Research Article |
Corresponding author: Shunxiang Ren ( shxren@scau.edu.cn ) Academic editor: Michael Thomas
© 2016 Xiaosheng Chen, Claudio Canepari, Xingmin Wang, Shunxiang Ren.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Chen X, Canepari C, Wang X, Ren S (2016) Revision of the subgenus Orthoscymnus Canepari of Scymnus Kugelann (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae), with descriptions of four new species. ZooKeys 552: 91-107. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.552.6167
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The subgenus Orthoscymnus Canepari, 1997 of Scymnus Kugelann, 1794 is herein revised. Seven species of the Orthoscymnus fauna are recognized, of which four species, Scymnus (O.) jilongicussp. n., S. (O.) paradoxussp. n., S. (O.) crispatussp. n. and S. (O.) duomaculatussp. n., are described as new to science. Scymnus (O.) rhododendri Canepari is recorded from China for the first time. Scymnus (Pullus) robustibasalis Yu is transferred to the subgenus Orthoscymnus (comb. n.). All species are diagnosed, described and illustrated, and distributions are provided for each species. A key to the species is included.
Taxonomy, Coccinelloidea , new species, new combination, Himalaya, China, Nepal
Most members of the family Coccinellidae are important natural enemies of pest, such as whiteflies, aphids, mealybugs, scales and mites, and playing an important role in regulating their populations. Recently, this family was classified in the superfamily Coccinelloidea along with eight other families (
The genus Scymnus Kugelann, 1794 comprises eight subgenera and more than 800 species distributed worldwide (
The subgenus Orthoscymnus Canepari, 1997 of Scymnus Kugelann, 1794 was established for two new species from Nepal, Scymnus (Orthoscymnus) smetanai and Scymnus (Orthoscymnus) rhododendri (Canepari, 1997). So far, this subgenus only occurred in the Himalaya region and included two species.
In the present paper, seven species of the subgenus Orthoscymnus are recognized, including four new species described here. Scymnus (O.) rhododendri Canepari, 1997 is newly recorded from China. Scymnus (Pullus) robustibasalis Yu, 2000 is transferred into the subgenus Orthoscymnus based on the characters of the male genitalia, particularly the robust penis capsule. Diagnoses, detailed descriptions and illustrations are provided for each species.
The morphological terms follow
SCAU
BAAF Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Science, Beijing, China;
MNHG
Measurements were made using a micrometer attached to a SteREO Discovery V20 dissecting stereoscope and are defined as follows: (TL) total length, from apical margin of clypeus to apex of elytra; (TW) total width, across both elytra at widest part; (TH) total height, at highest part of elytra; (HW) head width, at widest part including eyes; (PL) pronotal length, from the middle of anterior margin to the base of pronotum; (PW) pronotal width at widest part; (EL) elytral length, along suture from base to apex including scutellum; (EW) elytral width, equal to TW.
Male genitalia were dissected, cleared in a 10% solution of NaOH, and placed on slides for further study. Illustrations of morphological details were made from slide preparations using a camera (Coolsnap-Procf & CRI Micro*Color) attached to an Olympus BX51 compound microscope. After examination, they were transferred to a small card covered with neutral balsam and pinned beneath the specimen.
Photographs of the whole beetles were executed using digital cameras (AxioCam HRc) and composite images generated with AXIO VISION REL. 4.8 softwares. The final plates were prepared using ADOBE PHOTOSHOP CS 8.0.
Orthoscymnus Canepari, 1997: 16. Type species: Scymnus (Orthoscymnus) smetanai Canepari, 1997, by original designation.
