Research Article |
Corresponding author: Liliana Kanavalová ( kanavalova@af.czu.cz ) Academic editor: Marija Ivković
© 2021 Liliana Kanavalová, Patrick Grootaert, Štěpán Kubík, Miroslav Barták.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Kanavalová L, Grootaert P, Kubík Š, Barták M (2021) Four new West Palaearctic species and new distributional records of Hybotidae (Diptera). ZooKeys 1019: 141-162. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1019.61496
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Megagrapha starki Barták & Grootaert, sp. nov. (Poland, Russia, Slovakia), Oedalea portugalica Barták & Grootaert, sp. nov. (Portugal), Hybos conicus Grootaert & Barták, sp. nov. (Greece, Turkey), and Platypalpus obscuroides Barták & Grootaert, sp. nov. (Slovakia) are described and illustrated. Diagnostic characters are discussed. The female of Syndyas merzi Shamshev & Grootaert, 2012 is described for the first time. New distributional records are presented: Megagrapha europaea Papp & Földvári, 2001 is first reported from Slovakia and Syndyas merzi Shamshev & Grootaert, 2012 is first reported from Turkey.
Descriptions, distribution, Hybos, Megagrapha, new species, Oedalea, Platypalpus, re-description, Syndyas, taxonomy
The family Hybotidae comprises more than 2000 described species distributed worldwide (
Hybotids are yellow to black flies, small (mostly 1–7 mm), and the vast majority of known species are predators and are usually found on vegetation, logs, stones and other surfaces (
The material studied originated from recent collections of two of the authors (M. Barták and Š. Kubík) in Spain, Portugal and Turkey and our colleagues Michal Tkoč (National Museum, Praha), Jindřich Roháček (Silesian Museum, Opava), and Jan Ševčík (University of Ostrava, Ostrava) in Slovakia (even though only one of them was listed on locality labels, they all together collected materials and operated Malaise traps). The material is deposited in the collection of the Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague (CULSP), and partly in the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (
Genitalia preparations and drawings: the male terminalia were removed from the body, softened in tap water for 10 min and transferred to 10% KOH in a plastic tube with a screw-on stopper. The tube was submerged in hot water (at least 60 °C) in a thermos bottle for about 1 hour and the state of maceration was verified regularly. When all darkly sclerotized structures were transparent enough, the terminalia were rinsed in tap water for about 5 min, transferred to 70% ethanol for 10 min and transferred to pure glycerine. The glycerine -soaked terminalia were finally mounted in a neutral gel, orientated in the required position, and drawn with a camera lucida mounted on a Leitz Laborlux microscope.
The morphological terms used here follow
Hybos culiciformis
(Fabricius, 1775): partim in
Hybos sp. nr. culiciformis
(Fabricius):
Holotype
♂, Turkey, Akyaka, forest, 30 m, 37°03'16"N, 28°19'35"E, Barták, Kubík, 30.iv.–9.v.2013 (CULSP). Paratypes: 3♂, same data as holotype; 1♂, 2♀, same locality, 40 m, SW, 37°03'19"N, 28°19'36"E, Barták, Kubík, 26.iv.2016; 1♂, Akyaka, pasture, 8 m, 37°03'11"N, 28°20'33"E, Barták, Kubík, 27.iv.2016; 5♂, 11 km E of Muğla, pine wood + meadow, 1310 m, 37°12'45"N, 28°27'42"E, Barták, Kubík, 1.v.2013; 1♂, 2♀, 13 km NE of Muğla, pasture/pine wood, 1200 m, 37°14'50"N, 28°30'E, Barták, Kubík, 23–27.vi.2015; 1♂, 1♀, same locality, 37°15'N, 28°30'E, 1100–1300 m, Barták, Kubík, 2–3.v.2016; 2♀, Muğla University campus, edge of pine wood + Quercus shrubs, 710 m, MT, 37°09'39"N, 28°22'20"E, Barták, Kubík, xi.2012–iii.2013; 1♂, same locality, 37°09'42"N, 28°22'13"E, H. Kavak, 26.v.–26.vi.2015; 4♂, 3♀, Gökçeova Gölü, lake shore, 1750 m, 37°03'42.52"N, 28°48'28.42"E, Barták, Kubík, 20.ix.2012; 1♂, 8 km S of Çine, river bank, 68 m, SW, 37°32'34"N, 28°03'46"E, Barták, Kubík, 29.iv.–1.v.2016; 5♂, 1♀, Greece: 7 km E of Mt. Olympus, wood, excrements, 1100 m, 40°6'13"N, 22°25'36"E, M. Barták, 23.v.2007 (all CULSP, except 1 ♂
A species of Hybos Meigen very similar to H. culiciformis, but with postpedicel longer than bare apical mechanoreceptor, dark scutellars, shorter ventral preapical seta on mid tibia, and lateral margins of tergites 3–5 almost entirely microtrichose. The most important difference is in the male terminalia: the right epandrial lamella extends posteriorly into a cone-shaped projection.
