Research Article |
Corresponding author: Fábio F. Roxo ( roxoff@hotmail.com.br ) Academic editor: Nina Bogutskaya
© 2015 Fábio F. Roxo, Gabriel S. C. Silva, Luz E. Ochoa, Claudio Oliveira.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Roxo FF, Silva GSC, Ochoa LA, Oliveira C (2015) Description of a new genus and three new species of Otothyrinae (Siluriformes, Loricariidae). ZooKeys 534: 103-134. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.534.6169
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The genus Hisonotus was resurrected as a member of the tribe Otothyrini (actually subfamily Otothyrinae). However, phylogenetic studies based on morphological and molecular data showed that Hisonotus is not monophyletic and independent lineages can be identified, such as the group composed of the species H. insperatus, H. luteofrenatus, H. oliveirai, H. paresi and H. piracanjuba, a lineage unrelated to that containing the type species of the genus Hisonotus (H. notatus). Herein, based in molecular and morphological data, a new genus is described to accommodate the lineage mentioned above, into which are also added three new species. This new genus can be distinguished from other genera of Otothyrinae by the following combination of characters: (1) a pair of rostral plates at the tip of the snout; (2) two large pre-nasal plates just posterior to the rostral plates; (3) a supra-opercular plate that receives the laterosensory canal from the compound pterotic before the preopercle; (4) a well developed membrane at anal opening in females; and (5) a V-shaped spinelet. A key to species of Curculionichthys is provided.
Cascudinhos, freshwater fishes, systematic, Hisonotus , taxonomy
The subfamily Otothyrinae (sensu
Several molecular (e.g.
Measurements and counts were taken from the left side of the fish, and were made from point to point to the nearest 0.01 mm with a digital caliper. Body plate and osteology nomenclature follows
Curculionichthys insperatus (Britski & Garavello, 2003), new combination.
The new genus can be distinguished from all other Otothyrinae species by the following combination of characters: (1) a pair of rostral plates at the tip of the snout; (2) the presence of two large pre-nasal plates just posterior to the rostral plates; (3) a supra-opercular plate that receives the laterosensory canal from the compound pterotic before the preopercle; (4) a well developed membrane at anal opening in females; and (5) the presence of a V-shaped spinelet.
Curculionichthys, from the Latin “curculionem” (elongated snout) and from the Greek “ichthys” (fishes) related to the relatively elongated snouts of the fish species included in this genus.
On the other hand, the species Curculionichthys insperatus, C. luteofrenatus, C. oliveirai, C. paresi and C. piracanjuba form a monophyletic group that is unrelated with the type species H. notatus, but instead with species of Corumbataia in
The new genus Curculionichthys is defined by the following combination of characters: (1) a pair of rostral plates at the tip of the snout; (2) the presence of two large pre-nasal plates just posterior to the rostral plates; (3) a supra-opercular plate that receives the laterosensory canal from the compound pterotic before the preopercle; (4) a well developed sexual dimorphic membrane at anal opening in females; and (5) the presence of a V-shaped spinelet. The tip of the snout that is composed of a pair of rostral plates (Fig.
The second character used to diagnose the new genus is the presence of two large pre-nasal plates just posterior to the rostral plates (Fig.
The presence of a supra-opercular plate that receives the laterosensory canal from the compound pterotic before the preopercle is the third character used to diagnose the new genus. According to
The fifth character used to diagnose Curculionichthys was the presence of a V-shaped spinelet in the dorsal fin. This character was first reported by
In the description of C. oliveirai and C. paresi,
All from Brazil, Rio Xingu basin. LBP 19763 (1, female, 23.4 mm SL), Pará State, municipality of Altamira, Rio Curuá, Rio Iriri drainage, 08°19'07"S, 55°05'23"W, 22 October 2007, coll. Birindelli JLO, Netto-Ferreira AL, Sabaj-Perez MH, Lujan NK.
Curculionichthys sabaji differs from all congeners by having several dark-brown spots distributed on the body (vs. a variety of pigment patterns, but none of which includes dark-brown spots). Moreover, the new species differs from all congeners, except C. coxipone and C. paresi by having the cleithrum with an area free of odontodes, Fig.
Photographs showing the cleithrum with an area free of odontodes (black arrow) in species of A C. sabaji,
Coloration pattern of caudal fin of Curculionichthys species. A C. sabaji,
Morphometric and meristic data are given in Table
Morphometrics and meristic data for Curculionichthys species. SD = Standard deviation.
