Research Article |
Corresponding author: Hyojoong Kim ( hkim@kunsan.ac.kr ) Academic editor: Jose Fernandez-Triana
© 2021 JuHyeong Sohn, Cornelis van Achterberg, Yun Jong Han, Hyojoong Kim.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Sohn J, van Achterberg C, Han YJ, Kim H (2021) Four new species of the genus Cratospila Foerster (Hymenopter, Braconidae, Alysiinae) from South Korea. ZooKeys 1022: 51-64. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1022.62562
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The species of the genus Cratospila Foerster, 1863 (Braconidae, Alysiinae) from South Korea are revised, and the genus is recorded for the first time from South Korea. All four species are new to science, and Cratospila albifera sp. nov., C. ejuncida sp. nov., C. luteocephala sp. nov., and C. syntoma sp. nov. are described and illustrated herein. In addition, COI has been sequenced of three species. A key to the Korean species is provided.
Alysiini, COI, Hymenoptera, new record, taxonomy, new species
Alysiinae are a large subfamily of the family Braconidae and include two tribes; Alysiini and Dacnusini, with over 100 genera (
The genus Cratospila Foerster, 1863, is a small, worldwide genus of Alysiinae, which includes 15 very similar species (
Samples used in this study were collected at the following localities in South Korea: Inje-Gun, Gangwon (sweep net); National Arboretum of Korea, Gwangneung Forest, Pocheon-si, Soheul-eup, Gyeonggi-do (Malaise traps) and DMZ Botanical Garden, Mandae-ri, Haean-myeon, Yanggu-gun, Gangwon-do (Malaise traps). Sorting and preparation was done at the Department of Biology, Kunsan National University at Gunsan. For the identification of the genus
Morphological characters were observed with a Leica M205C stereo microscope. The Taxapad database (
Extraction of DNA was done in ASL,
Sequence alignment were performed in MEGA version 7(
A total of 605 bp of the COI fragment were sequenced from Cratospila albifera sp. nov. (GenBank accession no. MW376064), C. luteocephala sp. nov. (GenBank accession no. MW376065) and C. syntoma sp. nov. (GenBank accession no. MW376066). A pairwise distance was constructed by using the P-distance model with the option for pairwise deletion. As a result, the morphologically very similar C. albifera sp. nov. showed to differ genetically from C. luteocephala sp. nov. by 10% and from C. syntoma sp. nov. by 7%. In addition, C. luteocephala sp. nov. differed by 9% from C. syntoma sp. nov.
Cratospila
Foerster, 1863: 265;
Hedylus
Marshall, 1891: 14–15 (not Foerster, 1868);
The genus can be identified by using the illustrated key to the Chinese genera of Alysiini by
Rather small genus, of which the biology is unknown.
Cosmopolitan except Neotropical region.
1 | Mesoscutum medio-posteriorly and scutellum reddish brown; head in dorsal view less transverse (Figs |
2 |
– | Mesoscutum medio-posteriorly and scutellum black; head in dorsal view more transverse (Figs |
3 |
2 | Minimum width of face 0.9 times its height (measured from lower rim of antennal socket to upper medio-dorsal margin of clypeus; Fig. |
C. luteocephala sp. nov. |
– | Minimum width of face 1.2 times its height (Fig. |
C. albifera sp. nov. |
3 | Second submarginal cell rather slender (vein 2-SR 1.8–1.9 times longer than vein 3-SR); vein r of fore wing twice as long as wide (Fig. |
C. ejuncida sp. nov. |
– | Second submarginal cell robust (vein 2-SR 1.4–1.5 times longer than vein 3-SR); vein r of fore wing approx. as long as wide (Fig. |
C. syntoma sp. nov. |
Holotype, ♀ (NIBR), South Korea, National Arboretum of Korea, Gwangneung Forest, Pocheon-si, Soheul-eup, Gyeonggi-do, 37°45'32.2"N, 127°09'42"E, 16–30.IV.2018, Kim, Kim, Jo, Ki. GenBank accession no. MW376064. Paratype. 1♀, same data as holotype.
Belongs to the group of Cratospila species together with C. alboapicalis Tobias, 1990, described from Vietnam in having the apical half of ♀ antenna with 8–13 white segments. However, in C. alboapicalis length of eye 4–5 times length of temple in dorsal view (1.9 times in the C. albifera sp. nov.) and antenna of ♀ with dark apical segments (only white segments in C. albifera sp. nov.). Differs from the very similar C. luteocephala sp. nov. by having the minimum width of face 1.2 times its height (0.9 times in C. luteocephala sp. nov.), vein r of fore wing ca 5 times longer than wide (ca 3 times), and first subdiscal cell of fore wing ca 5.0 times longer than wide (ca 7.5 times). COI sequence of C. albifera sp. nov. differs by 10% from that of C. luteocephala sp. nov. (Table
Holotype, ♀: length of body in lateral view 3.2 mm, length of antenna 4.6 mm, and length of fore wing 3.1 mm.
Colour: body (Fig.
Head
(Fig.
Mesosoma: 1.5 times longer than wide in dorsal view. Mesosoma (Fig.
Leg: hind coxa compressed and grooved; hind coxa 2.8 times longer than hind trochanter; hind femur 0.9 times longer than hind tibia; hind tibia 0.8 times longer than hind tarsus.
Metasoma: first tergite striate and narrow, 2.8 times longer than apical width and dark brown, T1:T2 = 59:23. Setose part of ovipositor sheath (Fig.
Male. Unknown.
