Type material, as in Mendes and Andersen (2009).

8 males, slide-mounted: Brazil, Bahia, Camacan, RPPN Serra Bonita, Trilha Bapeba,15°20'35"S, 39°33'34"W, 4.xi.2009, light trap, A.R. Calor et al. leg. 3 males, slide-mounted, as previous, except: 15°23'32"S, 39°33'53"W, 2.xi.2009. 1 male, slide-mounted, as previous, except: 03.ii.2009. 1 male, slide-mounted, as previous, except: córrego 2, 15°23'10"S, 39°34'03"W, 819 m a.s.l., 01.viii.2008, light trap, A.R. Calor, L.S. Lecci, L.C. Pinho & R.A. Moretto leg. 1 male, slide-mounted: Brazil, São Paulo, PE Serra do Mar, Ubatuba, Picinguaba, Camburi stream, 09.ix.2006, light trap, M.R. Spies & A.E. Siegloch leg.

Pinho et al. (2013) found that the “presence of apical thin setae on inferior volsella” (character 74, state 1), i.e. a group of two, rarely three, slender simple setae at the very tip of the inferior volsella, in addition to subapical, stouter setae, is the only synapomorphy of Beardius Reiss & Sublette, 1985 in the adult stage. In fact, the character is shared by all species of Beardius and is not found elsewhere, except in Nilothauma longissimum Mendes & Andersen, 2009, a species that was considered to be sister to all remaining Nilothauma by Mendes and Andersen (2009) in a phylogenetic analysis with Paratendipes Kieffer and Pseudochironomus Malloch as outgroups. The comparatively-high antennal ratio in N. longissimum (AR > 1.00) is the only exception in Nilothauma, which generally have very low antennal ratios (AR < 0.40). Further, the venarum ratio (VR) seems to be low in N. longissimum compared to other Nilothauma species; other characters in N. longissimum are consistent with the current diagnosis of Beardius. We therefore propose the new combination and emend the diagnosis of Nilothauma accordingly.

The species was originally described from São Paulo State, south-eastern Brazil by Mendes and Andersen (2009); the range is now extended to Bahia State in north-eastern Brazil.

After transferring Nilothauma longissimum Mendes & Andersen, 2009 to Beardius Reiss & Sublette, 1985 (see above), adult males of Nilothauma become more easily separated from other genera. The diagnosis given by Mendes and Andersen (2009) has to be emended as follows: “antennal ratio generally low (AR < 0.40), one species (N. longissimum sp. nov.) with AR > 1.00.” should read: “antennal ratio generally low (AR < 0.40), occasionally as high as 0.82 (N. soka Andersen, Bello González & Hagenlund, 2016).

The discovery of the pupae of N. terena sp. nov. leads to the diagnosis of the pupa given by Mendes and Andersen (2009) having to be emended as follows: “Frontal setae short, not on tubercles.” should read “Frontal setae short, occasionally long and taeniate, not on tubercles.” Further, “Sternites I–VII bare; sternite VIII with central, longitudinal field of shagreen.” should read “Sternites I–VII usually bare, sternite I occasionally with extensive shagreen; sternite VIII with central, longitudinal field of shagreen.”

Based on the larva of N. terena sp. nov., the diagnosis of the Nilothauma larvae in Epler et al. (2013) should be emended as follows: “Mandible. All teeth pale;” should read: “Mandible. All teeth pale, occasionally inner teeth with somewhat darker pigmentation;” and “Mentum. Pale;” should read: “Mentum. Pale, occasionally with somewhat darker pigmentation”.

1 male, slide-mounted: Brazil, São Paulo, São Luís do Paraitinga, PE Serra do Mar, Núcleo Santa Virgínia, trilha Poço do Pito, afluente Paraibuna, 23°20'09"S, 45°08'46"W, 15.ix.2006, light trap, M.R. Spies & A.E. Siegloch leg.

The male can be distinguished from its congeners by the combination of: tergite IX without setose dorsal lobe(s); gonostylus stout; acrostichals absent; anal point wide, covering most setae along posterior margin of tergite IX; inferior volsella slender.

Male imago (n = 1). Total length 3.58 mm. Wing length 2.00 mm. Total length/wing length 1.79. Wing length/length of profemur 2.25.

Colouration. Head, thorax and abdomen brown; legs pale, except for ring of brown pigmentation in distal 1/2 to 2/3 of fore- and hind femora, in distal 1/3 of foretibia, in basal 1/8 of mid- and hind tibiae and in distal 1/3 of each tarsomere. Wing membrane apparently hyaline, but faint brown markings are visible when dark-field filter is applied.

Antenna. AR = 0.27. Thirteenth flagellomere 197 µm long.

Head. Temporal setae 7 in single row. Clypeus with 25 setae. Tentorium 123 µm long, maximum width 25 µm. Stipes not measurable. Palp segment lengths (in µm): 39, 34, 123, 147, 191. Third palpomere with 2 sensilla clavata subapically, longest 20 µm long. Fifth palpomere/third palpomere 1.55.

Thorax. Dorsocentrals 12 in single row, acrostichals absent, prealars 3. Scutellum with 6 setae.

Wing. VR = 1.50. Brachiolum with 1 seta, R with 13 setae, R₁ with 18 setae, R₄₊₅ with 21 setae, remaining veins bare.

Legs. Spur of fore tibia 44 µm long including 15 µm long scale. Mid-tibia with 1 spur, 15 µm long; hind tibia with 2 spurs, 25 and 29 µm long. Combs of both mid- and hind tibia 20 µm long. Width at apex of fore-tibia 39 µm, of mid-tibia 34 µm, of hind tibia 44 µm. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 1.

Hypopygium (Fig. 1A, B). Tergite IX without lobes, tapering to apex, with 22 short setae underneath anal point. Anal point lanceolate, 50 µm long, maximum width 37 µm. Tergite bands well developed. Laterosternite IX without setae. Phallapodeme 70 µm long; transverse sternapodeme 55 µm long. Gonocoxite 134 µm long. Inferior volsella straight, 52 µm long, 7 µm wide medially, with microtrichia and 8 simple setae apically. Superior volsella pediform, 17 µm long, 7 µm wide at base, covered with microtrichia and with 2 setae apically. Median volsella 7 µm long, with 2 simple setae, longest 12 µm. Gonostylus 95 µm long, straight. HR = 1.42. HV = 3.77.

Figure 1. 

Nilothauma aleta Roback, 1960, adult male A hypopygium, dorsal view B hypopygium with anal point and tergite IX removed, dorsal aspect to the left and ventral aspect to the right.

Unknown.

Roback (1960) described Nilothauma aleta Roback, 1960 and N. duena Roback, 1960 from the Peruvian Amazon. In their revision of Nilothauma, Adam & Sæther, (1999) regarded the two species as not belonging to Nilothauma since they lack any projections on tergite IX and stated that they appear to belong in Paratendipes Kieffer. Later, Mendes and Andersen (2009) placed Neelamia Soponis and Paranilothauma Soponis as synonyms of Nilothauma and several new Neotropical species have been described demonstrating the large morphological variation in the genus. Mendes and Andersen (2009) emended the diagnosis of Nilothauma and both N. aleta and N. duena fit well into this diagnosis.

(Fig. 17B). The species was originally described from the Department of Huánuco, in the Peruvian Amazon by Roback (1960); the range is now extended to Serra do Mar (São Paulo State), in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest.

1 male, slide-mounted: Brazil, Santa Catarina, Grão Pará, Cachoeira do Amado, #27, 28°08'57"S, 49°21'17"W, 16.xi.2012–08.i.2013, Malaise trap, L.C. Pinho, M.C. Novaes & M.F. Haddad leg. 1 male, slide-mounted: Brazil, Santa Catarina, São Francisco do Sul, Distrito do Saí, 26°11'42"S, 48°43'53"W, 18.i–18.iii.2020, Malaise trap #150, small stream, L.C. Pinho et al. leg.