Curculionichthys sabaji, n = 17 | Curculionichthys coxipone, n = 38 | Curculionichthys sagarana, n = 10 | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Holotype | Low | High | Mean | SD | Holotype | Low | High | Mean | SD | Holotype | Low | High | Mean | SD | |
SL (mm) | 23.3 | 16.3 | 23.6 | 19.5 | 2.24 | 29.0 | 20.1 | 29.9 | 24.8 | 2.6 | 23.7 | 20.5 | 24.2 | 22.4 | 1.1 |
Percents of SL | |||||||||||||||
Head length | 35.5 | 34.3 | 38.6 | 36.3 | 1.37 | 33.5 | 32.0 | 37.4 | 34.5 | 1.4 | 36.8 | 34.8 | 40.5 | 37.1 | 1.4 |
Predorsal length | 47.4 | 41.1 | 47.7 | 44.5 | 1.87 | 44.2 | 42.6 | 51.6 | 45.6 | 1.9 | 46.9 | 40.1 | 49.3 | 46.5 | 2.6 |
Dorsal fin spine length | 22.4 | 18.5 | 22.7 | 20.8 | 1.12 | 21.4 | 14.9 | 24.8 | 21.2 | 1.6 | 22.9 | 19.9 | 24.4 | 21.8 | 1.5 |
Anal fin unbranched ray length | 17.9 | 13.5 | 20.1 | 16.6 | 1.86 | 22.5 | 18.0 | 22.5 | 20.4 | 1.0 | 18.8 | 16.6 | 20.5 | 18.5 | 1.2 |
Pectoral fin spine length | 21.9 | 18.9 | 23.4 | 21.4 | 1.29 | 22.3 | 19.0 | 25.2 | 22.3 | 1.6 | 22.9 | 21.5 | 25.2 | 23.2 | 1.1 |
Pelvic fin unbranched ray length | 18.6 | 15.1 | 19.2 | 17.3 | 1.13 | 20.9 | 17.4 | 25.4 | 21.3 | 1.9 | 19.1 | 16.2 | 23.5 | 19.9 | 2.3 |
Cleithral width | 22.9 | 21.3 | 24.1 | 22.6 | 0.66 | 23.3 | 22.9 | 26.0 | 24.3 | 0.7 | 24.1 | 20.8 | 25.2 | 23.4 | 1.2 |
Thoracic length | 17.4 | 12.3 | 22.7 | 15.1 | 2.90 | 16.5 | 14.6 | 23.9 | 16.6 | 1.4 | 19.2 | 14.8 | 19.4 | 17.2 | 1.5 |
Abdominal length | 18.9 | 15.5 | 21.1 | 17.7 | 1.42 | 21.7 | 18.5 | 22.7 | 21.0 | 1.1 | 20.5 | 16.4 | 21.9 | 20.3 | 1.5 |
Caudal peduncle length | 26.0 | 22.7 | 32.2 | 27.3 | 2.78 | 27.6 | 26.8 | 32.7 | 29.9 | 1.3 | 27.7 | 27.3 | 32.2 | 29.6 | 1.5 |
Caudal peduncle depth | 7.9 | 7.0 | 10.0 | 8.7 | 0.83 | 10.1 | 8.8 | 10.9 | 10.1 | 0.4 | 9.6 | 8.4 | 9.6 | 9.2 | 0.4 |
Percents of HL | |||||||||||||||
Snout length | 54.7 | 45.5 | 56.9 | 51.2 | 3.04 | 51.1 | 48.0 | 52.9 | 50.5 | 1.1 | 52.4 | 46.3 | 52.4 | 49.0 | 2.0 |
Orbital diameter | 12.3 | 10.2 | 17.9 | 12.9 | 2.06 | 14.0 | 12.0 | 16.4 | 13.9 | 1.0 | 15.1 | 13.8 | 16.3 | 15.0 | 0.6 |
Interorbital width | 32.7 | 30.3 | 35.7 | 32.0 | 1.24 | 35.6 | 33.8 | 37.8 | 36.0 | 1.1 | 31.9 | 27.4 | 33.6 | 31.3 | 2.0 |
Head depth | 41.4 | 40.9 | 49.1 | 43.5 | 2.39 | 51.1 | 43.4 | 53.5 | 48.6 | 2.3 | 48.5 | 41.2 | 49.1 | 45.9 | 2.4 |
Suborbital depth | 20.5 | 15.1 | 21.2 | 18.4 | 1.78 | 22.8 | 19.4 | 27.3 | 22.7 | 1.6 | 20.7 | 16.9 | 21.1 | 19.5 | 1.3 |
Mandibular ramus | 8.6 | 2.9 | 8.66 | 5.0 | 1.55 | 10.8 | 8.2 | 12.5 | 10.0 | 1.0 | 9.7 | 6.6 | 9.7 | 8.7 | 0.9 |
Holotype | Low | High | Mode | SD | Holotype | Low | High | Mode | SD | Holotype | Low | High | Mode | SD | |
Meristics | |||||||||||||||
Left lateral scutes | 24 | 24 | 25 | 24 | - | 14 | 25 | 27 | 26 | - | 16 | 24 | 25 | 24 | - |
Left premaxillary teeth | 12 | 7 | 12 | 7 | - | 11 | 7 | 15 | 13 | - | 16 | 15 | 19 | 16 | - |
Left dentary teeth | 9 | 5 | 12 | 7 | - | 8 | 7 | 16 | 12 | - | 14 | 12 | 18 | 13 | - |
Species reallocated from Hisonotus to the newly described genus Curculionichthys.
