Research Article |
Corresponding author: Ko Tomikawa ( tomikawa@hiroshima-u.ac.jp ) Academic editor: Alan Myers
© 2021 Ko Tomikawa, Hiromi Kayama Watanabe, Katsuhiko Tanaka, Yasuhiko Ohara.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication.
Citation:
Tomikawa K, Watanabe HK, Tanaka K, Ohara Y (2021) A new species of Princaxelia from Shinkai Seep Field, Mariana Trench (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Pardaliscidae). ZooKeys 1015: 115-127. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1015.59683
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A new pardaliscid amphipod, Princaxelia marianaensis sp. nov., is described from a single female captured at the Shinkai Seep Field, Mariana Trench, from a depth of 5,689–5,683 m. A key to species of Princaxelia is provided. This is the first species of Princaxelia to be described from the Mariana Trench, and the second report of this genus from this region.
COI, deep sea, first record, hadal zone, Princaxelia marianaensis, systematics
The benthic amphipod genus Princaxelia Dahl, 1959 occurs in deep waters of the Pacific Ocean (
The Shinkai Seep Field is a serpentinized, peridotite-hosted, cold-seep system which hosts an aggregation of chemosynthesis-based communities including Abyssogena clam, Provanna gastropod, and Phyllochaetopterus polychaete species. It is located northeast of the Challenger Deep, the deepest part of the Mariana Trench (
The single Princaxelia specimen was collected from the Mariana Trench during dive 1402 of the deep-submergence vehicle (DSV) Skinkai 6500 aboard R/V Yokosuka (cruise YK14-13, PI: Yasuhiko Ohara) by H. K. Watanabe (Fig.
The holotype of P. jamiesoni, which was collected from the Japan Trench, was borrowed from the Tsukuba Collection Center of the National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo (NSMT-Cr 21250, female BL 56.2 mm), for comparison.
Appendages were dissected in 99% ethanol and mounted using gum chloral medium on glass slides with the aid of a stereomicroscope (Olympus SZX7). Appendages were examined by light microscopy (Nikon Eclipse Ni) and illustrated using a camera lucida. Body length (BL), from the tip of the rostrum to the base of the telson along the dorsal curvature, was measured to the nearest 0.1 mm. The only known specimen, the holotype, has been deposited in the collections of the American Museum of Natural History (
Genomic DNA was extracted from pereopod muscle of the holotype following procedures detailed in
Holotype
: female (BL 23.9 mm),
Posterodistal corner of epimeral plate 3 quadrate. Primary flagellum article 1 of female antenna 1 not elongate; accessory flagellum article 1 longer than each of the articles 2–6. Maxilla 1 inner plate with 1 terminal plumose seta; palp article 2 expanded, with 8 or 9 apical robust setae. Dactylus of gnathopods 1 and 2 with three strong projections on posterior margin proximal to base. Dorsal margin of coxa 5 highest at proximal end. Venral margin of coxa 7 weakly concave. Telson lobe uniformly tapering distally.
(female). Head (Fig.
Princaxelia marianaensis Tomikawa & Watanabe, sp. nov., holotype female (BL 23.9 mm) A epimeral plate 1, lateral view B epimeral plate 2, lateral view C epimeral plate 3, lateral view D antenna 1, lateral view, some distal articles of primary flagellum omitted E antenna 2, lateral view, flagellum omitted F upper lip, anterior view G left mandible, medial view H left mandible, medial view I right mandible, medial view J lower lip, anterior view K maxilla 1, dorsal view L palp of maxilla 1, dorsal view M maxilla 2, dorsal view N maxilliped, dorsal view.
Antenna 1
(Fig.
Antenna 2
(Fig.
Upper lip
(Fig.
Gnathopod 1
(Fig.
Princaxelia marianaensis Tomikawa & Watanabe, sp. nov., holotype female (BL 23.9 mm) A gnathopod 1, lateral view B dactylus of gnathopod 1, lateral view C gnathopod 2, lateral view D dactylus of gnathopod 2, lateral view E pereopod 3, lateral view F dactylus of pereopod 3, lateral view G pereopod 4, lateral view H pereopod 5, lateral view I dactylus of pereopod 5 J pereopod 6, lateral view K pereopod 7, lateral view.
Pereopod 3
(Fig.
Coxal gills
(Fig.
Pleopods 1–3
(Fig.
Princaxelia marianaensis Tomikawa & Watanabe, sp. nov., holotype female (BL 23.9 mm) A pleopod 1, anterior view, some setae on rami omitted B retinacula on peduncle of pleopod 1, anterior view C bifid (clothespin) plumose seta on inner basal margin of inner ramus of pleopod 1, anterior view D uropod 1, dorsal view, distal part of outer ramus broken E uropod 2, dorsal view F telson, dorsal view. Princaxelia jamiesoni Lörz, 2010, holotype female (BL 56.2 mm) G palp of maxilla 1, dorsal view H dactylus of gnathopod 1, lateral view I dactylus of gnathopod 2, medial view J telson, dorsal view.
