Notes on the ant genus Cataglyphis Foerster, 1850 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in the Arabian Peninsula with description of a new species and a key to species of the C. pallida-group

Mostafa R. Sharaf; Cedric A. Collingwood; Abdulrahman S. Aldawood

doi:10.3897/zookeys.545.6308

Research Article

Notes on the ant genus Cataglyphis Foerster, 1850 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in the Arabian Peninsula with description of a new species and a key to species of the C. pallida-group

Mostafa R. Sharaf^‡, Cedric A. Collingwood^§, Abdulrahman S. Aldawood^‡

‡ King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

§ Leeds Museum, Skipton, United Kingdom

Corresponding author: Mostafa R. Sharaf ( antsharaf@gmail.com )

Academic editor: Brian Lee Fisher

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Citation: Sharaf, MR Collingwood CA, Aldawood AS (2015) Notes on the ant genus Cataglyphis Foerster, 1850 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in the Arabian Peninsula with description of a new species and a key to species of the C. pallida-group. ZooKeys 545: 101-117. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.545.6308

ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:240D2711-8985-47F9-AAF3-FB23A869E364

Abstract

Cataglyphis fisheri sp. n. is described and illustrated from the United Arab Emirates, Oman and Kingdom of Saudi Arabia based on the worker caste. It belongs to the C. pallida-group which is recorded for the first time from the Arabian Peninsula. Cataglyphis fisheri sp. n. is similar to C. pallida Mayr, 1877 from Kazakhstan. Differential diagnosis between these two species is given and a key to the species of the C. pallida-group is presented. Cataglyphis laylae Collingwood, 2011 is treated as a junior synonym of Cataglyphis saharae Santschi, 1929. Cataglyphis flavobrunnea Collingwood & Agosti, 1996 is redescribed and a lectotype for this species is designated.

Keywords

Synonymy, new designation, taxonomy, lectotype, Arabian Peninsula, Middle East, Palearctic region, Formicinae , key

Introduction

The ant genus Cataglyphis Foerster, 1850 currently includes 108 valid species and subspecies (http://www.antwiki.org/, accessed 15 August 2015) distributed in the desert areas of the Palearctic Region ranging from South Palearctic to Ghana, East to North China and India (Brown 2000). Members of the genus are among the commonest ants of the desert ecosystems of the Arabian Peninsula and Central Asia, where they build their crater nests directly in the ground (Brown 2000, Sharaf and Aldawood, unpublished data) and feed on dead insects (Lenoir et al. 2010). Their role in the desert ecosystem is important as they have been reported pollinating flowering plants (Herrera et al. 1984) and contributing to the dispersal of seeds (Hulme 1997; Boulay et al. 2007).

The worldwide revision of the genus by Santschi (1929) is out of date, but a comprehensive reclassification of the genus and its species groups was presented by Agosti in 1990. Many regional faunal treatments are available: Israel (Emery 1925), Iraq (Pisarski 1965), former European U.S.S.R. (Arnol’di and Dlussky 1978), Iberian Peninsula (Collingwood 1978), Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) (Collingwood 1985), Turkmenistan (Dlussky, Soyunov and Zabelin 1992), Bulgaria (Atanasov and Dlussky 1992), Armenia (Arakelian 1994), Central Europe (Seifert 1996), Portugal (Collingwood and Prince 1998), Asia species key (Radchenko 1998), Northwest China (Chang and He 2002), Egypt (Sharaf 2006), North and Central Europe species key (Seifert 2007) and Morocco (Cagniant 2009). Many Cataglyphis species are polymorphic, dimorphic or have variation in worker size. This makes it necessary to be cautious when making identifications and, even more, so when treating a single worker as representing a new species.

The Arabian species of Cataglyphis were first treated by Collingwood (1985), who recorded 18 species from the KSA describing two new species C. asiriensis and C. minima from the Asir Mountains of southwestern KSA. Subsequently, Collingwood and Agosti (1996) reviewed the genus for the entire Arabian Peninsula providing a key to species. The 26 recorded species included six new species, C. acutinodis, C. flavobrunnea, C. harteni, C. holgerseni, C. opacior and C. shuaibensis. A myrmecofaunal list of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) (Collingwood et al. 2011) reported 20 species and described an additional new species, C. laylae Collingwood for the Peninsula.