Original description | New generic allocation |
---|---|
Hisonotus insperatus Britski & Garavello, 2003 | Curculionichthys insperatus (Britski & Garavello, 2003) |
Hisonotus luteofrenatus Britski & Garavello, 2007 | Curculionichthys luteofrenatus (Britski & Garavello, 2007) |
Hisonotus oliveirai Roxo, Zawadzki & Troy, 2014 | Curculionichthys oliveirai (Roxo, Zawadzki & Troy, 2014) |
Hisonotus paresi Roxo, Zawadzki & Troy, 2014 | Curculionichthys paresi (Roxo, Zawadzki & Troy, 2014) |
Hisonotus piracanjuba Martins & Langeani, 2012 | Curculionichthys piracanjuba (Martins & Langeani, 2012) |
Head elliptical in dorsal view; snout long (45.5−56.9% HL), slightly pointed, its tip rounded, flat to slightly convex between orbits. Dorsal and ventral series of odontodes completely covering anterior margin of snout; odontodes of snout slightly larger in size than remaining ones found on head. Snout tip completely covered with odontodes. Odontodes on head and trunk well defined and arranged into longitudinal rows (one odontode after the other, but not necessarily forming parallel series). Eye small and round (10.2−17.9% HL), situated dorsolaterally in midpoint of head. Iris operculum present but poorly developed. No ridge between eyes and nares. Nostril small. Supraoccipital process not elevated and without tuft of odontodes in specimens of all size. Mouth wide; oral disk roundish with papillae arranged in a medial longitudinal series extending posterior to dentaries through middle portion of lower lip. Lower lip larger than upper; almost reaching cleithrum region; its border strongly fringed. Maxillary barbel short, slender and free distally. Teeth slender and bicuspidate. Cusps symmetrical; medial cusp larger than lateral. Premaxillary teeth 7–12. Dentary teeth 5–12.
Dorsal fin rays ii, 7; in lateral view dorsal fin originating slightly posterior through origin of pelvic fin; distal margin slightly convex. Tip of adpressed dorsal fin rays surpassing end of anal fin base. Dorsal fin spinelet short and V-shaped (Fig.
Body completely covered by bony plates, except on ventral part of head, around pectoral and pelvic fin origins and on dorsal fin base. Abdomen entirely covered by plates (Fig.
Parts of dorsal head bone plates presented in Fig.
Color in alcohol. Ground color of dorsal and ventral region of head and trunk pale yellowish; dorsal portion darker than ventral. Four dark saddle along dorsal portion of body: one at dorsal fin origin; second at end of dorsal fin; third at middle of caudal peduncle; and fourth at upper caudal peduncle adpressed ray origin. Dorsal end ventral surface covered with small dark-dots smaller then eyes diameter. Unpigmented portion of snout appears as two hyaline parallel stripes from rostral plate to nares. Dorsal, pectoral, and pelvic fins with dark chromatophores forming irregular sets of bands: three on dorsal and pectoral fin, two on pelvic fin and one on anal fin. Caudal fin hyaline, except for dark stripe on origin of rays, and for dark chromatophores irregularly distributed forming two diffuse bands.