Male head
black, holoptic. Eyes contiguous over long distance leaving only very small triangle above antennal base, upper ommatidia much larger than lower. Prominent and microtrichose ocellar triangle with pair of black setae (about 0.18 mm long) and additional pair of much smaller setae posteriorly. Occiput microtrichose, with black setae on dorsal third subequal to length of ocellars, arranged almost in single row (with only several setae posteriorly), which moves away from eye margin towards middle of occiput, being ventrally replaced by another postocular row of setae starting at about middle of eye hind margin. Face microtrichose, rather narrow (0.07 mm at middle, narrowing ventrally), clypeus lustrous, gena invisible. Palpus brown, narrow basally, slightly broadened apically, reaching tip of proboscis, with several short black setae. Proboscis brownish-black, shiny, directed slightly obliquely anteriorly, about 0.60 mm long (subequal to head length), ventrally with several very short spines. Antenna black, scape (0.04–0.05 mm long) without setae, pedicel (0.05–0.07 mm) with circlet of short setae. Postpedicel elongate ovate (0.17–0.21 mm long and 0.08–0.09 mm wide), stylus whitish (darker basally), more than twice longer than postpedicel (0.38–0.45 mm long), with rather long, bare apical mechanoreceptor (0.10–0.15 mm long). Thorax moderately arched, black, entirely microtrichose (microtrichia rather long), except small lustrous spots on sides of antepronotum behind setae and shiny apex of postpronotum. Scutum (especially central part) with distinct brownish tomentum, posthumeral area with “vortex” of microtrichia giving impression of dark spot from anterodorsal view. Chaetotaxy: prosternum (isolated sclerite) without setae, antepronotum with collar of short black setae, postpronotal seta small, presutural intra- and supra-alar not differentiated from setulae, acrostichals irregularly 6-serial, short (about 0.10 mm), only narrowly separated from dorsocentrals (rarely acrostichals almost 4-serial, sometimes with several setae inserted in interspace between outer acrostichal row and dorsocentrals). Dorsocentrals irregularly uniserial, subequally long as acrostichals or slightly longer, ending in one strong black seta inserted a long distance from scutellum. Single long black to pale proepisternal seta, usually 2 long, strong black notopleurals (lower one half as long as upper one), 1 postalar, scutellum with pair of usually black (rarely pale), long strong setae and additional much smaller pale setae (usually 4 pairs). Legs: coxae black, microtrichose (except shiny spot anteriorly on hind coxa) and pale setose. Femora black, fore and hind tibiae often lighter (reddish-brown), mid tibia yellow to reddish-yellow (colour of tibiae rather variable), tarsi usually brown, knees of all legs yellowish. Coxae mostly pale setose, legs with both pale and black setae. Fore femur and tibia slightly broader than mid femur and tibia. Fore femur with sparse setae ventrally, shorter than femur depth. Fore tibia with one strong, submedian anterodorsal seta and a similarly long, preapical anterior seta, other setae short, posterior and posteroventral setulae scarcely longer than tibia depth; similar setae on very narrow and long fore tarsus. Mid femur with row of several anterodorsal black setae shorter than femur depth, ventral setosity similar to fore femur. Mid tibia with 2–3 anterodorsals and 1–3 anteroventrals, preapical anteroventral (or ventral) seta about 0.20–0.30 