus of Xanthogaleruca is characteristic, comb-like, and presumed to be an apomorphy (Silfverberg 1974; Beenen 2003, 2008; Matsumura et al. 2017; Beenen and Talpur 2019). Moreover, Nie et al. (2017b) showed phylogenetic distance between Pyrrhalta (P. rufosanguinea Say, 1827) and Xanthogaleruca (X. maculicollis (Motschulsky, 1853 and X. aenescens). See also Discussion below. In addition, larvae of X. yuae sp. nov. pupated on the leaves of the host plant. This differs from the habits of other Taiwanese species of Pyrrhalta that pupate in earthen cells.

Presumably deposited at the MNHN, but not available for study due to renovation of the roof (Antoine Mantilleri, pers. comm. 2 July 2020); it was studied by Bezděk (2003).

China. Beijing: 1♂, 1♀ (TARI), Wofosi (臥佛寺), 27.IV.1961, leg. S.-Y. Wang; Hebei: 8♂, 13♀ (TARI), 保定 (= Baoding), 5.IX.1943, leg. A. Tanaka; Tianjin: 1♂, 2♀ (JBCB), Wuquing Co., Dahuanqpu wetland natural conservation, 15.VII.2010, leg. P. Kment; Manchuria (outdated name, refers to Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Liaoning): 5♂ (TARI), 4♀ (TARI), Tokuniji, 23.VII.1937, leg. M. Hanano; 2♂, 2♀ (TARI), Mt. Riutan, Tolisu, 30.V.1937, leg. M. Hanano; 1♂, 3♀ (TARI), same but with “30.VII.1939”; 1♂ (TARI), Anto, 23.VII.1933, leg. K. Nomura.

Length 8.2–9.5 mm, width 3.9–4.5 mm. Body color (Fig. 1A–C) yellowish brown; vertex with one rounded black spot at middle, antennae blackish brown but ventral discs of antennomeres IV-VI yellowish brown; pronotum with three large black spots, one spot at center, apically broadened, from basal 1/4 to apical 1/4, two spots laterally; scutellum black; elytra metallic green. Eyes relatively large, interocular space 2.29–2.56 × diameter of eye. Antennae filiform in males (Fig. 2A), length ratios of antennomeres I–XI 1.0: 0.5: 0.7: 0.8: 0.7: 0.7: 0.7: 0.6: 0.6: 0.5: 0.8, length to width ratios of antennomeres I–XI 3.0: 2.2: 2.7: 3.1: 2.7: 2.9: 2.9: 2.4: 2.5: 2.2: 3.0; similar in females (Fig. 2B), length ratios of antennomeres I–XI 1.0: 0.5: 0.6: 0.7: 0.7: 0.7: 0.7: 0.6: 0.6: 0.5: 0.8, length to width ratios of antennomeres I–XI 3.3: 2.0: 2.7: 2.9: 2.8: 2.7: 2.7: 2.1: 2.3: 2.0: 2.9. Pronotum and elytra dorso-ventrally depressed. Pronotum 2.0–2.2 × wider than long, disc with dense coarse punctures and short pubescence, with lateral depressions; lateral margins moderately rounded, apical margin slightly concave, basal margin straight. Elytra elongate, parallel-sided, 1.6–1.7 × longer than wide; disc with dense coarse punctures and short pubescence, with three indistinct longitudinal ridges, of which two near suture, one from humerus. Apical spur of tibia of middle leg short (Fig. 2I); and tarsomere I of front and middle legs not modified in either sex (Fig. 2J, K). Aedeagus (Fig. 2C, D) slender in dorsal view, 5.1 × longer than wide, sides asymmetric, gradually broadened from apex to apical 1/5, parallel from apical 1/5 to near base, apex broadly rounded; strongly curved near base in lateral view, moderately broadened from apex to middle, apex narrowly rounded; ostium covered by a more or less sclerotized membrane; primary endophallic sclerite extremely long, 0.9 × as long as aedeagus, with three apical teeth, and additional longitudinal row of erect teeth from middle to base, become smaller towards apex, one short sclerite connected with base, apex with one short tooth. Gonocoxae (Fig. 2E) transverse, both gonocoxae combined from basal basally connect, with dense short setae along apical margin or areas. Ventrite VIII (Fig. 2F) extremely transverse; disc with dense short setae along apical margin; spiculum extremely short. Receptacle of spermatheca (Fig. 2L) very swollen; pump short and strongly curved; sclerotized proximal spermathecal duct wide and short. Apical margin of abdominal ventrite V with angular depression at middle in males (Fig. 2H), followed by shallow notch; only with semicircle depression in females (Fig. 2G).

Figure 1. 

Habitus of Xanthogaleruca aenescens (Fairmaire) and X. yuae sp. nov. A X. aenescens, female, dorsal view B ditto, ventral view C ditto, lateral view D X. yuae sp. nov., female, dorsal view E ditto, ventral view F ditto, lateral view.

Ulmaceae: Ulmus pumila Linnaeus, U. laevis Pallas, and U. davidiana Planch (Nie et al. 2012).

adults of X. aenescens (Fairmaire) and X. yuae sp. nov. may be separated from those of other species in the genus by the entirely green elytra, presence of three black spots on the pronotum, elytra with fine and dense punctures. Xanthogaleruca aenescens differs from X. yuae sp. nov. by the wider aedeagus, 5.1 × longer than wide (Fig. 1C, D) (5.7 × longer than wide (Fig. 3C, D) in X. yuae sp. nov.), lacking teeth from near apex to middle of primary endophallic sclerite (with teeth from near apex to middle of primary endophallic sclerite in X. yuae sp. nov.), apex of tarsomere I of front legs uniform in both sexes (Fig. 2J, K) (broader in males of X. yuae sp. nov. (Fig. 3I, J)), and short apical spur on mesotibia (Fig. 2I) (long apical spur on mesotibia in X. yuae sp. nov. (Fig. 2K))

Figure 2. 

Diagnostic characters of Xanthogaleruca aenescens (Fairmaire) A antenna, male B antenna, female C aedeagus, dorsal view D ditto, lateral view E gonocoxae F abdominal ventrite VIII G abdominal ventrite V, female H abdominal ventrite V, male I apex of tibia of middle leg, male J tarsi of front leg, male K tarsi of front leg, female L spermatheca.

Russia (Far East), Mongolia, North China (Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Hunan, Inner Mongolia, Jiangsu, Jilin, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi; Beenen 2010; Yang et al. 2015); Korea (Park et al. 2015).

Holotype ♂ (TARI), Taiwan. Taoyuan: Paling (巴陵), 27.V.2009 (reared from eggs), leg. M.-H. Tsou. Paratypes. 3♂, 6♀ (TARI), same data as holotype; 1♀ (TARI), same but with “25.V.2009”; 3♀ (TARI), same but with “26.V.2009”; 7♂, 8♀ (TARI), same but with “28.V.2009”; 37♂, 29♀ (TARI), same but with “29.V.2009”; 1♀ (TARI), same locality, 19.IV.2009, leg. S.-F. Yu; 1♀ (TARI), same locality, 19.VI.2010, leg. H.-J. Chen; Chiayi: 3♀ (TARI), Shounouryo (= Channaoliao, 樟腦寮), near Mt. Ari (阿里山), 14.XII.1937, leg. Y. Yano; 1♂ (TARI), Dokuritsuzan (= Tulishan, 獨立山), near Mt. Ari (阿里山), 14.XII.1937, leg. Y. Yano; Nantou: 2♂ (TARI), Lienhuachi (蓮華池), 23–26.V.1980, leg. K. S. Lin & B. H. Chen; 1♂ (KMNH), Meiyuan (眉原), 21.V.198?, leg. C.-K. Yu (S. Osawa’s Coll.), determined as P. aenescens by Kimoto, 1986; Taitung: 1♂ (TARI), Hsinwu (新武), 25.III.2013, leg. C.-L. Lee; 2♀ (TARI), Wulu (霧鹿), 29.III.2011, leg. C.-F. Lee; Taoyuan: 1♀ (TARI), Suleng (四稜), 9.IV.2016, leg. Y.-L. Lin; 1♀ (TARI), Tungyanshan (東眼山), 12.IV.2007, leg. S.-F. Yu.

Body flattened. Pronotum with three large black spots, one in middle, two laterally. Elytra metallic green

Length 7.9–8.8 mm, width 3.3–3.8 mm. Body color (Fig. 1D–F) yellowish brown; vertex with one rounded black spot at middle, antennae blackish brown but ventral discs of antennomeres IV–VI brown; pronotum with three large black spots, one spot at center, from apical 1/4 to basal 1/4, apically broadened, two spots laterally; scutellum black; elytra metallic green. Eyes relatively large, interocular space 2.33–2.45 × diameter of eye. Antennae filiform in males (Fig. 3A), length ratios of antennomeres I–XI 1.0: 0.5: 0.6: 0.8: 0.8: 0.7: 0.7: 0.6: 0.6: 0.6: 0.7, length to width ratios of antennomeres I–XI 3.1: 2.1: 2.5: 2.9: 3.1: 2.9: 3.0: 2.6: 2.8: 2.7: 3.4; similar in females (Fig. 3B), length ratios of antennomeres I–XI 1.0: 0.4: 0.6: 0.7: 0.7: 0.7: 0.7: 0.6: 0.6: 0.6: 0.8, length to width ratios of antennomeres I–XI 3.4: 1.9: 2.5: 3.0: 2.8: 2.8: 2.8: 2.6: 2.6: 2.5: 3.4. Pronotum and elytra dorso-ventrally depressed. Pronotum 1.9–2.0 × wider than long, disc smooth, with dense coarse punctures and short pubescence, with lateral depressions; lateral margins moderately rounded, apical margin slightly concave, basal margin straight. Elytra elongate, parallel-sided, 1.7–1.8 × longer than wide; disc smooth, with dense, fine punctures and short pubescence, with three indistinct longitudinal ridges, two near suture, one from humerus. Apical spur of tibia of middle leg elongate in males (Fig. 3K); tarsomeres I of front and middle legs apically broadened in males (Fig. 3I), less broadened in females (Fig. 3J). Aedeagus (Fig. 3C, D) slender in dorsal view, 5.8 × longer than wide, sides asymmetric, gradually broadened from apex to apical 1/4, slightly narrowed at middle, apex broadly rounded; moderately curved near base in lateral view, moderately broadened from apex to middle, apex narrowly rounded; ostium covered by a more or less sclerotized membrane; primary endophallic sclerite long, 0.7 × as long as aedeagus, with four apical teeth, and an additional longitudinal row of erect teeth from near apex to base, becoming smaller towards apex, one short sclerite connected with base, apex with one short tooth. Gonocoxae (Fig. 3E) transverse, both gonocoxae combined from basal connection, with a number of short setae along apical margin. Ventrite VIII (Fig. 3F) extremely transverse; disc with dense, short setae along apical margin; spiculum extremely short. Receptacle of spermatheca (Fig. 3L) very swollen; pump short and strongly curved; sclerotized proximal spermathecal duct wide and short. Apical margin of abdominal ventrite V with angular depression at middle in males, followed by shallow notch (Fig. 3H); represented by a semi-circular depression in females (Fig. 3G).

Figure 3. 

Diagnostic characters of Xanthogaleruca yuae sp. nov. A antenna, male B antenna, female C aedeagus, dorsal view D ditto, lateral view E gonocoxae F abdominal ventrite VIII G abdominal ventrite V, female H abdominal ventrite V, male I tarsi of front leg, male J tarsi of front leg, female K apex of tibia of middle leg, male L spermatheca.

Adults of X. yuae sp. nov. and X. aenescens may be separated from those of other species in the genus by their entirely green elytra, presence of three black spots on the pronotum, and elytra with fine and dense punctures. Xanthogaleruca yuae sp. nov. differs from X. aenescens in having a narrower aedeagus, 5.7 × longer than wide (Fig. 3C, D) (broader aedeagus (Fig. 2C, D), 5.1 × longer than wide in X. aenescens), teeth from near apex to middle of primary endophallic sclerite (lacking teeth from near apex to middle of primary endophallic sclerite in X. aenescens), apex of tarsomere I of front legs broader in males than females (Fig. 3I, J) (apex of tarsomere I of front legs uniform in both sexes of X. aenescens (Fig. 2J, K)), and long apical spur on mesotibia (Fig. 3K) (short apical spur on mesotibia in X. aenescens (Fig. 3I)). This new species was misidentified as Xanthogaleruca aenescens by Kimoto (1969, 1986).

Larvae and adults feed on leaves of Zelkova serrata (Thunb.) Makino (Ulmaceae) (present study).

Xanthogaleruca yuae sp. nov. populations are presumed to be univoltine. The following life cycle information is based on our (TCRT) observations made by Mr Mei-Hua Tsou (Lee and Cheng 2010). Females began to deposit an average of 10–20 eggs in two rows of a single egg mass on the undersides of leaves (Fig. 4A) during 22 April 2009. Larvae hatched in 7–8 days. Larvae fed on one side of leaves and left only one layer of tissue at the surface (Fig. 4B, C). The larval duration was 15–21 days. mature larvae (Fig. 4D) expelled an adhesive from the anus, then pupated on the undersides of leaves. Duration of the pupal stage was 8–13 days (Fig. 4E). adults were active during spring (Fig. 4F).

Figure 4. 

Field photographs of Xanthogaleruca yuae sp. nov. on host plant A egg masses B early instar larva C mature larvae D single mature larva E pupa and prepupa F adult.

Widespread in lowlands of Taiwan.

Dedicated to Mrs Su-Fang Yu who was the first member of TCRT to collect specimens of this new species and rear them successfully from eggs to adults.

Weise (1886), Reitter (1913), and Ogloblin (1936) overlooked the fact that Pyrrhalta Joannis, 1865 has priority over Gallerucella Crotch, 1873. Therefore, the former cannot be a subgenus of the latter (Gressitt and Kimoto 1963). There are no reliable characters for distinguishing Pyrrhalta Joannis and Tricholochmaea Laboissière. We conclude that establishing species groups as a basis for classification, rather than retaining the generic status of Tricholochmaea is a better approach. Tricholochmaea is regarded as synonym with Pyrrhalta in this study.

Pyrrhalta gressitti Kimoto, 1969; P. houjayi sp. nov.; P. tahsiangi sp. nov.; P. taiwana Kimoto, 1969; and P. viridipennis Kimoto, 1981.

Small to median sized species (3.5–7.8 mm). Antenna extremely slender, antennomeres III–VI long (3.1–4.5 × longer than wide), VII–X shorter. Body convex. Elytra relatively narrow, 1.6–1.8 × longer than wide. Aedeagus asymmetric, ostium covered by a membrane; endophallic sclerites composed of two slender sclerites (Figs 6C, D; 8C, D; 14D) except single sclerite in P. tahsiangi sp. nov. (Fig. 10C, D) and P. houjayi sp. nov. (Fig. 12C, D); primary sclerite with several fine teeth near apex (Figs 8C, D; 10C, 14C) except P. gressitti Kimoto (Fig. 6C, D) and P. houjayi sp. nov. (Fig. 12C, D). Ventrite VIII in female well sclerotized and recurved laterally, apically tapering and with cluster of setae near apex (Figs 6E, 8E, 12E, 14I) except P. tahsiangi sp. nov. (Fig. 10E); spiculum long. Gonocoxae apically sclerotized and longitudinally oriented, apex with four long setae (Figs 6G, 8I, 10K, 12F, 14J). Apical margin of abdominal ventrite V moderately concave medially, with deep depression at middle in males (Figs 6I, 8H, 10J, 12I, 14L); concave in females of P. gressitti (Fig. 6J), P. houjayi sp. nov. (Fig. 8G), and P. taiwana (Fig. 12H), or slightly depressed and with one short median internal ridge in females of P. tahsiangi sp. nov. (Fig. 10I) and P. viridipennis (Fig. 14K). Mesotibia with apical spine in males of P. gressitti (Fig. 6F), P. tahsiangi sp. nov. (Fig. 10F), and P. viridipennis (Fig. 14M) (lacking apical spine in others); mesotarsi with tarsomere I modified only in males of P. tahsiangi sp. nov. (Fig. 10H).

Larvae and adults feed on leaves of Rhododendron species or Vaccinium randaiense Hayata (Ericaceae).

Holotype ♀ (KUEC), labeled: “(TAIWAN) / Alishan / Chiai Hsien / 27. VII. 1966 [p, w] // Pyrrhalta / gressitti / Kimoto, n. sp. [h, w] // HOLOTYPE [p, r]”. Paratypes. 1 ♀ (KMNH) and 1♀ (BPBM): “(TAIWAN) / Alishan / Chiai Hsien / 27. VII. 1966 [p, w] // Pyrrhalta / gressitti / Kimoto, n. sp. [h, w] // PARATOPOTYPE [p, b]”; 1 ex. (KMNH): “(TAIWAN) / Alishan / Chiai Hsien [p] / 30 [h]. VII. 1966 [p, w] // Pyrrhalta / gressitti / Kimoto, n. sp. [h, w] // PARATYPE [p, b]”; 1♂, 1♀ (BPBM): “FORMOSA: / Arisan [阿里山] / VIII-18-1947 / J. L. Gressitt [p, w] // L. Gressitt / Collection [p, w] // Pyrrhalta / gressitti / Kimoto, n. sp. [h, w] // PARATYPE [p, b]”.

Taiwan. Chiayi: 12♂, 3♀ (TARI), Alishan (阿里山), 5–9.VIII.1981, leg. L. Y. Chou & S. C. Lin; 2♀ (TARI), same locality, 17–20.VIII.1982, leg. K. C. Chou & C. C. Pan; 2♀ (NMNS), same locality, 8.IX.1989, leg. I. S. Hsu; 1♀ (NMNS), same locality, 26.IV.1990, leg. C. C. Chiang; 8♂, 5♀ (TARI), Tatachia (塔塔加), 9.VI.2009, leg. C.-F. Lee; 3♂ (TARI), same locality, 20.VII.2009, leg. H. Lee and S.-F. Yu; Kaohsiung: 1♂ (TARI), Kuanshan Wind Gap (關山啞口), 30.VII.2015, leg. C.-F. Lee; Nantou: 1♂ (NMNS), Patungkuan (八通關), 20–22.VI.1990, leg. J. T. Yang; Pingtung: 2♂, 2♀ (TARI), Peitawushan (北大武山), 24.X.2013, leg. J.-C. Chen; 1♀ (TARI), same but with “12.IX.2015”; Taitung: 15♂, 4♀ (TARI), Hsiangyang (向陽), 2.VII.2009, leg. M.-H. Tsou; 1♀ (TARI), Liyuan (栗園), 19.VI.2013, leg. C.-F. Lee; 1♂, 2♀ (TARI), same locality, 19.VI.2014, leg. J.-C. Chen; 2♀ (TARI), Motien (摩天), 23.V.2011, leg. C.-F. Lee; 2♂ (TARI), same but with “19.VI.2011”.

Length 3.9–5.4 mm, width 1.7–2.4 mm. Body color (Fig. 5A–C) yellowish brown; head with median longitudinal black stripe; antennae reddish brown; elytra green but apical 1/3 and lateral margins yellowish brown; outer sides of tibiae more or less darkened. Eyes small, interocular space 2.76–3.48 × diameter of eye. Antennae filiform in males (Fig. 6A), length ratios of antennomeres I–XI 1.0: 0.6: 1.0: 0.9: 0.9: 0.9: 0.8: 0.8: 0.7: 0.7: 0.8, length to width ratios of antennomeres I–XI 3.1: 2.1: 3.5: 3.4: 3.4: 3.3: 2.8: 3.1: 2.8: 2.9: 3.1; similar in females (Fig. 6B), length ratios of antennomeres I–XI 1.0: 0.6: 1.0: 0.8: 0.7: 0.8: 0.7: 0.6: 0.6: 0.6: 0.8, length to width ratios of antennomeres I–XI 3.0: 2.1: 4.4: 3.1: 3.0: 3.1: 3.1: 2.7: 2.7: 2.5: 3.0. Pronotum and elytra convex. Pronotum 1.8–2.0 × wider than long, disc with reticulate microsculpture; with dense, coarse punctures, and short pubescence, with median longitudinal and lateral depressions; lateral margins moderately rounded, widest at apical 1/3, apical margin slightly concave, basal margin straight; anterior and posterior setiferous punctures slightly erect. Elytra elongate and broad, parallel-sided, 1.7 × longer than wide; disc smooth, with dense, coarse punctures, and short pubescence, with one pair of indistinct longitudinal ridges between suture and humeral calli, two indistinct longitudinal ridges arising from humeral calli, inner ridges separated into two at apical 1/3. Apical spur of tibia of middle leg slender (Fig. 6F), and tarsomere I not modified in males. Aedeagus (Fig. 6C, D) slender in dorsal view, 6.3 × longer than wide, asymmetric, curved at apical 1/4, recurved at apical 1/7, broadly rounded, ostium small and located at right side, not covered by membrane; straight but strongly curved near base in lateral view, recurved at apical 1/7, apex narrowly rounded; primary endophallic sclerite elongate, 0.6 × as long as aedeagus, deeply divided in lateral view. Only apices of gonocoxae (Fig. 6G) sclerotized, with several long setae at apical and lateral areas. Ventrite VIII (Fig. 6E) well sclerotized, strongly broadened near apex, outer sides strongly curved, several short setae along apical margin and bearing a cluster of long setae near middle, spiculum long. Receptacle of spermatheca (Fig. 6H) very swollen; pump long and strongly curved; sclerotized proximal spermathecal duct wide and short. Apical margin of abdominal ventrite V moderately concave medially, with deep depression at middle in males (Fig. 6I); only concave in females (Fig. 6J).