Sexual dimorphism. Adults males have a papilla in urogenital opening (vs. absent in females); have a long pelvic fin that extends beyond anal fin origin (vs. pelvic fin not reaching anal fin origin in females); and have an unbranched pelvic fin ray supporting a dermal flap along its dorsal surface. Both sexes have a membrane on anal opening; however, this membrane is more developed in females than in males, covering almost the entire urogenital opening (see reference to this last character in
The new species C. sabaji are known from five localities in the Rio Xingu basin: two at Rio 13 de Maio, one at Rio Coronel Vanick, one at Rio Couto de Magalhães and one at Rio Curuá (Fig.
The specific name “sabaji” is a patronym honoring Dr. Mark Henry Sabaj Pérez, Collection Manager of Ichthyology, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, in recognition of his dedication and contributions to study of Neotropical fishes especially from Rio Xingu basin (iXingu Project).
Curculionichthys sabaji from the Xingu basin is morphologically very similar to C. paresi from Rio Paraguai basin. Both species share a low number of teeth in the premaxillaries and dentaries, the form of papillae in the lower lip and the general pattern of body coloration. However, C. sabaji, can be distinguished from C. paresi by having several dark-brown spots distributed on the body, a shorter dorsal fin spine, a shorter pectoral fin spine, a deeper caudal peduncle and the lack of dark geometric spots on the anterodorsal region of body. The similarity in morphology among both species suggests a close relationship between them and that they may have once shared a common ancestor. Furthermore, the presence of these close related species in the Rio Paraguay and the Rio Xingu is not a surprise, since several authors (e.g.
Hisonotus sp. 5 –
All from Brazil, Mato Grosso State, Rio Cuiabá drainage, Rio Paraguai basin. LBP 5061 (3 females, 21.7−30.0 mm SL, 2 males, 25.8−27.9 mm SL), municipality of Cuiabá, tributary of Rio Aricá Mirim, 15°46'03"S, 55°30'44"W, 07 September 2007, coll. Mehanna MN, Ferreira AT. LBP 5062 (3 females, 22.5−28.7 mm SL), municipality of Cuiabá, tributary of Rio Aricá Mirim, 15°46'03"S, 55°30'44"W, 07 September 2007, coll. Mehanna MN, Ferreira AT. LBP 5069 (9 females, 22.5−29.6 mm SL, 3 males, 25.6−26.9 mm SL, 1 c&s, sex not determined, 25.6 mm SL), municipality of Cuiabá, tributary of Rio Aricá Mirim, 15°46'03"S, 55°30'44"W, 08 November 2007, coll. Mehanna MN, Ferreira AT. LBP 5646 (11 females, 21.8−28.8 mm SL, 7, males, 24.9−28.0 mm SL, 3 c&s, sex not determined, 26.8−28.2 mm SL), municipality of Cuiabá, tributary of Rio Aricá Mirim, 15°46'03"S, 55°30'44"W, 11 November 2007, coll. Mehanna MN, Ferreira AT. NUP 2264 (6 females, 18.2−25.3 mm SL, 6 males, 23.4−23.7 mm SL), municipality of Chapada dos Guimarães, Córrego São Joaquim, 14°46'53"S, 55°39'57"W, 26 March 2014, coll. NUPELIA´s team. NUP 14947 (6 females, 21.2−25.1 mm SL, 21.9−25.0 mm SL, 3 juveniles), municipality of Chapada dos Guimarães, Córrego Laranjinha, tributary of Rio Manso, 14°57'18"S, 55°41'15"W, June 2013, coll. NUPELIA´s team. NUP 16442 (6 females, 23.4−28.7 mm SL, 1 c&s sex not determined, 28.7 mm SL), collected with holotype.
Curculionichthys coxipone differs from all congeners by having a higher number of vertebrae 29−30 (vs. 28 in all other species of Curculionichthys). The new species differs from all congeners, except C. sabaji and C. paresi by having the cleithrum with an area free of odontodes, Fig.
Morphometric and meristic available in Table
Head rounded in dorsal view; snout round to slightly pointed, its tip rounded, elongated (48.0−52.9% HL), slightly convex between orbits. Dorsal and ventral series of odontodes along anterior margin of snout completely covering its tip; odontodes at same size than remaining ones on head. Odontodes on head and trunk hypertrophied and arranged in longitudinal rows (most prominent on head). Eyes moderately small (12.0−16.4% HL), dorsolaterally positioned. Lips roundish with papillae arranged in a medial longitudinal series extending posterior to dentaries through middle portion of lower lip. Lower lip larger than upper lip; its border fringed. Maxillary barbel present; joined to lower lip. Teeth slender and bicuspid; medial cusp larger than lateral cusp. Premaxillary teeth 7−15. Dentary teeth 7−16.
