Research Article |
Corresponding author: Warren E. Savary ( wsavary@yahoo.com ) Academic editor: José Antonio Ochoa
© 2016 Warren E. Savary, Robert W. Bryson Jr..
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Savary WE, Bryson Jr RW (2016) Pseudouroctonus maidu, a new species of scorpion from northern California (Scorpiones, Vaejovidae). ZooKeys 584: 49-59. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.584.6026
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A new species of vaejovid scorpion from northern California, Pseudouroctonus maidu sp. n., is named and described. This new species appears to be most similar to Pseudouroctonus iviei (Gertsch & Soleglad, 1972) and Pseudouroctonus glimmei (Hjelle, 1972).
California, Kovarikia , Pseudouroctonus , taxonomy, Vaejovinae
Recent fieldwork in northern California has revealed the presence of a previously undescribed species in the vaejovid scorpion genus Pseudouroctonus Stahnke, 1974. To facilitate its inclusion in discussions of ongoing systematic and phylogeographic studies of Pseudouroctonus and its near relatives (
Study specimens were preserved in 70% ethanol and examined and photographed at 6× to 30× magnification with a Wild MP5 stereo microscope. Specimens were photographed under ultraviolet light following
Holotype: Adult ♀ [CASENT 9057357]. Hwy 49 between Auburn and Cool, 1.6 km SE confluence of North and Middle Forks of the American River, El Dorado Co., California (38°54'35.78"N, 121°1'40.66"W; 352 m elevation). 23 September 2013 (R. W. Bryson Jr.). Paratypes: Same locality as holotype, 23 September 2013 (R. W. Bryson Jr.), 2 ♂, 4 ♀ [CASENT 9057358]. Additional material: Same locality as holotype, 6 May 2013 (R. W. Bryson Jr.), 1 ♀ [CASENT 9057358].
Pseudouroctonus iviei: USA: California: Butte County – Pulga Rd nr junction with Hwy 70, above North Fork Feather River, 23 September 2013 (R. W. Bryson Jr.), 1 ♀ [CASENT]; El Dorado County – Hwy 49 between Auburn and Cool, 1.6 km SE confluence of North and Middle Forks of the American River, 6 May 2013 (R. W. Bryson Jr.), 1 ♂ [CASENT]; Ice House Rd, 0.2 mi N junction US 50, 5 May 2013 (R. W. Bryson Jr.), 1 ♂ [CASENT]; Nevada County – San Juan, 15 September 1963 (J. Ivie, W. Ivie), ♀ holotype [
Members of this small to medium-sized, darkly pigmented species (Fig.
Hemispermatophores of California species of Pseudouroctonus Stahnke, 1974 and Kovarikia Soleglad, Fet & Graham, 2014: 2 hemispermatophore of Pseudouroctonus maidu sp. n. (ph = primary hook; sh = secondary hook) 3 primary lamellar hook of P. maidu 4 primary lamellar hook of P. iviei (Gertsch & Soleglad, 1972) 5 primary lamellar hook of P. glimmei (Hjelle, 1972) 6 primary lamellar hook of Kovarikia bogerti (Gertsch & Soleglad, 1972) 7 primary lamellar hook of K. angelena (Gertsch & Soleglad, 1972).
Morphological measurements (in millimeters) and meristic counts of Pseudouroctonus maidu sp. n.
Holotype (female) | Paratype (female) | Paratype (female) | Paratype (female) | Paratype (female) | Paratype (male) | Paratype (male) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total Length | 40.53 | 39.01 | 37.68 | 38.59 | 36.06 | 35.19 | 31.40 |
Carapace Length | 4.93 | 4.80 | 4.67 | 4.67 | 4.60 | 4.33 | 3.87 |
Carapace Width at lateral eyes | 2.60 | 2.60 | 2.47 | 2.47 | 2.40 | 2.47 | 2.00 |
Carapace Width at median eyes | 3.53 | 3.60 | 3.27 | 3.27 | 3.20 | 3.20 | 2.73 |
Carapace Width at posterior edge | 4.20 | 4.27 | 4.00 | 4.27 | 3.93 | 3.87 | 3.33 |
Depth of median notch | 0.20 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.07 |
Carapace anterior margin to median eyes | 1.73 | 1.67 | 1.57 | 1.63 | 1.57 | 1.50 | 0.60 |
Diameter of median eye | 0.17 | 0.20 | 0.17 | 0.20 | 0.17 | 0.20 | 0.10 |
Distance between median eyes | 0.23 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.27 | 0.23 | 0.27 | 0.10 |
Number of lateral eyes | 3/3 | 3/3 | 3/3 | 2/2 | 2/3 | 3/3 | 2/2 |
Mesosoma Length | 12.33 | 11.47 | 11.27 | 11.47 | 11.00 | 9.33 | 9.00 |
Metasoma Length | 23.27 | 22.74 | 21.74 | 22.45 | 20.46 | 21.53 | 18.53 |
Metasoma segment I Length | 2.47 | 2.40 | 2.33 | 2.33 | 2.27 | 2.27 | 2.07 |
Metasoma segment I Width | 2.53 | 2.40 | 2.33 | 2.33 | 2.27 | 2.27 | 2.00 |
Metasoma segment I Depth | 2.13 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 1.93 | 1.80 | 1.73 |
Metasoma segment II Length | 2.73 | 2.67 | 2.67 | 2.53 | 2.60 | 2.60 | 2.20 |