Figure 5. 

Habitus of Pyrrhalta gressitti Kimoto, P. houjayi sp. nov., and P. tahsiangi sp. nov. A P. gressitti, male, dorsal view B ditto, ventral view C ditto, lateral view D P. houjayi sp. nov., male, dorsal view E ditto, ventral view F ditto, lateral view G P. tahsiangi sp. nov., male, dorsal view H ditto, ventral view I ditto, lateral view.

Figure 6. 

Diagnostic characters of Pyrrhalta gressitti Kimoto A antenna, male B antenna, female C aedeagus, dorsal view D ditto, lateral view E abdominal ventrite VIII F apex of tibia of middle leg, male Ggonocoxae H spermatheca I abdominal ventrite V, male J abdominal ventrite V, female.

adults of P. gressitti Kimoto and P. viridipennis Kimoto are characterized by their partly green elytra, which possess longitudinal ridges. However, P. gressitti can be separated from P. viridipennis by its smaller body sizes, 3.9–5.4 mm long (5.3–7.8 mm long in P. viridipennis), smooth and shining elytra, with coarse punctures (rough elytra with fine punctures in P. viridipennis); recurved apex of aedeagus and broadly rounded apex of primary endophallic sclerite lacking teeth (Fig. 6C, D) (curved apex of aedeagus and narrowly rounded apex of primary endophallic sclerite with teeth in P. viridipennis (Fig. 14C, D)); slender apical spur of tibia of middle leg in males (Fig. 6F) (small and stout apical spur of tibia of middle leg in males of P. viridipennis (Fig. 14M)); and moderately concave apical margin of abdominal ventrite V in females (Fig. 6J) (slightly concave apical margin of abdominal ventrite V with short internal ridge in females of P. viridipennis (Fig. 14L)).

Larvae and adults feed on leaves of Rhododendron rubropilosum Hayata var. rubropilosum Hayata (Ericaceae) (Fig. 7A, B).

Figure 7. 

Field photographs of Pyrrhalta gressitti Kimoto and P. tahsiangi sp. nov. on host plant A mature larva of P. gressitti B P. gressitti, adult C adult of P. tahsiangi on Rhododendron chilanshanense D adult of P. tahsiangi on R. mariesii.

The species is widespread at mid-altitudes (1,500–2,500 m) in southern Taiwan.

Holotype 1♂ (TARI), Taiwan. Pingtung: Lilungshan (里龍山), 30.VI.2016, leg. J.-C. Chen. Paratypes. 2♂♂, 3♀♀ (TARI), same data as holotype; Hsinchu: 1♂ (TARI), Talu trail (大鹿林道), 1.VIII.2015, leg. Y.-L. Lin; Kaohsiung: 1♂, 1♀ (TARI), Chungchihkuan (中之關), 1.VII.2009, leg. S.-F. Yu; 1♂, 2♀♀ (TARI), same locality, 3.VII.2009, leg. M.-H. Tsou; 1♂ (TARI), Shihshan logging trail (石山林道), 19.VIII.2008, leg. C.-T. Yao; 1♀ (NMNS), Tengchih (天池), 6–7.VII.2000, leg. M. L. Chan; Nantou: 1♀ (TARI), Fenghuangshan (鳳凰山), 10.VIII.2011, leg. M.-H. Tsou; 3♂, 5♀ (TARI), Hsitou (溪頭), 28.V.2009, leg. C.-F. Lee; 2♀ (TARI), Juiyanhsi (瑞岩溪), 16.VIII.2015, leg. S.-F. Yu; 1♂ (TARI), Kuantaoshan (關刀山), 5.VII.2013, leg. Y.-L. Lin; 1♂ (TARI), Meifeng (梅峰), 5–9.X.1980, leg. C. C. Chen & C. C. Chien; 4♂, 1♀ (TARI), same locality, 24–26.VI.1981, leg. K. S. & and W. S. Tang; 3♂, 3♀ (TARI), same locality, 15.VII.1982, leg. S. C. Lin & C. N. Lin; 1♂ (TARI), same locality, 4–7.X.1982, leg. K. C. Chou; 2♂, 1♀ (TARI), same but with “1.VI.2009”; 1♂ (TARI), Peitungyanshan (北東眼山), 3.VII.2014, leg. C.-F. Lee; 3♂, 2♀ (NHMUK), Ruei River Major Wildlife Habitat (瑞岩溪野生動物重要棲息環境), 8.VIII.2008, leg. H. Mendel & M. V. L. Barclay; 2♂ (TARI), Tsuifeng (翠峰), 25–27.VI.1981, leg. K. S. Lin & W. S. Tang; 1♀ (TARI), same locality, 1–3.VIII.1981, leg. T. Lin & W. S. Tang; Pingtung: 2♂, 4♀ (TARI), Jinshuiying (浸水營), 16.VI.2011, leg. J.-C. Chen; 1♀ (TARI), Peitawushan (北大武山), 22.IX.2012, leg. J.-C. Chen; 1♀ (TARI), Tahanshan (大漢山), 21.VII.2013, leg. Y.-T. Chung; 1♂ (TARI), same but with “30.VII.2013”; 2♀ (TARI), same but with “29.VI.2018”; 1♀ (TARI), same but with “9.IX.2018”; 1♀ (TARI), same but with “1.IV.2020”; Taichung: 1♀ (TARI), Tahsuehshan (大雪山), 6.IV.2014, leg. C.-S. Lin; Taipei: 1♀ (TARI), Tatungshan (大桶山), 10.VIII.2008, leg. M.-H. Tsao; Taitung: 1♀ (TARI), Liyuan (栗園), 19.VI.2014, leg. J.-C. Chen; 1♂, 1♀ (TARI), Motien (摩天), 5.X.2010, leg. C.-F. Lee; 1♀ (TARI), Wululintao (霧鹿林道), 24.VI.2010, leg. M.-H. Tsou; Taoyuan: 1♂, 3♀ (TARI), Lalashan (拉拉山), 22.VII.2008, leg. H.-J. Chen; 1♂, 4♀ (TARI), same locality, 2.VIII.2008, leg. M.-H. Tsao (= Tsou); 2♂, 1♀ (TARI), same but with “leg. S.-F. Yu”; 1♂, 2♀ (TARI), same locality, 7.VIII.2008, leg. H.-J. Chen; 1♂ (TARI), same locality, 30.VIII.2008, leg. M.-H. Tsao; 1♀ (TARI), same locality, 28.IV.2009, leg. H.-J. Chen; 2♂, 1♀ (TARI), same but with “29.IV.2009”; 1♂, 2♀ (TARI), same locality, 5.V.2009, leg. C.-F. Lee; 1♂ (TARI), same but with “8.V.2009”; 1♂ (TARI), same locality, 21.V.2009, leg. M.-H. Tsou; 1♂, 1♀ (TARI), same locality, 25.VI.2009, leg. S.-F. Yu; 1♂, 3♀ (TARI), same locality, 4.V.2009, leg. C.-F. Lee; 1♂ (TARI), Ssuleng (四稜), 1.VI.2012, leg. S.-F. Yu; 3♂, 4♀ (TARI), Tamanshan (塔曼山), 3.VIII.2008, leg. M.-H. Tsao.

Elytra smooth, lacking longitudinal ridges; green with wide reddish brown band along suture.

Length 4.4–7.5 mm, width 2.5–3.1 mm. Body color (Fig. 5D–F) yellowish brown; head reddish, antenna dark brown; pronotum medially reddish brown; elytra green but with wide reddish brown stripe along suture; scutellum reddish brown; lateral margins of tibiae blackish brown. Eyes small, interocular space 2.20–2.60 × diameter of eye. Antennae filiform in males (Fig. 8A), length ratios of antennomeres I–XI 1.0: 0.6: 1.1: 1.2: 1.2: 1.1: 1.1: 1.0: 0.9: 0.8: 1.0, length to width ratios of antennomeres I–XI 2.7: 2.2: 3.7: 4.1: 4.3: 4.1: 4.2: 3.9: 3.6: 3.3: 4.1; similar in females (Fig. 8B), length ratios of antennomeres I–XI 1.0: 0.5: 1.0: 1.0: 1.0: 0.9: 0.9: 0.8: 0.8: 0.7: 0.9, length to width ratios of antennomeres I–XI 2.9: 2.2: 3.9: 4.2: 4.1: 3.5: 3.7: 3.9: 3.5: 3.3: 4.4. Pronotum and elytra convex. Pronotum 2.0–2.1 × wider than long, disc with reticulate microsculpture; with dense, coarse punctures, and extremely short pubescence, with median longitudinal and lateral depressions; lateral margins rounded, widest at apical 1/3, apical and basal margin slightly concave; anterior and posterior setiferous punctures erect. Elytra elongate and broad, parallel-sided, 1.8 × longer than wide; disc with reticulate microsculpture, with dense, fine punctures, and short pubescence. Apical spur of tibia of middle leg absent and tarsomere I not modified in males. Aedeagus (Fig. 8C, D) slender in dorsal view, 7.4 × longer than wide, asymmetric, curved subapically, apically narrowed from middle, apex narrowly rounded; ostium large, covered by a membrane; straight but strongly curved near base in lateral view, slightly curved at middle, apex narrowly rounded; two endophallic sclerites elongate, primary sclerite 0.7 × as long as aedeagus, apex with several fine teeth, basally recurved; secondary sclerite small, 0.5 × as long as the longer sclerite. Only apices of gonocoxae (Fig. 8I) sclerotized, elongate, with several short setae near apex, and four long setae at near apex. Ventrite VIII (Fig. 8E) well sclerotized, strongly broadened near apex, outer sides strongly curved, several short setae along apical margin and bearing cluster of long setae medially, spiculum long. Receptacle of spermatheca (Fig. 8F) slightly swollen; pump short and strongly curved; sclerotized proximal spermathecal duct wide and long. Apical margin of abdominal ventrite V slightly concave medially, with deep depression but with indistinct margin at middle in males (Fig. 8H); bearing median notch in females (Fig. 8G).

Figure 8. 

Diagnostic characters of Pyrrhalta houjayi sp. nov. A antenna, male B antenna, female C aedeagus, dorsal view D ditto, lateral view E abdominal ventrite VIII F spermatheca G abdominal ventrite V, female H abdominal ventrite V, male I gonocoxae.

Specimens from southern Taiwan possess a broader aedeagus and the broader endophallic sclerite near apex that is almost straight in lateral view.

Adults of P. houjayi sp. nov. and P. taiwana Kimoto are characterized by their partly green elytra lacking longitudinal ridges. Pyrrhalta houjayi sp. nov. can be distinguished from P. taiwana by presence of the wide brown band along the suture of the elytra, and more slender elytra (Figs 5D, 9F), 1.8 × longer than wide (lacking brown band on elytra, and wider elytra (Figs 11A, 13D), 1.6 × longer than wide in P. taiwana); slender aedeagus, 7.4 × longer than wide, with apex curved to right (Fig. 8C) (broad aedeagus, 6.8 × longer than wide, with tapering apex (Fig. 12C) in P. taiwana); two endophallic slerites, primary endophallic sclerite with teeth at apex (Fig. 8C, D) (one endophallic sclerite slender, lacking teeth at apex (Fig. 12C, D) in P. taiwana).

Larvae and adults feed on leaves of Rhododendron leptosanthum Hayata (Ericaceae)

The first author, Mrs Hsueh Lee, and Mr Hou-Jay Chen found young larvae feeding on tender shoots (Fig. 9A) April 1, 2009 in Lalashan, northern Taiwan. mature larvae started to burrow into soil and built underground chambers for pupation April 11. The newly eclosed adults emerged from soil April 28. The first author and Mr. Ta-Hsiang Lee found the host plants blooming and sprouting at the same time (Fig. 9B) April 21, 2010 in Tahsuehshan, central Taiwan. Many larvae were found inside flower buds with holes (Fig. 9C, D). Some larvae preferred to feed on pedicels (Fig. 9E). Newly emerged adults appeared during late spring, into summer (Fig. 9F).

Figure 9. 

Field photographs of Pyrrhalta houjayi sp. nov. on host plant A young larvae feeding on tender shoots B host plant blooming and sprouting at the same time in Tahsuehshan (大雪山) C flower buds with holes caused by larvae D Larva found inside the flower buds E one larva feeding on pedicels F adults.

This new species is widespread at mid-altitudes (1,500–2,500 m) in Taiwan.

Dedicated to Mrs Su-Fang Yu who was the first member of TCRT to collect specimens of this new species and rear them successfully from eggs to adults.

Holotype ♂ (TARI), Taiwan. Ilan: Tsuifenghu (翠峰湖), 4.VII.2010, leg. M.-H. Tsou. Paratypes. 3♂, 8♀ (TARI), same data as holotype; Ilan: 6♀ (TARI), Yuanyanghu (鴛鴦湖), 23.VIII.2011, leg. M.-H. Tsou; 1♂, 5♀ (TARI), same but with “leg. H. Lee”; 7♀ (TARI), Taipingshan (太平山), 25.V.2009 (reared from larvae), leg. C.-F. Lee.

Elytra smooth, lacking longitudinal ridges; yellowish brown, with brown longitudinal stripes.

Length 4.8–5.6 mm, width 2.1–2.4 mm. Body color (Fig. 5G–I) yellowish brown; antennae brown, four apical antennomeres darkened; elytra with two pairs of wide, poorly defined, longitudinal brown stripes, one pair near suture, the other arising from humeral calli. Eyes small, interocular space 2.55–2.58 × diameter of eye. Antennae filiform in males (Fig. 10A), length ratios of antennomeres I–XI 1.0: 0.6: 1.2: 1.0: 0.9: 0.9: 1.0: 0.9: 0.9: 0.8: 1.0, length to width ratios of antennomeres I–XI 2.6: 2.2: 4.3: 3.8: 3.8: 3.3: 3.4: 3.3: 3.0: 3.0: 4.0; similar in females (Fig. 10B), length ratios of antennomeres I–XI 1.0: 0.7: 1.1: 1.0: 1.0: 1.0: 1.0: 0.9: 0.9: 0.8: 1.1, length to width ratios of antennomeres I–XI 2.6: 2.6: 4.0: 3.6: 3.5: 3.4: 3.7: 3.2: 3.4: 3.3: 4.3. Pronotum and elytra convex. Pronotum 1.8–1.9 × wider than long, disc smooth; with extremely dense, coarse punctures, and short pubescence, with median longitudinal and lateral depressions; lateral margins slightly rounded, widest at apical 1/3, apical and basal margin slightly concave; anterior and posterior setiferous punctures slightly erect. Elytra elongate and broad, parallel-sided, 1.7 × longer than wide; disc rugose, with dense, coarse punctures, and short pubescence. Apical spur of tibia of middle leg slender (Fig. 10F), and tarsomere I ax-shaped in lateral view, with narrowed basal half and expanded apical half (Fig. 10H) in males. Aedeagus (Fig. 10C, D) broad in dorsal view, 5.0 × longer than wide, parallel-sided, asymmetric, curved at middle, apex narrowly rounded; ostium large, mostly covered by membrane; straight but strongly curved near base in lateral view, apex narrowly rounded; primary endophallic sclerite elongate, 0.5 × as long as aedeagus, with several fine teeth near apex. Only apices of gonocoxae (Fig. 10K) sclerotized, short, with several short setae near apex, and four long setae near apex. Ventrite VIII (Fig. 10E) well sclerotized, apex truncate, plate-shaped and projecting, several extremely short setae along lateral margin and apical area, apical margin with cluster of long setae near middle, spiculum extremely long. Receptacle of spermatheca (Fig. 10G) swollen; pump short and strongly curved; sclerotized proximal spermathecal duct wide and extremely short. Apical margin of abdominal ventrite V slightly concave medially and with deep depression in males (Fig. 10J); while slightly concave and with short internal ridge at middle in females (Fig. 10I).

Figure 10. 

Diagnostic characters of Pyrrhalta tahsiangi sp. nov. A antenna, male B antenna, female C aedeagus, dorsal view D ditto, lateral view E abdominal ventrite VIII F apex of tibia of middle leg, male G spermatheca H tarsi of middle leg, male I abdominal ventrite V, female J abdominal ventrite V, male K gonocoxae.

Adults of this new species are easily separated from other members of the species group by their yellowish brown elytra bearing longitudinal brown stripes and modified tarsi of the middle leg. In addition, some putative autapomorphies are found in genitalic characters, including the characteristic shape of the aedeagus and single endophallic sclerite bearing teeth near the apex (Fig. 10C). The truncate apex of abdominal ventrite VIII in females is also diagnostic (Fig. 10E) (tapering apex of abdominal ventrite VIII in females of others).

adults feed on leaves of Rhododendron chilanshanense Kurashige (Fig. 7C); larvae and adults feed on leaves of R. mariesii Hemsl. and E. H. Wilson (Ericaceae) (Fig. 7D).

The first author and Mr Ta-Hsiang Lee collected young larvae on tender leaves of Rhododendron mariesii May 1, 2009 in Taipingshan, northeastern Taiwan, and reared them in the laboratory. Newly eclosed adults emerged from soil May 25. Mr. Mei-Hua Tsou collected a number of adults July 5, 2010 at the same locality (= Tsuifenghu) (Fig. 7C). The first author, Mrs. Hsueh Li, and Mr. Mei-Hua Tsou found adults feeding on leaves of R. chilanshanense (Fig. 7D) August 23, 2011 in Yuanyanghu, northeastern Taiwan.

This new species is restricted to mid-altitudes (1,000–2,000 m) in northeastern Taiwan.

Dedicated to Mr. Ta-Hsiang Lee. He and the first author were the first to find larvae of this new species and rear them successfully to adults.

Holotype ♂ (KUEC): “[Formosa] / Hassenzan [= Pahsienshan, 八仙山] (Taichû-shû) / Kahodai [= Chiaobaotai, 佳保台]-Reimei [= Liming, 黎明] / 12. Vii. 1932 / Teiso Esaki [p, w] // Pyrrhalta/ taiwana / Kimoto, n. sp. [h, w] // HOLOTYPE [p, r]”.

Taiwan. Chiayi: 11♂, 7♀ (TARI), Tzuchung (自忠), 5.VI.2011 (reared from larvae), leg. C.-F. Lee; Kaohsiung: 2♂, 2♀ (TARI), Chungchihkuan (中之關), 3.VII.2009, leg. S.-F. Yu; 1♂, 2♀ (TARI), same locality, 1.VII.2019, leg. M.-H. Tsou; 3♂ (TARI), Tengchih (藤枝), 31.VII.2008, leg. C.-T. Yao; Taichung: 1♂ (TARI), Tahsuehshan (大雪山), 23.VII.2011, leg. J.-C. Chen; Taitung: 6♂, 7♀ (TARI), Lichia trail (利嘉林道), 15.VII.2014, leg. B.-X. Guo.