Dorsal fin ii, 7; dorsal fin spinelet short and V-shaped (Fig.
Body covered with bony plates, except above head, around pectoral and pelvic fin origins and on dorsal fin base. Cleithrum and coracoid partially exposed. Arrector fossae partially to completely enclosed by ventral lamina of coracoids. Abdomen entirely covered by plates (Fig.
Parts of dorsal head bone plates presented in Fig.
Color in alcohol. Ground color of dorsal and ventral region of head and trunk pale yellowish; dorsal portion darker than ventral. Four dark saddle along dorsal portion of body: first at dorsal fin origin; second at end of dorsal fin; third at middle of caudal peduncle; and fourth at end of caudal peduncle. Unpigmented portion of snout appears as two hyaline parallel stripes from rostral plate to nares. Dorsal, pectoral, and pelvic fins hyaline. Caudal fin hyaline, with dark stripe extending from caudal peduncle base onto base of median caudal fin rays, and with dark chromatophores forming one large band.
Sexual dimorphism. Adults males have a papilla in urogenital opening (vs. absent in females); and have an unbranched pelvic fin ray supporting a dermal flap along its dorsal surface. Both sexes have a membrane on the anal opening; however, this membrane is more developed in females than in males, covering almost the entire urogenital opening (see reference to this last character in
The new species C. coxipone is known from Rio Cuiaba drainage, Rio Paraguay basin, Mato Grosso State in Brazil (Fig.
The specific name “coxipone” refers to the Coxiponé indigenous people who inhabit the margins of Rio Cuiabá, near to the municipality of Cuiabá in Mato Grosso State, Brazil. A noun in opposition.
Curculionichthys coxipone is similar in external morphology with C. oliveirai from Rio Ivaí, upper Rio Paraná basin. However, the new species C. coxipone can be distinguished from C. oliveirai by having the cleithrum with an area free of odontodes, a higher number of vertebrae 29−30 and by a hyaline caudal fin, with one dark stripe extending from the caudal peduncle base to the median caudal fin rays, and for dark chromatophores irregular distributed almost forming one band. Furthermore, the presence of a higher number of vertebrae appears to be unique to C. coxipone.
All from Brazil, Minas Gerais State, Rio das Velhas drainage, Rio São Francisco basin: LBP 19983 (1 male, 21.9 mm SL), municipality of Santo Hipólito, Rio Pardo Grande, 18°13'43"S, 44°13'03"W, 11 September 2007, coll. Leal CG, Junqueira NT, Pompeu PS. NUP 9714 (1 female, 24.4 mm SL, 1 male, 22.5 mm SL), municipality of Augusto de Lima, Rio Curimataí, 17°59'33"S, 44°10'48"W, 23 March 2008, coll. Leal CG, Junqueira NT, Pompeu PS. NUP 9715 (2 females, 17.5−18.4 mm SL, 1 male, 21.7 mm SL, 1 c&s sex not determined, 23.3 mm SL), municipality of Santo Hipólito, Rio Pardo Grande, 18°13'43"S, 44°13'03"W, 25 March 2010, coll. Leal CG, Junqueira NT, Pompeu PS. NUP 9716 (4 juveniles, sex not determined, 10.5−17.1 mm SL), municipality of Santo Hipólito, Rio Pardo Grande, 18°13'43"S, 44°13'03"W, 25 March 2010, coll. Leal CG, Junqueira NT, Pompeu PS. NUP 12595 (1 male, 23.0 mm SL), collected with holotype. NUP 12596 (1 female, 24.1 mm SL), municipality of Santo Hipólito, Rio Pardo Grande, 18°13'43"S, 44°13'03"W, 24 March 2008, coll. Leal CG, Junqueira NT, Pompeu PS. NUP 12597 (1 male, 21.7 mm SL), municipality of Santo Hipólito, Rio Pardo Grande, 18°13'43"S, 44°13'03"W, 24 March 2008, coll. Leal CG, Junqueira NT, Pompeu PS. NUP 12614 (1 female, 21.7 mm SL), municipality of Santo Hipólito, Rio Pardo Grande, 18°13'43"S, 44°13'03"W, 11 September 2007, coll. Leal CG, Junqueira NT, Pompeu PS.
Curculionichthys sagarana differs from all congeners by having one unpaired platelet on the dorsal portion of the caudal peduncle, Fig.