Variation. Body length of female is 2.9–3.2 mm; length of the fore wing of female is 3.0–3.1 mm; Antenna 1.2–1.4 times longer than body in female, 27–32-segmented. First flagellomere 1.9–2.0 times longer than second; metasoma 2.7–2.8 times longer than apical width; setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.58–0.61 times as long as mesosoma, 0.46–0.51 times as long as hind tibia and with long setae.
South Korea.
Named after the white apex of the ♀ antenna: “albifera” is derived from “albus” (Latin for white) and “fero” (Latin for carry or bear).
Holotype, ♀ (NIBR), South Korea, Inje-Gun, Bukmyeon, Hangyeri, 38°08'46.5"N, 128°15'47.5"E, 9–16. IX. 2017 (Malaise trap), J.H. Sohn.
Belongs to the group of Cratospila species together with C. alboapicalis Tobias, 1990, described from Vietnam, in having the apical half of ♀ antenna with 8–13 white segments, and antenna of ♀ with dark apical part. In Cratospila alboapicalis length of eye 4–5 times length of temple in dorsal view (1.6 times in Cratospila ejuncida sp. nov.), vein m-cu of fore wing subinterstitial (distinctly antefurcal in C. alboapicalis), and notauli on middle of mesoscutum narrowly crenulate (coarser crenulate). Differs from the similar C. syntoma sp. nov. by having the second submarginal cell rather slender (vein 2-SR 1.8–1.9 times longer than vein 3-SR; 1.4–1.5 times in C. syntoma sp. nov.), vein r of fore wing twice as long as wide (approximately as long as wide), first subdiscal cell of fore wing ca 8 times longer than wide (6 times), pedicellus entirely yellow (partly infuscated), and eye in dorsal view ca 1.6 times longer than temple (ca 2.1 times).
Holotype, ♀: length of body in lateral view 2.5 mm (Fig.
Colour: Head orange; antenna (except for two dark apical segments), with 11 flagellomeres white; mandible orange brown and apically dark brown. First tergite dark brown and mesonotum entirely black. Pedicellus entirely yellow.
Head
(Fig.
Mesosoma: Mesosoma (Fig.
Leg: hind coxa compressed and grooved; hind coxa 1.5 times longer than hind trochanter; hind femur 0.6 times longer than hind tibia; hind tibia 1.01 times longer than hind tarsus.
Metasoma: first tergite striate and narrow, brown, 2.5 times longer than apical width; T1:T2 = 41:23. Setose part of ovipositor sheath (Fig.
Male. Unknown.
South Korea.
Named after the relatively slender second submarginal cell of the fore wing: “ejuncidus” is Latin for slender.
Holotype, ♀ (NIBR), South Korea, Inje-Gun, Bukmyeon, Hangyeri, 38°08'46.5"N, 128°15'47.5"E, 9–16. IX. 2017 (Malaise trap), J.H. Sohn. GenBank accession no. MW376065.
Differs from other species of Cratospila by having the apical half of ♀ antenna with 8–13 white segments combined with a relatively wide face (1.2 times its height; 0.9–1.1 times in other species). Closely related to C. albifera sp. nov.; for differences, see they key above.
Holotype, ♀; length of body in lateral view 3.2 mm (Fig.
Colour: head (Fig.
Head: width 1.4 times median length in dorsal view. Antenna (Fig.
Mesosoma
(Fig.
Leg: hind coxa compressed and grooved; hind coxa 1.7 times longer than hind trochanter; hind femur 0.9 times longer than hind tibia; hind tibia 1.1 times longer than hind tarsus.
Metasoma: first tergite striate and narrow, reddish brown, 2.8 times longer than apical width; T1:T2 = 59:24. Setose part of ovipositor sheath (Fig.
Male. Unknown.
South Korea.
Named after its yellowish head: “luteocephala” is derived from “luteus” (Latin for yellow) and “cephalus” (Latin for head).
Holotype, ♀ (NIBR), South Korea, DMZ Botanical Garden, Mandae-ri, Haean-myeon, Yanggu-gun, Gangwon-do, 38°15'09.3"N, 128°06'40.6"E, 20.VI.–4.VII.2017, H.T. Shin, S.J. Kim. GenBank accession no. MW376066.
Differs from other new species herein by the short vein r of the fore wing (ca as long as wide; 2–5 times in other species). Unfortunately, the antenna is incomplete but the COI analysis places it in the group of derived Cratospila species having the apical half of the ♀ antenna with 8–13 white segments (Table
Holotype, ♀; length of body in lateral view 2.5 mm (Fig.
Colour: head (Fig.
Head: width 1.6 times median length in dorsal view. Antenna (Fig.
Mesosoma
(Fig.
Leg: hind coxa compressed and grooved; hind coxa 1.4 times longer than hind trochanter; hind femur 0.6 times longer than hind tibia; hind tibia 1.2 times longer than hind tarsus.
Metasoma: first tergite striate and narrow, reddish brown, 2.7 times longer than apical width; T1:T2 = 45:19. Setose part of ovipositor sheath (Fig.
Male. Unknown.
South Korea
Named after the short second submarginal cell of the fore wing: “syntomus” is Greek for shortened.
This work was supported by the Korean National Arboretum and the Korean Environment Industry and Technology Institute through the Exotic Invasive Species Management Program, funded by the Korean Ministry of Environment (2018002270005). This research was also supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Education (2018R1D1A3B07044298). This work was also supported by a grant from the National Institute of Biological Resources, funded by the Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Korea (NIBR202100000).