Length 5.6–7.0 mm, width 2.6–3.0 mm. Body color (Fig. 11A–C) yellowish brown; elytra green but with wide yellow stripe along lateral margin; lateral margins of tibiae darkened. Eyes small, interocular space 2.33–2.58 × diameter of eye. Antennae filiform in males (Fig. 12A), length ratios of antennomeres I–XI 1.0: 0.6: 1.1: 1.0: 1.0: 1.0: 0.9: 0.8: 0.8: 0.7: 1.0, length to width ratios of antennomeres I–XI 2.5: 2.3: 3.7: 3.6: 3.6: 3.6: 3.4: 3.2: 3.1: 3.1: 4.9; similar in females (Fig. 12B), length ratios of antennomeres I–XI 1.0: 0.6: 1.1: 1.0: 0.9: 0.8: 0.9: 0.8: 0.8: 0.7: 0.8, length to width ratios of antennomeres I–XI 2.5: 2.3: 4.0: 3.7: 3.5: 3.6: 3.5: 3.3: 3.1: 3.0: 3.7. Pronotum and elytra convex. Pronotum 2.1–2.2 × wider than long, disc with reticulate microsculpture; with dense, coarse punctures, and short pubescence, with median longitudinal and lateral depressions; lateral margins rounded, widest at middle, apical and basal margin slightly concave; anterior and posterior setiferous punctures strongly erect. Elytra elongate and broad, parallel-sided, 1.6 × longer than wide; disc smooth, with dense, fine punctures, and short pubescence. Apical spur of tibia of middle leg absent and tarsomere I not modified in males. Aedeagus (Fig. 12C, D) slender in dorsal view, 6.6 × longer than wide, parallel-sided, asymmetric, apically narrowed from apical 1/5, apex acute; ostium large, not covered by a membrane; straight but strongly curved near base in lateral view, slightly curved at middle, apex narrowly rounded; primary endophallic sclerite elongate, 0.4 × as long as aedeagus. Only apices of gonocoxae (Fig. 12F) sclerotized, elongate, with several short setae near apex, and four long setae in apical area. Ventrite VIII (Fig. 12E) well sclerotized, strongly broadened near apex, outer sides strongly curved, several short setae along apical margin and bearing cluster of long setae medially, spiculum long. Receptacle of spermatheca (Fig. 12G) very swollen; pump short and strongly curved; sclerotized proximal spermathecal duct wide and short. Apical margin of abdominal ventrite V slightly concave medially, with deep depression with an indistinct margin medially in males (Fig. 12I); deep notch in females (Fig. 12H).

Figure 11. 

Habitus of Pyrrhalta taiwana Kimoto and P. viridipennis Kimoto A P. taiwana, male, dorsal view B ditto, ventral view C ditto, lateral view D P. viridipennis, male, dorsal view E ditto, ventral view F ditto, lateral view.

Figure 12. 

Diagnostic characters of Pyrrhalta houjayi sp. nov. A antenna, male B antenna, female C aedeagus, dorsal view D ditto, lateral view E abdominal ventrite VIII F spermatheca G gonocoxae H abdominal ventrite V, female I abdominal ventrite V, male.

Adults of P. taiwana Kimoto and P. houjayi sp. nov. are characterized by their partly green elytra without longitudinal ridges. Pyrrhalta taiwana can be distinguished from P. houjayi sp. nov. by the entirely green elytra, except lateral margins, and wider elytra (Figs 11A, 13D), 1.6 × longer than wide (presence of the wide brown band along suture of elytra, and more slender elytra (Figs 5D, 9F), 1.8 × longer than wide in P. houjayi sp. nov.); broad aedeagus, 6.8 × longer than wide, with tapering apex (Fig. 12C) (slender aedeagus, 7.4 × longer than wide, with apex curved to right (Fig. 8C) in P. houjayi sp. nov.); one endophallic sclerite, slender, lacking teeth at apex (Fig. 12C, D) (two endophallic slerites, primary endophallic sclerite with teeth at apex (Fig. 8C, D) in P. houjayi sp. nov.).

Larvae and adults feed on leaves of Vaccinium randaiense Hayata (Fig. 13A); adults feed on leaves of Rhododendron leptosanthum Hayata (Ericaceae).

Figure 13. 

Field photographs of Pyrrhalta taiwana Kimoto and P. viridipennis Kimoto on host plant A host plant for P. tahsiangi, Vaccinium randaiense B mature larva of P. taiwana C pupa of P. taiwana D adult of P. taiwana E Third-instar larva of P. viridipennis F adult of P. viridipennis.

Mrs Su-Fang Yu found adults feeding on leaves of Rhododendron leptosanthum July 3, 2009 in Chungchihkung, southern Taiwan. The first author and Mr. Mei-Hua Tsou found a number of larvae feeding tender leaves of Vaccinium randaiense May 9, 2011 in Tzuchung, southern Taiwan. These were reared in the laboratory. They began burrowing into soil May 12 and built underground chambers for pupation. The newly eclosed adults emerged from soil May 25.

This species is widespread at mid-altitudes (1,500–2,500 m) in southern Taiwan.

Holotype ♂ (OMNH, by original designation): “NANSHANCHI [南山溪] / TAIWAN / 21. VII. 1974 / Y. KIYOYAMA [p, y] // Pyrrhalta / viridipennis / Kimoto, n. sp. [h, w] // HOLOTYPE [p, r] // PHOTO [p, r]”. Paratype. 1 ♂ (KMNH): “(Taiwan) [p] / Sungan [松安] / Miaoli [h] Hsien [p, w] // 10.IV.1967 [h] / B. S. Chang [p, w] // Pyrrhalta / viridipennis / Kimoto, n. sp. [h, w] // Det. S. Kimoto, 19 [p, w] // PARATYPE [p, b]”.

Taiwan. Chiayi: 1♂, 1♀ (TARI), Alishan (阿里山), 5–9.VIII.1981, leg. L. Y. Chou & S. C. Lin; Kaohsiung: 1♂ (TARI), Kuanshanyakou (關山啞口), 30.VII.2015, leg. C.-F. Lee; 1♂, 1♀ (TARI), Tengchih (藤枝), 7.IX.2012, leg. W.-C. Liao; 2♂, 5♀ (TARI), same but with “10.VIII.2013”; 1♀ (TARI), same but with “27.IX.2013”; 2♂, 4♀ (TARI), same but with “5.X.2013”; 4♂, 1♀ (TARI), same locality, 4.VIII.2012, leg. J.-C. Chen; 2♂, 2♀ (TARI), same locality, 30.VIII.2014, leg. B.-X. Guo; 2♀ (TARI), Tsuyunshan (出雲山), 25.IV.1990, leg. C. C. Chiang; Nantou: 1♀ (NMNS), Huishun (惠蓀), 3.VII.1991, leg. C. S. Lin; 1♂ (NMNS), Shanlinchi (杉林溪), 11.V.1990, leg. C. C. Chiang; 2♀ (TARI), Tsuifeng (翠峰), 1–3.VIII.1981, leg. T. Lin & W. S. Tang; 1♂, 1♀ (TARI), same locality, 1–3.IX.1982, leg. L. Y. Chou & K. C. Chou; 1♂, 2♀ (TARI), same locality, 12–14.IX.1984, leg. K. S. Lin & S. C. Lin; Pingtung: 1♂, 1♀ (TARI), Ali (阿禮), 30.V.2014, leg. J.-C. Chen; Taichung: 1♂, 1♀ (NHMUK), Basianshan National Forest Recreation Area (八仙山國家森林遊樂區), 27.V.2007, leg. G. Martin & D. L. J. Quicke; 2♀ (TARI), Tahsuehshan (大雪山), 21.IV.2010, leg. C.-F. Lee; Taipei: 1♂, 1♀ (TARI), Shihfen (十分), 23.V.2016, leg. J.-C. Chen; 1♂ (TARI), Yingtzuling (鶯子嶺), 21.VI.2016, leg. Y.-L. Lin; Taitung: 3♂ (TARI), Hsiangyang (向陽), 2.VII.2009, leg. S.-F. Yu; 8♂, 5♀ (TARI), same but with “leg. M.-H. Tsou”; 1♀ (TARI), same locality, 22.XII.2013, leg. W.-C. Liao; 1♂ (TARI), Hsiangyangshan (向陽山), 20.VI.2014, leg. J.-C. Chen.

Length 5.3–7.8 mm, width 2.3–3.5 mm. Body color (Fig. 11D–F) yellowish brown; antenna reddish brown; elytra green but with wide yellow stripe along lateral margin, apical area more or less yellowish brown. Eyes small, interocular space 2.67–2.75 × diameter of eye. Antennae filiform in males (Fig. 14A), length ratios of antennomeres I–XI 1.0: 0.7: 1.2: 1.1: 1.0: 1.0: 0.9: 0.9: 0.8: 0.7: 0.9, length to width ratios of antennomeres I–XI 2.6: 2.9: 4.5: 3.9: 3.7: 3.7: 3.4: 3.5: 3.1: 3.3: 4.4; similar in females (Fig. 14B), length ratios of antennomeres I–XI 1.0: 0.5: 0.9: 0.9: 0.9: 0.8: 0.8: 0.7: 0.7: 0.6: 0.8, length to width ratios of antennomeres I–XI 2.8: 2.1: 3.6: 4.0: 4.0: 3.6: 3.7: 3.2: 3.1: 2.9: 3.7. Pronotum and elytra convex. Pronotum 1.9–2.0 × wider than long, disc with reticulate microsculpture; with dense, coarse punctures, and short pubescence, with median longitudinal and lateral depressions; lateral margins rounded, widest at middle, apical and basal margin slightly concave; anterior and posterior setiferous punctures slightly erect. Elytra elongate and broad, parallel-sided, 1.6–1.7 × longer than wide; disc rough, with dense, fine punctures, and short pubescence. Apical spur of tibia of middle leg small and curved (Fig. 14M), and tarsomere I not modified in males. Aedeagus (Fig. 14C, D) slender in dorsal view, 7.9 × longer than wide, asymmetric, curved at apical 1/7, apically narrowed, apex broadly rounded; ostium large, not covered by membrane; straight but strongly curved near base in lateral view, slightly curved near apex, apex narrowly rounded; two endophallic sclerites elongate, primary sclerite longer and 0.6 × as long as aedeagus, apex with several fine teeth; secondary sclerite small, 0.4 × as long as the longer sclerite. Only apices of gonocoxae (Fig. 14J) sclerotized, elongate, with several short setae near apex, and four long setae near apex. Ventrite VIII (Fig. 14I) well sclerotized, strongly broadened near apex, outer sides strongly curved, several short setae along apical margin and bearing cluster of long setae medially, spiculum long. Receptacle of spermatheca (Fig. 14N) very swollen; pump short and strongly curved; sclerotized proximal spermathecal duct wide and short. Apical margin of abdominal ventrite V moderately concave medially, with deep, indistinctly margined depression at middle in males (Fig. 14L); slightly concave, with median, longitudinal internal ridge in females (Fig. 14K).

Figure 14. 

Diagnostic characters of Pyrrhalta viridipennis Kimoto A antenna, male B antenna, female C aedeagus, from Alishan (阿里山), dorsal view D ditto, lateral view E apex of aedeagus, from Shihfen (十分), dorsal view F ditto, lateral view G apex of aedeagus, from Hsiangyang, dorsal view H ditto, lateral view I abdominal ventrite VIII J gonocoxae K abdominal ventrite V, female L abdominal ventrite V, male M apex of tibia of middle leg N spermatheca.

The apex of the aedeagus is variable among populations; more slender in north and central Taiwan (Fig. 14E, F); recurved in southeast Taiwan (Fig. 14G, H).

Larvae and adults feed on leaves of Rhododendron rubropilosum Hayata var. rubropilosum Hayata (Ericaceae) (Fig. 13E, F).

The first author and Mr. Ta-Hsiang Lee collected one larva feeding on leaves April 20, 2010 in Tahsuehshan, central Taiwan (Fig. 13E). It was reared in the laboratory. The newly eclosed adult appeared May 20 (Fig. 13F).

Adults of P. viridipennis Kimoto and P. gressitti Kimoto are both characterized by the green elytra with longitudinal ridges. However, P. viridipennis differs from P. gressitti by the larger body sizes, 5.3–7.8 mm long (3.9–5.4 mm long in P. gressitti), rough elytra with fine punctures (smooth and shining elytra with coarse punctures in P. gressitti); curved apex of aedeagus and narrowly rounded apex of primary endophallic slerite with teeth (Fig. 14C, D) (recurved apex of aedeagus and broadly rounded apex of primary endophallic sclerite lacking teeth in P. gressitti (Fig. 6C, D)); small and stout apical spur of tibia of middle leg in males (Fig. 14M) (slender apical spur of tibia of middle leg in males of P. viridipennis (Fig. 6F)); and slightly concave apical margin of abdominal ventrite V with short internal ridge in females (Fig. 14L) (moderately concave apical margin of abdominal ventrite V in females of P. viridipennis (Fig. 6J))

The species is widespread at mid-altitudes (1,500–2,500 m) in central and southern Taiwan.

Pyrrhalta alishanensis sp. nov.; P. igai Kimoto, 1981; P. meifena Kimoto, 1976; and P. meihuai sp. nov.

Medium to large sized species (5.6–8.7 mm). Antenna stout, antennomeres VII-X shortest (1.5–2.2 × longer than wide), III–VI similar or slender. Body convex. Elytra relatively broad, 1.4–1.6 × longer than wide. Aedeagus apically tapering and symmetric (Figs 16C, 20C, 22C) except P. meihuai sp. nov. (Fig. 20C), ostium obliquely longitudinal and lacking cover; endophallic sclerites composed of primary sclerite with several teeth at apex in P. igai (Fig. 19C) and P. meifena (Fig. 20C), with one secondary sclerite in P. meihuai sp. nov. (Fig. 22C, D) or two secondary sclerites in P. alishanensis sp. nov. (Fig. 16C, D) Ventrite VIII in females apically sclerotized, apical margin widely rounded and with dense short setae; spiculum long (Figs 16E, 19E, 20E, 22E). Gonocoxae apically sclerotized and longitudinal, with dense, long setae along lateral and apical margins (Figs 16I, 19I, 20I, 22F). Apical margin of abdominal ventrite V with one pair of rounded ridges at middle and slightly concave between ridges in males (Figs 16H, 19H, 20H, 22I); widely rounded in females (Figs 16G, 20G, 22H) except concave in those of P. igai (Fig. 19G). Mesotibia lacking apical spine in males and tarsomere I not modified.

Larvae and adults feed on leaves of Acer species (Sapindaceae).

Holotype ♂ (TARI), Taiwan. Chiayi: Alishan (阿里山), 22.IV.2009, leg. M.-H. Tsou. Paratypes. 7♂, 11♀ (TARI), same data as holotype.

Medium-sized species, 7.3–8.7 mm. Body black. Elytra with fine dense punctures.

Length 7.7–8.7 mm, width 3.8–4.6 mm. Body black (Fig. 15A–C); mouth parts black; abdominal ventrites yellow in males, ventrites II and III darker in females. Eyes small, interocular space 2.12–2.44 × diameter of eye. Antennae filiform in males (Fig. 16A), antennomeres V–VII broadest, length ratios of antennomeres I–XI 1.0: 0.6: 0.6: 0.8: 0.8: 0.8: 0.8: 0.7: 0.7: 0.7: 0.9, length to width ratios of antennomeres I–XI 2.5: 2.1: 1.9: 2.6: 2.4: 2.3: 2.3: 2.3: 2.5: 2.5: 3.5; similar in females (Fig. 16B), length ratios of antennomeres I–XI 1.0: 0.7: 0.6: 0.8: 0.8: 0.7: 0.8: 0.7: 0.7: 0.7: 0.8, length to width ratios of antennomeres I–XI 2.9: 2.4: 2.0: 2.5: 2.5: 2.1: 2.2: 2.1: 2.3: 2.2: 2.8. Pronotum and elytra convex. Pronotum 2.5–2.7 × wider than long, disc smooth and sparse short pubescence; and with extremely dense, coarse punctures laterally, reduced medially; with median longitudinal and lateral depressions; lateral margins moderately rounded, widest at middle, apical and basal margins slightly concave; anterior and posterior setiferous punctures slightly erect. Elytra broad, parallel-sided, 1.5–1.6 × longer than wide; disc smooth, with dense, coarse punctures, and short pubescence. Apical spur of tibia of middle leg absent and tarsomere I not modified in males. Aedeagus (Fig. 16C, D) broad in dorsal view, 4.6 × longer than wide, broadest at basal 2/5, slightly asymmetric, apically narrowed, apex acute; ostium obliquely longitudinal, not covered by a membrane; strongly curved near base in lateral view, apex narrowly rounded; primary endophallic sclerites elongate, 0.4 × as long as aedeagus, with several apical teeth, two secondary sclerites small and wide, 0.3 × as long as primary sclerite, with teeth along apical margins. Only apices of gonocoxae (Fig. 16I) sclerotized, longitudinal, with dense, long setae along lateral and apical margins. Ventrite VIII (Fig. 16E) well sclerotized, lateral margin slightly curved, with dense, long setae covering apex, spiculum long. Receptacle of spermatheca (Fig. 16F) slightly swollen; pump extremely long and strongly curved; sclerotized proximal spermathecal duct wide and short. Apical margin of abdominal ventrite V with one pair of rounded ridges at middle, slightly concave between ridges in males; truncate in females.

Figure 15. 

Habitus of Pyrrhalta alishanensis sp. nov. and P. meifena Kimoto A P. alishanensis sp. nov., male, dorsal view B ditto, ventral view C ditto, lateral view D P. meifena, male, dorsal view E ditto, ventral view F ditto, lateral view.

Figure 16. 

Diagnostic characters of Pyrrhalta alishanensis sp. nov. A antenna, male B antenna, female C aedeagus, dorsal view D ditto, lateral view E abdominal ventrite VIII F spermatheca G abdominal ventrite V, female H abdominal ventrite V, male I gonocoxae.

Adults of P. alishanensis sp. nov. are easily separated from other members of the species group by their black bodies (Fig. 15A–C) (yellow body in P. meifena Kimoto (Fig. 15D–F), brown body in P. igai Kimoto (Fig. 18 A–C) and P. meihuai sp. nov. (Fig. 18 D–F)). The lanceolate aedeagus is similar to those of P. meifena and P. meihuai sp. nov., but differs in possessing two secondary endophallic sclerites with toothed apical margins (Fig. 16C, D) (no secondary endophallic sclerites in P. meifena (Fig. 20C, D), one secondary endophallis sclerite with smooth apical margin in P. meihuai sp. nov. (Fig. 22C, D)). The elongate pump of the spermatheca is also diagnostic.

Larvae and adults feed on leaves of Acer rubescens Hayata (Sapindaceae) (Fig. 17A, B).

Figure 17. 

Field photographs of Pyrrhalta alishanensis sp. nov., P. igai Kimoto, and P. meihuai sp. nov. on host plant A mature larva of P. alishanensis sp. nov. B adult of P. alishanensis sp. nov. C mature larva of P. igai D adult of P. igai E mature larva of P. meihuai sp. nov. F adult of P. meihuai sp. nov.

The first author and Mr Mei-Hua Tsou found more than 20 mature larvae (Fig. 17A) on leaves of Acer rubescens Hayata in May 10, 2011, and reared them in the laboratory. Five pupae and one newly eclosed adult were observed June 25 (Fig. 17B).

Only known from the type locality.

Dedicated to the type locality, Alishan.

Holotype ♂ (OMNH): “MUSHA [霧社] / FORMOSA / 25.V.1970 / A. RIN [p, y] // HOLOTYPE [p, r] // Pyrrhalta / igai / Kimoto, n. sp. [h, w] // PHOTO [p, r]”. Paratype. 1♂ (KMNH): “Mt. Shitoushan [獅頭山] / Miaoli Hsien / Taiwan / 3.VI.1976 / H. Makihara leg. [p, w] // Pyrrhalta / igai / Kimoto, n. sp. [h, w] // PARATYPE [p, b]”.

Taiwan. Hsinchu: 1♂ (TARI), Talu trail (大鹿林道), 12.V.2018, leg. Y.-L. Lin; Kaohsiung: 3♂ (TARI), Neiyingshan (內英山), 5.V.2016, leg. B.-X. Guo; 1♀ (KMNH), Shyk Shan (石山), near Liu Kui (六龜), 28.VI.1986, leg. K. Baba, det. S. Kimoto, 1989; 3♂ (TARI), Tengchih (藤枝), 4.VII.2011, leg. M.-H. Tsou; 1♂ (TARI), 2.V.2015, leg. J.-C. Chen; Pingtung: 3♂, 7♀ (TARI), Machia (瑪家), 25.V.2016, leg. Y.-T. Chung; 1♂, 5♀ (TARI), Peitawushan (北大武山), 28.V.2014, leg. Y.-T. Chung; 1♂, 1♀ (TARI), Tahanshan (大漢山), 13.VI.2015, leg. W.-C. Liao; Taitung: 1♂, 2♀ (TARI), Litao (利稻), 23.IV.2011, leg. M.-H. Tsou; 4♂, 5♀ (TARI), Wulu (霧鹿), 18.IV.2011, leg. C.-F. Lee; 5♂, 3♀ (TARI), same locality, 21–27.IV.2011, leg. M.-H. Tsou; 1♂, 8♀ (TARI), same locality, 22.V.2011, leg. C.-F. Lee; Taoyuan: 2♀ (TARI), Paling (巴陵), 3–5.V.1983, leg. K. C. Chou & C. C. Pan; 1♀ (TARI), same locality, 26.V.2014, leg. M.-H. Tsou.

