Research Article |
Corresponding author: Zhiqi Liu ( zhiqiliu@cau.edu.cn ) Academic editor: Shaun Winterton
© 2021 Yaru Zhao, Ying Li, Zhiqi Liu.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Zhao Y, Li Y, Liu Z (2021) Revision of the Conwentzia Enderlein, 1905 (Neuroptera, Coniopterygidae) of China, combining morphological and molecular characters. ZooKeys 1026: 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1026.61700
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The Chinese species of Conwentzia Enderlein are revised by integrating morphological characters and molecular data. Conwentzia yunguiana Liu & Yang, 1993 is proposed as a junior synonym of Conwentzia nietoi Monserrat, 1982, syn. nov. and Conwentzia orthotibia Yang, 1974 is proposed as a junior synonym of Conwentzia pineticola Enderlein, 1905, syn. nov. Moreover, a key to the adult males of the Conwentzia from China and DNA barcodes are provided.
DNA barcoding, dusty lacewings, faunistics, identification key, taxonomy
The dusty lacewing genus Conwentzia belongs to the subfamily Coniopteryginae of family Coniopterygidae and it is a species-poor genus, including only fourteen described species (
DNA barcoding is a useful tool to identify species (
In China, there are four species of Conwentzia (
The examined specimens are preserved in 95% ethyl alcohol and deposited in the Entomological Museum of China Agricultural University, Beijing (
Morphological terminology mostly follows
Specimens were examined with an Optec SZ760 stereomicroscope. Photos were taken with a Nikon D5300 digital camera attached to a Leica DM2500 stereomicroscope. The resulting images were edited and processed with Adobe Photoshop CC 2018.
Total genomic DNA was extracted based on the method of
The barcoding gap was assessed by means of the following methods. Pairwise genetic distances for COI genes were computed with the Kimura 2-parameter (K2P) method in the MEGA 6.0 software (
Conwentzia pineticola Enderlein, 1905
Fore wing with RP vein forked. Hind wing reduced except in C. barretti. Male genitalia with gonocoxites 9 absent, gonapophyses 9 (when present) originating from sclerotized ring of segment 9.
There are fourteen species in the genus Conwentzia. The species described before 1972 are well known thanks to
Note: Conwentzia fraternalis Yang, 1974 is not included in the key as the specimen is only known based on a single female.
1 | Gonocoxites 9 (inner process of ectoprocts sensu |
C. pineticola Enderlein |
– | Gonocoxites 9 absent (Figs |
2 |
2 | Gonapophyses 9 (stylus sensu |
C. sinica Yang |
– | Gonapophyses 9 long and slender (Fig. |
C. nietoi Monserrat |
Conwentzia sinica Yang, 1974: 84. Type locality: China (Shaanxi).
Holotype: male (
14 males and 31 females (
Gonocoxites 9 absent; gonocoxites 11 (tenth sternite) forming a parallelogram in lateral view; gonapophyses 9 slender in caudal view.
Measurements. Forewing length 2.5–3.4 mm, width 0.9–1.5 mm. Hindwing reduced; length 1.0–1.6 mm, width 0.4–0.6 mm.
Head
(Fig.
Thorax. Brown. Nota with dorsal dark spots. Legs brown.
Wing
(Fig.
Male genitalia
(Fig.
China (Hebei, Shanxi, Liaoning, Jilin, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Shaanxi, Gansu).
Conwentzia nietoi Monserrat, 1982: 24. Type locality: Sri Lanka (Colombo).
Conwentzia yunguiana Liu & Yang, 1993: 256. Type locality: China (Guizhou: Guiyang). Syn. nov.
Holotype
of Conwentzia yunguiana: male (
1 male (
Gonocoxites 9 absent; gonocoxites 11 subtriangular in lateral view; gonapophyses 9 basally broad and blunt in caudal view.
Measurements. Forewing length 2.5–3.2 mm, width 0.9–1.3 mm. Hindwing reduced; length 1.0–1.5 mm, width 0.2–0.3 mm.
Head
(Fig.
Thorax. Yellowish-brown. Nota with dorsal dark spots. Legs brown.
Wing
(Fig.
Male genitalia
(Fig.
China (Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan).
Conwentzia pineticola Enderlein, 1905: 10. Type locality: Germany (Berlin).
Conwentzia orthotibia Yang, 1974: 88. Type locality: China (Gansu: Longnan). Syn. nov.