In the present paper a new species, C. fisheri, is described from the UAE based on the worker caste. A new lectotype designation for C. flavobrunnea Collingwood & Agosti, 1996 is presented with redescription of the worker caste. Cataglyphis laylae Collingwood, 2011 is shown to be a junior synonym of C. saharae Santschi, 1929.

Materials and methods

Measurements and indices

All measurements are in millimeters and follow standard measurements of Agosti (1990).

Measurements

Eye length (EL) Maximum diameter of eye.

(F1) Length of first funicular segment.

(F2) Length of second funicular segment.

Head length (HL) Length of head proper, excluding mandibles, measured from mid-point of anterior clypeal margin to mid-point of posterior head margin, in full-face view.

Head width (HW) Maximum width of head in full-face view, measured below eyes.

Metanotum height (MH) Maximum distance from line spanned between anteriormost and posteriormost part of mesosoma and lowest part of metanotum, measured at a right angle to this line.

Mesosomal length (ML) Diagonal length of mesosoma in profile from point at which pronotum meets the cervical shield to posterior base of metapleuron.

Median ocellus size (OS) Diameter of the ocelli.

Ocelli distance (OD) Distance between the two basal ocellus.

Propodeum height (PH) Maximum distance from a line spanned between anteriormost and posteriormost part of mesosoma and most raised part of propodeum, measured at a right angle to this line.

Pronotal width (PW) Maximum width of pronotum measured in dorsal view.

Petiole height (PTH) Maximum height of petiolar measured in lateral view from highest (median) point of node to ventral outline.

Scape length (SL) Maximum straight line length of antennal scape excluding basal constriction or neck to condylar bulb.

Total length (TL) Outstretched body length from mandibular apex to gastral apex.

Indices

Cephalic index (CI)HW × 100/HL.

Eye index (EI)EL × 100/HW.

Funicular index (FI) Length of first funicular segment × 100/Length of second funicular segment.

Propodeum index (PI)PH × 100/MH.

Scape index (SI)SL × 100/HW.

Abbreviations of depositories

KSMAKing Saud UniversityMuseum of Arthropods, King Saud University, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, Plant Protection department, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

MHNGMuséum d’Histoire Naturelle de la Ville de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland.

NHMB Naturhistorisches Museum Basel, Basel, Switzerland.

WMLCWorld Museum Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.

In the original description of Cataglyphis flavobrunnea Collingwood and Agosti fixed the holotype from Oman and listed nine paratype specimens from Oman, The KSA, The United Arab Emirates and Yemen. Extensive searches in WMLC and NHMB did not succeed in finding the holotype specimen but nine specimens matching the paratypes data from the KSA were located. As recommended by the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature, we designate a lecotype in this study to unequivocally ascertain the identity of the species

Results and discussion

Cataglyphis fisheri Sharaf & Aldawood, sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/9C54C443-0729-42AE-9B3A-E7CA294879E9

Figures 1, 2, 3

Material examined

United Arab Emirates, Baynounah, “sandy desert” (Sheiekh Zayed city), 23°38'40"N 53°37'12"E, 8.iii.1995, (C. A. Collingwood leg.), next to Zygophyllum plants, King Saud Museum of Arthropods (KSMA), College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Paratypes

1 worker, United Arab Emirates, Rhatam, 11.xi.1993, (C. A. Collingwood leg.), (KSMA); 3 workers, Oman desert, 30.ii.1997, (M. D. Gallagher leg.), (code 8907) (WMLC); 1 worker, Saudi Arabia, Riyadh Province, Rawdhat She’al, 22.40318°N, 46.59209°E, 596m, 13.iv.2015, PT (Aldhafer et al. leg.) (KSMA); 4 worker, Saudi Arabia, Riyadh Province, Rawdhat She’al, 22.41559°N, 46.58806°E, 602m, 18.x.2015, PT (Aldhafer et al. leg.) (KSMA); 7 worker, Saudi Arabia, Riyadh Province, Rawdhat She’al, 22.4279°N, 46.57547°E, 612m, 18.x.2015, PT (Aldhafer et al. leg.) (KSMA); 2 worker, Saudi Arabia, Riyadh Province, Rawdhat She’al, 22.42496°N, 46.57556°E, 606m, 18.x.2015, PT (Aldhafer et al. leg.) (KSMA).