Body compact, round oval or elongate oval, slightly convex, dorsum densely pubescent. Head small, frons finely punctate. Eyes finely faceted. Antennae composed of 11 antennomeres. Antennal club compact, composed of 3 antennomeres. Clypeus transverse with anterior margin straight. Labrum transverse, entirely exposed. Mandible bifid apically. Pronotum moderately convex. Prosternum T-shaped. Prosternal process bearing distinct lateral carinae, convergent and extending to anterior margin. Abdomen with six ventrites. Abdominal postcoxal lines recurved and complete laterally. Tarsi with 4 tarsomeres; claws bifid, each with sharp basal tooth. Male genitalia with penis guide symmetrical. Penis stout with an irregular basal capsule, usually highly sclerotized. Female genitalia with sub-horizontal coxites, infundibulum elongate, spermatheca worm-shaped.
Orthoscymnus shares many characters with
subgenus Pullus Mulsant, such as antennae composed of 11 antennomeres and the complete abdominal postcoxal lines, but can be distinguished from the latter by the female genitalia with sub-horizontal coxites (see
1 | Elytra black; apex of penis without thread-like appendage | 2 |
– | Elytra entirely reddish brown (Fig. |
S. (O.) smetanai Canepari |
2 | Head and pronotum brown; penis capsule with short inner arm and large outer arm | 3 |
– | Head and pronotum black; penis capsule with both arms well developed | 6 |
3 | Elytra with apical margin narrowly brown | 4 |
– | Elytra with large X-shaped yellow area extending from basal 1/4 to elytral apex (Fig. |
S. (O.) jilongicus Chen & Ren, sp. n. |
4 | Parameres shorter than penis guide in lateral view; penis guide not spade-shaped in ventral view | 5 |
– | Parameres longer than penis guide in lateral view (Fig. |
S. (O.) paradoxus Chen & Ren, sp. n. |
5 | Penis guide sub-rectangular through 3/4 of its length in ventral view (Fig. |
S. (O.) rhododendri Canepari |
– | Penis guide sub-triangular in ventral view (Fig. |
S. (O.) crispatus Chen & Ren, sp. n. |
6 | Elytra without brown spot (Fig. |
S. (O.) robustibasalis Yu |
– | Elytra with two kidney-shaped brown spots near suture (Fig. |
S. (O.) duomaculatus Chen & Ren, sp. n. |
Scymnus (Orthoscymnus) smetanai
Canepari, 1997: 17;
This species can be easily separated from other members of the subgenus Orthoscymnus by having entirely reddish brown body. It is also similar to Scymnus (Pullus) martensi Canepari in general appearance and particularly in the shape of abdominal postcoxal lines, but can be distinguished from it by the much smaller body and the swollen apex of penis bearing short thread-like appendage (Fig.
TL: 1.49–1.59 mm, TW: 1.09–1.19 mm, TH: 0.69–0.80 mm, TL/TW: 1.25–1.46, PL/PW: 0.56–0.64, EL/EW: 1.03–1.17, HW/PW: 0.54–0.59, PW/EW: 0.66–0.74.
Body rounded oval, moderately convex, entirely reddish brown, dorsum covered with white pubescence (Figs
Head with fine frontal punctures, slightly larger than eye facets, 1.0–2.0 diameters apart. Eyes densely faceted, interocular distance 0.45 times head width. Pronotal punctures as large as those on frons, 1.0–2.0 diameters apart. Surface of elytra with punctures larger than those on pronotum, separated by 2.0–3.0 diameters. Prosternal process trapezoidal, 2 times as long as its width at base; with lateral carinae extending to anterior margin of prosternum, distinctly convergent anteriorly. Abdominal postcoxal lines reaching 3/4 length of abdominal ventrite 1 (Fig.
Male genitalia. Penis stout; penis capsule with small and curved inner arm, outer arm large bearing horn-shaped appendage (Fig.
Female externally similar to male but with abdominal ventrite 5 rounded apically.
Holotype: male, “Nepal, Khandbari Distr., forest above Ahale, (27°27.62'N, 87°11.49'E), 2300m, 26. III. 82, leg. Smetana” (MNHG).
Nepal: Koshi: 1♂, on the way from Dharan to Dhankuta, 26°52.94'N, 87°19.74'E, 400-700 m, 20. X. 2011, Chen XS leg.