Holotype
of Conwentzia orthotibia: male (
7 males and 10 females (
Gonocoxites 9 present; gonocoxites 11 rod-shaped in lateral view; gonapophyses 9 basally broad in caudal view.
Measurements. Forewing length 3.1–3.5 mm, width 1.1–1.4 mm. Hindwing reduced; length 1.3–1.4 mm, width 0.5–0.6 mm.
Head
(Fig.
Thorax. Brown. Nota with dorsal dark spots. Legs brown.
Wing
(Fig.
Male genitalia
(Fig.
China (Hebei, Shanxi, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Chongqing, Sichuan, Yunnan, Tibet, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia, Xinjiang, Liaoning, Sichuan).
For the three Conwentzia species treated in this paper, accession numbers of DNA barcodes are listed in Table
Conwentzia specimens used in this study, with information on locality, geographic coordinates, sex, GenBank accession numbers and voucher specimen numbers.
Species | Locality | Geographic coordinates | Sex | Accession number | Voucher specimen number |
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C. sinica | Ruili, Dehong, China | 24.0723°N, 97.8174°E | Male | MW093443 |
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Ruili, Dehong, China | 24.0723°N, 97.8174°E | Male | MW093444 |
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Ruili, Dehong,China | 24.0723°N, 97.8174°E | Male | MW093445 |
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C. nietoi | Longchuan, Dehong, China | 24.1776°N, 97.7947°E | Male | MW093440 |
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Longchuan, Dehong, China | 24.1776°N, 97.7947°E | Male | MW093441 |
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Yuanjiang, Yuxi, China | 23.6001°N, 102.0098°E | Male | MW093442 |
|
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C. pineticola | Diebu, Gannan, China | 33.9583°N, 103.5506°E | Male | MW093437 |
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Diebu, Gannan, China | 33.9583°N, 103.5506°E | Male | MW093438 |
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Diebu, Gannan, China | 34.1286°N, 106.5364°E | Male | MW093439 |
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Ganzhou, Zhangye, China | 34.1669°N, 106.5400°E | Male | MW093435 |
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Ganzhou, Zhangye, China | 34.1669°N, 106.5400°E | Male | MW093436 |
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Panzhihua, Sichuan, China | 25.0120°N, 98.4800°E | Male | MW093434 |
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The average intraspecific genetic distance based on the K2P model was 0.10% for Conwentzia sinica Yang, 1974, 0.10% for Conwentzia orthotibia Yang, 1974, 0.10% for Conwentzia yunguiana Liu & Yang, 1993, and 0.52% for C. pineticola. The average interspecific genetic distance based on the K2P model was 2.19% between C. orthotibia and C. pineticola. The other average interspecific genetic distances based on K2P model were 11.14–14.54%. The results (Table
Intra- and interspecific Kimura 2-parameter average divergence values (%) of the COI gene analyzed by the MEGA 6.0 software. * = sequences of C. pineticola from Bavaria in Germany downloaded from GenBank.
Species | C. pineticola | C. sinica | C. pineticola* | C. nietoi |
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C. pineticola | 0.10 | – | – | – |
C. sinica | 14.14 | 0.10 | – | – |
C. pineticola* | 2.19 | 14.54 | 0.52 | – |
C. nietoi | 12.93 | 11.14 | 12.70 | 0.10 |
Conwentzia sinica is similar to C. inverta but differs in the shape of the male genitalia. Conwentzia sinica is characterized by a slender gonapophyses 10 in lateral view (Fig.
For C. yunguiana, we found that those specimens do not have clear differences after comparison of the type specimens of C. yunguiana with the description of Conwentzia nietoi Monserrat, 1982. Nevertheless, the distal part of gonocoxites 11 is blunt laterally in C. yunguiana (Fig.
We found no clear morphological differences between C. orthotibia and C. pineticola after comparison of the type specimens of C. orthotibia with the description of C. pineticola. Nevertheless, the distal part of gonocoxites 11 is wavy caudally in C. orthotibia (Fig.
Conwentzia yunguiana Liu & Yang, 1993 is proposed as a junior synonym of Conwentzia nietoi Monserrat, 1982, syn. nov. and Conwentzia orthotibia Yang, 1974 is proposed as a junior synonym of Conwentzia pineticola Enderlein, 1905, syn. nov. In this study, we added three species barcodes to the Conwentzia DNA library and the mean intraspecific divergence was 11.14–14.54% for the species analysed.
We thank Dr. György Sziráki for providing specimens for examination and Dr. Davide Badano for providing suggestions that helped improve the manuscript. This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants 31772499).