Holotype worker

TL 5.00, F1 0.26, F2 0.15, HL 1.24, HW 1.16, MH 0.20, PH 0.22, SL 1.27, ML 1.80, OS 0.07, OD 0.08, EL 0.28, PW 1.00, PTH 0.50, CI 94, EI 24, FI 173, PI 110, SI 109.

Paratype

TL 3.12–5.75, F1 0.17–0.30, F2 0.10–0.17, HL 0.87–1.32, HW 0.72–1.17, MH 0.10–0.17, PH 0.15–0.25, SL 0.97–1.25, ML 1.37–2.00, OS 0.07, OD 0.07-0.08, EL 0.20–0.35, PW 0.55–0.95, PTH 0.22–0.42, CI 77–90, EI 25–34, FI 113–220, PI 125–208, SI 90–144 (11 measured).

Worker

Head. Head distinctly longer than broad (CI 83–94), with straight posterior and lateral margins; posterior ocelli located at the level of posterior margin of eyes; scapes when laid back from their insertions surpass posterior margin of head by less than ¼ of its length. Mesosoma. Propodeal dorsum in profile distinctly low, nearly at same level as petiolar node. Petiole. Petiole an upright or slightly inclined scale, with the anterior face meeting the posterior face with a narrowly rounded margin angle. Pilosity. Third maxillary palp with erect hairs not longer than 1.5× maximum diameter of third segment; area behind the lateral clypeal margins with dense white pubescence, anterior clypeal margin with abundant long, curved, hairs; mesosomal dorsum with a few scattered hairs, two pairs each on the mesonotum and propodeum, petiole bare, gaster bare except for a few short hairs on apex, posterior margin of head with single pair of erect hairs. Sculpture. Cephalic dorsum faintly sculptured; median cephalic surface in front of ocelli feebly but distinctly longitudinally striated, striae curving outward to lateral margins in front of eyes; mandibles faintly but distinctly longitudinally striated, mesosoma and petiole faintly sculptured, general appearance dull. Colour. Uniform yellow, mandibular teeth brown.

Figures 1.

Body in profile of Cataglyphis fisheri sp. n. (Holotype worker), CASENT0906454. Photographer: Cerise Chen, www.AntWeb.org

Figures 2.

Body in dorsal view of Cataglyphis fisheri sp. n. (Holotype worker), CASENT0906454. Photographer: Cerise Chen, www.AntWeb.org

Figures 3.

Head in full-face view of Cataglyphis fisheri sp. n. (Holotype worker), CASENT0906454. Photographer: Cerise Chen, www.AntWeb.org

Etymology

This species is named in honor of Dr. Brian Fisher, Department of Entomology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, U.S.A.

Affinities

Cataglyphis fisheri is a member of the C. pallida-group as defined by Agosti (1990), which is recorded here for the first time from the Arabian Peninsula. Although Collingwood and Agosti (1996) reported 265 species or morhospecies from the entire Arabian Peninsula, a large number of ant specimens remained unidentified. Cataglyphis fisheri was among those specimens. The workers cannot be identified from the key to Arabian species compiled by Collingwood and Agosti (1996) because material was not included in the study. However, C. fisheri is similar to the Palearctic species C. pallida Mayr, 1877 described from Kazakhstan. A differential diagnosis of the two species is summarized in Table 1.

Table 1.

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Differential diagnosis between C. fisheri sp. n. and C. pallida.

