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Research Article
New Metalimnobia crane flies (Diptera, Limoniidae) from China with an update of species distributions
expand article infoYe Jiang‡, Xiao Zhang‡
‡ Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China

Corresponding author: Xiao Zhang ( xzhang_cn@163.com )

Academic editor: Netta Dorchin
© 2020 Ye Jiang, Xiao Zhang.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Jiang Y, Zhang X (2020) New Metalimnobia crane flies (Diptera, Limoniidae) from China with an update of species distributions. ZooKeys 1008: 93-105. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1008.60704
ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:6D886192-F976-4D12-949B-0EC4178956EE
Open Access

Abstract

Two new species of the genus Metalimnobia Matsumura, 1911 from southwest China, M. (M.) bicolor sp. nov. and M. (M.) caudifusca sp. nov., are described and illustrated. The new species can be distinguished from congeners by their wing patterns and male genitalia. New distributional data are given for the following species: M. (M.) bifasciata (Schrank, 1781), M. (M.) quadrinotata (Meigen, 1818) and M. (M.) tenua Savchenko, 1976. An updated key for all Chinese Metalimnobia crane flies is presented.

Keywords

Classification, distribution, identification key, Limoniinae, Limoniini, new species, taxonomy

Introduction

Metalimnobia Matsumura, 1911 is a small genus in the family Limoniidae with 48 known species/subspecies. The genus is characterized by the following characters: body medium-sized to large, wing length more than 10 mm; antenna with 12 or 13 flagellomeres, palpus with five segments; wing distinctly patterned with dark brown spots or markings and often with smoky areas; R1+2 and R2 short and transverse, almost ending at the same level, basal section of CuA1 before the fork of M; male gonocoxite with a large ventro-mesal lobe, inner gonostylus often divided into three lobes; ovipositor with a short and small cercus and large hypovalva (Dienske 1987; Podenas and Gelhaus 2007; Salmela and Starý 2009; Mao and Yang 2010; Podenas and Byun 2016).

Members of the genus Metalimnobia are grouped into three subgenera: Metalimnobia (s. str.) (34 species/subspecies), Tricholimonia Alexander, 1965 (11 species) and Lasiolimonia Alexander, 1976 (three species). The nominotypical subgenus is known from the Palaearctic (15 species/subspecies), Nearctic (12 species) and Oriental (11 species/subspecies) regions. The other two subgenera are known only from the Afrotropical region (Oosterbroek 2020).

Nine Metalimnobia crane flies all belonging to the nominotypical subgenus have been recorded from China (Oosterbroek 2020), of which five were published by Mao and Yang (2010). In this paper, two new species are added to the Chinese fauna. Examination of specimens from several localities in China also revealed new distribution records for M. (M.) bifasciata (Schrank, 1781), M. (M.) quadrinotata (Meigen, 1818) and M. (M.) tenua Savchenko, 1976. A dichotomous key modified from Mao and Yang (2010) for all Chinese Metalimnobia crane flies is given.

Materials and methods

Specimens for this study were collected from several localities in China by different entomologists in the period 2009–2019. Adult crane flies were collected by insect net, Malaise trap and light trap. Type specimens of known Metalimnobia species deposited in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA (USNM), the Natural History Museum, London, UK (NHM) and the Entomological Museum of China Agricultural University, Beijing, China (CAU) were also examined. Type specimens of the new species were deposited in CAU. Other specimens were deposited in the Entomological Museum of Qingdao Agricultural University, Shandong, China.

Genitalic preparations of males were made by macerating the apical portion of the abdomen in cold 10% NaOH for 12–15 hours. Observations and illustrations were made using a ZEISS Stemi 2000-C stereomicroscope. Photographs were taken with a Canon EOS 77D digital camera through a macro lens. The morphological terminology mainly follows McAlpine (1981), and the venation is described after Alexander and Byers (1981).The following abbreviations in figures are used: tg 10 = tenth tergite, st 9 = ninth sternite, goncx = gonocoxite, o gonst = outer gonostylus, i gonst = inner gonostylus, aed = aedeagus, pm = paramere, cerc = cercus, hyp vlv = hypogynial valve.