Length 8.1–8.5 mm, width 4.0–4.5 mm. Body brown (Fig. 18A–C); antennae and legs black. Eyes small, interocular space 3.20–3.33 × diameter of eye. Antennae filiform in males (Fig. 19A), gradually broadened from antennomere V to X, length ratios of antennomeres I–XI 1.0: 0.6: 0.7: 0.7: 0.8: 0.7: 0.7: 0.6: 0.6: 0.6: 0.8, length to width ratios of antennomeres I–XI 3.0: 2.1: 2.3: 2.3: 2.6: 2.3: 2.1: 2.2: 2.0: 1.8: 2.5; similar in females (Fig. 19B), length ratios of antennomeres I–XI 1.0: 0.6: 0.7: 0.7: 0.8: 0.7: 0.6: 0.6: 0.6: 0.5: 0.7, length to width ratios of antennomeres I–XI 2.6: 2.1: 2.0: 2.0: 2.2: 1.8: 1.8: 1.7: 1.7: 1.5: 2.3. Pronotum and elytra convex. Pronotum 2.4–2.5 × wider than long, disc with reticulate microsculpture; with extremely dense, coarse punctures, and long pubescence; with transverse ridge along apical margin deflexed at antero-lateral angles, ridge smooth, lacking pubescence but with sparse punctures; with median longitudinal and lateral depressions; lateral margins moderately rounded, widest in apical 1/3, apical and basal margins slightly concave; anterior and posterior setiferous punctures slightly erect. Elytra broad, parallel-sided, 1.4–1.5 × longer than wide; disc with reticulate microsculpture, with dense, coarse punctures, and short pubescence. Apical spur of tibia of middle leg absent and tarsomere I not modified in males. Aedeagus (Fig. 19C, D) slender in dorsal view, 6.8 × longer than wide, broadest at base, asymmetric, apically narrowed, curved at apical 1/5, apex acute; ostium obliquely longitudinal, not covered by a membrane; strongly curved near base in lateral view, apex narrowly rounded; primary endophallic sclerites elongate, 0.5 × as long as aedeagus, with three teeth at apex. Only apices of gonocoxae (Fig. 19I) sclerotized, longitudinal, with dense, long, setae along lateral and apical margins. Ventrite VIII (Fig. 19E) well sclerotized, with dense, long setae laterally, apical area, and along apical margin, spiculum long. Receptacle of spermatheca (Fig. 19F) very swollen; pump long and strongly curved; sclerotized proximal spermathecal duct wide and short. Apical margin of abdominal ventrite V with one pair of rounded ridges at middle, slightly concave between ridges in males (Fig. 19G) and females (Fig. 19H).

Figure 18. 

Habitus of Pyrrhalta igai Kimoto and P. meihuai sp. nov. A P. igai, female, dorsal view B ditto, ventral view C ditto, lateral view D P. meihuai sp. nov., female, dorsal view E ditto, ventral view F ditto, lateral view.

Figure 19. 

Diagnostic characters of Pyrrhalta igai Kimoto A antenna, male B antenna, female C aedeagus, dorsal view D ditto, lateral view E abdominal ventrite VIII F spermatheca G abdominal ventrite V, female H abdominal ventrite V, male I gonocoxae.

Adults of P. igai Kimoto are similar to those of Pyrrhalta meihuai sp. nov. in body sizes and color patterns (Fig. 17D, F), but differ by the rough pronotum and elytra covered with reticulate microsculpture (shining and smooth pronotum and elytra in P. meihuai sp. nov.). In males of P. igai, the single endophallic sclerites (Fig. 19C) are shared with those of P. meifena (Fig. 20C), and the aedeagus is characterized by its asymmetrical shape (lanceolate shape in others of the species group (Figs 16C, 20C, 22C).

Larvae and adults feed on leaves of Acer albopurpurascens Hayata (Sapindaceae).

The first author and Mr Mei-Hua Tsou found larvae feeding on leaves (Fig. 17C) March 29, 2009 in Wulu, Southeast Taiwan. They were transferred to the laboratory for rearing. mature larvae began to burrow into soil March 30, and built underground chambers for pupation. Duration of the pupal stage was 19–23 days. adults (Fig. 17D) appeared in spring and summer.

The collecting data of the label on the holotype is inconsistent with Kimoto (1981) probably because of typos.

The species is widespread at mid-altitudes (1,500–2,500 m) in Taiwan.

Holotype ♂ (OMNH, by original designation): “[TAIWAN] / Meifeng [梅峰] / Nantou Hsien [h, w] // 26.VI.1971/ Y. Miyatake [h, w] // Pyrrhalta / meifena / Kimoto, n. sp. [h, w] // HOLOTYPE [p, r] // (Regd. O.M.N.H.) [p, w]”. Paratypes. 1 ♀ (KMNH): “(Taiwan) / Wushe [霧社] / Nantou Hsien [h, w] // 30.V.1965 / B. S. Chang [h, w] // Pyrrhalta / meifena / Kimoto, n. sp. [h, w] // Det. S. Kimoto, 19 [p, w] // PARATOPOTYPE [p, b]”; 1 ♂ (KMNH): “[TAIWAN] / Meifeng [梅峰] / Nantou Hsien [h, w] // 26.VI.1971 / Y. Miyatake [h, w] // Pyrrhalta / meifena / Kimoto, n. sp. [h, w] // PARATOPOTYPE [p, b]”.

Taiwan. Chiayi: 1♂, 2♀ (TARI), Alishan (阿里山), 22.IX.2009, leg. M.-H. Tsou; 2♂♂ (TARI), same locality, 29.V.2016, leg. Y.-T. Chung; 1♂ (TARI), Shizilu (十字路), 23.VII.2015, leg. U. Ong; Hsinchu: 9♂, 2♀, Litungshan (李棟山), 24–25.III.2009, leg. M.-H. Tsou; 4♂, 3♀ (TARI), same locality, 28.III.2009, leg. S.-F. Yu; 1♀ (TARI), same locality, 16.VI.2010, leg. Y.-L. Lin; Hualien: 1♂, 2♀ (TARI), Kuanyuan (關原), 2.VII.2008, leg. S.-F. Yu and M.-H. Tsou; 1♀ (TARI), Pilu (碧綠), 15.VII.2019, leg. B.-X. Guo; 1♀ (TARI), Tayuling (大禹嶺), 2.VII.2018, leg. J.-C. Chen; Kaohsiung: 1♀ (TARI), Chungchihkung (中之關), 1.VII.2009, leg. S.-F. Yu; 1♀ (TARI), same locality, 2.VII.2009, leg. M.-H. Tsou; 1♀ (TARI), same locality, 17.IV.2012, leg. L.-P. Hsu; 1♂, 1♀ (TARI), Tienchih (天池), 2.VII.2009, leg. M.-H. Tsou; Nantou: 1♂, 2♀ (TARI), Meifeng (梅峰), 24–26.VI.1981, leg. K. S. Lin & W. S. Tang; 1♀ (TARI), same locality, 1–3.VIII.1981, leg. T. Lin & W. S. Tang; 6♂ (TARI), Tatachia (塔塔加), 13.VII.2014, leg. W.-C. Liao; 1♂ (TARI), Tsuifeng (翠峰), 25–27.VI.1981, leg. K. S. Lin & W. S. Tang; 1♀ (TARI), same locality, S. C. Lin & C. N. Lin; Taichung: 5♂, 7♀ (TARI), Anmashan (鞍馬山), 7.VI.2010, leg. C.-F. Lee; Taitung: 1♂ (TARI), Hsiangyang (向陽), 9.V.2013, leg. J.-C. Chen; 1♂ (TARI), same locality, 18.VII.2014, leg. W.-C. Huan; 2♀ (TARI), Liyuan (栗園), 19.VI.2013, leg. C.-F. Lee.

Length 5.6–6.5 mm, width 2.7–3.2 mm. Body yellow (Fig. 15D–F); antennae black but four or five basal antennomeres paled; tibiae and tarsi black or blackish brown. Eyes small, interocular space 2.35–3.58x diameter of eye. Antennae filiform in males (Fig. 20A), gradually broadened from antennomere V to X, length ratios of antennomeres I–XI 1.0: 0.7: 0.7: 0.8: 0.8: 0.8: 0.8: 0.7: 0.7: 0.7: 0.8, length to width ratios of antennomeres I–XI 2.8: 2.2: 2.3: 2.5: 2.6: 2.7: 2.6: 2.4: 2.3: 2.1: 2.7; similar in females (Fig. 20B), length ratios of antennomeres I–XI 1.0: 0.7: 0.8: 0.7: 0.9: 0.7: 0.7: 0.6: 0.6: 0.6: 0.8, length to width ratios of antennomeres I–XI 2.7: 2.5: 2.8: 2.7: 2.8: 2.3: 2.1: 1.8: 1.8: 1.9: 2.3. Pronotum and elytra convex. Pronotum 2.2–2.3 × wider than long, disc smooth; with extremely dense, coarse punctures, and sparse long pubescence, with median longitudinal and lateral depressions; lateral margins moderately rounded, widest at middle, apical and basal margins slightly concave; anterior and posterior setiferous punctures slightly erect. Elytra broad, parallel-sided, 1.5–1.6 × longer than wide; disc smooth, with extremely dense, coarse punctures, and short pubescence. Apical spur of tibia of middle leg absent and tarsomere I not modified in males. Aedeagus (Fig. 20C, D) broad in dorsal view, 5.7 × longer than wide, symmetric, subparallel from base to middle, then apically narrowed, apex acute; ostium obliquely longitudinal, covered by a membrane; strongly curved near base in lateral view, slight recurved at apical 1/6, apex acute; primary endophallic sclerites elongate, 0.5 × as long as aedeagus, with several teeth at apex. Only apices of gonocoxae (Fig. 20I) sclerotized, longitudinal, with dense, long setae along lateral and apical margins. Ventrite VIII (Fig. 20E) well sclerotized, with dense, long setae laterally, apical area, and along apical margin, spiculum long. Receptacle of spermatheca (Fig. 20F) very swollen; pump long and strongly curved; sclerotized proximal spermathecal duct narrow and short. Apical margin of abdominal ventrite V with one pair of rounded ridges at middle and slightly concave between ridges in males (Fig. 20H); broadly rounded in females (Fig. 20G).

Figure 20. 

Diagnostic characters of Pyrrhalta meifena Kimoto A antenna, male B antenna, female C aedeagus, dorsal view D ditto, lateral view E abdominal ventrite VIII F spermatheca G abdominal ventrite V, female H abdominal ventrite V, male I gonocoxae.

adults of P. meifena Kimoto are characterized by their small body sizes, 5.6–6.5 mm long (7.3–8.7 mm long in others), and yellow bodies (Fig. 15D–F) (black bodies in P. alishanensis sp. nov. (Fig. 15A–C); brown bodies in P. igai and P. meihuai sp. nov. (Fig. 18)) within the species group. In males of P. meifena, the lanceolate aedeagus (Fig. 20C) is similar to those of P. alishanensis sp. nov. (Fig. 16C) and P. meihuai sp. nov. (Fig. 22C) but differs in lacking secondary endophallic sclerite in addition to the primary endophallic sclerite (one secondary sclerite in P. meihuai sp. nov.; two secondary sclerites in P. alishanensis sp. nov.).

Larvae and adults feed on leaves of Acer insulare Hayata var. caudatifolium (Hayata) and A. rubescens Hayata (Sapindaceae).

Mrs Su-Fang Yu found young larvae (Fig. 21B) feeding on tender leaves of Acer insulare var. caudatifolium (Fig. 21A) February 26, 2009, in Litungshan, northern Taiwan; and reared them in the laboratory. mature larvae (Fig. 20C) began to burrow into soil March 2, and built underground chambers for pupation. Duration of the pupal stage was 22–24 days. adults (Fig. 21D) appeared from spring to summer.

Figure 21. 

Field photographs of Pyrrhalta meifena Kimoto on host plant A host plant, Acer insulare var. caudatifolium B Second-instar larva C third-instar larva D adult.

The species is widespread at mid-altitudes (1,500–2,500 m) in Taiwan.

Holotype ♂ (TARI), Taiwan. Ilan: Mingchi (明池), 2.V.2009, leg. M.-H. Tsou. Paratypes. 3♂, 3♀ (TARI), same data as holotype; 1♂, 3♀ (TARI), same but with “1.V.2009”; Pingtung: 1♂ (TARI), Tahanshan (大漢山), 18.VI.2012, leg. Y.-T. Chung; 1♂ (TARI), same but with “11.VII.2012”; 2♂, 1♀ (TARI), same but with “24.IV.2013”; 3♂, 5♀ (TARI), same but with “15.V.2013”; 2♂ (TARI), same but with “25.V.2013”; 2♀ (TARI), same but with “30.V.2013”; 3♀ (TARI), same but with “17.VI.2013”; 3♂ (TARI), same but with “2.VII.2013”; 1♂ (TARI), same but with “10.VII.2013”; 1♀ (TARI), same but with “30.VII.2013”; 1♀ (TARI), same but with “12.VI.2014”; 1♀ (TARI), same but with “4.VI.2020”; 1♀ (TARI), same locality, 19.VII.2012, leg. C.-F. Lee; 1♂ (TARI), Tahantrail (大漢林道), 20.VIII.2012, leg. J.-C. Chen; 1♀ (TARI), same but with “27.V.2013”; Taipei: 1♀ (TARI), Hsiungkungshan (熊空山), 15.VI.2014, leg. Y.-L. Lin; Taitung: 1♀ (TARI), Lichia (利嘉), 15.VII.2014, leg. Y.-T. Chung; 1♂ (TARI), same but with “16.VII.2014”; Taoyuan: 1♂ (TARI), Hsiaowulai (小烏來), 29.IX.2009, leg. M-H. Tsou; 1♀ (TARI), same locality, 1.VI.2010, leg. S.-F. Yu; 1♀ (TARI), Lalashan (拉拉山), 4.V.2009, leg. H.-J. Chen; 1♂ (TARI), Tungyanshan (東眼山), 12.VII.2015, leg. H. Lee.

Medium-sized species, 7.3–8.7mm. Body brown. Elytra with fine dense punctures. Discs of pronotum and elytra smooth, lacking reticulate microsculpture.

Length 7.3–8.6 mm, width 3.4–4.0 mm. Head and prothorax reddish brown (Fig. 18D–F), but antennae black; scutellum and elytra yellowish brown; meso- and metathoracic ventrites, and legs black. Eyes small, interocular space 2.24–2.76 × diameter of eye. Antennae filiform in males (Fig. 22A), gradually broadened from antennomere V to X, length ratios of antennomeres I–XI 1.0: 0.6: 0.7: 0.7: 0.8: 0.7: 0.8: 0.8: 0.7: 0.7: 0.9, length to width ratios of antennomeres I–XI 2.8: 2.1: 2.2: 2.2: 2.6: 2.2: 2.4: 2.3: 2.0: 1.9: 2.7; similar in females (Fig. 22B), length ratios of antennomeres I–XI 1.0: 0.6: 0.8: 0.6: 0.7: 0.7: 0.8: 0.7: 0.8: 0.7: 0.9, length to width ratios of antennomeres I–XI 2.7: 2.2: 2.2: 2.0: 2.1: 2.2: 2.1: 1.9: 2.2: 2.0: 2.8. Pronotum and elytra convex. Pronotum 2.2–2.3 × wider than long, disc smooth; with extremely dense, coarse punctures, and long pubescence, with median longitudinal and lateral depressions; lateral margins slightly rounded, widest at middle, apical margin slightly concave, basal margin straight; anterior and posterior setiferous punctures not erect. Elytra broad, parallel-sided, 1.6 × longer than wide; disc smooth, with dense, coarse punctures, and short pubescence. Apical spur of tibia of middle leg absent and tarsomere I not modified in males. Aedeagus (Fig. 22C, D) broad in dorsal view, 5.4 × as long as aedeagus, with several teeth along lateral margin near apex, secondary sclerite small and wide, 0.2 × as long as primary sclerite. Only apices of gonocoxae (Fig. 22F) sclerotized, longitudinal, with dense, long setae along lateral and apical margins. Ventrite VIII (Fig. 22E) well sclerotized, sides strongly curved, with dense, long setae laterally, apical area, and along apical margin, spiculum extremely long. Receptacle of spermatheca (Fig. 22G) very swollen; pump long and strongly curved; sclerotized proximal spermathecal duct wide and short. Apical margin of abdominal ventrite V broadly rounded with deep depression at middle in males (Fig. 22I); while lacking depression in females (Fig. 22H).

Figure 22. 

Diagnostic characters of Pyrrhalta meihuai sp. nov. A antenna, male B antenna, female Caedeagus, dorsal view D ditto, lateral view E abdominal ventrite VIII F gonocoxae G spermatheca H abdominal ventrite V, female I abdominal ventrite V, male.

Adults of P. meihuai sp. nov. are similar to those of P. igai Kimoto in body sizes and color patterns (Fig. 17D, F), but differ by the shining, smooth pronotum and elytra (rough pronotum and elytra covered by reticulate microsculpture in P. igai). In males of P. meihuai sp. nov., the lanceolate aedeagus (Fig. 22C) is similar to that of P. alishanensis sp. nov. (Fig. 16C) and P. meifena (Fig. 20C) but differs in possessing one secondary endophallic sclerite in addition to the primary endophallic sclerite (no secondary sclerite in P. meifena; two secondary sclerites in P. alishanensis sp. nov.).

Larvae and adults feed on leaves of Acer serrulatum Hayata (Sapindaceae).

Mr Mei-Hua Tsou collected mature larvae (Fig. 14E) April 5, 2009 in Mingchi, Northeast Taiwan. They began burrowing into soil at the same day, and built underground chambers for pupation. Duration of the pupal stage was 24–27 days. adults (Fig. 17F) appeared from spring to summer.

The species is widespread at mid-altitudes (1,500–2,500 m) in Taiwan.

Dedicated to Mr. Mei-Hua Tsou. He, the first author, and Mr. Hou-Jay Chen were the first to collect larvae of this new species and rear them successfully to adults.

Pyrrhalta maculata Gressitt & Kimoto, 1963; P. tsoui Bezděk & Lee, 2019; P. formosanensis sp. nov.; P. semifulva (Jacoby, 1885); P. discalis Gressitt & Kimoto, 1963; P. ishiharai Kimoto, 1976; and P. wulaiensis sp. nov.

Small sized species (3.3–5.6 mm). Antenna stout, antennomeres VIII–X stout (1.4–2.0x longer than wide), III-VI slender. Body convex. Elytra relatively wider, 1.4–1.6 × longer than wide. Aedeagus asymmetric; ostium covered by a membrane or lacking cover; endophallic sclerites composed of two slender sclerites, with several teeth on apex of primary sclerite and with one additional tooth near apex of secondary sclerite except P. formosanensis sp. nov. with only primary sclerite (Fig. 28D–F), P. maculata lacking teeth on sclerites (Fig. 24C, D), P. semifulva (Fig. 29C, D) and P. discalis (Fig. 32C, D) lacking additional tooth on secondary sclerite. The ventrite VIII in females apically sclerotized, with dense short and long setae mixed along apical margin; spiculum long (Figs 24F, 25F, 28H, 29G, 32E, 35F, 36E). Gonocoxae apically sclerotized and with variable number of setae; both gonocoxae small and connected, with two long setae on each gonocoxa in P. maculata (Fig. 24H) and P. tsoui (Fig. 25J), both gonocoxae longitudinally oriented and connected, with a number of setae near apices in P. discalis (Fig. 32I), gonocoxae longitudinal and with dense, long setae in P. ishiharai (Fig. 35K), both gonocoxae separated, transverse, and disc with a number of scattered short setae in P. wulaiensis sp. nov. (Fig. 36I). Both gonocoxae separated, small and with dense short setae in P. formosanensis sp. nov. (Fig. 28J) and P. semifulva (Fig. 29K). Apical margin of abdominal ventrite V truncate or slightly concave, with deeply rounded depression at middle in males(Figs 24J, 25I, 28K, 29J, 32H, 35J, 36H); slightly concave or widely rounded in females (Figs 24I, 25H, 28L, 29I, 32G, 35I, 36G). Mesotibia with apical spine in males of P. maculata (Fig. 24E), P. tsoui (Fig. 25E), P. formosanensis sp. nov. (Fig. 28G), and P. ishiharai (Fig. 35E); or lacking apical spine in those of the remaining species; mesotarsi with tarsomere I modified in males of P. maculata (Fig. 24K), P. formosanensis sp. nov. (Fig. 38M), and P. ishiharai (Fig. 35H).