mm long; mid tarsus similar to fore tarsus, basitarsus only slightly shorter. Hind femur swollen, ventral spines in proximal third of femur arranged in 2–3 irregular rows, in more distal part anteroventral row consists of 4–6 longer spines (about 0.15 mm long) and posteroventral row of much shorter and more densely arranged spines, area posteriorly of posteroventral spines with rather long, mostly pale posteroventrals slightly longer than femur depth in apical third, with several spine-like anterodorsals slightly longer than femur depth. Hind tibia slender, with thin setulae at most slightly longer than tibia depth; tarsus slightly shorter than fore tarsus, basitarsus ventrally with very short spines. Wing darkened to various extent, some specimens (immature?) with almost hyaline wings, but others with wing distinctly darkened, darker in area proximal of basal crossveins and anteriorly (in radial cells). Pterostigma almost hyaline in light winged specimens but dark brown in specimens with darkened wing, elongate-ovate, symmetrically around tip of vein R1. Wing entirely microtrichose; basal costal seta absent; Sc incomplete, apically closely approaching R1. Costa ends at tip of M vein, anal vein complete and depigmented. Halter pale yellow, calypter whitish-yellow with white margin and yellow fringes. Abdomen nearly entirely microtrichose, tergites with only narrow hind margin lustrous (shiny margin occupies less than one-third of length of tergites), whole abdomen pale (yellow to white) setose. Dorsum of tergites with very short setulae, lateral parts with setae subequally as long as their segments (longest on segments 2–3, up to 0.35 mm long). Sternites 1–2(3) shiny, remaining sternites microtrichose with shiny posterior part, sparsely setose with rather long pale setae, sternite 1 bare. Male terminalia as in Figure
Hybos conicus sp. nov. Male terminalia A epandrium, dorsal view B left epandrial lamella C hypandrium D phallus, lateral view E phallus tip, lateral view F phallus, ventral view G phallus, detail of tip, ventral view. Abbr. hyp: hypandrium; lel: left epandrial lamella; ls: left surstylus; rel: right epandrial lamella; rs: right surstylus. Arrow indicates conical apex of right epandrial lamella. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.
Female. Very similar to male except usual sexual differences. Abdomen similarly coloured and setose as in male; tergites with narrower hind lustrous margin (occupying about 1/4 of tergite length), tergite 7 encircling almost entire abdomen, similarly setose as preceding one, sternite 7 widened, broader than long; tergite 8 dorso-apically depigmented, laterally with long darkened setae overreaching abdomen (longest about 0.30 mm long), sternite 8 heart-like, widened, posteromedially with U-shaped cavity bearing 2 long, close-set spine-like setae directed dorsally. Length: body 3.4–4.4 mm, wing 3.4–4.4 mm.
The Palaearctic species of Hybos were recently treated by
The new species was previously illustrated in
Turkey, Greece.
Holotype
♂, Slovakia: Muráňska planina NPR, Šarkanica, 540 m, MT, 48°42'46"N, 19°59'52"E, M. Tkoč, 26.iv.–15.vi.2017 (CULSP). Paratypes: Slovakia, 1♂, Muráňska planina NP, 580 m, MT, 48°42'46"N, 19°59'56"E, J. Roháček, 14.vi.–11.vii.2017 (dissect.,
A species of Megagrapha Melander with patterned wings and modified male fore and mid basitarsi, very similar to Nearctic M. exquisita (Malloch, 1923). However, the newly described species differs in the colour of the mesoscutum (Fig.