Nilothauma amazonense Mendes & Andersen, 2009 was described, based on a single male from the Amazon. The specimens of N. amazonense from southern Brazil, however, differ slightly from the holotype. Mendes and Andersen (2009) stated that hind ta₂ being shorter than ta₃ (ratio of ta₂/ta₃ length = 0.73) is one of the diagnostic characters of the species. However, in the specimens from southern Brazil, hind ta₂ and ta₃ are subequal in length (ratio of ta₂/ta₃ length = 0.94–0.97). Body size, measured as Total Length (TL) is also larger (TL of holotype = 1.53 mm; TL of southern populations = 2.00–2.05 mm). Similar differences in body size between Amazonian and southern Atlantic Forest populations were also found in Beardius urupeatan Pinho, Mendes & Andersen, 2009 [TL Amazon = 2.32–2.51, 2.38 (6); TL southern Atlantic Forest = 2.68–3.00, 2.96 (8)]. This intraspecific variation might be due to the higher temperature in the Amazon Region when compared to the localities in the southern parts of the Atlantic Forest. Populations of chironomid species inhabiting different habitats may show variation in voltinism and more rapid growth can result in smaller body size (Tokeshi 1995; Pinho et al. 2009).

(Fig. 17A). The species was originally described from the Amazonian Region by Mendes and Andersen (2009); the range is now extended to Santa Catarina State in southern Brazil.

1 male, slide-mounted: Brazil, Rondônia, Candeias do Jamari, Rio Preto, Ponte de Madeira, #01, 08°52'40"S, 63°38'02"W, 19–20.vii.2012, light trap, R. Boldrini & A.S. Fernandes leg. 1 male, slide mounted: Brazil, Mato Grosso, Ribeirão Cascalheira, Fazenda Campina Grande, Rio Suiá Miçu, 28–30.xi.2006, light trap, A.R. Calor, F.R. Silva & S. Mateus leg. 2 males, slide-mounted: Brazil, Mato Grosso, Ribeirão Cascalheira, Fazenda Campina Verde, Rio Suiá Miçu, 12°48.591'S, 52°06.925'W, 10.x.2007, light trap, L.C. Pinho, S. Mateus, L. Torati & F.R. Silva leg. 1 male, slide-mounted: Brazil, Pará State, Rurópolis, Rio Tambor, 29.x.2007, light trap, N. Hamada et al. leg.

The inferior volsella can have up to 3–4 simple, curved setae apically.

(Fig. 17D). The species was originally described from the Rio Grande do Sul State in southern Brazil by Dantas and Hamada (2017); the range is now extended to Mato Grosso, Rondônia and Pará States in central and northern Brazil.

2 males, slide-mounted: Brazil, Rondônia, Candeias do Jamari, Rio Preto, Ponte de Madeira, #01, 08°52'40"S, 63°38'02"W, 19–20.vii.2012, light trap, R. Boldrini & A.S. Fernandes leg. 2 males, slide-mounted: Brazil, Rondônia, Teixeirópolis, Balneário com Cachoeira, 10°55'20"S, 62°22'34"W, 03.ix.2012, light #13, N. Hamada, R. Boldrini, A.S. Fernandes & J.M. Cavalcante leg. 1 male, slide-mounted: Brazil, Roraima, Boa Vista, Rio Cauamé, 02°52'06"N, 60°44'24"W, 9.iii.2009, light trap, L.M. Fusari leg. 1 male, slide-mounted: Brazil, Roraima, Boa Vista, BR-174, Igarapé Água Boa, 02°43'32"N, 60°48'43"W, 2014, N. Hamada leg. 1 male, slide-mounted: Brazil, Amazonas, Presidente Figueiredo, AM-240 Km 20, Balneário Sossego da Pantera, Igarapé da Onça, 02°02'31"S, 59°51'05"W, 02.vii.2008, light trap, C. Azevedo leg. 1 male, slide-mounted: Brazil, Amazonas, upper Rio Marauiá, downstream of Cachoeira Santo Antônio, surface float skimmed, 22.i.1963, E.J. Fittkau leg. (A485, ZSM).

(Fig. 17B). The species was originally described from the Amazonas and Mato Grosso States by Mendes and Andersen (2009); the range is now extended to Roraima and Rondônia States in the Brazilian Amazon.

1 male, slide-mounted: Brazil, Amazonas, Manaus, Reserva Florestal Adolfo Ducke, Igarapé Bolívia, 02°49'15"S, 59°56'31"W, 9–12.xi.2008, Malaise trap suspensa 2, N. Hamada et al. leg. 2 males, slide-mounted: Brazil, Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, 10–11.x.1965, Brundin net, E.J. Fittkau leg. (A 580, ZSM).

Mendes and Andersen (2009) stated that the superior volsella has a “lateral strongly sclerotized, spine-like projection”. In dorsolateral view (Fig. 2A), it can be seen that this spine-like projection originates from the base of the volsella and is equally long as the volsella proper.

Figure 2. 

Variation in superior volsella A dorsolateral view of superior volsella of Nilothauma calori Mendes & Andersen, 2009 B lateral view of superior volsella of Nilothauma complicatum Mendes & Andersen, 2009.

(Fig. 16C). The species was originally described from Acre State by Mendes and Andersen (2009); the range is now extended to the Mato Grosso and Amazonas States.

1 male, slide-mounted: Brazil, Rondônia, Candeias do Jamari, Rio Preto, Ponte de Madeira, #01, 08°52'40"S, 63°38'02"W, 19–20.vii.2012, light trap, R. Boldrini & A.S. Fernandes leg. 3 males, slide-mounted: Brazil, Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Fazenda Sr. Queté, Córrego Voadeira, 14°32.187'S, 52°30.902'W, 16.x.2007, light trap, L.C. Pinho, S. Mateus, L. Torati & F.R. Silva leg. 2 males, slide-mounted, as previous, except: Córrego Cachoeira, 14°32.817'S, 52°31.395'W. 1 male, slide-mounted, as previous, except: 14°41.577'S, 52°27.203'W, 13.x.2007. 2 males, slide-mounted, as previous, except: Estrada p/ Rancho Helena, Córrego Ponte de Pedra, 14°47.908'S, 52°37.226'W, 15.x.2007. 1 male, slide-mounted, as previous, except: Córrego Voadeira, 14°41.577'S, 52°27.203'W, 13.x.2007. 1 male, slide-mounted: Brazil, Mato Grosso, Ribeirão Cascalheira, Estrada Fazenda Manaus, 1° afluente Rio Bonito, 12°57.088'S, 51°52.480'W, 08.x.2007, light trap, L.C. Pinho, S. Mateus, L. Torati & F.R. Silva leg.

Mendes and Andersen (2009) stated that the superior volsella has a “marginal row of flattened setae”. In lateral view (Fig. 2B), it can be seen that the volsella is quite wide medially with a row of lamellae apparently covered with weak microtrichia.

(Fig. 16A). The species was originally described by Mendes and Andersen (2009), based on a single male from the Espírito Santo State; the range is now extended to the Mato Grosso and Rondônia States in central and northern Brazil.

1 male, slide-mounted: Brazil, Bahia, Camacan, Fazenda do Waldemar da farmácia, Córrego abaixo da represa de abastecimento, 15°25'16"S, 39°33'57"W, 300 m a.s.l., 05.viii.2008, light trap, A.R. Calor, L.S. Lecci, L.C. Pinho & R.A. Moretto leg. 1 male, slide-mounted: Brazil, São Paulo, Pindamonhangaba, Fazenda São Sebastião, Afluente Cedro 3, 22°50'16"S, 45°28'27"W, 18.ix.2006, light trap, M.R. Spies & A.E. Siegloch leg.

The male can be distinguished from its congeners by the combination of: tergite IX without setose dorsal lobe(s); anal point slightly spatulate; wing unmarked; abdominal tergites I–VIII with basal half light brown, distal half pale; gonostylus and inferior volsella stout.

Figure 3. 

Nilothauma duena Roback, 1960, adult male A hypopygium, dorsal view B hypopygium with anal point and tergite IX removed, dorsal aspect to the left and ventral aspect to the right.

Male imago (n = 2, unless otherwise stated). Total length 2.37–2.76 mm. Wing length 1.56–1.68 mm. Total length/wing length 1.58–1.66. Wing length/length of profemur 2.60–2.62.