Morphometric and meristic available in Table
Head elliptical in dorsal view; snout round to slightly pointed, its tip rounded, elongated (46.3−52.4% HL), slightly convex between orbits. Dorsal and ventral series of odontodes along anterior margin of snout completely covering its tip; odontodes at same size than remaining ones on head. Odontodes on head and trunk hypertrophied and arranged in longitudinal rows (most prominent on head). Eyes moderately small (13.8−16.3% HL), dorsolaterally positioned. Lips roundish with papillae arranged in a medial longitudinal series extending posterior to dentaries through middle portion of lower lip. Lower lip larger than upper lip; its border fringed. Maxillary barbel present; joined to lower lip. Teeth slender and bicuspid; medial cusp larger than lateral cusp. Premaxillary teeth 15−19. Dentary teeth 12−18.
Dorsal fin ii, 7; dorsal fin spinelet short and V-shaped (Fig.
Body covered with bony plates, except above head, around pectoral and pelvic-fin origins and on dorsal fin base. Cleithrum and coracoid entirely exposed. Arrector fossae partially to completely enclosed by ventral lamina of coracoids. Abdomen entirely covered by plates (Fig.
Parts of dorsal head bone plates presented in Fig.
Color in alcohol. Ground color of dorsal and ventral region of head and trunk pale yellowish; dorsal portion darker than ventral. Four dark saddles along dorsal portion of body: first at dorsal fin origin; second at end of dorsal fin; third at middle of caudal peduncle; and fourth at upper caudal peduncle adpressed ray origin. Dorsal, pectoral, and pelvic fins hyaline. Caudal fin hyaline, with dark blotch limited to caudal peduncle base, and with dark chromatophores irregular distributed almost forming one band.
Sexual dimorphism. Adults males have a papilla in urogenital opening (vs. absent in females); a longer pelvic fin that extends beyond anal fin origin (vs. pelvic fin not reaching anal fin origin in females); nares opening wider (vs. nares opening narrower); and an unbranched pelvic fin ray supporting a large dermal flap along its dorsal surface. Both sex have a membrane on anal opening; however, this membrane is more developed in females than in males, covering almost the entire urogenital opening (see reference to this last character in
The new species C. sagarana are known from two localities along Rio das Velhas drainage: one at Rio 13 de Maio, one at Pardo Grande, and one at Rio Curimataí, all in Rio São Francisco basin, Minas Gerais State, Brazil (Fig.
The specific name “sagarana” is a hybrid of two words, “saga” of Germanic origin that means heroic song and “rana” from Tupi-Guarani language that means “similarity”. The word sagarana is in reference to the book of a Brazilian author João Guimarães Rosa published in 1946 about the history of people from Minas Gerais State living in the region of Rio das Velhas.
The new species C. sagarana is similar in external morphology with C. insperatus, primarily the general pattern of coloration of the body. However, C. sagarana can be distinguished by the presence of one unpaired platelet on the dorsal portion of caudal peduncle, a character apparently present only in this new species, more premaxillary and dentary teeth, and small, inconspicuous odontodes forming rows on the head and trunk.
1 | Odontodes forming longitudinally aligned rows (one odontode after the other, but not necessarily forming parallel series) on head (more prominent) and trunk | 2 |
− | Odontodes not forming longitudinally aligned rows on head and trunk (Rio Paranaíba basin) | C. piracanjuba |
2 | Cleithrum with an area free of odontodes | 3 |
− | Cleithrum completely covered with odontodes | 5 |
3 | Presence of contrasting dark geometric spots on the anterodorsal region of the body (Rio Paraguai basin) | C. paresi |
− | Absence of geometric spots on the anterodorsal region of the body | 4 |
4 | Presence of several dark-brown spots distributed on the body; the anterior profile of the head pointed; presence of 28 vertebrae (Rio Xingu basin) | C. sabaji |
− | Lacking of several dark-brown spots distributed on the body; the anterior profile of the head rounded; presence of 29 to 30 vertebrae (Rio Cuiabá basin) | C. coxipone |
5 | Presence of one unpaired platelet on dorsal portion of caudal peduncle (Rio das Velhas basin) | C. sagarana |
− | Dorsal portion of caudal peduncle without unpaired platelets | 6 |
6 | Caudal fin hyaline, with dark blotch limited to caudal peduncle base; six to nine lateral abdomen plates | 7 |
− | Caudal fin hyaline, with one dark strip extending from caudal peduncle base to the median caudal fin rays; four to five lateral abdomen plates (Rio Ivaí basin) | C. oliveirai |
7 | Small and inconspicuous odontodes forming rows on the head and trunk; caudal fin hyaline, with one dark stripe extending from caudal peduncle base to the median caudal-fin rays, and for irregularly distributed dark chromatophores almost forming one band (Rio Tapajós basin) | C. luteofrenatus |
− | Conspicuous odontodes forming rows on the head and the trunk; caudal fin hyaline, with dark blotch limited to caudal peduncle base (Rio Paranapanema, Tietê and Grande basins) | C. insperatus |
All from Brazil, except when stated otherwise:
Corumbataia cuestae Britski, 1997: LBP 3688, 3, 28.5−29.9 mm SL; Rio Araquá, municipality of Botucatu, São Paulo State.