C. fisheri sp. n.	C. pallida
Posterior margin of head in full-face view straight and with five hairs.	Posterior margin of head in full-face view convex and without hairs.
Head and mesosoma with few pubescence.	Head and mesosoma with abundant pale pubescence.
Median cephalic surface in front of ocelli feebly but distinctly longitudinally striated, the striae curving outward to lateral margins in front of eyes.	Cephalic surface unsculptured.
Ocelli larger and set closer together	Ocelli smaller and set apart from each other.
OS 0.07, OD 0.07–0.08	OS 0.04, OD 0.10
Scape shorter, SL 0.97–1.25, SI 90–144	Scape longer, SL 1.30, SI 173

In the key to Arabian species (Collingwood and Agosti 1996), C. fisheri will run to couplet 12 that also includes the much larger C. sabulosa Kugler, 1981. Cataglyphis fisheri sp. n. can be readily separated by the upright or slightly inclined petiole with a dorsal rounded node, the lower propodeal profile and the absence of body pubescence whereas C. sabulosa has a squaminode petiole with a convex anterior surface and straight posteriorly, a higher propodeal profile and the body covered with white silvery pubescence. The drawing of C. sabulosa in Collingwood (1985) is incorrect.

Key to species of C. pallida-group

1	Colour uniform brown or dark brown; mesosoma massively constructed; in profile propodeal dorsum high, meeting declivity in a distinct obtuse angle (Figure 4) Kazakhstan (type locality), Afghanistan, China, Iran, Turkmenistan	emeryi (Karavaiev, 1911)
–	Colour uniform pale yellow or orange yellow; mesosoma elegantly or smoothly constructed; in profile propodeal dorsum making a continuous curve into the declivity (Figure 5)	2
2	Ocelli smaller and set apart from each other (OS 0.04, OD 0.10) (Figure 6); posterior margin of head in full-face view convex and without hairs (Figure 6); cephalic surface unsculptured (Figure 6); body colour pale yellow (Figure 7). Kazakhstan (type locality), Afghanistan, China, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan	pallida Mayr, 1877
–	Ocelli larger and set closer together (OS 0.07, OD 0.07–0.08); posterior margin of head in full-face view straight and with a single pair of hairs (Figure 8); median cephalic surface in front of ocelli feebly but distinctly longitudinally striated, the striae curving outward to lateral margins in front of eyes (Figure 8); body colour orange yellow. Kingom of Saudi Arabia	fisheri sp. n.

Figure 4.

Cataglyphis emeryi body in profile, (Syntype worker), CASENT0911110, Photographer: Zach Lieberman.

Figure 5.

C. fisheri sp. n. (Holotype worker), body in profile, CASENT0906454, Photographer: Cerise Chen.

Figure 6.

C. pallida, head in full-face view, CASENT0911112, Photographer: Zach Lieberman.

Figure 7.

C. fisheri sp. n. (Holotype worker), body in profile, CASENT0906454, Photographer: Cerise Chen.

Figure 8.

C. pallida (Cotype), head in full-face view, CASENT0911112, Photographer: Alexandra Westrich.

Cataglyphis flavobrunnea Collingwood & Agosti, 1996

Figures 9, 10, 11, 12

Cataglyphis flavobrunneus Collingwood & Agosti, 1996: 378, fig. 41 (w.), Saudi Arabia: Jeddah, 7.v.l978 (W. Buttiker) (NHMB), http://www.antweb.org/specimen/casent0249838 [one paratype worker is designated here as lectotype]. [new designation].

Description

Major headHW = HL (CI 100), minor the same with a shallowly convex posterior margin and nearly straight sides; first funicular segment 1.35× longer than second. Mesosoma. Metanotal spiracle distinctly raised. Petiole. Petiole in profile smoothly rounded but slightly assymetrical with the anterior more rounded and posterior near flat. Pilosity. Propodeal dorsum with two pairs of erect hairs; pronotum and mesonotum each with a single pair of erect hairs; posterior margin of head bare; gaster with sparse scattered and very short hairs; all body pubescence whitish or pale. Sculpture. Cephalic, mesosomal and petiolar surfaces finely punctate and dull, gaster smooth and shining. Colour. Head, mesosoma, petiole, coxae and femora brownish, antennae, tibiae and tarsi yellowish brown, gaster uniform dirty yellow.

Figure 9.

Body in profile of Cataglyphis flavobrunnea (paralectotype worker), CASENT0249838.

Figure 10.

Body in dorsal view of Cataglyphis flavobrunnea (paralectotype worker), CASENT0249838.

Figure 11.

Head in full-face view of Cataglyphis flavobrunnea (paralectotype worker), CASENT0249838.

Figure 12.