The species epithet, starki, is a Latin genitive patronym given in honour of German dipterist Andreas Stark (Halle (Saale)), who first recognised this species as new, acknowledging his contribution to the knowledge of world Empidoidea.
Male head
black, rounded in anterior view and ovoid in lateral view. Large eyes with dense and relatively long ommatrichia, all facets subequal in size. Frons very narrow (linear, narrower in lower part than diameter of one ommatidium, widening towards ocellar triangle). Slightly prominent ocellar triangle and adjacent parts of frons and vertex sublustrous, with 2 pairs of short, subequally long and pale ocellars (about 0.10 mm long), with several similar setae posteriorly. Occiput microtrichose (subshiny), with dense yellowish-brown to black setae on dorsal third similar in length to ocellars, ventrally with fewer short, pale setae, posteriorly with several black setae. Face very narrow dorsally and widening ventrally, microtrichose, without setae, gena indistinct. Palpus brown, relatively large (0.22 mm long) and ovoid, slightly narrowing towards tip, covered with relatively long black setae. Labrum yellow, only slightly longer than palpus, labellum narrow with several setae. Antenna yellow (Fig.
Megagrapha starki sp. nov., male terminalia A right epandrial lamella B epandrium with cerci, dorsal C left epandrial lamella D detail of phallus. Abbr. hyp: hypandrium; lc: left cercus; lel: left epandrial lamella; ll: lower lobe of left surstylus; ul: upper lobe of left surstylus; rel: right epandrial lamella. Scale bar: 0.1 mm.
Female. Unknown. However, all allied species are sexually dimorphic with dark-coloured females.
The new species described above is very similar to the Nearctic M. exquisita as redescribed by
Slovakia, Poland, European Russia.
Holotype ♂, Portugal: 7 km E of Manteigas, nr. river, 580 m, SW, 40°24'42"N, 7°28'4"E, Barták M., 23.v.2008 (CULSP). Paratypes: 3♀, same data as holotype; 1♀, Portugal, 5 km N of Formalicao, Castanea wood, 930 m, SW, 40°28'31"N, 7°21'32"E, Barták M., 23.v.2008 (CULSP).
A species of Oedalea Meigen with narrow stylus, both black and pale scutellars, conspicuous rather short and wide wing pterostigma, darkened apex of wing, and hind legs yellow with contrastingly dark coxa and trochanter and apical third of femur Fig.
The species is named after its country of origin (Portugal).
Male head
black, holoptic. Eyes contiguous over long distance, leaving only a very small frons above antennal base, upper ommatidia much larger than lower. Prominent and lustrous ocellar triangle with pair of black setae (about 0.15 mm long) and additional pair of smaller setae posteriorly. Occiput microtrichose, with black setae on dorsal third forming nearly regular postocular row, laterally more densely setose, ventrally with longer, thin, paler setae. Face lustrous (with slight wrinkles along margins), subequally as long as wide below (0.17 mm), clypeus lustrous, gena very narrow and lustrous. Palpus brown, reaching margin of clypeus, with several dark setae, two apicals somewhat longer. Labrum brown, shiny, directed obliquely, labellum with a few setae. Antenna (Fig.
Female. Very similar to male except usual sexual differences. Length of postpedicel varies from 0.60 to 0.75 mm. Frons broad and lustrous, bare, about 0.15 mm wide above antenna and 0.25 mm wide at level of front ocellus. Hind coxa and trochanter yellow. Ovipositor relatively short. Length: body 3.2–4.4 mm, wing 3.5–4.4 mm.