Included species can be subdivided into species complexes based on similar color patterns. For example, Bezděk and Lee (2019) treated the P. maculata species complex, including P. maculata, P. tsoui, and five more species. They are characterized by their maculate elytra (Fig. 23), strongly curved aedeagi (Figs 24C, D, 25C, D), and only two setae on each gonocoxa (Figs 24H, 25J). Pyrrhalta semifulva and P. formosanensis sp. nov. belong to another species complex characterized by their reddish brown elytra (Fig. 27) and small gonoxae possessing dense setae (Figs 28J, 29K). Pyrrhalta ishiharai is grouped with P. wulaiensis sp. nov. based on the longitudinal ridges of the elytra (Fig. 34A, D) and angular apices of aedeagi (Figs 35C, 36C).

Anthophagous species. Larvae and adults feed on flowers of Meliosma rhoifolia (Sabiaceae) or species of Rosaceae.

(types examined by Bezděk and Lee (2019) exclude). Paratype. 1♂ (CAS): “TAIWAN (C.), Mu- / sha (Wuse) 1100 m, / V-19-32. Gressitt [p, w] // PARATYPE / Pyrrhalta / maculata [h] / Gressitt and Kimoto [p, y]”.

(specimens examined by Bezděk and Lee (2019) exclude). Taiwan. Nantou: 1♀ (TARI), Huakang (華岡), 24.IV.2019, leg. J.-C. Chen; 1♂, 3♀♀ (NMNS), Meifeng (梅峰), 9.IV. –7.V.2002, leg. C. S. Lin & W. T. Yang; 1♀ (NMNS), same but with “7.V. –11.VI.2002”; 1♀ (NMNS), same but with “11.VI. –9.VII.2002”; 1♂ (NMNS), same but with “10.IX.-15.X.2002”; 1♀ (NMNS), same but with “14.VII. –7.VIII.2007”; 1♂, 1♀ (TARI), Peitungyanshan (北東眼山), 16.IX.2013, leg. F.-S. Huang; 1♂ (TARI), Sungkang (松崗), 2.IV.1997, leg. W.-Y. Chou; 1♀ (TARI), same locality, 10.IV.2016, leg. Y.-T. Chung.

Length 4.7–5.2 mm, width 2.3–2.5 mm. Body color (Fig. 23A–C) reddish brown; vertex with one black spot at center; pronotum with three large black spots, one poorly defined, elongate spot at center, from basal 1/3 to apical 1/3, one pair laterally; scutellum black; five pairs of large black spots on elytra, one pair near base at middle, two pairs on the line at middle, one pair at apical 2/5 laterally, one pair at apical 1/5 near suture; metathoracic ventrites darker. Eyes small, interocular space 1.94–2.86 × diameter of eye. Antennae filiform in males (Fig. 24A), antennomere III apically broadened at apex, length ratios of antennomeres I–XI 1.0: 0.5: 1.0: 0.6: 0.5: 0.5: 0.5: 0.5: 0.4: 0.5: 0.7, length to width ratios of antennomeres I–XI 3.3: 2.2: 2.0: 2.1: 1.7: 1.9: 1.8: 1.8: 1.5: 1.6: 2.5; filiform in females (Fig. 24B), antennomere III not modified, length ratios of antennomeres I–XI 1.0: 0.6: 1.1: 0.6: 0.5: 0.5: 0.5: 0.5: 0.5: 0.5: 0.8, length to width ratios of antennomeres I–XI 3.2: 2.3: 4.5: 2.4: 1.9: 1.8: 1.7: 1.7: 1.7: 1.6: 2.6. Pronotum and elytra convex. Pronotum 1.9–2.1 × wider than long, disc with reticulate microsculpture; dense, extremely coarse punctures and extremely short pubescence; with median longitudinal and lateral depressions; lateral margins moderately rounded, apical margin slightly concave, basal margin straight; only posterior setiferous punctures erect. Elytra elongate and broad, parallel-sided, 1.5–1.6 × longer than wide; disc with reticulate microsculpture, and with dense, extremely coarse punctures and short pubescence. Apical spur of middle tibia small (Fig. 24E), tarsomere I basally narrowed in lateral view, with small tooth at middle ventrally in males (Fig. 24K). Aedeagus (Fig. 24C, D) slender in dorsal view, 5.5 × longer than wide, sides asymmetric, curved near apex, apex truncate; strongly curved at middle in lateral view; ostium not covered by membrane, ventrally located, located along lateral margin; two endophallic sclerites elongate, apex of primary endophallic sclerite acute, 0.6 × as long as aedeagus, secondary sclerite much shorter, 0.6 × as long as primary endophallic sclerite, apex acute. Only apices of gonocoxae (Fig. 24H) sclerotized, transverse, with two long setae at apex of each gonocoxa. Ventrite VIII (Fig. 24F) transverse; disc with several long setae and dense short setae along apical margin; spiculum long. Receptacle of spermatheca (Fig. 24F) very swollen; pump short and strongly curved; sclerotized proximal spermathecal duct wide and short. Apical margin of abdominal ventrite V truncate, with deeply rounded depression at middle in males (Fig. 24J); slightly concave in females (Fig. 24I).

Figure 23. 

Habitus of Pyrrhalta maculata Gressitt & Kimoto and P. tsoui Bezděk & Lee A P. maculata, female, dorsal view B ditto, ventral view C ditto, lateral view D P. tsoui female, dorsal view E ditto, ventral view F ditto, lateral view.

Figure 24. 

Diagnostic characters of Pyrrhalta maculata Gressitt & Kimoto A antenna, male B antenna, female C aedeagus, dorsal view D ditto, lateral view E apex of tibia of middle leg, male F abdominal ventrite VIII G spermatheca H gonocoxae I abdominal ventrite V, female J abdominal ventrite V, male K tarsi of middle leg, male.

Adults of P. maculata Gressitt and Kimoto and P. tsoui Bezděk and Lee may be separated from others within the species group by the five pairs of large black spots on the elytra (Fig. 23), the strongly curved aedeagus in lateral view (Figs 24C, 25C), and gonocoxa with only two setae (Figs 24H, 25J). adults of P. maculata differ from those of P. tsoui by the apically broadened antennomere III in males (Fig. 24A) (unmodified antennomere III, but IV with a large tubercle in those of P. tsoui (Fig. 25A)), and extremely slender antennomere III in females, > 4.0 × longer than wide (Fig. 24B); (slender antennomere III, < 4.0 × longer than wide in those of P. tsoui (Fig. 25B)). In males of P. maculata, the apex of the primary endophallic sclerite is acute, and lacks additional teeth on the secondary sclerite (Fig. 24C, D). The apex of the primary endophallic sclerite have several teeth and one additional tooth on the secondary sclerite in those of P. tsoui (Fig. 25C, D).

Figure 25. 

Diagnostic characters of Pyrrhalta tsoui Bezděk & Lee A antenna, male B antenna, female C aedeagus, dorsal view D ditto, lateral view E apex of tibia of middle leg, male F abdominal ventrite VIII G spermatheca H abdominal ventrite V, female I abdominal ventrite V, male J gonocoxae.

Possibly adults fed flowers of Lauraceae based on the following events. A specimen was collected by Mr Yi-Ting Chung 10 April 2016 in Sungkang by sweeping flowers of Lauraceae. Two specimens were collected by Mr Fu-Sheng Huang 16 September 2013 in Peitungyanshan by fogging Neolitsea aciculata (Bl.) Koidz. var. variabillima J.C. Liao (Lauraceae).

China, Taiwan.

(specimens examined by Bezděk and Lee (2019) excluded). Taiwan. Nantou: 2♀ (KMNH), Lushan Wenchuan (廬山溫泉), 6.VI.1976, leg. H. Makihara (one identified as P. maculata by Kimoto, 1983); 1♂ (TARI), Tsuifeng (翠峰), 12–14.IX.1984, leg. K. S. Lin & S. C. Lin.

Length 4.6–5.3 mm, width 2.3–2.8 mm. Body color (Fig. 23D–F) reddish brown; vertex with one black spot at center; pronotum with three large black spots, one poorly defined elongate spot at center, from basal 1/3 to middle, one pair laterally; scutellum black; five pairs of large black spots on elytra, one pair near base at middle, two pairs in line with middle, one pair at apical 2/5 laterally, one pair at apical 1/5 near suture; metathoracic ventrites darker. Eyes small, interocular space 2.37–2.42 × diameter of eye. Antennae filiform in males (Fig. 25A), antennomere I swollen, IV with a large tubercle on outer sides at middle, length ratios of antennomeres I–XI 1.0: 0.5: 0.8: 0.9: 0.7: 0.7: 0.6: 0.6: 0.6: 0.6: 1.0, length to width ratios of antennomeres I–XI 2.1: 1.9: 2.7: 2.6: 2.1: 1.9: 1.6: 1.5: 1.5: 1.4: 2.4; filiform in females (Fig. 25B), antennomere I and IV not modified, length ratios of antennomeres I–XI 1.0: 0.6: 0.9: 0.8: 0.7: 0.6: 0.6: 0.6: 0.6: 0.6: 1.0, length to width ratios of antennomeres I–XI 2.4: 2.1: 3.4: 2.7: 2.2: 1.9: 1.7: 1.5: 1.6: 1.6: 2.5. Pronotum and elytra convex. Pronotum 1.9–2.0 × wider than long, disc with reticulate microsculpture; dense, extremely coarse punctures and extremely short pubescence; with median longitudinal and lateral depressions; lateral margins moderately rounded, apical and basal margins straight; anterior and posterior setiferous punctures erect. Elytra elongate and broad, parallel-sided, 1.4–1.6 × longer than wide; disc with reticulate microsculpture, and with dense extremely coarse punctures and short pubescence. Apical spur of tibia of middle leg small (Fig. 25E), tarsomere I not modified in males. Aedeagus (Fig. 25C, D) extremely slender in dorsal view, 8.4 × longer than wide, sides asymmetric, curved near apex, apex truncate; strongly curved at apical 1/3 and near base in lateral view, apex truncate; ostium not covered by membrane, ventrally located, along lateral margin; two endophallic sclerites elongate, apex of primary endophallic sclerite with several teeth, 0.6 × as long as aedeagus, secondary sclerite much shorter, 0.7 × as long as primary endophallic sclerite, apex acute, with one tooth near apex. Only apices of gonocoxae (Fig. 25J) sclerotized and transverse, with two long setae at apex of each gonocoxa. Ventrite VIII (Fig. 25F) transverse; disc with several long setae and dense short setae along apical margin; spiculum long. Receptacle of spermatheca (Fig. 25G) slightly swollen; pump short and strongly curved; sclerotized proximal spermathecal duct wide and short. Apical margin of abdominal ventrite V truncate, with deeply rounded depression at middle in males (Fig. 25I); slightly concave in females (Fig. 25H).

Adults of P. tsoui Bezděk & Lee and P. maculata Gressitt & Kimoto may be separated from others within the species group by the five pairs of large black spots on the elytra (Fig. 23), the strongly curved aedeagus in lateral view (Figs 24C, 25C), and gonocoxa with only two setae (Figs 24H, 25J). adults of P. tsoui differ from those of P. maculata by the normal antennomere III and antennomere IV with a large tubercle in males (Fig. 25A) (antennomere III apically broadened in P. maculata (Fig. 24A)), and slender antennomere III, < 4.0 × longer than wide in females (Fig. 25B) (extremely slender antennomere III, > 4.0 × longer than wide; in those of P. maculata (Fig. 24B)). In males of P. tsoui, the apex of the primary endophallic sclerite has several teeth and one additional tooth on the secondary sclerite (Fig. 25C, D). In P. maculata the primary endophallic sclerite is acute apically, and the secondary sclerite lacks additional teeth (Fig. 24C, D).

Adults feed on flowers of Meliosma rhoifolia Maxim. (Sabiaceae).

This species is widespread in lowlands of Taiwan.

Holotype ♂ (TARI), Taiwan. Kaohsiung, Tienchih (天池), 2.VII.2009, leg. M.-H. Tsou. Paratypes. 1♂, 12♀, same data as holotype; Hualien: 1♂ (TARI), Kuanyuan (關原), 2.VII.2008, leg. M.-H. Tsou; 1♂ (TARI), Pilu (碧綠), 6.VII.2018, leg. H.-F. Lu; Ilan: 1♀ (TARI), Chienching trail (見晴步道), 23.IV.2019, leg. M.-D. Chen; 1♀ (TARI), Tsuifenghu (翠峰湖), 15.VIII.2007, leg. S.-S. Li; Kaohsiung: 1♂ (TARI), Chungchihkuan (中之關), 10.VI.2015, leg. C.-F. Lee; Nantou: 1♂ (TARI), Meifeng (梅峰), 24–26.VI.1981, leg. K. S. Lin & W. S. Tang; 1♂ (TARI), Piluhsi (碧綠溪), 8.VII.2015, leg. C.-F. Lee; 1♂ (TARI), Tsuifeng (翠峰), 30.VII.2014, leg. C.-F. Lee.

Figure 26. 

Field photographs of adults of Pyrrhalta species on host plants A P. tsoui Bezděk & Lee B P. formosanensis sp. nov. C P. semifulva (Jacoby) D P. ishiharai Kimoto.

Legs reddish brown; tibia of middle leg with apical spine; tarsomere I modified. Sides of ventrite V strongly shortened in males.

Length 4.6–5.5 mm, width 2.4–2.9 mm. Body color (Fig. 27A–C) reddish brown; head black but antennae dark brown. Eyes small, interocular space 2.62–2.69 × diameter of eye. Antennae filiform in males (Fig. 28A), length ratios of antennomeres I–XI 1.0: 0.6: 0.8: 0.8: 0.6: 0.7: 0.6: 0.6: 0.6: 0.6: 0.8, length to width ratios of antennomeres I–XI 2.8: 1.9: 2.5: 2.4: 2.0: 2.2: 2.0: 1.9: 1.9: 2.0: 2.4; similar in females (Fig. 28B), length ratios of antennomeres I–XI 1.0: 0.5: 0.7: 0.6: 0.6: 0.6: 0.6: 0.6: 0.6: 0.5: 0.7, length to width ratios of antennomeres I–XI 3.2: 2.0: 2.4: 2.2: 1.9: 2.0: 1.9: 1.7: 1.7: 1.6: 2.2. Pronotum and elytra convex. Pronotum 2.1–2.2 × wider than long, disc with dense, extremely coarse punctures and extremely short pubescence, with transverse ridge near apical margin deflexed near antero-lateral corners, with median longitudinal and lateral depressions; lateral margins moderately rounded, apical margin slightly concave, basal margin straight; anterior and posterior setiferous punctures slightly erect. Elytra elongate and broad, parallel-sided, 1.4–1.5 × longer than wide; disc with dense, extremely coarse punctures and extremely short pubescence. Apical spur of tibia of middle leg slender (Fig. 28G), tarsomere I axe-shaped in lateral view, with narrow basal part and expanded apical 2/3, posterior angles of expanded part narrowly rounded (Fig. 28M) in males. Aedeagus (Fig. 28C–E) extremely asymmetric in dorsal view, inner margin of right side expending at apical 1/3, covering right side of ostium, lateral margin of right side expanding downwards, with a notch at middle; inner margin of left side expanding inwards at basal 2/5 and apical 2/5; primary endophallic sclerite elongate, several fine teeth on apex. Sclerotized gonocoxae (Fig. 28J) transverse, both gonocoxae separated, with several long setae near apices. Ventrite VIII (Fig. 28H) transverse; disc with dense, long setae along apical margin; spiculum short. Receptacle of spermatheca (Fig. 28I) slightly swollen; pump short and strongly curved; sclerotized proximal spermathecal duct wide and short. Apical margin of abdominal ventrite V slightly concave medially, with deep triangular depression at middle in males, sides of abdominal ventrite V shortened, sides of basal margin of abdominal ventrite IV expanding downwards in males (Fig. 28K); only slightly concave in females (Fig. 28L).

Figure 27. 

Habitus of Pyrrhalta formosanensis sp. nov. and P. semifulva (Jacoby) A P. formosanensis sp. nov., female, dorsal view B ditto, ventral view C ditto, lateral view D P. semifulva, from Taiwan, female, dorsal view E ditto, ventral view F ditto, lateral view.

Figure 28. 

Diagnostic characters of Pyrrhalta formosanensis sp. nov. A antenna, male B antenna, female C aedeagus, dorsal view D ditto, left-side view E ditto, ventral view F ditto, right-side view G apex of tibia of middle leg, male H abdominal ventrite VIII I spermatheca J gonocoxae K abdominal ventrite V, male L abdominal ventrite V, female M tarsi of middle leg, male.

Adults of P. formosanensis sp. nov. are similar to those in Taiwanese populations of P. semifulva with their reddish bodies, but differ in the reddish brown scutellum, legs, and thoracic ventrites (Fig. 27B) (black scutellum, legs, and thoracic ventrites (Fig. 27E) in P. semifulva), modified sides of abdominal ventrite V (Fig. 28K), and mesotarsomere I of middle leg (Fig. 28M) in males, and very characteristic aedeagus (Fig. 28C–E).

Adults feed on flowers of Prunus campanulata Maxim. (Rosaceae) (Fig. 26B).

The species is widespread at mid-altitudes (1,500–2,500 m) in Taiwan.

This species is named after Taiwan, a beautiful island.

Gallerucella semifulva. Lectotype ♀ (NHMUK, here designated): “Kiga [h, w, underside of card glued with specimen] // Type / H.T. [p, w, circle label with red border] // Japan. / G. Lewis. / 1910-320. [p, w] // Galeruca / semifulva Jac [h, b] // SYN- / TYPE [p, w, circle label with blue border]”. Paralectotypes. 1♂ (NHMUK): “Kiga [h, w, underside of card glued with specimen] // Japan / Lewis [h, w] // Jacoby Coll. / 1909-28a. [p, w] // semifulva Jac [h, b]”; 1♂ (NHMUK): “Kiga [h, w, underside of card glued with specimen] // Japan. / G. Lewis. / 1910-320. [p, w]”; 1♀ (NHMUK): “Japan. / G. Lewis. / 1910-320. [p, w]”; 1 (TARI, sex undetermined): “KIGA [h] / JAPAN [p] / 18.III.1880 [h] / Col. G. LEWIS [p, w] // CO / Type [p, circle label with yellow letters border] // Gallerucella / semifulva / Jacoby [h] / DET. M. CHUJO [p, w] // Gallerucella / semifulva Jac. [h] / Det. T. Shiraki [p, w] // 1934 [p, w]”; 1 (MCZC, sex undetermined): “Japan / Lewis [h, w] // 1st Jacoby / Coll. [p, w] // Type. / Sp. figured. [p, w] // Type [p] / 17878 [h, r]”. Since types much be collected from “Kiga” based on Jacoby (1885). Those specimens with different localities but with type labels should not be regarded as type series, including 1 (NHMUK, sex undetermined): “marshes / nagasaki (h, w) // Japan. / G. Lewis. / 1910-320. [p, w] // SYN- / TYPE [p, w, circle label with blue border]”; 1♂ (NHMUK): “Subashiri [h, w, underside of card glued with specimen] // Japan. / G. Lewis. / 1910-320. [p, w] // SYN- / TYPE [p, w, circle label with blue border]”; 1 (TARI, sex undetermined): “Ipongi [h] / JAPAN [p] / III.1881 [h] / Col. G. LEWIS [p] // CO / Type [p, circle label with yellow letters border] // Galerucella / semifulva / Jacoby [h] / DET. M. CHUJO [p, w]”.