Taxonomy

Key to Chinese Metalimnobia crane flies

1 Wing yellowish 2
– Wing grayish or brownish (Figs 2, 5d) 3
2 Femora yellow with tips brown M. (M.) bifasciata (Schrank, 1781)
– Femora dark brown with subapical yellow rings M. (M.) xanthopteroides xanthopteroides (Riedel, 1917)
3 Wing with Sc1 ending at about 2/3 of Rs, inner gonostylus divided into four lobes M. (M.) improvisa (Alexander, 1933)
– Wing with Sc1 ending close to or beyond fork of Rs (Figs 2, 5d), inner gonostylus divided into three lobes (Figs 3, 6) 4
4 Wing without spot at base (Fig. 5d) M. (M.) caudifusca sp. nov.
– Wing with one or more spots at base (Fig. 2) 5
5 Mid and hind femora each with apical ring M. (M.) yunnanica (Edwards, 1928)
– Mid and hind femora each with two rings (Figs 1a, 5a) 6
6 Subapical rings of mid and hind femora as dark and wide as apical rings M. (M.) quadrimaculata (Linnaeus, 1760)
– Subapical rings of mid and hind femora paler than apical rings and spreading over half of femora (Figs 1a, 5a) 7
7 Wing spots at origin and fork of Rs with upper parts brown and lower parts brownish black (Fig. 2) M. (M.) bicolor sp. nov.
– Wing spots at origin and fork of Rs uniformly dark brown (Fig. 5d) 8
8 Pleuron of thorax mostly black, paramere with tuft of hairs at tip (Fig. 4h) M. (M.) rectangularis Mao & Yang, 2010
– Pleuron of thorax mostly brownish yellow, paramere without hair at tip 9
9 Outer gonostylus slender, nearly as wide as innermost lobe of inner gonostylus M. (M.) impubis Mao & Yang, 2010
– Outer gonostylus broad, about twice as wide as innermost lobe of inner gonostylus 10
10 Paramere with tip flattened M. (M.) quadrinotata (Meigen, 1818)
– Paramere with tip narrow and acute (Fig. 4b, e) M. (M.) tenua Savchenko, 1976

Metalimnobia (Metalimnobia) bicolorsp. nov.

http://zoobank.org/59181930-7D58-414F-952B-3B4A56E74E0E
Figures 1, 2, 3

Type material

Holotype male, China: Sichuan, Batang, Deda (30°17'43"N, 99°23'50"E, 3727 m), 2019.VII.17, Liang Wang. Paratypes: 1 male 1 female, same data as holotype.

Diagnosis

Pleuron brownish black with brownish yellow stripe extending from pronotum to base of wing. Femora each with two rings, apical ring brown, subapical ring slightly paler and spreading over half of femora. Wing brownish with one or more brown spots at base, two large spots at origin and fork of Rs with upper parts brown and lower parts brownish black. Sc1 ending beyond fork of Rs, Sc2 shorter than Sc1; basal section of CuA1 before fork of M. Inner gonostylus divided into three lobes. Paramere with distal part long and nearly straight, tip flattened and bare.

Description

Male. Body length 10.5–10.8 mm, wing length 11.8–12.0 mm.

Head (Fig. 1b) brown with vertex and frons dark brown. Setae on head dark brown. Antenna length 2.5–2.8 mm, brownish black with scape dark brown. Scape cylindrical; pedicel nearly globose; flagellomeres oval with long setae, each flagellomere slightly narrower than previous one, terminal flagellomere elongated. Rostrum dark brown with dark brown setae. Palpus brownish black with brownish black setae.

Figure 1. 