Specimen label. Photographer: Ryan Perry, www.AntWeb.org

Measurements

TL 8.81; HL 1.92; HW 1.82 (major HL = HW = 2.31 Antweb scale); SL 2.21; FS1 0.38; FS2 0.28; PW 1.20; EL 0.53; Indices: CI 95 (Antweb image 100); EI 29; SI 121.

Material examined

Saudi Arabia, Jeddah, 7.5.1978, (W. Buttiker Leg.), 9 workers, major available on http://www.antweb.org/specimen/casent0912239, and minor on http://www.antweb.org/specimen/casent0249839, (NHMB).

Remarks

The original description of C. flavobrunnea indicated differential diagnosis of this taxon with C. laevior of the C. bicolor-group, diehlii-complex (Agosti, 1990). However, examination of the newly designated lectotype and the remaining 11 paratypes indicates that the species are very different (casent0104615). Cataglyphis flavobrunnea has a uniformly brownish body and yellowish gaster whereas C. laevior has yellowish brown body and dark brown gaster. The head and mesosoma of C. flavobrunnea has dense white pubescence, whereas C. laevior lacks pubescence on the head and mesosoma. Collingwood and Agosti (1996) mentioned that head C. flavobrunnea is smooth and polished, but the head of the Lectotype is dull and is finely granulate.

Cataglyphis saharae Santschi, 1929

Figures 13, 14, 15, 16

Cataglyphis bicolor st. saharae Santschi, 1929: 48, fig. 3 (w.) (holotype worker), Algeria: Biskra, (NHMB), http://www.antweb.org/specimen/CASENT0912226 [Image of the type specimen examined]. Elevated to species: Collingwood, 1985: 291.

Cataglyphis laylae Collingwood, 2011: 458, pl. 96-103 (w.), United Arab Emirates: Al-Ain [24°13'N 55°46'E], iii.1995, (MHNG), http://www.antweb.org/specimen/CASENT0264538-D01 [holotype presumably lost, paratypes examined], Syn. n.

Remarks

The brief original description did not adequately diagnose this taxon from other members in the C. bicolor-group. It was mentioned that C. laylae is similar to C. nigra (André, 1882) and C. savignyi (Dufour, 1862) and presented a single distinguishing character, the slender petiole. An examination of several paratypes showed that C. laylae Collingwood, 2011 is a junior subjective synonym of C. saharae Santschi.

Material examined

United Arab Emirates, Al-Ain Zoo, 9.v.1995, 24°13'N, 55°46'E, 280 m (C. A. Collingwood leg.) (8 paratype workers) (KSMA), United Arab Emirates, Sweihan, iv.1995 (C. A. Collingwood leg.) (1 paratype worker), United Arab Emirates, Sweihan, iii.1995 (C. A. Collingwood leg.) (5 paratype workers), United Arab Emirates environmental desert, 3.iii.2005 (1), United Arab Emirates, Sharjah desert park, iii. 2006 (1), United Arab Emirates, Al Ain, v. 1995 (Pitfall trap) (1), United Arab Emirates, Sharjah desert, 15.i.2004(2)22 workers with no data, all the materials collected by C. A. Collingwood (WMLC).

Figure 13.

Body in profile of Cataglyphis saharae (holotype worker), CASENT0912226.

Figure 14.

Body in dorsal view of Cataglyphis saharae (holotype worker), CASENT0912226.

Figure 15.

Head in full-face view of Cataglyphis saharae (holotype worker), CASENT0912226.

Figure 16.

Specimen label. Photographer: Zach Lieberman, www.AntWeb.org

Acknowledgment

The authors would like to extend their sincere appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University for its funding this Research group NO (RGP -1436-029). We are very thankful to two anonymous reviewers for their suggestions to improve the manuscript. The authors are grateful to Boris Kondratieff (Colorado State University, USA) and Brian Taylor for valuable comments and critical editing. Special thanks to Brian Fisher (California Academy of Science, San Francisco, USA) for continuous support and useful comments. Thanks also to his team, Cerise Chen, Ryan Perry and Zach Lieberman for appreciated help in photographing studied species. We thank Isabelle Pfander (NHMB), Tony Hunter, Guy Knight, Stephen Judd (WML) and Antonius van Harten for appreciated help.

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