Gallerucella modesta. Lectotype (sex undetermined, NHMUK, here designated): “Nikko [h, w, underside of card glued with specimen] // Type / H.T. [p, w, circle label with red border] // Japan. / G. Lewis. / 1910-320. [p, w] // Nikko. [p, w] // Galerucella / modesta Jac. [h, b]”. Paralectotypes. 1 (NHMUK, sex undetermined): “Nikko. [p, w] // Japan. / G. Lewis. / 1910-320. [p, w] // Galerucella / modesta / Jac [h, w] // Lochmaea / (Tricholochmaea) semifulva Jacob. [h] / D. Ogloblin det. [p, w]”; 1 (MCZC, sex undetermined): “Japan / Lewis [h, w] / 1st Jacoby / Coll. [p, w] // modesta Jac. [h, b] // Type [p] / 17877 [h, r]”.

Japan. Hokkaido: 1♀ (HSC), Etetsu-shi, Nopporo, 18.VI.2011, leg. H. Suenaga; 1♀ (HSC), Tomakomai-shi, Lake Utonai-ko, 29.VIII.2011, leg. H. Suenaga; 1♂ (HSC), same but with “22.V.2012”; Honshu: 1♂, 1♀ (HSC), Akita Pref., Nikaho-shi, Chôkaisan, Hokodate, 10.VI.2016, leg. S. Sejima; 1♀ (TARI), Aomori Pref., 29.VI. 1934, leg. F. Watanabe; 1♀ (TARI), Aomori Pref., Hatinohe, 1.VI.1933, leg. A. Fukuda; 1♀ (KMNH), Fukui Pref., Mt. Monju, 3.V.1963, leg. H. Sasaji; 1♀ (NMNS), Gifu Pref., 2.IV.1946; 1♂ (NMNS), same locality, 6.V.1947, leg. K. Ohbayashi; 1♂ (NMNS), Gifu Pref., Suhara, 15.IV.1956, leg. K. & M. Ohbayashi; 1♀ (NMNS), same locality, 5.V.1955, leg. K. Ohbayashi; 1♂ (NMNS), same but with “13.V.1956”; 1♂, 1♀ (NMNS), same but with “15.V.1956”; 1♂ (NMNS), same locality, 3.V.1957, leg. N. Ohbayashi; 1♂ (NMNS), same but with “19.V.1957”; 1♂ (NMNS), same but with “1♂ (NMNS), Gifu Pref., Tanigumi, 11.VI.1941, leg. K. Ohbayashi; 1♀ (HSC), Gunma Pref., Minakami-machi, Fujiwara, 6.VI.2008, leg. S. Sejima; 1♀ (HSC), Hiroshima Pref., Akioota-cho, Mt. Mushiki-toge, 14.VI.2010, leg. H. Suenaga; 2♀ (HSC), Hiroshima Pref., Takano-cho, Takano, 13.VI.2009, leg. H. Suenaga; 8♂, 5♀ (NMNS), Hyogo Pref. Mt. Oginosen, 4.V.1964, leg. M.-H. Chûjô; 8♂, 4♀ (TARI), same locality, 2.V.1965, leg. Y. Ohira; 1♂ (HSC), Kanagawa Pref., Zushi-shi, Junmu-ji, 18.IV.2012, H. Suenaga; 1♀ (TARI), Nagano Pref., Koganezawa, 12.V.1935, leg. S. Miyamoto; 1♂, 1♀ (KMNH), Nagano Pref., Misuzuko, 27.VII.1973, leg. S. Kimoto; 1♂ (KMNH), Nagano Pref., Wada, 10.VII.1951, leg. M. Takahashi; 1♂ (TARI), Nagano Pref., Yarisawa, 25.VII.1931, leg. K. Obayashi; 1♂ (TARI), Niigata Pref., Sado, Suizu, 22.V.1937, leg. K. Baba; 1♂, 2♀ (HSC), Okayama Pref., Tomata-Gun, Kagamino-cho, 4.V.2006, leg. H. Suenaga; 1♀ (HSC), same but with “Shiraka-keikoku”;1♀ (HSC), Okayama Pref., Niimi-shi, Toyanagakôma, 2.VII.2006, leg. S. Sejima; 1♂ (TARI), Tochigi Pref., Nikko, Sanno-Toge, 16.VI.1940, leg. Tn. Nakane; Kyushu: 2♂ (TARI), Fukuoka Pref., Mt. Hiko, 7.VII.1934, leg. K. Yamauchi; 1♀ (TARI), same locality, 14.VII.1941, leg. M. Chujo; 1♀ (TARI), Kagoshima Pref., Kirishima, 16.VII.1939, leg. Y. Takemura; 1♂, 1♀ (HSC), Kagoshima Pref., Minamioosumi-machi, Sata-misaki, 6.V.2013, leg. H. Suenaga; 1♀ (HSC), Oita Pref., Kamizue-cho, Hakuso, 5.V.2013, leg. H. Suenaga; 1♀ (HSC), Oita Pref., Yufu-shi, Kurodake, 11.VI.2006, leg. S. Sejima; Shikoku: 1♀ (HSC), Ehime Pref., Kumakogen-cho, Mt. Ishizuchi, Tsuchigoya, 28.VI.2009, leg. H. Suenaga; 1♂ (HSC), Ehime Pref., Kumakogen-cho, Mt. Saraga-mine, 23.V.2009, leg. H. Suenaga; 1♂ (HSC), Ehime Pref., Kumakogen-cho, Omogokei, 16.VII.2007, leg. H. Suenaga; 1♀ (HSC), Ehime Pref., Matsuyama-shi, Komenono, 27.V.2007, leg. T. Ichiyanagi; 1♀ (HSC), same locality, 26.V.2007, leg. H. Suenaga; 3♀♀ (HSC), Ehime Pref., Matsuyama-shi, Shukuno, near the dame of Ishitegawa, 2.V.2010, leg. K. Hashimoto; 1♀ (HSC), Ehime Pref., Uwajima-shi, Onigajôzan to Yatsurayama, 7.V.2007, leg. S. Sejima; 1♂, 1♀ (HSC), Kagawa Pref., Mannou-cho, Nakadouri, Mt. Daisenzan, 29.VII.2007, leg. H. Suenaga; 2♀♀ (TARI), Kooti-Ken (= Kochi Pref.), leg. I. Okubo; 1♀ (TARI), same but with “26.V.1935”; 1♂, 1♀ (TARI), same but with “24.VII.1936”; 1♀ (HSC), Tokushima Pref., Yoshinokawa-shi, Mt. Kotsu-zan, 18.V.1987, leg. S. Mano; Taiwan. Chiayi: 1♀ (KMNH), Alishan (阿里山), 6.VII.1965, leg. S. Kimoto, det. S. Kimoto, 1974; Hsinchu: 1♀ (TARI), Lupi (魯壁), 10.VII.2010, leg. M.-H. Tsou; Hualien: 1♀ (TARI), Hahuan Cross-Ridge (合歡越嶺古道), 4.VIII.2018, leg. H.-F. Lu; Ilan: 1♀ (TARI), Ssuyuan (思源), 28.IV.2009, leg. M.-H. Tsou; Kaohsiung: 1♀ (KMNH), Liukuei (六龜), V.1985, leg. W. L. Chen, Nagoya Univ. Col., det. S. Kimoto, 1987; Nantou: 1♂ (NMNS), Shanlinchi (杉林溪), 11.V.1990, leg. C. C. Chiang; 1♀ (TARI), Sungkang (松崗), 18.IV.2015, leg. B.-X. Guo; 1♀ (TARI), Tsuifeng (翠峰), 12–14.IX.1984, leg. K. S. Lin and S. C. Lin; Taoyuan: 1♀ (KMNH), Lalashan (拉拉山), 7.V.1982, leg. N. Ohbayashi.

Length 4.3–5.4 mm, width 2.4–3.0 mm. Body color (Fig. 27D–F) reddish brown; head (including antennae), scutellum, thoracic ventrites, and legs black. Eyes small, interocular space 2.50–2.86 × diameter of eye. Antennae filiform in males (Fig. 29A), length ratios of antennomeres I–XI 1.0: 0.6: 0.6: 0.6: 0.6: 0.6: 0.5: 0.5: 0.5: 0.5: 0.8, length to width ratios of antennomeres I–XI 3.1: 2.6: 2.2: 2.1: 2.3: 2.1: 2.0: 2.0: 1.9: 1.9: 3.2; similar in females (Fig. 29B), length ratios of antennomeres I–XI 1.0: 0.5: 0.6: 0.5: 0.5: 0.6: 0.5: 0.5: 0.5: 0.5: 0.7, length to width ratios of antennomeres I–XI 3.1: 1.9: 2.2: 1.9: 1.8: 2.0: 1.8: 1.8: 1.9: 1.8: 2.5. Pronotum and elytra convex. Pronotum 2.2–2.3 × wider than long, disc with reticulate microsculpture; with dense, extremely coarse punctures and extremely short pubescence, with transverse ridge near apical margin that curves downwards near antero-lateral corners, no punctures or pubescence above ridge but coarse punctures present on antero-lateral corners; with median longitudinal and lateral depressions; lateral margins moderately rounded, apical margin slightly concave, basal margin straight; anterior and posterior setiferous punctures slightly erect. Elytra elongate and broad, parallel-sided, 1.4–1.5 × longer than wide; disc smooth, with extremely coarse, dense punctures and extremely short pubescence. Apical spur of tibia of middle leg absent, tarsomere I not modified in males. Aedeagus (Fig. 29C, D) extremely slender in dorsal view, 7.9 × longer than wide, sides asymmetric, parallel-sided, apex truncate, curved near apex; strongly curved near base in lateral view, apex narrowly rounded; ostium not covered membrane; two endophallic sclerites elongate, several fine teeth on apex of primary endophallic sclerite, 0.6 × as long as aedeagus, secondary sclerite a little shorter, 0.9 × as long as primary endophallic sclerite, apex acute. Sclerotized gonocoxae (Fig. 29K) stout and cylindrical, gonocoxae separated, disk with several longer setae mixed with dense, shorter setae. Ventrite VIII (Fig. 29G) transverse; disc with three layers of different lengths of setae on apical area, shortest setae along apical margin, longest setae a slightly before apex, intermediate setae further from apex; spiculum short. Receptacle of spermatheca (Fig. 29H) slightly swollen; pump short and strongly curved; sclerotized proximal spermathecal duct wide and short. Apical margin of abdominal ventrite V slightly concave medially, with deep depression at middle in males (Fig. 29J); only slightly concave in females (Fig. 29I).

Figure 29. 

Diagnostic characters of Pyrrhalta semifulva (Jacoby) A antenna, male B antenna, female C aedeagus, typical form, dorsal view D ditto, lateral view E aedeagus, variation (endophallic sclerites omitted), dorsal view apex of tibia of middle leg, male F ditto, lateral view G abdominal ventrite VIII H ermatheca I abdominal ventrite V, female J abdominal ventrite V, male K gonocoxae.

Aedeagi of many individuals have apically tapering apices and look straight in lateral view (Fig. 29E, F). Japanese populations display great color variation. Some individuals (Hokkaido) have the entire reddish brown bodies but one black spot is present on the vertex, and five apical antennomeres are darkened. Some are similar to the previous ones, but the head is black except mouth parts (Fig. 30A, B). Some are similar the previous ones, but the pronotum has one black spot at center, without a clear margin; legs are reddish brown but outer sides of tibiae and entire tarsi are dark brown, antennae and the scutellum are blackish brown (Fig. 30C, D). Some specimens are similar to Taiwanese populations but with different degrees of darkness on the pronotum (Fig. 30E, F).

Figure 30. 

Habitus of Pyrrhalta semifulva (Jacoby) from Japan A female, color variation, dorsal view B ditto, ventral view C Female, color variation, dorsal view D ditto, ventral view E female, color variation, dorsal view F male, color variation, dorsal view.

Pyrrhalta semifulva (Jacoby) and P. formosanensis sp. nov. may be separated from others within the species group by the reddish brown bodies (Figs 27, 30) and short, cylindrical gonocoxae with dense setae (Figs 28J, 29K). Taiwanese populations of P. semifulva differ from P. formosanensis sp. nov. by the black scutellum, legs, and thoracic ventrites (Fig. 27E) (reddish brown scutellum, legs, and thoracic ventrites (Fig. 27B) in P. formosanensis sp. nov.), normal abdominal ventrite V (Fig. 29I), and unmodified mesotarsomere I of middle leg in males (modified abdominal ventrite V (Fig. 28K) and mesotarsomere of middle leg (Fig. 28M in males of P. formosanensis sp. nov.). In males of P. semifulva, the elongate and apically curved aedeagus is similar to that of P. discalis Gressitt and Kimoto, but differs in the relatively longer secondary endophallic sclerite, 0.9x as long as primary endophallic sclerite (Fig. 29C, D) (vs. relatively shorter secondary endophallic sclerite, 0.6x as long as primary endophallic sclerite in P. discalis (Fig. 32C, D).

Rosaceae: Prunus jamasakura Sieb., ex Koidz., P. yedoensis Matsum., and Sorbus japonica (Decne.) Hedl.; Hamamelidaceae: Corylopsis gotoana Makino, (Chûjô and Kimoto 1961). adults of Taiwanese populations feed on flowers of Photinia niitakayamensis Hayata (Rosaceae) (Fig. 26C).

Japan, Russian, Taiwan. The species is widespread at mid-altitudes (1,500–2,500 m) in Taiwan.

Holotype ♂ (CAS, by original designation): “Suisapa, 1000 M. / Lichuan Distri. / W. Hupeh, China / VII- [p] 25 [h] -48 [p, w] // Ridge above / 1200-1500 M [p, w] // J. L. Gressitt / Collector [p, w] // Pyrrhalta / discalis / G&K [h] / J. L. Gressitt det. // HOLOTYPE [p] / Pyrrhalta / discalis [h] / Gressitt & Kimoto [p, r]. Paratypes. 1♀ (CAS): “Suisapa, 1000 M. / Lichuan Distri. / W. Hupeh, China / VII- [p] 23 [h] -48 [p, w] // J. L. Gressitt / Collector [p, w] // ALLOTYPE [p] / Pyrrhalta / discalis / S. Kimoto & [h] / J. L. Gressitt [p, r] // Pyrrhalta / discalis / Gress & Kim. [h] / Gressitt & Kimoto det. 196[p]2 [h, w]”; 1♂ (CAS): “W. HUPEH / China, Suisapa, / Lichuan, 1000 m. / IX-[p] 17 [h] 1948 [p, w] // Gressitt & / Djou Collrs. [p, w] // PARATYPE [p] / Pyrrhalta / discalis [h] / Gressitt & Kimoto [p, y]”; 1♀ (CAS): “Suisapa, 1000 M. / Lichuan Distri. / W. Hupeh, China / VII- [p] 23 [h] -48 [p, w] // J. L. Gressitt / Collector [p, w] // PARATYPE [p] / Pyrrhalta / discalis [h] / Gressitt & Kimoto [p, y]”; 1♀ (CAS): “Suisapa, 1000 M. / Lichuan Distri. / W. Hupeh, China / VII- [p] 24 [h] -48 [p, w] // J. L. Gressitt / Collector [p, w] // PARATYPE [p] / Pyrrhalta / discalis [h] / Gressitt & Kimoto [p, y]”; 1♀ (BPBM): “Suisapa, 1000 M. / Lichuan Distri. / W. Hupeh, China / VII- [p] 22 [h] -48 [p, w] // Gressitt & / Djou Collrs. [p, w] // PARATYPE [p, b] // Pyrrhalta / discalis / Paratype G&K [h] / J.L. Gressitt det. [p, w].

Taiwan. Hsinchu: 1♂ (TARI), Litungshan (李棟山), 15.III.2009, leg. S.-F. Yu; 1♀ (TARI), Lupi (魯壁), 25.II.2010, leg. S.-F. Yu; 1♀ (TARI), Wuchihshan (五指山), 27.III.2008, leg. H. Lee; 1♂ (TARI), same locality, 14.V.2008, leg. S.-F. Yu; Hualien: 1♀ (TARI), Pulowan (布洛灣), 26.III.2016, leg. H.-F. Lu; 1♂, 1♀ (TARI), same but with “31.III.2016”; 10♂, 4♀ (TARI), same but with “30.IV.2016”; 1♀ (TARI), same but with “9.V.2016”; Pingtung: 1♂ (TARI), Tahanshan (大漢山), 29.VI.2018, leg. Y.-T. Chung; Taichung: 1♀ (KMNH), Pahsienshan (八仙山), 29.V.1971, leg. K. Kanmiya, det. S. Kimoto, 1973; Taipei: 1♂ (TARI), Chihshanyan (芝山岩), 2.V.2016, leg. M.-H. Tsou; 1♂ (TARI), Wulai (烏來), 17.V.2008, leg. M.-H. Tsou; Taoyuan: 1♀ (TARI), Lalashan (拉拉山), 2.IV.2009, leg. H. Lee; 1♀ (TARI), Nantzukou (湳仔溝), 24.IV.2016, leg. M.-H. Tsou; 1♀ (TARI), Yongfu (永福), 17.IV.2011, leg. M.-H. Tsou; 1♂, 1♀ (TARI), same but with “30.IV.2011”; 2♂, 1♀ (TARI), same but with “11.V.2011”; 1♂ (TARI), same but with “20.IV.2015”.

Length 4.6–5.6 mm, width 2.3–2.8 mm. Body color (Fig. 31A–C) yellowish brown; head and prothorax reddish brown, but antennae blackish brown; with wide black stripes along lateral margins and suture of elytra; tibiae and tarsi black. Eyes small, interocular space 2.09–2.49 × diameter of eye. Antennae filiform in males (Fig. 32A), length ratios of antennomeres I–XI 1.0: 0.5: 0.8: 0.6: 0.6: 0.6: 0.6: 0.6: 0.5: 0.5: 0.7, length to width ratios of antennomeres I–XI 3.4: 2.3: 3.2: 2.2: 2.1: 2.0: 2.0: 2.0: 2.0: 2.0: 2.9; similar in females (Fig. 4B), length ratios of antennomeres I–XI 1.0: 0.5: 0.8: 0.7: 0.7: 0.7: 0.7: 0.6: 0.6: 0.5: 0.8, length to width ratios of antennomeres I–XI 2.7: 2.2: 2.7: 2.4: 2.3: 2.2: 2.0: 1.8: 1.9: 1.7: 2.6. Pronotum and elytra convex. Pronotum 2.0–2.1 × wider than long, disc with dense, extremely coarse punctures and extremely short pubescence, with median longitudinal and lateral depressions; lateral margins moderately rounded, apical margin slightly concave, basal margin straight; anterior and posterior setiferous punctures slightly erect. Elytra elongate and broad, parallel-sided, 1.4 × longer than wide; disc with dense extremely coarse punctures and extremely short pubescence. Apical spur of tibia of middle leg absent and tarsomere I not modified in males. Aedeagus (Fig. 32C, D) extremely slender in dorsal view, 8.6 × longer than wide, sides asymmetric, curved at middle, recurved near apex, apex narrowly rounded; straight but strongly curved near base in lateral view, apex narrowly rounded; ostium not covered by membrane; two elongate endophallic sclerite, several fine teeth on apex of primary endophallic sclerite, 0.6 × as long as aedeagus, secondary sclerite much shorter, 0.6 × as long as primary endophallic sclerite, apex narrowly rounded. Sclerotized gonocoxae (Fig. 32I) transverse, both gonocoxae basally connected and membranous, with several short and long setae near apices. Ventrite VIII (Fig. 32E) transverse; disc with dense, short and few longer setae along apical margin; spiculum long. Receptacle of spermatheca (Fig. 32F) slightly swollen; pump short and strongly curved; sclerotized proximal spermathecal duct wide and short. Apical margin of abdominal ventrite V slightly concave medially, with deep, triangular depression at middle in males (Fig. 32H); only slightly concave in females (Fig. 32G).

Figure 31. 

Habitus of Pyrrhalta discalis Gressitt & Kimoto A male, typical form, dorsal view B ditto, ventral view C ditto, lateral view D male, color variation, dorsal view E male, color variation, dorsal view F male, color variation, dorsal view.

Figure 32. 

Diagnostic characters of Pyrrhalta discalis Gressitt & Kimoto A antenna, male B antenna, female C aedeagus, dorsal view D ditto, lateral view E abdominal ventrite VIII F spermatheca G abdominal ventrite V, female H abdominal ventrite V, male I gonocoxae.

Taiwanese populations display great variation of color patterns on the elytra. Some individuals have two additional transverse black stripes (Fig. 31D): anterior stripe at basal 1/5, with a longitudinal black stripe at middle, anteriorly connected with basal stripe; posterior stripe at middle. Some individuals have a black stripe along suture expanding laterally at base (Fig. 31E), sometimes covering entire base, and gradually narrowing towards apex (Fig. 31F).

adults of P. discalis Gressitt and Kimoto are easily recognized by the yellowish brown bodies. In males of P. discalis, the elongate and apically curved aedeagus is similar to that of P. semifulva (Jacoby), but differs by the relatively shorter secondary endophallic sclerite, 0.6 × as long as primary endophallic sclerite (Fig. 32C, D) (relatively longer secondary endophallic sclerite, 0.9 × as long as primary endophallic sclerite in P. discalis (Fig. 29C, D).