Metalimnobia (Metalimnobia) bicolor sp. nov. a male habitus, lateral view b head, lateral view c thorax, dorsal view d ovipositor, lateral view. Scale bars: 2.0 mm (a); 0.5 mm (b, c); 0.2 mm (d).

Thorax (Fig. 1c). Pronotum brownish black with lateral margins brown. Prescutum brown with four broad, brownish black longitudinal stripes, two lateral stripes about 1/2 length of median stripes. Scutum brown with middle area brownish yellow; each lobe with two large brownish black spots, anterior spot connected with lateral stripe of prescutum. Scutellum brownish black with middle area brownish yellow. Mediotergite brownish black, posterior area with two nearly confluent pale brownish yellow spots. Pleuron (Fig. 1a) brownish black with a brownish yellow stripe extending from pronotum to base of wing. Setae on thorax brownish black. Coxae brown; trochanters pale yellow; femora each brownish yellow with two rings, apical ring brown, subapical ring slightly paler and spreading over half of femora; tibiae brownish yellow with tip dark brown; tarsi brownish black, basal 1/3–1/2 of first tarsal segments brownish yellow. Setae on legs brownish black. Wing (Fig. 2) brownish with brown to brownish black pattern: long oval, brown spot at wing base (Fig. 2a), often divided into two or three small spots (Fig. 2b, c); two large spots at origin and fork of Rs, each spot with upper part pale brown and lower part brownish black; stigma brown with each side darker; brown seams along cord, m-m, basal section of M3 and base of CuA; obscure, irregular brownish clouds in most cells, darker near R3. Veins brownish yellow, darker in clouded areas. Venation: Sc long, Sc1 ending beyond fork of Rs; Sc2 a greater distance before tip of Sc1, Sc1 1.5–2 times as long as Sc2; basal section of CuA1 1/2–2/3 of its own length before fork of M. Halter length 1.7–1.8 mm, white with knob dark brown.

Figure 2. 

Variations of wing pattern of Metalimnobia (Metalimnobia) bicolor sp. nov. Scale bars: 1.0 mm.

Abdomen (Fig. 1a). Tergites 1–4 brownish black with lateral regions brown, tergites 5–8 black. Sternites 1–3 brown, sternites 4–8 black.

Hypopygium (Fig. 3). Posterior margin of ninth tergite emarginate, each lobe with several setae. Gonocoxite slender with a large, elongate and caudally curved ventro-mesal lobe. Outer gonostylus broad, arched at 2/3 length, outer third narrowing into a flattened spine. Inner gonostylus divided into three lobes: innermost lobe long, slender and curved; dorsal fleshy lobe fingerlike with long setae; ventral fleshy lobe oval with long setae. Paramere wide basally with distal part long and nearly straight, tip flattened and bare. Aedeagus long, slightly enlarged before tip.

Figure 3. 

Metalimnobia (Metalimnobia) bicolor sp. nov. a male hypopygium, dorsal view b male hypopygium, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.2 mm.

Female. Body length 12.0 mm, wing length 11.0 mm. Similar to male, but tergites 6–9 brownish black with lateral regions brown, sternites 5–9 brown. Tenth tergite (Fig. 1d) brown. Cercus dark brown, base wide, tip pointed. Hypogynial valve dark brown with middle area of posterior half paler, tip reaching middle of cercus.

Distribution

China (Sichuan).

Etymology

The specific name refers to the wing spots at the origin and fork of Rs which have brown upper parts and brownish black lower parts.

Remarks

Metalimnobia (M.) bicolor sp. nov. can readily be distinguished from all other Metalimnobia crane flies known from China by the wing spots at the origin and fork of Rs. This species has a somewhat similar wing to the widespread M. (M.) tenua but can be easily distinguished from the latter by the antenna with dark brown scape and brownish black pedicel, the mostly brownish black pleuron, the brown coxae, and the paramere being wide basally with a long and nearly straight distal part and a flattened tip (Figs 3, 4a, 4d). In M. (M.) tenua, the scape and pedicel of the antenna are yellowish brown, the pleuron is mostly yellowish brown, the coxae are pale yellow, and the paramere is subtriangular with an acute tip (Fig. 4b, e).