Curculionichthys insperatus (Britski & Garavello, 2003): LBP 4945, 7, 27.3−29.9 mm SL, Rio Araquá, municipality of Botucatu, São Paulo State; LBP 6770, 8, 20.0−28.2 mm SL, ribeirão Cubatão, municipality of Marapoama, São Paulo State; LBP 13336, 1 female c&s, 26.0 mm SL, Rio Capivara, municipality of Botucatu, São Paulo State; LBP 13337, 2 females c&s, 27.4−28.6 mm SL, Rio Araquá, municipality of Botucatu, São Paulo State;
Curculionichthys luteofrenatus (Britski & Garavello, 2007):
Curculionichthys oliveirai (Roxo, Zawadzki & Troy, 2014b):
Curculionichthys paresi (Roxo, Zawadzki & Troy, 2014b):
Curculionichthys piracanjuba (Martins & Langeani, 2012): LBP 17256, 9, 17.2−26.3 mm SL, 1, c&s 27.1 mm SL, córrego sem nome, municipality of Morrinhos, Goiás State; NUP 5059, 1, 24.7 mm SL, Córrego Posse, municipality of Anápolis, Goiás State;
Curculionichthys sp. 1: LBP 17531, 3, 23.3−25.8 mm SL, Rio Russo I, municipality of Tangará da Serra, Mato Grosso State.
Curculionichthys sp. 2: LBP 17485, 7, 19.0−24.1 mm SL, Igarapé Imambuaí, municipality of Itaituba, Pará State.
Curculionichthys sp. 3: LBP 1856, 2, 21.0−23.2 mm SL, Rio Insula, Barra do Garça, Mato Grosso State.
Curculionichthys sp. 4:
Hisonotus acuen Silva, Roxo & Oliveira, 2014:
Hisonotus aky (Azpelicueta, Casciotta, Almirón & Koerber, 2004):
Hisonotus armatus Carvalho, Lehmann, Pereira & Reis, 2008:
Hisonotus bocaiuva Roxo, Silva, Oliveira & Zawadzki, 2013:
Hisonotus brunneus Carvalho & Reis, 2011:
Hisonotus carreiro Carvalho & Reis, 2011:
Hisonotus charrua Almirón, Azpelicueta, Casciotta & Litz, 2006: LBP 4861, 1, 35.9 mm SL, arroio Guaviyú, Artigas, Uruguay;
Hisonotus chromodontus Britski & Garavello, 2007: LBP 7964, 25, 24.0−28.3 mm SL, 4 c&s, 24.9−28.9 mm SL, Rio dos Patos, municipality of Nova Mutum, Mato Grosso State; LBP 7974, 26, 17.7–24.8 mm SL, Rio dos Patos, municipality of Nova Mutum, Mato Grosso State; LBP 12278, 2, 26.7−28.7 mm SL, 1 c&s, 26.7 mm SL, Rio Sumidouro, municipality of Tangará da Serra, Mato Grosso;
Hisonotus depressicauda (Miranda Ribeiro, 1918):
Hisonotus francirochai (Ihering, 1928): LBP 13923, 22, 25.7−35.7 SL, córrego sem nome, municipality of Capitinga, Minas Gerais State;
Hisonotus heterogaster Carvalho & Reis, 2011: LBP 3335, 39, 20.8−30.1 mm SL, arroio sem nome, municipality of Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul State;
Hisonotus iota Carvalho & Reis, 2009: LBP 13072, 5, 32.3−33.0 mm SL, Rio Chapecó, municipality of Coronel Freitas, Santa Catarina State.
Hisonotus laevior Cope, 1894: LBP 3377, 1, 25.2 mm SL, arroio dos Corrientes, municipality of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State; LBP 6037, 8, 33.4−47.0 mm SL, Rio Maquiné, municipality of Osório, Rio Grande do Sul State; LBP 13187, 7, 19.4−45.8 mm SL, córrego sem nome, municipality of Camaquá, Rio Grande do Sul State.