Colouration. Head and thorax light brown; legs pale except for brown pigmentation in basal 1/3 and distal 1/5 of fore femur, basal 1/5 and distal 1/3 of fore tibia, distal 1/8 of mid- and hind femora, basal 1/8 and distal 1/8 of mid- and hind tibiae and entire tarsi. Abdominal tergites I–VIII with basal half light brown, distal half pale; hypopygium light brown. Wing membrane hyaline.

Antenna. AR = 0.17–0.18. Thirteenth flagellomere 108–118 µm long.

Head. Temporal setae 9–10 in single row. Clypeus with 13–15 setae. Tentorium 98 (1) µm long, maximum width 20 (1) µm. Stipes not measurable. Palp segment lengths (in µm): 17–25, 17–25, 32 (1), 35 (1), 62 (1). Third palpomere with 2 sensilla clavata subapically, longest 15 µm long. Fifth palpomere/third palpomere 1.92 (1).

Thorax. Dorsocentrals 16–17 in single row, acrostichals 14–16, prealars 3. Scutellum with 2–3 setae.

Wing. VR = 1.55–1.56. Brachiolum with 1 seta, R with 12–13 setae, R₁ with 16–17, R₄₊₅ with 5–22 setae, remaining veins bare.

Legs. Spur of fore tibia 54–59 µm long including 15–20 µm long scale. Mid-tibia with 1 spur, 25–29 µm long; hind tibia with 2 spurs, 49–51 and 28–31 µm long. Combs of mid-tibia 15–20 µm long, of hind tibia 18–25 µm long. Width at apex of fore tibia 48–50 µm, of mid-tibia 48–50 µm, of hind tibia 49–59 µm. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 2.

Hypopygium (Fig. 3A, B). Tergite IX without dorsal lobes, with triangular posterior margin with 13–15 weak setae along posterior margin to each side of base of anal point. Anal point spatulate, 22–30 µm long, maximum width 10–12 µm. Tergite bands well developed. Laterosternite IX with 1–2 setae. Phallapodeme 47–60 µm long; transverse sternapodeme 55–62 µm long. Gonocoxite 112–125 µm long. Inferior volsella straight, 40–45 µm long, 15–20 µm wide medially, with microtrichia and 10–11 strong, simple setae apically. Superior volsella tapering to apex, 20–37 µm long, 12–14 µm wide at base, covered with microtrichia and apparently bare at tip. Median volsella 7–10 µm long, with 3–4 setae, longest 20–22 µm long. Gonostylus 87–90 µm long, straight. HR = 1.29–1.43. HV = 2.72–3.17.

Unknown.

See remarks for N. aleta Roback, 1960.

(Fig. 16C). The species was originally described by Roback (1960) from the Department of Huánuco, in the Peruvian Amazon; the range is now extended to Serra Bonita (Bahia State) and Serra do Mar (São Paulo State), in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest.

2 males, slide-mounted: Brazil, São Paulo, Campos do Jordão, PE Campos do Jordão, Córrego Canhambora, 1538 m a.s.l., 22°41'44"S, 45°29'30"W, 13.i.2006, light trap, M.R. Spies leg. 1 male, slide-mounted, Costa Rica, La Selva, 03.iv.1993, Malaise trap, O.A. Sæther leg.

(Fig. 17A). The species was described by Soponis (1987) from Amazonas and later recorded from Acre, Espírito Santo and Para States in Brazil and from Ecuador by Mendes and Andersen (2009). The range is now extended south to São Paulo State in Brazil and north to Costa Rica in Central America.

Holotype male, slide-mounted: Brazil, Amazonas, Barcelos, Rio Aracá, Foz do Igarapé Cuieiras, 00°19'15"N, 63°16'15"W, 35 m a.s.l., 30.vii–01.viii.2009, light trap #11, N. Hamada et al. leg. (UFSC).

The specific epithet is a noun in the genitive case which honours Neusa Hamada for her great contribution to the knowledge of Amazonian Chironomidae.

Figure 4. 

Nilothauma hamadae sp. nov. adult male A hypopygium, dorsal view B hypopygium with anal point and tergite IX removed, dorsal aspect to the left and ventral aspect to the right.

The male can be distinguished from its congeners by the combination of: tergite IX with single, median setose dorsal lobe, consisting of a low, but wide protuberance with about 25 strong setae; anal point very broad (about half the width of tergite IX) and lanceolate; median volsella separated from superior volsella.

Male imago (n = 1). Total length 1.94 mm. Wing length 1.13 mm. Total length/wing length 1.71. Wing length/length of profemur 2.30.

Colouration. Head, thorax and abdomen medium brown. Legs light brown. Wing membrane hyaline.

Antenna. AR = 0.40. Thirteenth flagellomere 217 µm long.

Head. Temporal setae 7 in single row. Clypeus with 15 setae. Tentorium 75 µm long, maximum width 12 µm. Stipes 92 µm long. Palp segment lengths (in µm): 25, 25, 75, 127, 144. Third palpomere with 2 sensilla clavata subapically, longest 20 µm long. Fifth palpomere/third palpomere 1.93.

Thorax. Dorsocentrals 7 in single row, acrostichals 10, prealars 2. Scutellum with 4 setae.

Wing. VR = 1.37. Brachiolum with 1 seta, R with 13 setae, R₁ with 7 setae, R₄₊₅ with 14 setae, remaining veins bare.

Legs. Spur of fore tibia 34 µm long including 12 µm long scale. Mid-tibia with 1 spur, 15 µm long; hind tibia with 2 spurs, 20 and 25 µm long. Combs of mid-tibia 12 µm long, of hind tibia 15 µm long. Width at apex of fore tibia 34 µm, of mid-tibia 34 µm, of hind tibia 39 µm. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 3.

Hypopygium (Fig. 4A, B). Tergite IX narrow, tapering to apex, with central rounded lobe bearing 25 simple, strong setae; with 9 simple setae along posterior margin underneath the anal point. Anal point lanceolate, 42 µm long, 27 µm wide. Tergite bands lacking. Laterosternite IX with 1 seta. Phallapodeme 40 µm long; transverse sternapodeme 15 µm long. Gonocoxite 75 µm long. Inferior volsella strongly curved, 37 µm long, 7 µm wide medially, with microtrichia in basal half, with 4 simple setae apically and 1 simple seta subapically. Superior volsella 30 µm long, 4 µm wide at base, covered with microtrichia and fringed at apex. Median volsella 7 µm long, with 2 simple setae, longest 10 µm. Gonostylus 112 µm long, with basal half strongly curved and distal half straight. HR = 0.67. HV = 1.73.

Unknown.

(Fig. 16A). Known from Barcelos (Amazonas State), in the Brazilian Amazon.

1 male, slide-mounted: Brazil, São Paulo, Salesópolis, EB Boraceia, Rio Claro, Poço Verde, 18.ix.2002, light trap, A.S. Melo, C.G. Froehlich, R. Mariano, A. Prather & R. Blahnik leg. 1 male, slide-mounted: Brazil, São Paulo, Jundiaí, PE Serra do Japi, 23.ix.2008, light trap, R. Mariano & L.S. Lecci leg.

(Fig. 17D). The species was described by Mendes and Andersen (2009), based on a single male from Parque Estadual do Jaraguá in São Paulo State, Brazil.

Holotype male, slide-mounted: Brazil, Rondônia, Teixeirópolis, Balneário com Cachoeira, 10°55'20"S, 62°22'34"W, 03.ix.2012, light trap #13, N. Hamada, R. Boldrini, A.S. Fernandes & J.M. Cavalcante leg. (UFSC). Paratype: 1 male, slide-mounted, same data as holotype (INPA).

The specific epithet honours the Jupaú, indigenous people from Rondônia State, Brazilian Amazon. The name is to be regarded as a noun in apposition.

The male can be distinguished from its congeners by the combination of: tergite IX with thorn and without setose dorsal lobe(s); anal point spatulate; wing with conspicuous dark markings; abdominal tergites II, III, VI, VII and VIII dark brown.

Figure 5. 

Nilothauma jupau sp. nov. adult male A wing B hypopygium, dorsal view C hypopygium with anal point and tergite IX removed, dorsal aspect to the left and ventral aspect to the right.