Figure 4. 

Details of male genitalia of Metalimnobia a–c parameres and aedeagus, dorsal view a M. (M.) bicolor sp. nov. b M. (M.) tenua c M. (M.) caudifusca sp. nov. d–h tip of paramere d M. (M.) bicolor sp. nov. e M. (M.) tenua f M. (M.) caudifusca sp. nov. g M. (M.) quadrimaculata h M. (M.) rectangularis g, h after Mao and Yang 2010.

Metalimnobia (Metalimnobia) bifasciata (Schrank, 1781)

Tipula bifasciata Schrank, 1781: 429. Type locality: Austria, Linz

Limonia xanthoptera Meigen, 1804: 56. Type locality: not given

Metalimnobia vittata Matsumura, 1911: 63. Type locality: Russia, Sakhalin, Naiptchi

Limnobia avis avis Alexander, 1918: 444. Type locality: Japan, Honshu, Shinano, Takuhara

Limnobia avis flavoabdominalis Alexander, 1918: 445. Type locality: Japan, Honshu

Specimens examined

1 male, China: Sichuan, Yanyuan, Lugu Lake (27°43'00"N, 100°54'18"E, 2673 m), 2019.VII.19, Liang Wang (light trap).

Diagnosis

Pleuron yellow. Femora yellow with apical brown rings. Wing yellowish without spot at base. Sc1 ending close to fork of Rs, Sc2 longer than Sc1; basal section of CuA1 close to or beyond fork of M. Outer gonostylus broad, arched at 2/3 length, outer angle extended and darkened. Inner gonostylus undivided. Paramere with distal part long and nearly straight, tip blunt with several hairs on inside.

Distribution

(new record in bold). China (Beijing, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Hubei, Jilin, Liaoning, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan); Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Rep., Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Georgia, Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, ?Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mongolia, Netherlands, North Korea, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Korea, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkey, Ukraine (Oosterbroek 2020).

Remarks

Metalimnobia (M.) bifasciata is widely spread in the Palearctic and Oriental regions. In China, this species is known in many provinces and is now recorded in Sichuan for the first time. For descriptions and illustrations of this species, see Alexander (1918), Boardman (2007), Mao and Yang (2010), Matsumura (1911), Nakamura (2006), Podenas et al. (2006), Podenas and Gelhaus (2007) and Podenas and Byun (2016).

Metalimnobia (Metalimnobia) caudifuscasp. nov.

http://zoobank.org/FD4F8AD7-031D-48A5-8A7D-7D983C27F7EB
Figures 5, 6

Type material

Holotype male, China: Xizang, Bayi, Tibet agriculture and Animal Husbandry University (29°39'46"N, 94°20'43"E, 3000 m), 2014.VIII.22–IX.18, Baohai Wang (Malaise trap). Paratypes: 1 male, same data as holotype. 1 male, China: Xizang, Bayi, Lulang (29°43'10"N, 94°42'06"E, 3800 m), 2009.VIII.2, Maoling Sheng.

Diagnosis

Pleuron yellow. Fore femur yellow with apical brown ring; mid and hind femora each with two rings, apical ring brown, subapical ring pale brown and spreading over half of femur. Wing grayish without spot at base. Sc1 ending beyond fork of Rs, Sc2 shorter than Sc1; basal section of CuA1 before fork of M. Inner gonostylus divided into three lobes; dorsal fleshy lobe arched at 2/3 length, tip pointed. Paramere with distal part long, slender and slightly curved outwards, tip angulate with tuft of hairs.

Description

Male. Body length 9.5–10.5 mm, wing length 11.5–13.0 mm.