This species can be separated from other species within the subgenus Orthoscymnus by having a large X-shaped yellow macula on elytra, extending from basal fourth to elytral apex (Fig.
TL: 1.96–2.06mm, TW: 1.15–1.25mm, TH: 0.81–0.82mm, TL/TW: 1.65–1.70, PL/PW: 0.53–0.55, EL/EW: 1.27–1.34, HW/PW: 0.59–0.61, PW/EW: 0.74–0.76.
Body elongate oval, slightly convex, dorsum covered with white pubescence (Fig.
Head with fine frontal punctures, as large as eye facets, 1.0–2.0 diameters apart. Eyes densely faceted, interocular distance 0.51 times head width. Pronotal punctures similar to those on frons, 1.0–1.5 diameters apart. Surface of elytra with punctures much coarser than those on pronotum, separated by 1.0–2.0 diameters. Prosternal process rectangular, 3.5 times as long as its width at base; with lateral carinae parallel, extending to anterior margin of prosternum. Abdominal postcoxal lines reaching 2/3 length of abdominal ventrite 1 (Fig.
Male genitalia. Penis stout and long (Fig.
Female externally similar to male but with apex of abdominal ventrite 5 truncate and ventrite 6 rounded apically.
Holotype: male, No. SCAU (E) 13196, China: Tibet: Jilong Town, Jilong County, 28°23.00'N, 85°19.60'E, ca 2900 m, 29. X. 2011, Huo LZ leg. Paratypes (17): 2♂13♀ with same data as holotype. 2♂, Zhangmu Port, Nielamu, Rikaze, 27°58.47'N, 85°58.15'E, ca 3000 m, 28. IX. 2009, Chen XS leg. (SCAU)
The species name is derived from the type locality, Jilong Town, Tibet.
This species can be easily recognized by its elongate and compressed body and the peculiar characters on male genitalia, particularly the extremely broad, spade-shaped penis guide in ventral view (Fig.
TL: 1.64–1.96 mm, TW: 0.97–1.09 mm, TH: 0.70–0.77 mm, TL/TW: 1.69–1.79, PL/PW: 0.55–0.56, EL/EW: 1.29–1.37, HW/PW: 0.59–0.61, PW/EW: 0.74–0.79.
Body elongate oval, slightly convex, dorsum covered with white pubescence (Figs
Head with fine frontal punctures, as large as eye facets, 0.5–1.0 diameter apart. Eyes densely faceted, interocular distance 0.47 times head width. Pronotal punctures larger than those on frons, 1.0–2.0 diameters apart. Surface of elytra with punctures much larger than those on pronotum, separated by 2.0–3.0 diameters. Prosternal process rectangular, 5 times as long as its width at base; with lateral carinae parallel, extending to anterior margin of prosternum. Abdominal postcoxal lines reaching 4/5 length of abdominal ventrite 1 (Fig.
Male genitalia. Penis slender (Fig.
Female externally similar to male but with black pronotum, abdominal ventrite 5 truncate and ventrite 6 rounded apically.
Holotype: male, No. SCAU (E) 13193, China: Tibet: Zhangmu Town, Nielamu County, 27°58.47'N, 85°58.15'E, ca 2200 m, 31. X. 2011, Chen XS leg. Paratypes (5): 5♀ with same data as holotype. (SCAU)
China (Tibet).
The species name is an adjective derived from Latin (‘paradoxus’ = strange), referring to its peculiar shape of penis guide.
Scymnus (Orthoscymnus) rhododendri
Canepari, 1997: 17;
This species is similar to Scymnus (Orthoscymnus) crispatus sp. n. in general appearance and male genitalia, but can be separated from it by having swollen apex of penis (Fig.
TL: 1.60–1.67 mm, TW: 1.05–1.08 mm, TH: 0.75–0.78 mm, TL/TW: 1.52–1.55, PL/PW: 0.49–0.53, EL/EW: 1.15–1.17, HW/PW: 0.61–0.62, PW/EW: 0.73–0.75.