Uropod 1
(Fig.
Telson
(Fig.
The specific name is an adjective derived from the type locality, the Mariana Trench.
A single nucleotide sequence of COI was obtained from the holotype (AMNH_IZC 00361360; 658 bp).
The morphologies of P. marianaensis sp. nov. and congeners are summarized in Table
P. marianaensis Tomikawa & Watanabe, sp. nov. | P. abyssalis Dahl, 1959 | P. jamiesoni Lörz, 2010 | P. magna Kamenskaya, 1977 | P. stephenseni Dahl, 1959 | |
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Maximum body size | female 23.9 mm | male 21 mm, female 32 mm | male 57 mm, female 61 mm | male 52 mm | male 10 mm, female 11 mm |
Epimeral plate 3 posterodistal corner | quadrate | rounded | quadrate | quadrate | weakly rounded |
Dorsal projections on urosomites 1 and 2 | pointing toward distal end | unknown | pointing toward distal end | pointing upright | pointing toward distal end |
Upper lip | strongly asymmetrical | unknown | slightly asymmetrical | strongly asymmetrical | nearly asymmetrical |
Maxilla 1 palp article 2 | expanded | expanded | expanded | expanded | not expanded |
Maxilla 1 palp article 2 | 9 apical robust setae | less than 14 apical robust setae | 25 apical robust setae | approx. 10 apical robust setae | 7 apical robust setae |
Maxilla 1 inner plate | 1 plumose seta | 1 plumose seta | 1 plumose seta | 6 plumose setae | 1 plumose seta |
Female antenna 1 primary flagellum article 1 | not elongated | not elongated | elongated | unknown | elongated |
Female antenna 1 accessory flagellum article 1 | longer than each of the rest | equal to length of remaining articles | longer than each of the rest | unknown | unknown |
Gnathopods 1 and 2 dactyli | 3 strong projections near the base | unknown | 8–9 strong projections near the base | 4 strong projections near the base | unknown (absent?) |
Coxa 5 dorsal margin | highest at proximal end | highest at proximal end | straight | convex | straight / convex |
Coxa 5 distal margin | rounded | rounded | rounded | slightly pointed | straight |
Coxa 7 ventral margin | shallowly concave | straight | slightly concave | slightly concave | straight |
Telson lobe | uniformly tapering distally | uniformly tapering distally | tapering from distal 1/3 | weakly tapering distally | unknown |
References | This study |
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Princaxelia jamiesoni Lörz, 2010 was described from 7,703 m and 9,316 m in the Japan and Izu-Ogasawara trenches, respectively (
The morphology of Princaxelia is consistent with an animal that swims in that its body is streamlined, flat, and has well-developed pleopods (
We added P. marianaensis sp. nov. to the key by
1 | Palp article 2 of maxilla 1 expanded | 2 |
– | Palp article 2 of maxilla 1 not expanded | P. stephenseni Dahl, 1959 |
2 | Inner plate of maxilla 1 with 1 terminal plumose seta | 3 |
– | Inner plate of maxilla 1 with several plumose setae | P. magna Kamenskaya, 1977 |
3 | Primary flagellum article 1 of female antenna 1 not elongate; dorsal margin of coxa 5 highest at proximal end; telson lobe uniformly tapering distally | 4 |
– | Primary flagellum article 1 of female antenna 1 elongate; dorsal margin of coxa 5 straight; telson lobe tapering from distal 1/3 | P. jamiesoni Lörz, 2010 |
4 | Posterodistal corner of epimeral plate 3 rounded; accessory flagellum article 1 of female antenna 1 equal to length of remaining articles; ventral margin of coxa 7 straight | P. abyssalis Dahl, 1959 |
– | Posterodistal corner of epimeral plate 3 quadrate; accessory flagellum article 1 of female antenna 1 longer than each of remaining articles; ventral margin of coxa 7 weakly concave | P. marianaensis Tomikawa & Watanabe, sp. nov. |
We thank the captain and crew of the R/V Yokosuka and the operation team of DSV Shinkai 6500 for their cooperation in the YK14-13 cruise led by Y.O. The Shinkai Seep Field is a part of the Mariana Trench Marine National Monument of the United States of America, and we greatly appreciate the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for approving our study in the monument under the special use permit #12541-14001. The sample number under this permit used in the present study is #12541-14001-6K-1402-B01. This work was partly supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI grants JP17K15174 and JP17H00820 to the first author.