Head (Fig. 5b) brownish yellow with vertex brown and frons yellow. Setae on head brown. Antenna length 2.2–2.5 mm, yellow with flagellomeres brown. Scape cylindrical; pedicel nearly globose; flagellomeres oval with long setae, each flagellomere slightly narrower than previous one, terminal flagellomere elongated. Rostrum brown with dark brown setae. Palpus brown with dark brown setae.

Figure 5. 

Metalimnobia (Metalimnobia) caudifusca sp. nov. a male habitus, lateral view b head, lateral view c thorax, dorsal view d wing. Scale bars: 2.0 mm (a); 0.5 mm (b, c); 1.0 mm (d).

Thorax (Fig. 5c). Pronotum brown with lateral regions brownish yellow. Prescutum yellow with four broad, brown longitudinal stripes, lateral stripes about 1/2 length of median stripes. Scutum yellow, each lobe with two large pale brown spots, anterior spot connected with lateral stripe of prescutum. Scutellum yellow with lateral regions pale brown. Mediotergite yellow, base with two pale brown spots. Pleuron (Fig. 5a) yellow. Setae on thorax dark brown. Coxae yellow. Trochanters pale yellow. Fore femur yellow, tip with brown ring; mid and hind femora each yellow with two rings, apical ring brown, subapical ring pale brown and spreading over half of femur. Tibiae brown. Tarsi brown, bases of first tarsal segments slightly paler. Setae on legs dark brown. Wing (Fig. 5d) grayish with pale brownish yellow to pale brown pattern: large, pale brown spots at origin and fork of Rs; stigma pale brown with middle area paler; very pale brown seams along cord, m-m, basal section of M3 and base of CuA; obscure, irregular pale brownish yellow clouds in most cells. Veins pale brownish yellow, darker in clouded areas. Venation: Sc long, Sc1 ending beyond fork of Rs; Sc2 a greater distance before tip of Sc1, Sc1 1.2–3 times as long as Sc2; basal section of CuA1 1/4–1/2 of its own length before fork of M. Halter length 1.7–1.9 mm, pale yellow.

Abdomen (Fig. 5a). Tergites 1–5 yellow to brownish yellow, tergites 6–8 brown. Sternites 1–6 yellow, sternites 6–8 brown.

Hypopygium (Fig. 6). Posterior margin of ninth tergite emarginate, each lobe with several setae. Gonocoxite slender with short, rounded and apically blunt ventro-mesal lobe. Outer gonostylus broad, arched at 2/3 length, outer third narrowing into a flattened spine. Inner gonostylus divided into three lobes: innermost lobe long, slender and curved; dorsal fleshy lobe long and stout with long setae, arched at 2/3 length, tip pointed; ventral fleshy lobe oval with long setae. Paramere wide basally with distal part long, slender and slightly curved outwards, tip angulate with tuft of hairs. Aedeagus long and slender.

Figure 6. 

Metalimnobia (Metalimnobia) caudifusca sp. nov. a male hypopygium, dorsal view b male hypopygium, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.2 mm.

Female. Unknown.

Distribution

China (Xizang/Tibet).

Etymology

The specific name refers to the caudal segments of the abdomen being uniformly brown.

Remarks

Some Metalimnobia crane flies that occur in China also have a tuft of hairs at the tip of the parameres (e.g., bifasciata, quadrimaculata, rectangularis and xanthopteroides). However, the wing of M. (M.) caudifusca sp. nov. is grayish, while the wings of both M. (M.) bifasciata and M. (M.) xanthopteroides xanthopteroides are yellowish. Metalimnobia (M.) caudifusca sp. nov. can also be easily distinguished from M. (M.) quadrimaculata and M. (M.) rectangularis by the wing pattern (caudifusca has no spot at the base of the wing, but quadrimaculata and rectangularis have a spot at the base of their wings) and the shape of the paramere (Fig. 4c, f–h). Notably, the type specimens of M. (M.) yunnanica deposited in USNM and NHM were examined and showed that its wing had pale spots at the base.