Body elongate oval, moderately convex, dorsum covered with white pubescence (Figs
Head with fine frontal punctures, as large as eye facets, 1.0–2.0 diameters apart. Eyes densely faceted, interocular distance 0.42 times head width. Pronotal punctures larger than those on frons, 1.0–2.0 diameters apart. Surface of elytra with punctures much coarser than those on pronotum, separated by 2.0–3.0 diameters. Prosternal process trapezoidal, 2 times as long as its width at base; with lateral carinae extending to anterior margin of prosternum, distinctly convergent anteriorly. Abdominal postcoxal lines extending nearly to posterior margin of abdominal ventrite 1 (Fig.
Male genitalia. Penis stout (Fig.
Female unknown.
Holotype: male, “Nepal, Sankhua Sabha Distr., above Pahakhola, (27°39.40'N, 87°16.12'E), Quercus semecarpifolia-Rhododendron, 2600–2800 m, 3. VI. 1988, leg Martens & Schawaller” (
China: Tibet: 2♂, Xiayadong Village, Yadong County, 28°29.29'N, 97°1.36'E, ca 2800 m, 1. X. 2009, Chen XS leg. 5♂, Xiayadong Village, Yadong County, 28°29.29'N, 97°1.36'E, ca 2800 m, 29–30. IX. 2009, Chen XS leg.
China (Tibet) new distribution; Nepal.
This species is similar to Scymnus (Orthoscymnus) rhododendri in male genitalia, but can be distinguished from it by the elongate oval parameres (Fig.
TL: 1.59–1.65 mm, TW: 0.90–1.01 mm, TH: 0.68–0.76 mm, TL/TW: 1.59–1.63, PL/PW: 0.53–0.55, EL/EW: 1.27–1.32, HW/PW: 0.59–0.63, PW/EW: 0.73–0.74.
Body elongate oval, moderately convex, dorsum covered with white pubescence (Fig.
Head with fine frontal punctures, as large as eye facets, 0.5–1.0 diameter apart. Eyes densely faceted, interocular distance 0.43 times head width. Pronotal punctures slightly larger than those on frons, 1.0–2.0 diameters apart. Surface of elytra with punctures much larger than those on pronotum, separated by 2.0–3.0 diameters. Prosternal process trapezoidal, 4 times as long as its width at base; with lateral carinae extending to anterior margin of prosternum, distinctly convergent anteriorly. Abdominal postcoxal lines extending nearly to posterior margin of abdominal ventrite 1 (Fig.
Male genitalia. Penis stout (Fig.
Female externally similar to male but with abdominal ventrites 5 and 6 truncate apically. In some specimens, pronotum and elytra are entirely reddish brown.
Holotype: male, No. SCAU (E) 13195, China: Tibet: Jilong Town, Jilong County, 28°23.00'N, 85°19.60'E, ca 2900 m, 29. X. 2011, Li WJ leg. Paratypes (71): 15♂55♀ with same data as holotype. 1♂, Lebu Village, Cuona County, 27°48.63'N, 91°44.98'E, ca 2400 m, 24. X. 2011, Huo LZ leg. (SCAU)
The species name is an adjective derived from Latin (‘crispatus’ = crispate), referring to its parameres with crispate surface in ventral view.
Scymnus (Pullus) robustibasalis
Yu in
This species is most similar to Scymnus (Orthoscymnus) duomaculatus sp. n. in having black pronotum but can be easily separated from it by the black elytra (Fig.
TL: 1.69–1.76mm, TW: 1.10–1.21mm, TH: 0.76–0.83mm, TL/TW: 1.45–1.54, PL/PW: 0.47–0.52, EL/EW: 1.24–1.26, HW/PW: 0.56–0.57, PW/EW: 0.73–0.75.