Male imago (n = 2, unless otherwise stated). Total length 2.04–2.14 mm. Wing length 1.07–1.14 mm. Total length/wing length 1.78–2.01. Wing length/length of profemur 2.03–2.27.

Colouration. Head and thorax brown; legs pale, except for entire fore femur, distal half of mid- and hind femora and distal 1/3 of fore- and hind tibiae with brown pigmentation; abdomen pale, except for brown pigmentation in segments II, III, VI, VII and VIII. Wing membrane with extensive dark markings.

Antenna. AR = 0.28–0.32. Thirteenth flagellomere 115–134 µm long.

Head. Temporal setae 7–8 in single row. Clypeus with 20–24 setae. Tentorium 57–72 µm long, maximum width 15–17 µm. Stipes 95–100 µm long. Palp segment lengths (in µm): 13–14, 30–32, 85–95, 105–117, 115–134. Third palpomere with 2–3 sensilla clavata subapically, longest 14–15 µm. Fifth palpomere/third palpomere 1.21–1.69.

Thorax. Dorsocentrals 6–7 in single row, acrostichals 8–14, prealars 2. Scutellum with 2 setae.

Wing (Fig. 5A). VR = 1.63–1.64. Brachiolum with 1 seta, R with 8–10 setae, R₁ with 6 setae, R₄₊₅ with 11–15 setae, remaining veins bare.

Legs. Spur of fore tibia 39–49 µm long including 20–25 µm long scale. Mid-tibia with 1 spur, 20–25 µm long; hind tibia with 2 spurs, 20–25 and 23–28 µm long. Combs of mid-tibia 15–20 µm long, of hind tibia 15–20 µm long. Width at apex of fore tibia 44 µm, of mid-tibia 39–44 µm, of hind tibia 47–51 µm. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 4.

Hypopygium (Fig. 5B, C). Tergite IX without dorsal lobes, with rounded posterior margin, with 4–5 clustered setae anteriorly to base of anal point and 8–12 weaker setae to each side of anal point. Anal point spatulate, 40–42 µm long, maximum width 7–10 µm. Tergite bands well developed. Laterosternite IX with 2–3 setae, with thorn. Phallapodeme 42–52 µm long; transverse sternapodeme 20–22 µm long. Gonocoxite 70–75 µm long, with longer microtrichia dorsomedially. Inferior volsella slightly curved, 30–32 µm long, 15–18 µm wide medially, with microtrichia and 5–6 simple setae in apical one third. Superior volsella slender, 12–20 µm long, 4–5 µm wide at base, covered with microtrichia and with 2 setae at apex, longest 8–13 µm. Median volsella consisting of small tubercle situated underneath superior volsella, 6–7 µm long, with 2 setae at apex, longest 6–7 µm long. Gonostylus 70–92 µm long, straight. HR = 0.81–1.00. HV = 2.21–3.05.

Unknown.

(Fig. 16A). Known from Rondônia State, Brazilian Amazon.

Holotype male, slide-mounted: Brazil, Rondônia, Candeias do Jamari, Rio Preto, Ponte de Madeira, 08°52'40"S, 63°38'02"W, 19–20.vii.2012, light trap #01, R. Boldrini & A.S. Fernandes leg. (UFSC). Paratype: 1 male adult, slide-mounted: BRAZIL, Amazonas, Barcelos, Rio Aracá, #9, 69 m a.s.l., 00°24'39"N, 63°23'12"W, 28.vii–06.viii.2009, light trap #3, N. Hamada et al. leg. (INPA).

The specific epithet honours the Karitiana, indigenous people from the Rio Jamari Basin in the Rondônia State (Brazil). The name is to be regarded as a noun in apposition.

Figure 6. 

Nilothauma karitiana sp. nov. adult male A hypopygium, dorsal view B superior volsella, dorsal view C hypopygium with anal point and tergite IX removed, dorsal aspect to the left and ventral aspect to the right.

The male can be distinguished from its congeners by the combination of: tergite IX without setose dorsal lobe(s); anal point spatulate; wing unmarked; superior volsella fused to median volsella; gonostylus very long, narrow basally and apically, swollen medially.

Male imago (n = 2, unless otherwise stated). Total length 3.32–3.78 mm. Wing length 1.71–1.83 mm. Total length/wing length 1.94–2.07. Wing length/length of profemur 2.02–2.06.

Colouration. Head, thorax, legs and abdomen uniformly light brown. Wing membrane hyaline.

Antenna. AR = 0.22 (1). Thirteenth flagellomere 217 µm long.

Head. Temporal setae 9 (1) in single row. Clypeus with 10–11 setae. Tentorium 105 (1) µm long, maximum width 17 (1) µm. Stipes 122 (1) µm long. Palp segment lengths (in µm): 25–35, 27–37, 60 (1), 80 (1), 154 (1). Third palpomere with 3 (1) sensilla clavata subapically, longest 20 (1) µm long. Fifth palpomere/third palpomere 2.57

Thorax. Dorsocentrals 9–13 in single row, acrostichals 12, prealars 2–3. Scutellum with 2 setae.

Wing. VR = 1.33–1.46. Brachiolum with 1 seta, R with 11–14 setae, R₁ with 10–12 setae, R₄₊₅ with 3–4 setae at apex, remaining veins bare.

Legs. Spur of fore tibia 59–64 µm long including 17–20 µm long scale. Mid-tibia with 1 spur, 23–25 µm long; hind tibia with 2 spurs, 23–25 and 29–33 µm long. Combs of mid-tibia 15–20 µm long, of hind tibia 20–23 µm long. Width at apex of fore tibia 59 µm, of mid-tibia 59 µm, of hind tibia 64 µm. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 5.

Hypopygium (Fig. 6A, B). Tergite IX without dorsal lobes, tapering to apex, with 2–3 median and 8–9 setae to each side of anal point. Anal point spatulate, 55–57 µm long, 17–20 µm wide. Tergite bands well developed. Laterosternite IX with 1–2 setae. Phallapodeme 82–90 µm long; transverse sternapodeme 42–55 µm long. Gonocoxite 138–142 µm long. Inferior volsella slightly curved, 97–107 µm long, 17–20 µm wide medially, with microtrichia and 6–7 simple setae subapically. Superior volsella digitiform, 55–65 µm long, 17–20 µm wide at base, covered with microtrichia and with 4 setae apically. Median volsella fused to superior volsella, consisting of 2–4 small tubercles each bearing single, simple seta, longest 22–25 µm. Gonostylus 204–232 µm long, straight, narrow basally and apically, swollen medially. HR = 0.62–0.70. HV = 1.62–1.63.

Unknown.

(Fig. 16C). Known from Rondônia and Amazonas States, in the Brazilian Amazon.

Holotype male, slide-mounted: Brazil, São Paulo, São Sebastião, Rio das Pedras, 23°44'27"S, 45°37'12"W, 28.x.2005, light trap, A.R. Calor et al. leg. (UFSC).

The specific epithet is a noun in the genitive case honouring Lucas Silveira Lecci, for his friendship and prolific fieldwork.

The male can be separated from its congeners by its large size combined with unmarked wing; spatulate anal point; superior volsella leaf-shapped; inferior volsella with strong, split setae and digitiform and strongly setose gonostylus.

Figure 7. 

Nilothauma leccii sp. nov. adult male A hypopygium, dorsal view B hypopygium with anal point and tergite IX removed, dorsal aspect to the left and ventral aspect to the right.

Male imago (n = 1). Total length 4.35 mm. Wing length 1.96 mm. Total length/wing length 2.22. Wing length/length of profemur 2.45.

Colouration. Thorax and legs brown, abdomen light brown. Wing membrane without dark markings.

Antenna. AR = 0.16. Thirteenth flagellomere 124 µm long.

Head. Temporal setae 6 in single row. Clypeus with 15 setae. Tentorium 113 µm long, maximum width 25 µm. Stipes not measurable. Palp segment lengths (in µm): 37, 33, 74, 107, 138. Third palpomere with 2 sensilla clavata subapically, longest about 25 µm long. Fifth palpomere/third palpomere 1.86.