Larvae and adults feed on flowers of Pourthiaea lucida Decne. (Fig. 33A) and Pyracantha koidzumii (Hayata) Rehder (Rosaceae).

eggs (Fig. 33B), mature larvae (Fig. 33C), and adults (Fig. 33F) were found on flowers of Pourthiaea lucida April 14, 2011 in Yongfu, northern Taiwan by Mr Mei-Hua Tsou. mature larvae (Fig. 33D) burrowed into soil and built underground chambers for pupation at the same day. Duration of the pupal stage (Fig. 33E) was 14 days.

Figure 33. 

Field photographs of Pyrrhalta discalis Gressitt & Kimoto on host plant A host plant, Pourthiaea lucida B egg C Three-instar larva D mature larva E pupa F adult.

China, Taiwan. It is widespread at lowlands (0–1,500 m) in Taiwan.

Holotype ♀ (EUMJ, by original designation): “(TAIWAN) / Kueishan [龜山] / ~ Wulai [烏來] / Taipei Hsien / 5. VI, 1970 / Y. Hori leg. [p, w] // Pyrrhalta / ishiharai / Kimoto, n. sp [h] / Det. S. Kimoto, 19[p]93 [h, w] // msp [h, w] // PHOTO [p, r] // HOLOTYPE [p, r]”. Paratype. 1♀ (KMNH): “NANSHANCHI [南山溪] / TAIWAN / 2. V. 1982 / F. KIMURA [p, y] // Pyrrhalta / ishiharai / Kimoto, n. sp [h] / Det. S. Kimoto, 19[p]93 [h, w] // PARATYPE [p, b]”.

Taiwan. Hsinchu: 1♂, 1♀ (TARI), Chienshih (尖石), 10.VII.2010, leg. M.-H. Tsou; 1♂ (TARI), same locality, 5.VIII.2012, leg. Y.-L. Lin; Nantou: 1♂ (NMNS), Chunyang (春陽), 7.I. –13.II.2003, leg. C. S. Lin & W. T. Yang; Taipei: 2♀ (TARI), Fushan (福山), 26.VI.2011, leg. M.-H. Tsou; 2♂, 1♀ (TARI), same but with “8.VII.2011”; 3♂, 3♀ (TARI), same but with “21.VI.2015”; 2♂, 2♀ (TARI), Hsinhsien (信賢), 8.VII.2011, leg. M.-H. Tsou; 4♂, 3♀ (TARI), same but with “6.VII.2019”; 4♂, 2♀ (TARI), same but with 7.VII.2019”; 3♂ (TARI), same but with “27.VI.2020”; 1♂, 1♀ (TARI), same but with “5.VII.2020”; 4♂, 3♀ (TARI), Wulai (烏來), 8.VII.2011, leg. M.-H. Tsou; 1♂, 1♀ (TARI), same but with “17.VI.2018”; 1♂, 7♀ (TARI), same but with “27.VI.2020”; 5♂, 8♀ (TARI), same but with “5.VII.2020”; Taitung: 2♂ (TARI), Liyuan (栗園), 19.VI.2013, leg. Y.-T. Chung; 2♂ (TARI), same but with “leg. B.-X. Guo”.

Length 4.8–5.1 mm, width 2.3–2.5 mm. Body color (Fig. 34A–C) yellowish brown; vertex with one dark spot at center; antennae dark brown, but four or five basal antennomeres basally paler; pronotum with three black spots, one elongate spot at center, one pair laterally; scutellum basally darker; four pairs of transverse dark spots on elytra, one pair near base and behind scutellum, three pairs at basal 2/5, 3/5, 4/5 respectively, intercepted by two pairs of longitudinal yellowish brown ridges, all dark spots poorly defined; meso- and metathoracic ventrites darker; apical 2/3 of tibiae and entire tarsi black except inner side of protibia. Eyes small, interocular space 2.35–2.38 × diameter of eye. Antennae filiform in males (Fig. 35A), length ratios of antennomeres I–XI 1.0: 0.6: 0.9: 0.7: 0.7: 0.7: 0.6: 0.6: 0.6: 0.6: 0.9, length to width ratios of antennomeres I–XI 3.1: 2.1: 3.2: 2.5: 2.4: 2.1: 1.8: 1.8: 1.8: 1.6: 2.2; filiform in females (Fig. 35B), length ratios of antennomeres I–XI 1.0: 0.6: 0.7: 0.7: 0.6: 0.6: 0.6: 0.6: 0.5: 0.5: 0.8, length to width ratios of antennomeres I–XI 3.4: 2.5: 2.9: 2.8: 2.2: 1.7: 1.6: 1.6: 1.5: 1.4: 2.3. Pronotum and elytra convex. Pronotum 1.7–1.9 × wider than long, disc with reticulate microsculpture; coarse, extremely dense punctures, and extremely short pubescence; with median longitudinal and lateral depressions; lateral margins angular, widest at apical 1/3, apical and basal margins truncate; posterior setiferous punctures strongly erect. Elytra elongate, broad, parallel-sided, 1.5 × longer than wide; disc with reticulate microsculpture and coarse, extremely dense punctures and short pubescence; with two pairs of long longitudinal ridges near suture, apically abbreviated; several oblique ridges exterior to longitudinal ridges. Apical spur of middle tibia of middle small (Fig. 35E), tarsomere I with a small tooth at middle ventrally in males (Fig. 35H). Aedeagus (Fig. 35C, D) slender in dorsal view, 5.9 × longer than wide, sides asymmetric, widest at middle, apex angular; strongly curved near base in lateral view, weakly recurved apically, apex acute; ostium longitudinal, not covered by membrane; two endophallic sclerites elongate, apex of primary endophallic sclerite with several teeth, 0.6 × as long as aedeagus, secondary sclerite much shorter, 0.7 × as long as primary sclerite, apex acute, with one additional tooth near apex. Only apices of gonocoxae (Fig. 35K) sclerotized and longitudinal, with dense, long setae along lateral and apical margins. Ventrite VIII (Fig. 35F) narrow; disc with several long setae and dense short setae along apical margin; spiculum long. Receptacle of spermatheca (Fig. 35G) very swollen; pump short and strongly curved; sclerotized proximal spermathecal duct wide and short. Apical margin of abdominal ventrite V slightly concave, with deeply rounded depression at middle in males (Fig. 35J); slightly concave in females (Fig. 35I).

Figure 34. 

Habitus of Pyrrhalta ishiharai Kimoto and P. wulaiensis sp. nov. A P. ishiharai, female, typical form, dorsal view B ditto, ventral view C ditto, lateral view D P. wulaiensis sp. nov., female, dorsal view E ditto, ventral view F ditto, lateral view.

Figure 35. 

Diagnostic characters of Pyrrhalta ishiharai Kimoto A antenna, male B antenna, female C aedeagus, dorsal view D ditto, lateral view E apex of tibia of middle leg, male F abdominal ventrite VIII G spermatheca H tarsi of middle leg, male I abdominal ventrite V, female J abdominal ventrite V, male K gonocoxae.

Adults of P. ishiharai Kimoto and P. wulaiensis sp. nov. are easily separated from other species within the species group by the longitudinal ridges on the elytra (Fig. 34) and the angular apices of the aedeagi (Figs 35C, 36C). Pyrrhalta ishiharai is distinguished from P. wulaiensis sp. nov. by the larger body size (Fig. 37F), 4.8–5.1 mm long (3.3–3.7 mm long in P. wulaiensis sp. nov.), dark spots present between the longitudinal ridges on the elytra (Fig. 34A) (dark spots absent between longitudinal ridges on elytra in P. wulaiensis sp. nov. Fig. 34D), apical spine present on tibia (Fig. 35E) and modified tarsomere I of middle leg (Fig. 35H) in males (lacking apical spine on tibia and normal tarsomere I of middle leg in males of P. wulaiensis sp. nov.), longitudinal ostium and aedeagus recurved in apical 1/3 (Fig. 35C, D) (transverse ostium and aedeagus curved at middle in P. wulaiensis sp. nov. (Fig. 36C, D)), longitudinally cylindrical gonocoxae with dense, long setae (Fig. 35K) (transversely rounded gonocoxae with scattered short setae in P. wulaiensis sp. nov. (Fig. 36I)).

Figure 36. 

Diagnostic characters of Pyrrhalta wulaiensis sp. nov. A antenna, male B antenna, female C aedeagus, dorsal view D ditto, lateral view E abdominal ventrite VIII F spermatheca G abdominal ventrite V, female H abdominal ventrite V, male I gonocoxae.

Adults feed on flowers of Meliosma rhoifolia Maxim. (Sabiaceae) (Fig. 26D).

The species is widespread at lowlands (0–1,500 m) in Taiwan.

Holotype ♂ (TARI), Taiwan. Nantou: Peitungyanshan (北東眼山), 3.VII.2014, leg. F.-S. Huang, 變葉新木薑子 (Neolitsea aciculata (Bl.) Koidz. var. variabillima J.C. Liao) 噴霧 (fogging). Paratypes. 1♂ (TARI), same locality as holotype, 3.VII.2014, leg. C.-F. Lee; Ilan: 1♂ (TARI), Fushan (福山), 5.VII.2013, leg. Y.-T. Wang; Miaoli: 1♂ (TARI), Hsuehchien (雪見), 5.III.2013, leg. W.-B. Yeh; Nantou: 1♀ (TARI), Meifeng (梅峰), 28–29.VIII.1981, leg. L. Y. Chou & S. C. Lin; 1♀ (TARI), same locality, 15.VII.1982, leg. S. C. Lin & C. N. Lin; 1♀ (NMNS), same locality, 13.VI. –18.VII.2001, leg. C. S. Lin & W. T. Yang, Malaise trap (KCN); 1♂ (NMNS), same but with “15.XI. –19.XII.2001”; 1♀ (NMNS), same but with “5.X. –16.XI.2004”; Taipei: 1♂ (TARI), Fushan (福山) – 烏來 (Wulai), 21.VI.2015, leg. M.-H. Tsou; 1♂ (TARI), Hsinhsien (信賢), 5.VII.2020, leg. M.-H. Tsou; 1♀ (TARI), same but with “27.VI.2020”; 1♀ (TARI), Wulai (烏來), 19.VII.2011, leg. M.-H. Tsou.

Smaller species, 3.3–3.7 mm in length. Elytra relatively broad, 1.5 × longer than wide; unicolorous, without dark spots; with ridges.

Length 3.3–3.7 mm, width 1.6–1.9 mm. Body color (Fig. 34D–F) brown or dark brown; antennae black but antennomeres I–III yellow, IV, and V brown. Eyes large, interocular space 1.75–1.83 × diameter of eye. Antennae filiform in males (Fig. 36A), length ratios of antennomeres I–XI 1.0: 0.5: 0.6: 0.7: 0.6: 0.6: 0.7: 0.6: 0.6: 0.6: 0.9, length to width ratios of antennomeres I–XI 3.2: 2.2: 2.9: 3.0: 2.9: 2.9: 2.5: 2.0: 2.1: 2.0: 2.9; similar in females (Fig. 36B), length ratios of antennomeres I–XI 1.0: 0.5: 0.7: 0.7: 0.6: 0.6: 0.7: 0.6: 0.6: 0.6: 0.8, length to width ratios of antennomeres I–XI 3.5: 2.3: 2.9: 2.8: 2.5: 2.2: 2.3: 1.9: 1.8: 1.8: 2.7. Pronotum and elytra convex. Pronotum 1.7–2.0 × wider than long, with transverse ridge along apical margin deflexed at antero-lateral angles; disc smooth on ridge, but with reticulate microsculpture below ridge, with extremely dense and coarse punctures, with one short seta at each puncture; with median longitudinal and lateral depressions; lateral margins moderately rounded, widest at apical 1/3, apical and basal margins slightly concave; posterior setiferous punctures slightly erect. Elytra elongate and broad, parallel-sided, 1.5 × longer than wide; disc with reticulate microsculpture, and with coarse and sparse punctures, with extremely dense short pubescence, all of pubescence located between punctures; with indistinct, obliquely longitudinal ridges arising from behind humeral calli, with depressions between ridges and suture at apical 1/3 and middle. Apical spur of tibia of middle leg absent and tarsomere I not modified in males. Aedeagus (Fig. 36C, D) slender in dorsal view, 5.9 × longer than wide, sides symmetric, parallel-sided but slightly narrowed at apical 1/4, apex angular; strongly curved near base in lateral view, apex acute; ostium transverse, covered by a membrane; two endophallic sclerite elongate, apex of primary endophallic sclerite with two teeth, 0.4 × as long as aedeagus, secondary sclerite 0.8 × as long as primary sclerite, apex acute, with one additional tooth at apical 1/4. Only apices of gonocoxae (Fig. 36I) sclerotized and transverse, with short, scattered setae. Ventrite VIII (Fig. 36E) with only apical area sclerotized; disc with several long setae and dense short setae along apical margin; spiculum long. Receptacle of spermatheca (Fig. 36F) very swollen; pump short and strongly curved; sclerotized proximal spermathecal duct narrow and short. Apical margin of abdominal ventrite V slightly concave, with shallow triangular depression at middle in males (Fig. 36H); slightly concave in females (Fig. 36G).

Adults of P. wulaiensis sp. nov. and P. ishiharai Kimoto are easily separated from other species within the species group by the longitudinal ridges on the elytra (Fig. 34) and the angular apices of aedeagi (Figs 35C, 36C). Pyrrhalta wulaiensis sp. nov. is distinguished from P. ishiharai by the smaller body size (Fig. 37F), 3.3–3.7 mm long (4.8–5.1 mm long in P. ishiharai), absence of dark spots between the longitudinal ridges on the elytra (Fig. 34D) (dark spots present between longitudinal ridges on elytra in P. ishiharai Fig. 34A), lacking apical spine on tibia and normal tarsomere I of middle leg in males (apical spine present on tibia (Fig. 35E) and modified tarsomere I of middle leg in males of P. ishiharai (Fig. 35H)), transverse ostium and medially curved aedeagus (Fig. 36C, D) (in longitudinal ostium and recurved at apical 1/3 of aedeagus P. ishiharai (Fig. 35C, D)), transversely rounded gonocoxae with scattered short setae (Fig. 36I) (longitudinally cylindrical gonocoxae with dense, long setae in P. ishiharai (Fig. 35K))

Larvae and adults feed on flowers of Meliosma rhoifolia Maxim. (Sabiaceae).

One female was collected on flowers of the host plant (Fig. 37E) July 8, 2011 in Wulai, northern Taiwan by Mr Mei-Hua Tsou. The female deposited eggs (Fig. 37A) singly on flowers July 12. Larvae hatched in seven days. The larvae (Fig. 37B) fed on flowers and the larval duration was eleven days. mature larvae (Fig. 37C) burrowed into soil and built underground chambers for pupation. Duration of the pupal stage (Fig. 37D) was eight days.

Figure 37. 

Field photographs of Pyrrhalta wulaiensis sp. nov. on host plant A egg B third-instar larva C mature larva D pupa E adult F adults: P. wulaiensis sp. nov. (left) and P. ishiharai (right).

The species is widespread at lowlands (0–1,500 m) in northern Taiwan and mid-altitudes (1,500–2,500 m) in central Taiwan.

The species is named for the locality where specimens were collected and used for laboratory rearing.

Pyrrhalta jungchani sp. nov.; P. lui sp. nov.; and P. shirozui Kimoto, 1969.

adults small to medium sized (3.3–6.8 mm). Antenna slender, antennomere III longest, V–X similar in size. Body convex. Elytra relatively wider for P. shorozui 1.5 × longer than wide (Fig. 38D–I), or relatively narrow for P. jungchani sp. nov. and P. lui sp. nov., 1.7–1.8 × longer and wide (Figs 38A–C, 41). Aedeagus asymmetric; ostium longitudinal, covered by a membrane or without cover; endophallic sclerites composed of two slender sclerites, with several teeth on apex of primary sclerite (Figs 39C, D, 42C, D, 43C, D). Ventrite VIII in females apically sclerotized, with dense, mixed short and long setae along apical margin; spiculum long (Figs 39E, 42E, 43F). Gonocoxae apically sclerotized, with dense, long setae on apices (Figs 39G, 42I, 43G). Apical margin of abdominal ventrite V slightly concave medially and with deep depression in males (Figs 39J, 42H, 43J); depression broadly rounded in females (Figs 39I, 42G, 43I). Mesotibia with apical spine in males of P. jungchani sp. nov. (Fig. 39F) and P. shirozui (Fig. 43E). Mesotarsi with tarsomere I modified in males of P. jungchani sp. nov. (Fig. 39H) and P. shirozui (Fig. 43K).

Figure 38. 

Habitus of Pyrrhalta jungchani sp. nov. and P. shirozui Kimoto A P. jungchani sp. nov., male, dorsal view B ditto, ventral view C ditto, lateral view D P. shirozui, female, dorsal view E ditto, ventral view F ditto, lateral view G Same species, color variation H Same species, color variation I Same species, color variation.

Larvae and adults feed on leaves of Viburnum species (Adoxaceae).

Holotype ♂ (TARI), Taiwan. Pingtung, Tahantrail (大漢林道), 30.VII.2012, leg. J.-C. Chen. Paratypes. Chiayi: 1♀ (TARI), Zengwen Reservoir (曾文水庫), 2.IV.2016, leg. U. Ong; Nantou: 2♀ (NMNS), Juiyenhsi (瑞岩溪), Shuikuan Road (水管路), 19.II.2009, Beating,leg. M. L. Chan; 1♂ (NMNS), same locality, 19–21.II.2009, UV light trap, leg. H. H. Lian & C. D. Tang; 1♀ (TARI), Tsuifeng (翠峰), 23.V.1982, leg. L. Y. Chou; 1♀ (TARI), same locality, 20.IV.1983, leg. K. C. Chou & S. P. Huang; 1♀ (TARI), same as holotype but with “22.XI.2010”; 1♀ (TARI), same but with “13.IX.2012”; 1♀ (TARI), same but with “16.X.2013”; Pingtung: 1♀ (TARI), Lilungshan (里龍山), 5.XI.2009, leg. M.-H. Tsou; 1♀ (TARI), same locality, 28.XI.2009, leg. J.-C. Chen; 1♀ (TARI), same but with “8.I.2010”; 1♂, 1♀ (TARI), same but with “2.III.2012”; 3♀ (TARI), same but with “13.III.2012”; 1♀ (TARI), same but with “27.III.2012”; 1♀ (TARI), same but with “8.I.2013”; 2♂, 4♀ (TARI), Shuangliu (雙流), 14.III.2018, leg. Y.-T. Chung; 2♂, 2♀ (TARI), Tahanshan (大漢山), 18.IV.2018, leg. C.-F. Lee; 1♀ (TARI), same locality, 3.III.2020, leg. Y.-T. Chung; Taitung: 1♀ (TARI), Hsiangyang (向陽), 23.VI.2010, leg. M.-H. Tsou; 1♀ (TARI), same locality, 8.VII.2010, leg. J.-C. Chen; 1♂ (TARI), same but with “12.VII.2012”; 1♀ (TARI), same but with “9.V.2013”; 1♀ (TARI), same but with “17.V.2014”; 1♀ (TARI), Motien (摩天), 23.VI.2010, leg. M.-H. Tsou.

Small species, 4.3–5.0 mm in length. Pronotum with three large black spots, one at middle, two laterally. Elytra relatively narrow, 1.7 × longer than wide, disc with dense coarse punctures, with black stripes at humeral calli, with one additional pair of longitudinal dark stripes between humeral calli and suture.