The new species described above (OP) is very similar to O. stigmatella Zetterstedt, 1842 (OS) in having (partly) pale scutellar setae, a narrow stylus and in the colour of the hind femur. However, males of both species differ in the following characters: postpedicel strip-like and at least as long as head height in OP, but distinctly tapered and about 2/3 as long as head height in OS; strong notopleural seta inserted inside microtrichose areas (OP), but on the boundary between shiny and microtrichose areas in OS; wing pterostigma about 3× longer than wide, reaching about half-way between apices of veins R1 and R2+3 in OP, but about 5× longer than wide, reaching about 2/3 of way between those veins in OS; hind coxa and trochanter brown in OP but yellow in OS. We decided not to dissect the terminalia of the holotype (and only known male) of OP because other characters sufficiently differentiate the new species. Females of OP do not differ from OS in the colour of the hind coxa and trochanters but, besides the other characters given above, have a markedly shorter abdominal segment 8 than OS (about 0.80 mm long incl. cerci in OS vs 0.40 mm long in OP); also, tergite 8 is about as long as its dorsal elongated setae in OP but more than 5× longer in OS. Moreover, all specimens of OP have both black and yellow scutellar setae, whereas these are yellow in OS; however, this character may be variable.
Portugal.
Holotype
♂, Slovakia: Muráňska planina NPR, Šarkanica, 540 m, MT, 48°42'46"N, 19°59'52"E, M. Tkoč, 6.vi.–6.vii.2018 (CULSP); Paratypes: 1♂, same data as holotype; 3♂, 2♀, same locality, 6.vii.–7.viii.2018 (dissected
A species of the Platypalpus albiseta group with mesonotum and anepisternum entirely microtrichose. Katepisternum with a large shiny spot dorsally, rather stripe-like, reaching from anterior to posterior margins. Meron entirely microtrichose except small subshiny spot ventrally. The new species is similar to P. obscurus (von Roser, 1840) except for the much larger male terminalia and the above-mentioned large lustrous spot on the katepisternum.
The species name refers to the similarity with P. obscurus.
Male head black, entirely grey microtrichose including gena, only clypeus shiny. Frons very narrow (at lower two thirds as wide as anterior ocellus, at narrowest point less than 0.02 mm wide), widening both ventrally (0.06 mm above antennal bases) and dorsally (0.05 mm at level of front ocellus), densely covered with relatively long microtrichia. Slightly prominent ocellar triangle with two pairs of black setae, anterior pair about 0.10 mm long, posterior pair slightly shorter. Occiput microtrichose, subshiny (postocular area with somewhat longer microtrichia giving silvery appearance), with sparse dark setae dorsally and several longer and paler setae ventrally. One pair of long black vertical setae somewhat longer than anterior ocellars and inserted wide apart (0.17 mm). Face very narrow (0.02–0.03 mm), only slightly widening below. Clypeus long, shiny, gena microtrichose. Palpus brown, ovoid and very small (0.07 mm long), with several pale brown setae at tip, one of them longer than palpus. Labrum shiny brown, two thirds as long as head height. Antenna brown with white stylus. Scape without setae, 0.02 mm long; pedicel (0.05 mm long) with circlet of short black setae; postpedicel long (0.32–0.40 mm), narrow (6× longer than wide), with relatively long setulae on both sides, equally narrowing towards tip; stylus half as long as postpedicel (0.16–0.22 mm long), white, dark at extreme base. Thorax black to brownish black, microtrichose (except lustrous extreme anterior part of mesoscutum and part of katepisternum), in anterior view with broad velvety-brown stripe below acrostichals and in posterior view with two silvery lines between acrostichals and dorsocentrals. Katepisternum with large shiny spot dorsally, rather stripe-like, reaching from anterior to posterior margins, lower half microtrichose. Meron entirely microtrichose except small subshiny spot ventrally. Chaetotaxy: antepronotum with several short pale setulae on each side, postpronotum with scarcely differentiated setae, 1 notopleural, 1 short postalar. Acrostichals inclinate, in 6–8 irregular rows, only indistinctly separated from nearly uniserial dorsocentrals, both short (about 0.07 mm long), one prescutellar seta; 2 pairs of scutellars, outer pair much shorter.