Body elongate oval, moderately convex, dorsum covered with white pubescence (Figs
Head with dense frontal punctures, slightly smaller than eye facets, 0.5–1.0 diameter apart. Eyes densely faceted, interocular distance 0.50 times head width. Pronotal punctures as large as those on frons, 1.0–1.5 diameters apart. Surface of elytra with punctures much larger than those on pronotum, separated by 1.0–2.0 diameters. Prosternal process trapezoidal, 2 times as long as its width at base; with lateral carinae extending to anterior margin of prosternum, slightly convergent anteriorly. Abdominal postcoxal lines reaching 3/4 length of abdominal ventrite 1 (Fig.
Male genitalia. Penis robust and short, unevenly curved (Fig.
Female unknown.
Holotype: male, “Wenfeng Temple, Lijiang, Yunnan, (26°48.64'N, 100°12.15'E), 20. IV. 1997, Yao DF et al. leg (handwritten) / Scymnus (Pullus) robustibasalis Yu, sp. n. (printed, red label)” (BAAF). Paratype: 1♂, “Wenfeng Temple, Wenbishan, Lijiang, Yunnan, (26°48.64'N, 100°12.15'E), 20. IV. 1997, Yao DF et al. leg (handwritten) / 970512-2 (handwritten) / Paratype (printed, yellow label), Scymnus (Pullus) robustibasalis Yu, sp. n. (printed)” (BAAF).
Sichuan: 1♂, Laba River National Nature Reserve, Tianquan, 30°0.58'N, 102°27.59'E, ca 1100 m, 4. X. 2007, Chen XS leg. Yunnan: 1♂, Hutiaoxia, Lijiang, 27°10.97'N, 100°3.16'E, ca 1100 m, 3. IX. 2005, Qin ZQ leg.
China (Sichuan, Yunnan).
This species closely resembles Scymnus (Orthoscymnus) robustibasalis in having black pronotum but can be distinguished from it by the black elytra with two brown spots (Fig.
TL: 1.62–1.83 mm, TW: 1.12–1.24 mm, TH: 0.71–0.81 mm, TL/TW: 1.44–1.47, PL/PW: 0.51–0.53, EL/EW: 1.24–1.25, HW/PW: 0.57–0.60, PW/EW: 0.71–0.74.
Body oval, moderately convex, dorsum covered with white pubescence (Fig.
Head with fine frontal punctures, as large as eye facets, 0.5–1.0 diameter apart. Eyes densely faceted, interocular distance 0.5 times head width. Pronotal punctures larger than those on frons, 1.0–2.0 diameters apart. Surface of elytra with punctures larger than those on pronotum, separated by 1.0–2.0 diameters. Prosternal process trapezoidal, 2 times as long as its width at base; with lateral carinae extending to anterior margin of prosternum, distinctly convergent anteriorly. Abdominal postcoxal lines extending nearly to posterior margins of abdominal ventrite 1 (Fig.
Male genitalia. Penis slender (Fig.
Female externally similar to male but with abdominal ventrites 5 and 6 rounded apically.
Holotype: male, No. SCAU (E) 13197, China: Tibet: Jilong Town, Jilong County, 28°23.00'N, 85°19.60'E, ca 2900 m, 29. X. 2011, Li WJ leg. Paratypes (9): Tibet: 2♀ with same data as holotype. 1♂5♀, Zhangmu Town, Nielamu County, Rikaze, 27°58.47'N, 85°58.15'E, ca 2500 m, 27. IX. 2009, Chen XS leg. 1♂, Zhangmu Port, Rikaze, 27°58.47'N, 85°58.15'E, ca 3000 m, 28. IX. 2009, Chen XS leg. (SCAU).
China (Tibet).
The species name is derived from Latin (‘duo-’ = two and ‘maculatus’ = maculate), referring to two brown spots on the elytra.
We are grateful to Mr. Rashid Azad (SCAU), who helped to check the English text. We are deeply indebted to Dr. Guoyue Yu (BAAF) for a loan of type specimens under his care. We also would like to express our great appreciation to the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions on our manuscript. Our sincere thanks are extended to Dr. Hong Pang (Sun Yat-sen University, China) for encouragement and support during this research work. The present study was supported by the Guangdong Natural Science Foundation (2014A030310493) and the Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou, China (151800033).