Thorax. Antepronotum with 4 setae. Dorsocentrals 17 partly biserial posterior, acrostichals 14, prealars 6. Scutellum with 13 setae.

Wing. VR = 1.53. Brachiolum with 2 setae, R with 15 setae, R₁ with 24 setae, R₄₊₅ with 31 setae, remaining veins bare.

Legs. Spur of fore tibia 65 µm long including 41 µm long scale. Mid-tibia with 1 spur, 47 µm long; hind tibia with 2 spurs, 43 and 65 µm long. Combs of mid-tibia 29 µm long, of hind tibia 47 µm long. Width at apex of fore tibia 69 µm, of mid-tibia 73 µm, of hind tibia 89 µm. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 6.

Hypopygium (Fig. 7A, B). Tergite IX without dorsal lobes, posterior margin subtriangular with 7 setae to each side of the anal point. Anal point spatulate, 59 µm long, 10 µm wide basally, 17 µm wide medially. Tergite bands not continuous. Laterosternite IX with 4 setae. Phallapodeme 61 µm long; transverse sternapodeme 35 µm long. Gonocoxite 171 µm long. Inferior volsella weakly curved, 113 µm long, 15 µm wide subapically, with microtrichia and 7 strong, apically split setae. Superior volsella leaf-shaped, 69 µm long, 10 µm wide at base, 23 µm wide medially, covered with microtrichia and with few weak setae ventrally and along inner margin. Median volsella narrow, 48 µm long, covered with microtrichia and with 4 setae on tubercles at apex, setae about 23 µm long. Gonostylus digitiform, strongly setose, 163 µm long, 37 µm wide medially. HR = 1.05. HV = 2.67.

Unknown.

(Fig. 16B). Only known from São Paulo State in Brazil.

Holotype male, slide-mounted: Brazil, Bahia, Barreiras, Rio de Janeiro, cachoeira Acaba Vidas, 11°53'40"S, 45°36'57"W, 722 m a.s.l., 14.x.2008, light trap, A.R. Calor, R. Mariano & S. Mateus leg. (UFSC).

The specific epithet is a noun in the genitive case honouring Rodolfo Mariano, for his friendship and prolific fieldwork.

The male can be distinguished from its congeners by the combination of: wing without dark markings; tergite IX without setose dorsal lobe(s) or thorns, with single, strong median seta, with narrowly triangular posterior margin and small, apical, parallel-sided anal point.

Figure 8. 

Nilothauma marianoi sp. nov. adult male A hypopygium, dorsal view B hypopygium with anal point and tergite IX removed, dorsal aspect to the left and ventral aspect to the right.

Male imago (n = 1). Total length 3.51 mm. Wing length 1.45 mm. Total length/wing length 2.43. Wing length/length of profemur 2.27.

Colouration. Thorax and legs brown, abdomen light brown. Wing membrane without dark markings.

Antenna. AR = 0.19. Thirteenth flagellomere 152 µm long.

Head. Temporal setae 6 in partly double row. Clypeus with 9 setae. Tentorium 98 µm long, maximum width 18 µm. Stipes not measurable. Palp segment lengths (in µm): 17, 18, 44, 99, 117. Sensilla clavata on third palpomere not discernable. Fifth palpomere/third palpomere 2.66.

Thorax. Dorsocentrals 6 in single row, acrostichals 4, prealars 2. Scutellum with 2 setae.

Wing. VR = 1.39. Brachiolum with 1 seta, R with 8 setae, R₄₊₅ with 1 apical seta, remaining veins bare.

Legs. Spur of fore tibia 68 µm long including 28 µm long scale. Mid-tibia with 1 spur, 47 µm long; hind tibia with 2 spurs, 43 and 61 µm long. Combs of mid-tibia 21 µm long, of hind tibia 26 µm long. Width at apex of fore tibia 47 µm, of mid-tibia 48 µm, of hind tibia 52 µm. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 7.

Hypopygium (Fig. 8A, B). Tergite IX without dorsal lobes, with single, median, strong setae, posterior margin narrowly subtriangular with 7 setae to each side. Anal point situated apically, small, parallel-sided with rounded apex, 14 µm long, 4 µm wide basally, 3 µm wide medially. Tergite bands lacking. Laterosternite IX with 2 setae. Phallapodeme 51 µm long; transverse sternapodeme 11 µm long. Gonocoxite 104 µm long. Inferior volsella weakly curved, 103 µm long, 11 µm wide subapically, with microtrichia and 18 setae in apical one-half. Superior volsella subquadrangular, 48 µm long, 17 µm wide medially, covered with microtrichia. Median volsella consisting of 14 µm long tubercle, covered with microtrichia and with 1 strong apical seta, setae about 19 µm long. Gonostylus nearly straight, 104 µm long, 10 µm wide medially, 17 µm wide subapically. HR = 0.72. HV = 2.44.

Unknown.

(Fig. 16B). Only known from Bahia State in Brazil.

Holotype male, slide-mounted: Brazil, Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Fazenda Sr. Queté, Córrego Cachoeira, 14°32.817'S, 52°31.395'W, 16.x.2007, light trap, L.C. Pinho, S. Mateus, L. Torati & F.R. Silva leg. (UFSC).

The specific epithet is a noun in the genitive case honouring Sidnei Mateus, for his friendship and prolific fieldwork.

The male can be distinguished from its congeners by the combination of: wing without markings; tergite IX with pair of rounded lobes submedially with about 14 long setae; anal point parallel-sided; superior volsella small, subtriangular, projecting medially, with 2 setae on tubercles apically.

Figure 9. 

Nilothauma mateusi sp. nov. adult male A hypopygium, dorsal view B hypopygium with anal point and tergite IX removed, dorsal aspect to the left and ventral aspect to the right.

Male imago (n = 1). Total length 2.09 mm. Wing length 0.87 mm. Total length/wing length 2.40. Wing length/length of profemur 2.41.

Colouration. Thorax and legs brown, abdomen light brown. Wing membrane without dark markings.

Antenna. AR = 0.19. Thirteenth flagellomere 82 µm long.

Head. Temporal setae 7 in single row. Clypeus with 9 setae. Tentorium 55 µm long, maximum width 12 µm. Stipes not measurable. Palp segment I–III lengths (in µm): 21, 19, 55; remaining palp segments lost. Third palpomere with 2 sensilla clavata subapically, longest about 10 µm.

Thorax. Dorsocentrals 8 in single row, acrostichals 6, prealars 2. Scutellum with 2 setae.

Wing. VR = 1.64. Brachiolum with 1 seta, R with 6 setae, R₁ with 2 setae, R₄₊₅ with 4 setae, remaining veins bare.

Legs. Spur of fore tibia 37 µm long including 18 µm long scale. Mid-tibia with 1 spur, 23 µm long; hind tibia with 2 spurs, 19 and 28 µm long. Combs of mid-tibia 14 µm long, of hind tibia 17 µm long. Width at apex of fore tibia 29 µm, of mid-tibia 30 µm, of hind tibia 33 µm. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 8.

Hypopygium (Fig. 9A, B). Tergite IX with 4 weak setae to each side of the anal point and pair of rounded lobes submedially, each with about 14 long setae, longest about 50 µm long. Anal point parallel-sided with rounded apex, 23 µm long, 12 µm wide basally, 8 µm wide medially. Tergite bands not continuous. Laterosternite IX with 1 seta. Phallapodeme 35 µm long; transverse sternapodeme 19 µm long. Gonocoxite 73 µm long. Inferior volsella straight, 43 µm long, 7 µm wide subapically, with microtrichia and 4 strong apical setae. Superior volsella projecting medially, subtriangular with two apical tubercles, 14 µm long, 7 µm wide at base, 4 µm wide subapically, covered with microtrichia and with 2 apical setae, longest 9 µm long. Median volsella consisting of single strong tubercle, about 12 µm long, with single 10 µm long setae at apex. Gonostylus curved, 101 µm long, 10 µm wide medially, 14 µm wide subapically. HR = 0.72. HV = 2.07.

Unknown.

(Fig. 16B). Only known from Mato Grosso State in Brazil.