Legs
including coxae brown to black, fore coxa and base of fore femur more or less yellowish, some specimens with paler mid coxa or basal part of mid and hind femora. Setae both pale and brown. Fore femur with two ventral rows of setae (somewhat golden-brown under some angles of view) almost as long as diameter of femur. Fore tibia strongly spindle-shaped, dilated (at broadest point twice wider than before apex), densely set with ventral pubescence as long as tibia depth. Mid femur nearly as wide as fore femur, slightly swollen in basal quarter only, distal part thin, with anteroventral row of black spinules, long about base, with several anteroventral setae similarly longer about base, posteroventral spines somewhat longer than anteroventral spines; short dense white pubescence between anterior and posterior rows of spinules; 4–6 dark posteroventral setae as long as femur depth, inserted almost in same line as spines. Hind femur nearly as wide as mid femur, with ventral row of pale setulae about as long as femur depth. Hind tibia ventrally with whitish setulae as long as tibia depth. Wing brown-infuscated especially in anterior half, entirely microtrichose. Basal costal seta brown, long. Subcosta incomplete, ending free; crossveins contiguous; CuA2 strongly recurrent; anal vein distinct throughout; vein M1 slightly S-shaped; C ends at tip of M1 vein. Halter brown, calypter black in proximal part and brownish-yellow in distal half, fringe pale. Abdomen brown, genital lamellae contrastingly black. Tergites thinly microtrichose, subshiny, sternites microtrichose. Setae mostly pale, short, those on last segment longer. Terminalia as in Fig.
Female. Very similar to male in all details except the following: abdomen more microtrichose and segment 8 very long (about 0.60 mm long including ventral prolongation, longer than four preceding segments combined), shiny black at side, narrow dorsal stripe not sclerotized. Length: body 2.9–3.5 mm, wing 2.7–3.0 mm.
Platypalpus obscuroides (POI) is very similar to P. obscurus (POS). However, it differs in the length of the stylus, which in the new species (POI) is about half as long as the postpedicel, while in POS it is nearly as long as the postpedicel. Further differences are: katepisternum in POI widely lustrous up to its hind margin, whereas with only a small oval lustrous patch not reaching hind margin of katepisternum and narrowly lustrous posterior margin in POS. Male terminalia: left cercus wider and as long as right cercus in POS (Fig.
Platypalpus obscuroides sp. nov., male terminalia A epandrium, from right side B apex of right epandrial lamella C epandrium and cerci, dorsolateral view D cerci, dorsal view. Abbr. lc: left cercus; lel: left epandrial lamella; ph: phallus; rc: right cercus; rs: right surstylus. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.
Slovakia.
Species of the P. albiseta group with both anepisternum and mesoscutum microtrichose.
1 | Fore tibia strongly spindle-shaped, dilated. Female abdominal segment 8 conspicuously elongated | 2 |
– | Fore tibia narrow, not dilated. Female abdominal segment 8 short | 3 |
2 (1) | Katepisternum with lustrous spot reaching posterior margin. Female abdominal segment 8 shiny. Male right cercus bent at tip, forming lustrous flap (Fig. |
P. obscuroides sp. nov. |
– | Katepisternum with small lustrous spot not connected with narrow lustrous posterior margin. Female abdominal segment 8 microtrichose. Male right cercus simply rounded and microtrichose at tip (Fig. |
P. obscurus (von Roser) |
3 (1) | Postpedicel at most twice longer than wide, stylus much longer than postpedicel. Legs completely dark | P. argentiseta (Collin) |
– | Not as above | 4 |
4 (3) | Stylus shorter than postpedicel. Acrostichals biserial. Katepisternum with small lustrous patch not reaching posterior margin. Legs black | P. albistylus Chvála |
– | Stylus longer than postpedicel. Acrostichals 6–8-serial. Katepisternum with large lustrous patch reaching posterior margin. Legs partly yellow | P. pallidiseta Kovalev |
Turkey. 2♂, 2 km W of Toparlar, lowland wood, 36°59'27"N, 28°38'49"E, Barták, Kubík, 18.ix.2019; 1♀, Toparlar, lowland wood, 8 m, 36°59'27"N, 28°38'50"E, Barták, Kubík, 22–24.vi.2015; 1♀, same locality, 11.ix.2014 (all CULSP). First records from Turkey.