Metalimnobia (Metalimnobia) quadrinotata (Meigen, 1818)

Limnobia quadrinotata Meigen, 1818: 144. Type locality: not given (?near Stolberg [Germany])

Limnobia variegata Macquart, 1826: 153. Type locality: northern France

Specimens examined

1 male, China: Jilin, Antu, Mount Changbai, Lvyuantan (42°03'43"N, 128°04'05"E, 1775 m), 2015.VIII.6, Zehui Kang. 1 male 1 female, China: Hebei, Xinglong, Mount Wuling, main peak (40°35'30"N, 117°29'29"E, 1780 m), 2017.VIII.9, Liang Wang. 2 males, China: Neimenggu, Genhe, Hanma National Nature Reserve, Central Management Station (51°37'29"N, 122°26'34"E, 1200 m), 2014.VIII.1, Li Shi.

Diagnosis

Pleuron brownish yellow. Femora each brownish yellow with two rings, apical ring black, subapical ring paler and spreading over half of femora. Wing brownish with one or more spots at base. Sc1 ending beyond fork of Rs, Sc2 longer than Sc1; basal section of CuA1 before fork of M. Inner gonostylus divided into three lobes. Paramere with distal part long and curved ventrally, tip flattened and bare.

Distribution

(new records in bold). China (Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Neimenggu, Xinjiang); Armenia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Rep., Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Mongolia, Montenegro, Netherlands, North Korea, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine (Oosterbroek 2020).

Remarks

Metalimnobia (M.) quadrinotata is widespread in the Palearctic region. In China, this species was previously known in three provinces and is now recorded in Hebei, Jilin and Neimenggu for the first time. For descriptions and illustrations of this species, see Savchenko (1985), Podenas et al. (2006), Podenas and Gelhaus (2007), Mao and Yang (2010) and Podenas and Byun (2016).

Metalimnobia (Metalimnobia) tenua Savchenko, 1976

Metalimnobia quadrinotata tenua Savchenko & Krivolutskaya, 1976: 151. Type locality: Russia, several localities in Eastern Siberia and the Far East

Specimens examined

1 male, China: Sichuan, Pingwu, Wanglang National Nature Reserve, Shuizhagou (32°54'16"N, 104°09'34"E, 2447 m), 2016.VII.20, Yizhe Li.

Diagnosis

Pleuron brownish yellow, variegated by darker areas. Femora each brownish yellow with two rings, apical ring black, subapical ring slightly paler and spreading over half of femora. Wing brownish with two relatively large spots at base. Sc1 ending beyond fork of Rs, Sc2 shorter than Sc1; basal section of CuA1 before fork of M. Inner gonostylus divided into three lobes. Paramere subtriangular, tip slightly acute and bare (Fig. 4b, e).

Distribution

(new record in bold). China (Ningxia, Sichuan); Austria, Czech Rep., Italy, Finland, Japan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Norway, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden (Oosterbroek 2020).

Remarks

Metalimnobia (M.) tenua is widespread in the Palearctic region. In China, this species was previously only known in Ningxia and is now recorded in Sichuan for the first time. For descriptions and illustrations of this species, see Savchenko and Krivolutskaya (1976), Savchenko (1983), Podenas and Gelhaus (2007) and Mao and Yang (2010).

Acknowledgements

We are very grateful to Jon K. Gelhaus, Sigitas Podenas, David G. Furth, Yan Li, and Qifei Liu for their great help with the study of the type specimens in USNM, and to Duncan Sivell and Jinlong Ren for their assistance in the study of the type specimens in NHM. We also express our sincere thanks to Ding Yang and Zehui Kang for their great help during the study. This work was funded by the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation, China (ZR2018LC006, ZR2019BC034), the High-level Talents Funds of Qingdao Agricultural University, China (663-1118015, 663-1119008) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41901061).

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