Length 4.3–5.0 mm, width 1.9–2.3 mm. Body yellowish brown (Fig. 38A–C); vertex with median longitudinal dark stripe, expanding laterally at base; antennae dark brown, but five or six basal antennomeres paler; pronotum with one pair of large dark spots at lateral depressions, with three small dark spots medially, one pair at apical 1/3, the other at basal 1/3; elytra with three pairs of longitudinal dark stripes, first pair arising from humeral calli, abbreviated at apical 1/3, second pair halfway between first pair and suture, present from base to apical 1/3; third pair along suture, from apical 1/3 to base; those dark spots or stripes more or less reduced in different individuals; lateral margins of femora and tibiae dark brown. Eyes small, interocular space 2.34–2.68 × diameter of eye. Antennae filiform in males (Fig. 39A), length ratios of antennomeres I–XI 1.0: 0.5: 0.6: 0.5: 0.5: 0.5: 0.5: 0.5: 0.6: 0.6: 0.8, length to width ratios of antennomeres I–XI 2.9: 2.1: 2.2: 1.9: 1.9: 1.9: 1.9: 2.0: 2.0: 2.1: 2.7; similar in females (Fig. 39B), length ratios of antennomeres I–XI 1.0: 0.5: 0.6: 0.5: 0.5: 0.5: 0.5: 0.6: 0.5: 0.6: 0.8, length to width ratios of antennomeres I–XI 3.3: 2.2: 2.7: 2.3: 2.2: 2.1: 2.1: 2.4: 2.3: 2.4: 3.3. Pronotum and elytra convex. Pronotum 2.0–2.1 × wider than long, with transverse ridge along apical margin deflexed at antero-lateral angles; disc with reticulate microsculpture, and extremely coarse, dense punctures, with one extremely short seta at each puncture; with median longitudinal and lateral depressions; lateral margins moderately rounded, widest at middle, apical and basal margins slightly concave; anterior and posterior setiferous punctures not erect. Elytra broad, parallel-sided, 1.7 × longer than wide; disc smooth, with extremely coarse and dense punctures, and sparse, extremely short pubescence, usually located between punctures; with indistinct ridges along dark stripes. Apical spur of tibia of middle leg small (Fig. 39F), and tarsomere I modified, axe-shaped in lateral view, narrow basally, and extending to apical 2/3, angles of extended part narrowly rounded in males (Fig. 39H). Aedeagus (Fig. 39C, D) slender in dorsal view, 5.3 × longer than wide, asymmetrically lanceolate, slightly curved at middle, strongly narrowed and recurved near apex, apex narrowly rounded; ostium obliquely longitudinal, covered by a membrane; strongly curved near base in lateral view, recurved near apex, apex narrowly rounded; two endophallic sclerites elongate, primary sclerite 0.8 × as long as aedeagus, with dense teeth along apical margin. Secondar sclerite much shorter, 0.3 × as long as secondary sclerite, apex acute. Only apices of gonocoxae (Fig. 39G) sclerotized, longitudinal, few short setae near base, with six to seven long setae near apex of each gonocoxa. Ventrite VIII (Fig. 39E) well sclerotized, with dense, short setae along lateral and apical area, short and long marginal setae, spiculum long. Receptacle of spermatheca (Fig. 39K) slightly swollen and elongate; pump short and strongly curved; sclerotized proximal spermathecal duct narrow and short. Apical margin of abdominal ventrite V slightly concave medially and with deep depression in males (Fig. 39J); while broadly rounded in females (Fig. 39I).

Figure 39. 

Diagnostic characters of Pyrrhalta jungchani sp. nov. A antenna, male B antenna, female C aedeagus, dorsal view D ditto, lateral view E abdominal ventrite VIII F apex of tibia of middle leg, male G gonocoxae H tarsi of middle leg, male I abdominal ventrite V, female J abdominal ventrite V, male K spermatheca.

Adults of P. jungchani sp. nov. (Fig. 38A), X. aenescens (Fairmaire) (Fig. 1D), and P. lineatipes (Takei) (Fig. 45G) are easily recognized by the three black spots on the pronota. This new species (Fig. 38C) is most similar to P. lineatipes (Fig. 45I) based on the brown elytra with a black stripe arising from the humeral calli and convex pronotum and elytra (entirely metallic green elytra and dorso-ventrally flattened pronotum and elytra in X. aenescens (Fig. 1F)). The new species is different from P. lineatipes in possessing sparse pubescence and extremely dense elytral punctures (dense pubescence with sparse elytral punctures in P. lineatipes), and modified tarsomere I of middle leg in males (Fig. 39H) (normal tarsomere I of middle leg in males of P. humeralis). In males of this new species, the aedeagus (Fig. 39C, D) is similar to that of P. lui sp. nov. (Fig. 40C, D) with the asymmetrically lanceolate shape and two endophallic sclerites but differs in the recurved apex and shorter secondary endophallic sclerite, 0.3 × as long as primary endophallic sclerite (the straight apex and the longer second endophallic, 0.6 × as long as primary endophallic sclerite, in P. lui sp. nov.).

Figure 40. 

Field photographs of Pyrrhalta jungchani sp. nov. and P. lui sp. nov. on host plant A adult of P. jungchani sp. nov. B host plant for P. lui sp. nov., Viburnum parvifolium with feeding marks C adult of P. lui sp. nov. feeding on leaves of V. luzonicum D adult of P. lui sp. nov.

adults feed on leaves of Viburnum odoratissimum Ker Gawl. (Adoxaceae) (Fig. 40A).

The species is widespread at mid-altitudes (1,500–2,500 m) in central and southern Taiwan.

Dedicated to Mr Jung-Chan Chen who was the first member of TCRT to collect specimens of this new species.

Holotype ♂ (TARI), Taiwan. Hualien: Hahuan Cross-Ridge (合歡越嶺古道), 4.VIII.2018, leg. H.-F. Lu. Paratypes. 16♂, 7♀ (TARI), same data as holotype; Hualien: 3♀ (TARI), Hutoushan (虎頭山), 21.IV.2018, leg. H.-F. Lu; Kaohsiung: 1♀ (TARI), Chungchihkuan (中之關), 17.IV.2012, leg. L.-P. Hsu; 4♂, 3♀ (TARI), same locality, 12.VI.2015, leg. C.-F. Lee; Miaoli: 1♂ (TARI), Hsuehchien (雪見), 7.VI.2013, leg. W.-B. Yeh; Nantou: 1♂ (TARI), Chingching (清境), 5.III.2007, leg. H.-C. Chen; 1♂ (TARI), Meifeng (梅峰), 2–4.VI.1980, leg. L. Y. Chou & C. C. Chen; 1♀ (TARI), same locality, 24–26.VI.1981, leg. K. S. Lin & W. S. Tang; 1♂ (TARI), Tatachia (塔塔加), leg. 21.VI.2009, leg. C.-F. Lee; Taichung: 1♂, 2♀ (TARI), Kukuan (谷關), 21.III.2014, leg. B.-X. Guo.

Elytra relatively narrow, 1.7–1.8 × longer than wide, entirely yellowish brown or black; disc smooth, lacking ridges; with sparse, fine punctures

Length 4.6–5.3 mm, width 2.0–2.4 mm. Body yellow, head and pronotum reddish brown, antenna blackish brown except ventral sides of five basal antennomeres, bases of femora and lateral margins of tibia black; tarsi darker in females (Fig. 41D, E); but head, scutellum, thoracic ventrites, and basal 2/3 of femora black in males (Fig. 41A–C). Eyes small, interocular space 2.55–2.85 × diameter of eye. Antennae filiform in males (Fig. 42A), length ratios of antennomeres I–XI 1.0: 0.6: 0.8: 0.7: 0.7: 0.7: 0.7: 0.7: 0.7: 0.7: 0.8, length to width ratios of antennomeres I–XI 2.6: 1.9: 2.5: 2.1: 2.2: 2.2: 2.4: 2.5: 2.8: 2.4: 2.9; similar in females (Fig. 42B), length ratios of antennomeres I–XI 1.0: 0.6: 0.9: 0.7: 0.7: 0.7: 0.7: 0.7: 0.7: 0.7: 0.9, length to width ratios of antennomeres I–XI 2.7: 2.1: 2.7: 2.2: 2.2: 2.2: 2.2: 2.1: 2.3: 2.1: 3.1. Pronotum and elytra convex. Pronotum 1.8–2.0 × wider than long, with transverse ridge along apical margin deflexed at antero-lateral angles; disc smooth on ridge, but with reticulate microsculpture below ridge, with extremely coarse punctures laterally, smaller medially, with one short seta at each puncture; with median longitudinal and lateral depressions; lateral margins moderately rounded, widest at middle, apical and basal margins slightly concave; anterior and posterior setiferous punctures not erect. Elytra broad, parallel-sided, 1.7–1.8 × longer than wide; disc smooth, with dense, coarse punctures, and extremely dense, short pubescence, some located between punctures. Apical spur of tibia of middle leg absent and tarsomere I not modified in males. Aedeagus (Fig. 42C, D) slender in dorsal view, 6.3 × longer than wide, asymmetrically lanceolate, slightly curved at middle, strongly narrower near apex, apex narrowly rounded; ostium obliquely longitudinal, covered by a membrane; strongly curved near base in lateral view, apex narrowly rounded; two endophallic sclerites elongate, primary sclerite 0.7 × as long as aedeagus, with dense teeth along apical margin. Secondary sclerite much shorter than primary sclerite, 0.6 × as long as primary sclerite, apex acute. Only apices of gonocoxae (Fig. 42I) sclerotized, longitudinal, few short setae near base, with eight to ten long setae near apex on each gonocoxa. Ventrite VIII (Fig. 42E) well sclerotized, with dense short setae along lateral and apical area, with short and long marginal setae, spiculum long. Receptacle of spermatheca (Fig. 42F) slightly swollen and elongate; pump short and strongly curved; sclerotized proximal spermathecal duct narrow and short. Apical margin of abdominal ventrite V slightly concave medially and with deep depression in males (Fig. 42H); broadly rounded in females (Fig. 42G).

Figure 41. 

Habitus of Pyrrhalta lui sp. nov. A male, typical form, dorsal view B ditto, ventral view C ditto, lateral view D female, dorsal view E ditto, ventral view F male, color variation, dorsal view G ditto, ventral view H male, color variation, dorsal view I ditto, ventral view.

Figure 42. 

Diagnostic characters of Pyrrhalta lui sp. nov. A antenna, male B antenna, female C aedeagus, dorsal view D ditto, lateral view E abdominal ventrite VIII F spermatheca G abdominal ventrite V, female H abdominal ventrite V, male I gonocoxae.

Males of P. lui sp. nov. display great variation in color. Some are totally black except for yellowish brown legs and abdomens (Fig. F, G); a few individuals are mainly black but pronota are reddish brown (Fig. 41H, I).

Adults of P. lui sp. nov. are distinguished within the species group by unicolorous elytra. In males, the aedeagus (Fig. 40C, D) is similar to that of P. jungchani sp. nov. (Fig. 39C, D), with an asymmetrically lanceolate shape and two endophallic sclerites. It differs by the straight apex and the longer secondary endophallic sclerite, 0.6 × as long as primary endophallic sclerite (recurved apex and shorter secondary endophallic sclerite, 0.3 × as long as primary endophallic sclerite, in P. jungchani sp. nov.).

Adults feed on leaves of Viburnum parvifolium Hayata (Fig. 40B) and V. luzonicum Rolfe (Adoxaceae) (Fig. 40C, D).

The species is widespread at mid-altitudes (1,500–2,500 m) in central and southern Taiwan.

Dedicated to Mr Hsi-Feng Lu, the member of TCRT who collected most specimens of this new species.

Holotype ♀ (KUEC, by original designation): “(Taiwan) / Sungkang [松崗] / Nantou Hsien [p, w] // 29.VI.[h] 1965 / T. Shirôzu [p, w] // Pyrrhalta / shirozui / Kimoto, n. sp. [h, w] // HOLOTYPE [p, r]”. Paratype. 1♂ (KMNH): “(TAIWAN) / Alishan [阿里山] / Chiai Hsien [p] / 29[h]. VII. 1966 / H. Kamiya leg. [p, w] // Pyrrhalta / shirozui / Kimoto, n. sp. [h, w] // PARATYPE [p, b]”.

Taiwan. Chiayi: 1♂ (TARI), Yushan (玉山), 1.VII.2015, leg. J.-C. Chen; Hualien: 2♀ (TARI) Hahuan Cross-Ridge (合歡越嶺古道), 4.VIII.2018, leg. H.-F. Lu; 1♂ (TARI), Pilu (碧綠), 29.VI.2018, leg. H.-F. Lu; Ilan: 6♂, 3♀ (TARI), Mingchi (明池), 25.V.2008, leg. M.-H. Tsou; 4♂, 2♀ (TARI), same but with “16.VIII.2008”; 1♀ (TARI), Ssuyuan (思源), 11.VIII.2014, leg. J.-C. Chen; 1♂ (TARI), Taipingshan (太平山), 26–28.VII.1983, leg. L. Y. Chou; 1♂, 1♀ (TARI), same locality, 8.VII.2008, leg. H.-J. Chen; 3♂, 6♀ (TARI), same locality, 25.V.2009, leg. C.-F. Lee; 1♂ (TARI), Yingtzuling (鶯仔嶺), 3.VI.2011, leg. Y.-L. Lin; Nantou: 1♀ (TARI), Meifeng (梅峰), 5–9.X.1980, leg. C. C. Chen & C. C. Chien; 1♂, 1♀ (TARI), Nengkaoshan (能高山), 18.X.2011, leg. J.-C. Chen; 1♀ (TARI), Tatachia (塔塔加), 20.VII.2009, leg. S.-F. Yu; 1♀ (TARI), same but with “leg. H. Lee”; 1♀ (TARI), same but with “C.-F. Lee”; 1♂ (TARI), same locality, 21.IX.2009, leg. C.-F. Lee; 3♂♂, 2♀♀ (TARI), Tsuifeng (翠峰), 12–14.IX.1984, leg. K. S. Lin and S. C. Lin; Pingtung: 8♂♂ (TARI), Jinshuiying (浸水營), 12.VIII.2010, leg. J.-C. Chen; 1♀ (TARI), Tahanshan (大漢山), 1.VIII.2009, leg. U. Ong; 1♀ (TARI), same locality, 19.VII.2012, leg. C.-F. Lee; 1♂ (TARI), same locality, 29.VI.2018, leg. Y.-T. Chung; Taichung: 1♂ (TARI), Hassenzan (= Pahsienshan, 八仙山), 4.VI.1942, leg. A. Mutura; 1♂ (TARI), Wuwoweishan (屋我尾山), 5.VI.2012, leg. J.-C. Chen; Taipei: 2♂♂ (TARI), Fengkueitsui (風櫃嘴), 21.X.2007, leg. M.-H. Tsou; 6♂, 3♀ (TARI), Hsiaoyukeng (小油坑), 24.V.2008, leg. M.-H. Tsou; 4♀ (TARI), same but with “12.X.2008”; 9♀ (TARI), same locality and collector, reared from larvae, 21–29.III.2009; 1♀ (TARI), 5.XI.2006, Shihlin (士林), 5.XI.2006, leg. H.-T. Cheng; 2♂, 6♀ (TARI), Yangmingshan (陽明山), 12.V.2007, leg. M.-H. Tsou; 1♀ (TARI), same but with “27.V.2007”; Taitung: 3♂, 1♀ (TARI), Hsiangyang (向陽), 2.VII.2009, leg. S.-F. Yu; 1♀ (TARI), Liyuan (栗園), 19.VI.2013, leg. C.-F. Lee; 1♀ (TARI), Motien (摩天), 23.V.2011, leg. C.-F. Lee; Taoyuan: 4♂, 10♀ (TARI), Lalashan (拉拉山), reared form larvae, 27.IV.2009, leg. C.-F. Lee; 1♂, 9♀ (TARI), same but with “28.V.2009”; 1♀ (TARI), same locality, 15.VII.2009, leg. H.-J. Chen; 1♀ (TARI), Tamanshan (塔曼山), 25.VIII.2008, leg. H. Lee.

Length 4.9–6.8 mm, width 2.4–3.4 mm. Body color (Fig. 38D–F) yellowish brown; antennae blackish brown but inner sides of five basal antennomeres yellowish brown; slender black stripe along outer and basal margins of elytra, extending into humeral calli, surrounding scutellum and suture, abbreviated at basal 1/3 or middle, with one additional pair of large black spots inside middle of apical 1/3; legs black, but inner sides of femora and tibiae yellowish brown. Eyes small, interocular space 2.06–2.26 × diameter of eye. Antennae filiform in males (Fig. 43A), length ratios of antennomeres I–XI 1.0: 0.6: 1.1: 0.9: 0.9: 0.9: 0.8: 0.8: 0.8: 0.7: 1.0, length to width ratios of antennomeres I–XI 2.9: 2.2: 4.2: 3.7: 3.4: 3.4: 3.2: 3.1: 3.1: 2.9: 3.9; filiform in females (Fig. 43B), length ratios of antennomeres I–XI 1.0: 0.6: 1.1: 0.9: 0.9: 0.8: 0.8: 0.7: 0.7: 0.7: 0.9, length to width ratios of antennomeres I–XI 2.7: 2.1: 4.4: 3.8: 3.5: 3.3: 3.1: 3.3: 3.2: 3.2: 4.8. Pronotum and elytra convex. Pronotum 2.0 × wider than long, disc smooth; with coarse, dense punctures, and short pubescence; with median longitudinal and lateral depressions; lateral margins rounded, widest at apical 1/3, basal margin truncate, apical margin slightly concave; anterior and posterior setiferous punctures strongly erect. Elytra elongate and broad, parallel-sided, 1.5 × longer than wide; disc smooth, with extremely coarse, dense punctures, and short pubescence. Apical spur of tibia of middle leg small (Fig. 43E), and tarsomere I of middle leg axe-shaped in lateral view, with narrow basal half and expanded apical half in males (Fig. 43K). Aedeagus (Fig. 43C, D) wide in dorsal view, 4.5 × longer than wide, apex asymmetrical, widest at apical 1/6, gradually narrowed toward base, apex rounded but depressed at middle; strongly curved near base in lateral view, slightly and apically curved, apex truncate with a rounded process on left; ostium not covered by membrane; two endophallic sclerites elongate, apex of primary endophallic sclerite with several teeth, 0.6 × as long as aedeagus, with one short branch at apical 1/5, secondary sclerite slightly shorter, 0.8 × as long as the primary endophallic sclerite, apex acute. Only apices of gonocoxae (Fig. 43G) sclerotized and longitudinal, with a number of long setae along lateral and apical margins. Ventrite VIII (Fig. 43F) narrow; disc with several long setae and short setae along apical margin; spiculum long. Receptacle of spermatheca (Fig. 43H) slightly swollen; pump short and strongly curved; sclerotized proximal spermathecal duct wide and short. Apical margin of abdominal ventrite V slightly concave, with deeply rounded depression at middle in males (Fig. 43J); broadly rounded in females (Fig. 43I).

Figure 43. 

Diagnostic characters of Pyrrhalta shirozui Kimoto A antenna, male B antenna, female C aedeagus, dorsal view D ditto, lateral view E apex of tibia of middle leg, male F abdominal ventrite VIII G gonocoxae H spermatheca I abdominal ventrite V, female J abdominal ventrite V, male K tarsi of middle leg, male.

Some specimens have a black stripe along the entire suture of the elytra (Fig. 38G); some have the black spot separated into two, sometimes connected (Fig. 38H); some have broad black stripe along suture, expanding laterally to connect with black spot (Fig. 38I); many specimens are intermediate between these color patterns.

adults of P. shirozui Kimoto are easily recognized by the characteristic color patterns on the elytra and sparse, coarse elytral punctures, as well as diagnostic shape of the aedeagus differing from all other species of Pyrrhalta.

Larvae and adults feed on leaves of Viburnum formosanum (Hance) Hayata, V. foetidum Wall. var. rectangulatum Rehder, V. integrifolium Hayata, V. luzonicum Rolfe, V. taitoense Hayata, and V. urceolatum Siebold and Zucc.

The following life cycle information is based on Mr Mei-Hua Tsou’s (TCRT) observations (Lee and Cheng 2010). Females deposited single eggs in crevices of small twigs (Fig. 44A) or a hole prepared by the female (Fig. 44B) during autumn. The larvae hatched when plants sprouted during spring. They prepared a hole as a resting site (Fig. 44C). They exited the hole only when feeding on leaves (Fig. 44D). Larval duration was 14 days. mature larvae burrowed into soil and built underground chambers for pupation. Duration of the pupal stage (Fig. 44E) was 22–28 days. Newly emerged adults appeared during spring and were active (Fig. 44F) during summer and autumn.

Figure 44. 

Field photographs of Pyrrhalta shirozui Kimoto on host plant A egg at crevice of small twig B egg at hole prepared by the female C Resting site (hole) prepared by larva D Larva E pupa F adult.

This species is widespread in lowlands (0–1,500 m) in northern Taiwan and mid-altitudes (1,500–2,500 m) in central Taiwan.