Holotype male, slide-mounted: Mexico, Campeche, Calacmul, Ejido Nuevo Becan, El Chorro, 18°35'26"N, 89°15'29"W, 130 m a.s.l., 30.iv.1997, light trap, A. Contreras-Ramos et al. leg. (ZMBN).

Named after the Maya people, who used to live in the area. The name is to be regarded as a noun in apposition.

The male can be distinguished from its congeners by the combination of: pale brown species; wing without markings; tergite IX without setose dorsal lobe(s) or spine; anal point spatulate; superior volsella slender, curved, tapering; gonostylus curved, with strong setae on protruberance on inner margin in basal one-third.

Figure 10. 

Nilothauma maya sp. nov. adult male A hypopygium, dorsal view B hypopygium with anal point and tergite IX removed, dorsal aspect to the left and ventral aspect to the right.

Male imago (n = 1). Total length 2.43 mm. Wing length 1.12 mm. Total length/wing length 2.17. Wing length/length of profemur 2.15.

Colouration. Pale brown. Wing membrane without dark markings.

Antenna. AR = 0.18. Thirteenth flagellomere 112 µm long.

Head. Temporal setae 4 in single row. Clypeus with 13 setae. Tentorium and stipes not measurable. Palp segment lengths (in µm): 21, 28, 65, 117, 144. Third palpomere with 2 sensilla clavata subapically, longest 19 µm long. Fifth palpomere/third palpomere 2.22.

Thorax. Dorsocentrals 8 in single row, acrostichals 8, prealars 2. Scutellum with 2 setae.

Wing. VR = 1.44. Brachiolum with 1 seta, R with 10 setae, R₁ with 12 setae, R₄₊₅ with 15 setae, remaining veins bare.

Legs. Spur of fore tibia 48 µm long including 21 µm long scale. Mid-tibia with 1 spur, 26 µm long; hind tibia with 2 spurs, 25 and 33 µm long. Combs of mid-tibia 12 µm long, of hind tibia 17 µm long. Width at apex of fore tibia 36 µm, of mid-tibia 40 µm, of hind tibia 44 µm. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 9.

Hypopygium (Fig. 10A, B). Tergite IX without lobes, with 8 setae above anal point and 5 somewhat weaker setae to each side of anal point. Anal point spatulate, 36 µm long, maximum width 11 µm. Tergite bands continuous. Laterosternite IX with 2 setae. Phallapodeme 48 µm long; transverse sternapodeme 27 µm long. Gonocoxite 104 µm long. Inferior volsella curved, 55 µm long, 14 µm wide subapically, with microtrichia and 4 strong apical setae. Superior volsella slender, curved, tapering, 54 µm long, 11 µm wide at base, 3 µm wide subapically, covered with microtrichia and with 2 weak apical setae. Median volsella consisting of two small tubercles, about 4 µm long, each with single setae at apex, longest 15 µm long. Gonostylus 131 µm long, curved, with single, strong setae on protuberance on inner margin at 27 µm from base, setae 21 mm long. HR = 0.79. HV = 1.85.

Unknown.

The slide is distorted and the drawings are composites of left and right side.

(Fig. 16B). Only known from Campeche State in Mexico.

1 male, slide-mounted: Brazil, Santa Catarina, São Francisco do Sul, Distrito do Saí, 26°13'40"S, 48°40'50"W, CEPA Vila da Glória, 11–15.xi.2019, #143, light trap, L.C. Pinho et al. leg. 1 male, slide-mounted: Brazil, São Paulo, Santa de Rosa Viterbo, bridge at Tio Zito, 27.ix. 2000, light trap, H.F. Mendes & T. Andersen leg. 1 male, slide-mounted: Brazil, Mato Grosso, Ribeirão Cascalheira, Estrada Fazenda Manaus, 1° af. Rio Bonito, 12°57.088'S, 51°52.480'W, 08.x.2007, light trap, L.C. Pinho, S. Mateus, L. Torati & F.R. Silva leg.

(Fig. 17C). The species was described from the Amazonas by Soponis (1987) and was later recorded from Minas Gerais and São Paulo States in northern and south-eastern Brazil by Mendes and Andersen (2009). The range is now extended to Mato Grosso and Santa Catarina States.

2 males, slide-mounted: Brazil, Rondônia, Candeias do Jamari, Rio Preto, Ponte de Madeira, #01, 08°52'40"S, 63°38'02"W, 19–20.vii.2012, light trap, R. Boldrini & A.S. Fernandes leg. 2 males, slide-mounted: Brazil, Roraima, Boa Vista, Rio Cauamé, 02°52'06"N, 60°44'24"W, 9.iii.2009, light trap, L.M. Fusari leg. 2 males, slide-mounted: Brazil, Amazonas, Barcelos, Rio Aracá, #9, 69 m a.s.l., 00°24'39"N, 63°23'12"W, 28.vii–06.viii.2009, light trap #3, N. Hamada et al. leg. 3 males, slide-mouted: Brazil, Amazonas, Barcelos, Rio Aracá, Foz do Igarapé Cuieiras, 00°19'15"N, 63°16'15"W, 35 m a.s.l., 30.vii–01.viii.2009, light trap #11, N. Hamada et al. leg.

(Fig. 17C). The species was originally described from the Amazonas State by Andersen et al. (2016); the range is now extended to the Rondônia and Roraima States in the Brazilian Amazon.

1 male, slide-mounted: Brazil, Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Fazenda Sr. Queté, Córrego Voadeira, 14°32.187'S, 52°30.902'W, 16.x.2007, light trap, L.C. Pinho, S. Mateus, L. Torati & F.R. Silva leg.

(Fig. 16D). The species was originally described from Costa Rica by Adam and Sæther (2000); the range is now extended to Mato Grosso State, central Brazil.

Holotype male with larval and pupal exuvia, slide-mounted: Brazil, São Paulo, São Carlos, Campus UFSCar, Córrego do Fazzari, 21°59'S, 47°54'W, 11.ix.2008, L.C. Pinho & F.L. Silva leg. (UFSC).

The specific epithet honours the Terena indigenous people from São Paulo State (Brazil). The name is to be regarded as a noun in apposition.

The male can be distinguished from its congeners by having tergite IX with broadly rounded posterior margin without anal point, with anterolateral thorns, with dorsolateral lobes with few, strong setae and posteriolateral, narrowly subtriangular projection. The pupa can be recognised by having long, taeniate frontal setae and sternite I with extensive shagreen. The larva can be recognised by apparently having antenna with five segments only and by having mentum and inner teeth of mandible somewhat darker pigmented.

Figure 11. 

Nilothauma terena sp. nov. adult male A hypopygium, dorsal view B hypopygium with d tergite IX removed, dorsal aspect to the left and ventral aspect to the right.

Male imago (n = 1). Total length 2.67 mm. Wing length 1.21 mm. Total length/wing length 2.21. Wing length/length of profemur 2.11.

Colouration. Thorax and legs brown, abdomen light brown. Wing membrane without dark markings.

Antenna. AR = 0.21. Thirteenth flagellomere 120 µm long.

Head. Temporal setae 5 in single row. Clypeus with 13 setae. Tentorium 62 µm long, maximum width 15 µm. Stipes not measurable. Palp segment lengths (in µm): 20, 23, 57, 92, 106. Third palpomere with 2 sensilla clavata subapically, longest about 25 µm. Fifth palpomere/third palpomere 1.87.

Thorax. Dorsocentrals 5 in single row, acrostichals 4, prealars 2. Scutellum with 2 setae.

Wing. VR = 1.46. Brachiolum with 1 seta, R with 6 setae, R₁ with 1 seta, R₄₊₅ with 1 apical seta, remaining veins bare.

Legs. Spur of fore tibia 62 µm long including 32 µm long scale. Mid-leg missing; hind tibia with 2 spurs, 28 and 46 µm long. Combs of hind tibia 18 µm long. Width at apex of fore tibia 37 µm, of hind tibia 39 µm. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 10.