Metasoma segment II Width | 2.27 | 2.27 | 2.27 | 2.20 | 2.13 | 2.20 | 1.87 |
Metasoma segment II Depth | 2.07 | 2.00 | 1.93 | 1.93 | 1.87 | 1.80 | 1.67 |
Metasoma segment III Length | 2.87 | 2.87 | 2.67 | 2.73 | 2.73 | 2.73 | 2.33 |
Metasoma segment III Width | 2.20 | 2.13 | 2.13 | 2.20 | 2.07 | 2.07 | 1.87 |
Metasoma segment III Depth | 2.07 | 2.00 | 1.93 | 1.87 | 1.87 | 1.93 | 1.67 |
Metasoma segment IV Length | 3.67 | 3.60 | 3.27 | 3.60 | 3.33 | 3.33 | 2.80 |
Metasoma segment IV Width | 2.07 | 2.07 | 2.13 | 2.07 | 1.93 | 2.00 | 1.73 |
Metasoma segment IV Depth | 1.87 | 2.00 | 1.73 | 1.80 | 1.73 | 1.80 | 1.60 |
Metasoma segment V Length | 5.73 | 5.53 | 5.33 | 5.73 | 4.13 | 5.40 | 4.73 |
Metasoma segment V Width | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 1.80 | 1.87 | 1.73 |
Metasoma segment V Depth | 1.80 | 1.73 | 1.73 | 1.73 | 1.67 | 1.67 | 1.60 |
Telson Length | 5.80 | 5.67 | 5.47 | 5.53 | 5.40 | 5.20 | 4.40 |
Vesicle Length | 3.53 | 3.40 | 3.47 | 3.47 | 3.33 | 3.20 | 3.00 |
Vesicle Width | 2.07 | 1.93 | 2.00 | 1.93 | 1.87 | 1.80 | 1.60 |
Vesicle Depth | 1.67 | 1.53 | 1.60 | 1.53 | 1.60 | 1.53 | 1.40 |
Aculeus Length | 1.93 | 1.80 | 1.80 | 1.67 | 1.67 | 1.73 | 1.33 |
Pedipalp Length | 17.67 | 16.94 | 16.40 | 16.6 | 16.60 | 15.96 | 13.41 |
Pedipalp Femur Length | 4.40 | 4.27 | 4.13 | 4.27 | 4.07 | 4.00 | 3.27 |
Pedipalp Femur Width | 1.53 | 1.47 | 1.40 | 1.40 | 1.47 | 1.40 | 1.13 |
Pedipalp Femur Depth | 1.27 | 1.27 | 1.20 | 1.20 | 1.27 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Pedipalp Patella Length | 4.87 | 4.60 | 4.47 | 4.53 | 4.53 | 4.43 | 3.67 |
Pedipalp Patella Width | 1.80 | 1.67 | 1.60 | 1.80 | 1.73 | 1.53 | 1.33 |
Pedipalp Patella Depth | 1.47 | 1.47 | 1.40 | 1.40 | 1.53 | 1.27 | 1.13 |
Pedipalp Chela Length | 8.40 | 8.07 | 7.80 | 7.80 | 8.00 | 7.53 | 6.47 |
Palm Length | 4.67 | 4.67 | 4.53 | 4.60 | 4.33 | 4.33 | 3.60 |
Palm Width | 2.60 | 2.40 | 2.47 | 2.33 | 2.27 | 2.27 | 1.93 |
Pedipalp Chela Depth | 2.53 | 2.60 | 2.47 | 2.40 | 2.60 | 2.60 | 2.33 |
Fixed Finger Length | 3.60 | 3.40 | 3.33 | 3.33 | 3.53 | 3.33 | 2.60 |
Movable Finger Length | 4.67 | 4.47 | 4.47 | 4.27 | 4.33 | 4.20 | 3.33 |
Supernumeraries FF | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
Rows FF | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
Supernumeraries MF | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 |
Rows MF | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
Number of Pectinal Teeth | 10/10 | 11/10 | 11/11 | 11/11 | 11/11 | 11/11 | 11/11 |
Unlike other members of Pseudouroctonus, P. maidu, P. iviei and P. glimmei bear an elevated secondary lamellar hook on the hemispermatophore (Figs
Based on the adult holotype female [CASENT 9057357]. Color: Base color uniform dark reddish brown with legs, chelicerae and underside of preabdomen slightly paler.
Morphology: Carapace (Fig.
Measurements: See Table
Male. Similar to female. Genital papillae well-developed, conspicuous (Fig.
Variation. See Table
Named after the Maidu people of northern California, in whose historic lands the species occurs.
Known only from the type locality near the confluence of North and Middle Forks of the American River in El Dorado County, California (see Fig.
Specimens were collected on 6 May 2013 and 23 September 2013. Two were found during the day on 6 May beneath rocks in moist leaf litter along a steep rocky drainage. The remaining specimens were collected by UV detection at night on 23 September. All were found on or near the bottom of a rocky embankment next to the highway. The area is characterized by oak-dominated woodlands on the drier south-facing slopes and mixed-conifer forest on the cooler north-facing slopes. Most P. maidu were found on north-facing slopes with scattered patches of moss-covered rocks. Pseudouroctonus iviei were common in drier rocky habitat with an abundance of oak leaf litter, and the two species were found in close proximity (within 0.5 m of each other) under rocks in a steep rocky drainage connecting the two types of habitat.
We thank D. Ubick and the California Academy of Science for the loan of specimens, and J. A. Ochoa and three anonymous reviewers for suggestions that improved the final version of this manuscript. RWB would like to thank C. A. Harman, M. A. Bryson, and S. E. Bryson for their support and patience. Research was conducted under scientific permits issued by CDFW.