(only characters different from male or not specified in original description are given). Head: postpedicel 0.12 mm long and 0.06 mm wide, stylus about 0.35 mm long and virtually bare, apical seta-like mechanoreceptor difficult to distinguish but seems ca. 0.05 mm long; labrum 0.40 mm long (as long as length of compound eye); eyes contiguous below antennae. Thorax: mesoscutum lustrous, including postpronotal lobes, posterior part in front of scutellum and lateral parts of notopleuron microtrichose. Setae pale in anterior part and dark in posterior part. 3–4 pairs of long, irregularly-arranged prescutellar setae, 3 pairs of scutellars, outer pair shortest and central part longest. Acrostichals moderately long and irregularly 6-serial anteriorly, much shorter, darker, almost biserial posteriorly (in male, anteriorly also 6-serial but very short or absent posteriorly). Pleura entirely microtrichose. Legs: fore tibia with scattered posteroventrals slightly longer than tibia depth. Ventral preapical seta on mid tibia about 0.20 mm long and similar seta also on mid basitarsus. Hind femur, beside strong anteroventrals, with rows of fine posteroventrals and posterodorsals subequally long as femur depth. Hind tibia with 3 strong anterodorsals. Abdomen: tergites 2–7 lustrous, tergites 1 and 8 subshiny, sternites 1–6 lustrous, sternite 7 subshiny and sternite 8 microtrichose, sternite 1 bare. Tergites with short setae dorsally and longer setae laterally (lateromarginals almost as long as tergites), sternites sparsely setose (with some 4 pairs of rather long setae on each sternite). Length of body 3.1 mm, of wing 2.5 mm.
Male abdominal tergites shiny except dorsal part of tergites 1–3 and base of tergite 4. Our specimens are slightly smaller than stated in original description.
Cyprus, Turkey.
Slovakia. 3♂, 1♀, Muráňska planina NPR, Šarkanica, 580 m, MT, 48°42'46"N, 19°59'56"E, J. Roháček 14.vi.–11.vii. 2017 (2♂, 1♀ CULSP, 1♂
This species strongly resembles M. thaica Grootaert & Shamshev, 2009, except for the following features. Postpedicel brown in contrast to yellow pedicel. Mid tarsomere 1 about 2.5 times as long as mid tarsomere 2. Terminalia (Fig.
Megagrapha europaea, male terminalia A right epandrial lamella B epandrium with cerci, dorsal view C left epandrial lamella D lower lobe of left surstylus. Abbr. hyp: hypandrium; lc: left cercus; lel: left epandrial lamella; ll: lower lobe of left surstylus; rc: right cercus; rel: right epandrial lamella; ul: upper lobe of left surstylus. Scale bar: 0.1 mm.
The male terminalia of M. starki sp. nov. are similar to those of M. europaea, but different in many details. The most obvious difference is that the upper lobe of the left surstylus is short and bifid in M. europaea, but long digitiform in M. starki sp. nov.
Hungary, Slovakia.
The authors thank all colleagues who kindly loaned or donated interesting materials, namely Jindřich Roháček (Silesian Museum, Opava), Jan Ševčík (University of Ostrava) and Michal Tkoč (National Museum, Prague). Further thanks go to Andreas Stark (Halle (Saale)) for providing information about M. starki and for providing a photograph of the wing of this species, and to László Papp (Budapest) for kind permission to use the photograph of the antenna of this species. We also thank I. Shamshev for sending data on the occurrence of the latter species in Russia. The authors thank the staff and students of the Department of Biology, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Turkey, namely Hasan Civelek, Oktay Dursun and Hatice Kavak (Aksakal), for their help during our expeditions and for taking care of Malaise traps.