Hypopygium (Fig. 11A, B). Tergite IX with rounded posterior margin with altogether 6 marginal setae in two posteriolateral groups; with dorsolateral lobes with 5 strong setae, longest setae 65 µm long; with posteriolateral, narrowly subtriangular projections, 14 µm long, 6 µm wide at base. Tergite band not apparent. Laterosternite IX without setae; with small anteriolateral thorn. Phallapodeme 33 µm long; transverse sternapodeme 11 µm long. Gonocoxite 83 µm long. Inferior volsella digitiform, curved, 55 µm long, 11 µm wide medially, with microtrichia and 12 short setae subapically. Superior volsella 29 µm long, 12 µm wide at base, 13 µm wide medially, covered with microtrichia and with marginal setae. Median volsella subtriangular with 2 apical setae on small tubercles, setae about 6 µm long. Gonostylus weakly curved, 97 µm long, 14 µm wide medially. HR = 0.85. HV = 2.75.

Unknown.

(n = 1). Total length 3.59 mm. Exuviae pale brown.

Cephalothorax (Fig. 12A, B). Frontal apotome (Fig. 12A) with few wrinkles, frontal setae taeniate, 154 μm long. Thoracic horn not discernible; basal ring oval, 13 μm in diameter. Scutum with field of few weak tubercles. Antepronotals 2; precorneals 2; dorsocentrals 4, Dc1 39 μm in front of Dc2, Dc2 96 μm in front of Dc3, Dc3 23 μm in front of Dc4.

Figure 12. 

Nilothauma terena sp. nov. pupa (A–E) and larva (F–H) A frontal apotome B thorax C abdomen, dorsal view D sternite I E paratergite VIII F antenna G mandible H mentum and ventromental plates.

Abdomen (Fig. 12C–E). Tergite I bare; tergites II–VI with transverse anterior band of somewhat stronger spinules, merging with median field of finer shagreen; anterior band of shagreen on tergite VI separated from posterior shagreen patch; tergite VII with anterior and posterior shagreen patches; tergite VIII with anterior shagreen patch connected with narrow posterior field of finer shagreen; tergite IX bare. Sternite I (Fig. 12D) with extensive shagreen; sternite II–VII bare; sternite VIII with narrow, longitudinal field of fine shagreen. Tergite II with 159 μm long row of 36 hooks, each hook about 8 μm long. Conjunctives III/IV and IV/V with spinules extending on to preceding segment. Pedes spurii B weakly developed on segment II. Anal comb 51 μm long, consisting of 3 spurs.

Abdominal setation. Lateral setae on segments I–VIII as: 0, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4; posterior lateral seta on tergite IV and all lateral setae on tergites V–VIII taeniate, remaining setae hair-like. All tergites with 1 pair of O setae.

Anal lobe. As long as broad, with 1 taeniate dorsal setae and complete fringe of 19 taeniae on each side, longest 170 μm. Male genital sac over-reaches anal lobe by 119 μm.

(n = 1). Head capsule 228 μm long. Postmentum 145 μm long.

Head. Antenna (Fig. 12F) apparently with five segments only, length of antennal segments (in μm): 19, 10, 4, 11, 6. AR = 0.61. Basal antennal segment 10 μm wide; blade 32 μm long; accessory blade about 5 μm long. Premandible not measurable, teeth not discernible. Mandible (Fig. 12G) 69 μm long, seta subdentalis 19 μm long, inner teeth somewhat darker pigmented. Mentum (Fig. 12H) somewhat darker pigmented, 41 μm wide; middle part 10 μm wide with 2 minute inner teeth and pair of slightly larger lateral teeth; with 6 pairs of pointed, medially curved lateral teeth. Ventromental plates 98 μm wide, medially separated by 10 μm. Seta submenti 46 μm long.

Abdomen. Lost.

(Fig. 16A). Known from São Paulo State, south-eastern Brazil.

Holotype male, slide-mounted: Brazil, Pará, Rio Paru do Oeste, Malloca Apicó, 20.iv.1962, at light, E.J. Fittkau leg. (A 366-1, ZSM). Paratypes: 15 males, same data as holotype (ZSM, ZMBN, UFSC).

The specific epithet honours the Txukuyana, indigenous people from Amazonas and Pará States in Brazil and from Suriname. The name is to be regarded as a noun in apposition.

The male can be distinguished from its congeners by having tergite IX with broadly-rounded posterior margin without anal point, with dorsolateral lobes with few, strong setae and posteriolateral, strongly setose, subtriangular projection.

Figure 13. 

Nilothauma txukuyana sp. nov. adult male A hypopygium, dorsal view B hypopygium with tergite IX removed, dorsal aspect to the left and ventral aspect to the right.

Male imago (n = 5–8). Total length 2.17–2.44, 2.25 mm. Wing length 1.00–1.09, 1.05 mm. Total length/wing length 2.02–2.33, 2.16. Wing length/length of profemur 2.16–2.26, 2.21.

Colouration. Head, thorax and legs brown; abdomen light brown. Wing membrane without dark markings.

Antenna. AR = 0.26–0.29, 0.28. Thirteenth flagellomere 132–156, 145 µm long.

Head. Temporal setae 6–10, 7 in single row. Clypeus with 13–16, 15 setae. Tentorium 69–83, 77 µm long, maximum width 14–19, 19 µm. Stipes not measurable. Palp segment lengths (in µm): 18–25, 21; 23–28, 26; 56–60, 57; 76–81, 79; 102–115, 107. Third palpomere with 2 sensilla clavata subapically, longest about 15 µm long. Fifth palpomere/third palpomere 1.72–1.98, 1.85.

Thorax. Dorsocentrals 4–7, 6 in single row, acrostichals apparently 4–6, 5 anterior, prealars 1–2, 2. Scutellum with 2 setae.

Wing. VR = 1.44–1.54, 1.50. Brachiolum with 1 seta, R with 7–9, 8 setae, R₁ with 5–8, 7 setae, R₄₊₅ with 9–13, 11 setae apically, remaining veins bare.

Legs. Spur of fore tibia 48–54, 52 µm long including 20–25, 22 µm long scale. Mid-tibia with 1 spur, 29–35, 32 µm long; hind tibia with 2 spurs, 22–28, 25 and 33–39, 36 µm long. Combs of mid-tibia 17–18, 18 µm long, of hind tibia 19–22, 21 µm long. Width at apex of fore tibia 33–37, 35 µm, of mid-tibia 33–38, 36 µm, of hind tibia 39–41, 40 µm. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 11.

Hypopygium (Fig. 13A, B). Tergite IX with rounded posterior margin with 4–7, 5 marginal setae; with dorsolateral lobes with 3–4, 4 strong setae, longest setae 44–55, 50 µm long; with posteriolateral subtriangular, strongly setose projection, 35–41, 38 µm long, 22–25, 24 µm wide at base. Tergite band not apparent. Laterosternite IX with single setae. Phallapodeme 47–55, 49 µm long; transverse sternapodeme 17–19, 18 µm long. Gonocoxite 83–89, 87 µm long. Inferior volsella digitiform, curved, 62–72, 67 µm long, 11–14, 12 µm wide medially, with microtrichia and 13–17, 15 setae subapically. Superior volsella 25–29, 27 µm long, 8–11, 10 µm wide at base, 7–10, 9 µm wide medially, covered with microtrichia and with marginal setae. Median volsella small, broadly triangular, apparently without setae. Gonostylus nearly straight, 126–135, 130 µm long, 17–19, 18 µm wide medially. HR = 0.65–0.68, 0.66. HV = 1.78–1.87, 1.82.

Unknown.

(Fig. 16B). Known from Pará State, Brazil.

Holotype male, slide-mounted: Brazil, Amazonas, Barcelos, Rio Aracá, Foz do Igarapé Cuieiras, #11, 00°19'15"N, 63°16'15"W, 35 m a.s.l., 30.vii–01.viii.2009, light trap, N. Hamada et al. leg. (UFSC). Paratypes: 4 males, slide-mounted, same data as holotype (INPA). 2 males, slide-mounted, same data as previous, except: #9, 00°24'39"N, 63°23'12"W, 69 m a.s.l., 28.vii–06.viii.2009, light trap #3, N. Hamada et al. leg (MZSP).

Figure 14. 

Nilothauma werekena sp. nov. adult male A hypopygium, dorsal view B superior volsella, dorsal view C hypopygium with anal point and tergite IX removed, dorsal aspect to the left and ventral aspect to the right.