Hisonotus leucofrenatus (Miranda Ribeiro, 1908): LBP 2085, 7, 38.3−50.6 mm SL, Rio Sagrado, municipality of Morretes, Paraná State; LBP 6837, 36, 35.1−43.5 mm SL, Rio Fau, municipality of Miracatu, São Paulo State.
Hisonotus leucophrys Carvalho & Reis, 2009: LBP 13065, 6, 17.2−33.6 mm SL, Rio Ariranhas, municipality of Xavantina, Santa Catarina State; LBP 13073, 1, 36.8 mm SL, Rio Guarita, municipality of Palmitinho, Rio Grande do Sul State.
Hisonotus megaloplax Carvalho & Reis, 2009: LBP 13108, 6, 36.4−37.8 mm SL, córrego sem nome, municipality of Saldanha Marinho, Rio Grande do Sul State.
Hisonotus montanus Carvalho & Reis, 2009: LBP 13051, 3, 26.4−27.2 mm SL, Rio Goiabeiras, Vargem, SC; LBP 13055, 5, 24.8−31.9 mm SL, Rio Canoas, municipality of Vargem, Santa Catarina State.
Hisonotus nigricauda (Boulenger, 1891): LBP579, 16, 34.1−40.1 mm SL, Rio Guaíba, municipality of Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul State.
Hisonotus notatus Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889: LBP 3472, 20, 21.0−34.3 mm SL, 3 c&s 25.0−26.5 mm SL, Rio Aduelas, municipality of Macaé, Rio de Janeiro; LBP 10742, 25, 24.4−43.3 mm SL, Rio Macabu, municipality of Conceição de Macabu, Rio de Janeiro State.
Hisonotus notopagos Carvalho & Reis, 2011:
Hisonotus prata Carvalho & Reis, 2011:
Hisonotus ringueleti Aquino, Schaefer & Miquelarena, 2001:
Hisonotus vespuccii Roxo, Silva & Oliveira, 2015a:
Hisonotus vireo Carvalho & Reis, 2011:
Microlepidogaster arachas Martins, Calegari & Langeani, 2013: LBP 10882, 3, 22.8−35.3 mm SL, Rio Paraná basin, municipality of Araxás, Minas Gerais State;
Microlepidogaster dimorpha Martins & Langeani, 2011: LBP 10683, 2, 28.8−35.6 mm SL, Rio Uberaba, municipality of Uberaba, Minas Gerais State.
Otothyropsis marapoama Ribeiro, Carvalho & Melo, 2005: LBP 4698, 6, 23.9−36.3 mm SL, ribeirão Cubatão, municipality of Marapoama, São Paulo State.
Parotocinclus maculicauda (Steindachner, 1877): LBP 2869, 15, 20.2−44.7 mm SL, Rio Fau, municipality of Miracatu, São Paulo State;
Parotocinclus prata Ribeiro, Melo & Pereira, 2002:
Parotocinclus robustus Lehmann & Reis, 2012: LBP 8258, 29, 18.7−39.1 mm SL, Córrego Cachoeira, municipality of Bocaiúva, Minas Gerais State.
Pseudotothyris obtusa (Miranda Ribeiro, 1911): LBP 6822, 70, 22.5−31.7 mm SL; tributary of Rio Preto, municipality of Itanhaém, São Paulo State.
Rhinolekos britskii Martins & Langeani, 2011: LBP 7253, 21.9−34.7 mm SL; tributary of Rio Paranaíba, municipality of Pires do Rio, Goiás State.
Rhinolekos capetinga Roxo, Ochoa, Silva & Oliveira, 2015b:
Schizolecis guntheri (Miranda Ribeiro, 1918): LBP 2123, 21, 28.4−36.3 mm SL, Rio Parati-Mirim, municipality of Parati, Rio de Janeiro State; LBP 3546, 77, 20.9−35.8 mm SL, coastal drainage, municipality of Ubatuba, São Paulo State.
We wish to thank Birindelli JLO, Ferreira AT, Junqueira NT, Leal CG, Leite CMC, Lima FCT, Lujan NK, Mehanna MN, Moraes L, Moreira CR, Netto-Ferreira AL, Pompeu PS, Ribeiro AC and Sabaj-Perez MH for their help during the collection expeditions. This research was supported by the Brazilian agencies FAPESP (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, proc. 2014/05051–5 to FFR, 2012/01622–2 to GSCS and 2014/06853–8 to LEO) and