The specific epithet honours the Werekena indigenous people from the Rio Negro Basin in the Amazon. The name is to be regarded as a noun in apposition.

The male can be distinguished from its congeners by the combination of: tergite IX with one low, but wide median dorsal protruberance with about 30 strong setae; anal point spatulate; superior volsella covered with microtrichia, fused to median volsella; laterosternite IX with thorn.

Male imago (n = 5–7, unless otherwise stated). Total length 1.89–2.26, 2.11 mm. Wing length 0.98–1.11, 1.05 mm. Total length/wing length 1.90–2.15, 1.99. Wing length/length of profemur 2.21–2.53, 2.37.

Colouration. Head, thorax, legs and abdomen uniformly brown. Wing membrane without dark markings.

Antenna. AR = 0.32–0.39, 0.35. Thirteenth flagellomere 230–274, 260 µm long.

Head. Temporal setae 7–8, 7 in single row. Clypeus with 10–14, 12 setae. Tentorium 47–75, 65 µm long, maximum width 12–20, 17 µm. Stipes 80–117, 100 (4) µm long. Palp segment lengths (in µm): 20–32, 27; 22–27, 25; 65–85, 72; 95–125, 110; 87–132, 115. Third palpomere with 2–5, 4 sensilla clavata subapically, longest 12–15, 14 µm long. Fifth palpomere/third palpomere 1.21–1.75, 1.54.

Thorax. Dorsocentrals 6–8, 7 in single row, acrostichals 10–14, 12, prealars 2. Scutellum with 2 setae.

Wing. VR = 1.21–1.32, 1.27. Brachiolum with 1 seta, R with 11–12, 11 setae, R₁ with 5–8, 7 setae, R₄₊₅ with 11–17, 15 setae, remaining veins bare.

Legs. Spur of fore tibia 39–44, 42 µm long including 15–20, 17 µm long scale. Mid-tibia with 1 spur, 20–25, 22 µm long; hind tibia with 2 spurs, 20–25, 23 and 28–31, 30 µm long. Combs of mid-tibia 17–19, 18 µm long, of hind tibia 18–21, 19 µm long. Width at apex of fore tibia 29–39, 34 µm, of mid-tibia 34–39, 37 µm, of hind tibia 34–44, 39 µm. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 12.

Hypopygium (Fig. 14A–C). Tergite IX without dorsal lobe(s), with low, but wide median dorsal protruberance with 29–32, 31 strong, clustered median setae; posterior margin rounded to subrectangular, with 8–11, 9 weak setae to each side of base of anal point. Anal point spatulate, 37–47, 40 µm long, maximum width 5–10, 7 µm. Tergite bands not continuous. Laterosternite IX with 1–2, 1 seta; with anterolateral thorn. Phallapodeme 40–50, 45 µm long; transverse sternapodeme 15–25, 20 µm long. Gonocoxite 62–82, 72 µm long. Inferior volsella strongly curved, 22–30, 27 µm long, 5–8, 6 µm wide medially, with microtrichia and 3 strong, simple setae apically. Superior volsella tongue-shaped to slightly pediform, 32–40, 37 µm long, 15–25, 20 µm wide at base, densely covered with microtrichia. Median volsella fused to superior volsella, consisting of 2–3, 2 small tubercles, each bearing single, long seta. Gonostylus 70–100, 90 µm long, basal half curved, distal half straight. HR = 0.63–0.96, 0.83. HV = 2.26–2.70, 2.34.

Unknown.

(Fig. 16D). Known from Barcelos (Amazonas State), in the Brazilian Amazon.

Holotype male, slide-mounted: Brazil, Roraima, Boa Vista, BR-174, Igarapé Água Boa, 02°43'32"N, 60°48'43"W, 2014, N. Hamada leg (UFSC).

The specific epithet honours the Ye’kwana, indigenous people from the Roraima State, Brazil. The name is to be regarded as a noun in apposition.

Figure 15. 

Nilothauma yekwana sp. nov. adult male A hypopygium, dorsal view B hypopygium with tergite IX removed, dorsal aspect to the left and ventral aspect to the right.

The male can be distinguished from its congeners by the combination of: tergite IX with two setose dorsolateral lobes; anal point absent; posterior margin of tergite IX subrectangular; inferior volsella straight, tapering to apex; superior volsella curved, projecting posteriolaterally; median volsella broad, triangular, bearing 7 strong setae.

Male imago (n = 1). Total length 1.77 mm. Wing length 0.91 mm. Total length/wing length 1.95. Wing length/length of profemur 2.19.

Colouration. Head, thorax, legs and abdomen uniformly light brown. Wing membrane without dark markings.

Antenna. AR = 0.22. Thirteenth flagellomere 137 µm long.

Head. Temporal setae 7 in single row. Clypeus with 15 setae. Tentorium 65 µm long, maximum width 12 µm. Stipes 80 µm long. Palp segment I–III lengths (in µm): 22, 17, 50; segment IV and V lost. Third palpomere with 2 sensilla clavata subapically, longest 15 µm.

Thorax. Dorsocentrals 5 in single row, acrostichals 10, prealars 2. Scutellum with 2 setae.

Wing. VR = 1.48. Brachiolum with 1 seta, R with 6 setae, R₄₊₅ with 2 setae at apex, remaining veins bare.

Legs. Spur of fore tibia 44 µm long including 15 µm long scale. Mid-tibia with 1 spur, 20 µm long; hind tibia with 2 spurs, 20 and 25 µm long. Combs of mid-tibia 15 µm long, of hind tibia 18 µm long. Width at apex of fore tibia 39 µm, of mid-tibia 39 µm, of hind tibia 44 µm. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 13.

Hypopygium (Fig. 15A, B). Tergite IX with 2 dorsolateral, densely setose lobes, setae about 15 µm long; with 2 strong setae anterolaterally, 2 medially and 4 close to posterior margin; posterior margin subquadrangular, anal point absent. Tergite bands lacking. Laterosternite IX with 1 seta. Phallapodeme 37 µm long; transverse sternapodeme 10 µm long. Gonocoxite 65 µm long. Inferior volsella straight, tapering to apex, 40 µm long, 7 µm wide medially, with microtrichia and 9 simple setae subapically. Superior volsella curved, projecting posteriolaterally, 22 µm long, 5 µm wide at base, covered with microtrichia and fringed at apex. Median volsella broad, triangular, 15 µm long, with 7 strong setae (one of them bifid), longest 20 µm. Gonostylus 75 µm long, straight. HR = 0.87. HV = 2.36.

Unknown.

(Fig. 16A). Known from Roraima State, Brazilian Amazon.

1 male, slide-mounted: Brazil, Mato Grosso, Ribeirão Cascalheira, Fazenda Campina Verde, Rio Suiá Miçu, 12°48.591'S, 52°06.925'W, 10.x.2007, light trap, L.C. Pinho, S. Mateus, L. Torati & F.R. Silva leg.

Figure 16. 

Distribution maps of Neotropical Nilothauma species A N. hamadae sp. nov., N. jupau sp. nov., N. terena sp. nov., N. yekwana sp. nov., N. complicatum Mendes & Andersen, 2009 B N. leccii sp. nov., N. marianoi sp. nov., N. mateusi sp. nov., N. txukuyana sp. nov., N. maya sp. nov. C N. karitiana sp. nov., N. duena Roback, 1960, N. calori Mendes & Andersen, 2009 D N. werekena sp. nov., N. zitoi Mendes & Andersen, 2009, N. strebulosum (Adam & Sæther, 2000).

(Fig. 16D). The species was originally described by Mendes and Andersen (2009), based on a single male from São Paulo State; the range is now extended to the Mato Grosso State.

Figure 17. 

Distribution maps of Neotropical Nilothauma species A N. fittkaui (Soponis, 1987), N. amazonense Mendes & Andersen, 2009 B N. aripuanense Mendes & Andersen, 2009, N aleta Roback, 1960 C N. reissi (Soponis, 1987), N. soka Andersen, Bello-González & Hagenlund, 2016 D N. anamariae Dantas & Hamada, 2017, N. jaraguaense Mendes & Andersen, 2009.