Research Article |
Corresponding author: Hongliang Shi ( shihl@bjfu.edu.cn ) Academic editor: Achille Casale
© 2020 Weifeng Yan, Hongliang Shi, Hongbin Liang.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Yan W, Shi H, Liang H (2020) First discovery of the genus Himalopenetretus (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Patrobini) in China, with description of a new species. ZooKeys 997: 145-154. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.997.58125
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The Western Himalayan genus Himalopenetretus is firstly recorded from China, with one new species described, H. burangensis sp. nov. (type locality: Burang county, Xizang).
Himalaya range, new species, Patrobini, Tibet
Himalopenetretus Zamotajlov (Patrobini, Deltomerina) is a small genus previously containing only two species known from India and Pakistan (
In the summer of 2019, an expedition to Western Xizang was undertaken, during which a special specimen of Patrobini was collected in Burang County, near the border between China, Nepal and India. It was found under a rock in an alpine meadow near a glacier, together with several individuals of a small Amara species. The specimen was readily recognized as a new species of the genus Himalopenetretus. It proved to be most similar to H. franzi, distributed in Gangotri (North-West India), about 200 km west of the type locality of the new species. This is the first record of the genus Himalopenetretus from China. The main purpose of this paper is to record the genus from China and describe the new species; in addition, relationships between species of Himalopenetretus are briefly discussed.
The holotype and only examined specimen of the new species is deposited in the collections of the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (
Abbreviations of measurements used in the paper are as follows: L: overall length from apex mandibles to apex of elytra, measured along elytral suture; HW: width of head, as greatest transverse distance of head; PL: length of pronotum, as linear distance from anterior to basal margin, measured along the midline; PW: width of pronotum, as greatest transverse distance of pronotum; EL: length of elytra, as linear distance from basal ridge to apex, measured along elytral suture; EW: width of elytra, as greatest transverse distance of the two closed elytra.
Ledouxius franzi Zamotajlov & Sciaky, 1998
The genus can be identified by the following combination of character states: a medium sized Patrobini with dorsal side reddish brown; body elongate with inconspicuous eyes; first antennomere plurisetose, with one seta distinctly longer than the others; head with four to six pairs of setae between eyes and neck constriction; mandibles strongly elongated, apical tooth absent; submentum with two pairs of setae; lateral margins of pronotum with two to five pairs of setae before middle; elytra without scutellar pore, discal setiferous pores only present on the third interval; fifth meso- and metatarsomeres glabrous or with only a few very minute setae ventrally; apical lamella of aedeagus narrow, nearly straight in lateral view and more or less twisted leftwards in dorsal view, without a tooth or other apical protuberances; endophallus with two groups of copulatory pieces: proximal one near middle, with sharp and hooked apex and a rudimentary flagellum; distal one near end of apical orifice, smaller and bilobed.
Himalopenetretus is most similar to the genus Ledouxius, as follows: first antennomere plurisetose; submentum with two pairs of setae; lateral margins of pronotum plurisetose; fifth meso- and metatarsomeres without long setae ventrally. However, it can be differentiated from this genus by: (1) head with four to six pairs of setae between eyes and neck constriction; (2) mandibles strongly elongated; (3) eyes less prominent, pronotum subcordate to nearly quadrate; (4) elytra without scutellar pore; (5) apical lamella of aedeagus narrow and more or less twisted leftwards in dorsal view, endophallus possessing a rudimentary flagellum on proximal copulatory pieces. The subgenus Hasarotretus of the genus Ledouxius especially resembles Himalopenetretus in the absence of apical teeth on the mandibles, but is different in the many important characters mentioned above.
Besides with Ledouxius, species of Himalopenetretus also share some characters with the genus Deltomerodes, including the extremely long temporae, the leftwards twisted apical lamella of the aedeagus, and basal part of proximal copulatory piece forming a flagellum. However, the latter genus is different in: (1) mandibles normal, not elongated; (2) head with two to four pairs of setae between eyes and neck constriction; (3) pronotum somewhat elongate and flask-shaped, lateral margins with only one (rarely two) pairs of setae before middle; (4) elytra with additional discal setiferous pores present on the fifth or seventh intervals.
Himalopenetretus includes the following three species occurring in the Western Himalayas (Map
Himalopenetretus falciger (Heinz & Ledoux, 1989): Pakistan (Gilgit);
Himalopenetretus franzi (Zamotajlov & Sciaky, 1998): India (Uttar Pradesh, Tapovan);
Himalopenetretus burangensis sp. nov.: China (Xizang, Burang).
China, Xizang: Burang County.
Holotype
: male (
The new species is diagnosable in the genus by: tarsomeres dorsally glabrous; pronotum subquadrate, lateral margins straight before posterior angles, which are a little pointed, disc with a pair of small concavities to the side of the median line, lateral margins with two or three pairs of setae before middle; apical lamella of aedeagus elongate and evidently twisted leftwards, apex a little capitate and hooked leftwards.
The new species is most similar to H. franzi, but the latter species is different from it in: pronotum subcordate, lateral margins evidently sinuate before posterior angles, disc without concavities, lateral margins with four or five pairs of setae before middle; apical lamella of aedeagus shorter, only very weakly twisted leftwards, apex simple, narrowly triangular. The other species of the genus, H. falciger, is quite different from these two species in having tarsi dorsally pubescent and in many other respects.
Habitus as in Figure
General appearance: Dorsal side reddish brown, shiny, without metallic luster; head, mandibles and pronotum brown, elytra a little lighter; antennae, palpi and legs light reddish-brown; ventral side largely dark brown, abdominal sternum reddish-brown. Dorsal side glabrous and smooth except for lateral margins and basal foveae of pronotum punctate. Microsculpture invisible on head and pronotum, isodiametric on elytra, hardly visible near base, strong in apical third.
Head: Broad and ovate; surface smooth, without prominent punctures. Mandibles strongly elongated, narrow, without an apical tooth (Figs
Pronotum: Nearly quadrate, a little broad, PW/PL = 1.24, faintly wider than head, PW/HW = 1.23, widest near anterior third, fairly convex, moderately constricted posteriorly. Anterior margin nearly straight; lateral margins fairly rounded in front, without prominent sinuation before posterior angles; posterior margin nearly straight; anterior angles rounded but distinct, slightly protruding anteriorly; posterior angles near rectangular, apex slightly pointed outwards. Anterior transverse impression shallow, sparsely punctate; basal foveae shallow, coarsely punctate and wrinkled; disk smooth, with a pair of shallow concavities to the side of median line (Fig.
Elytra: Oblong-ovate, depressed; EL/EW = 1.66, widest near posterior third; humeri narrowly rounded, humeral tooth indistinct; lateral margins fairly widened and flat. Intervals slightly convex; striae well incised, finely punctate basally; scutellar stria long, situated between elytra suture and first striae, apex free, scutellar pore absent; third interval with five setiferous pores, all adjoining third stria, the first one near basal fifth; fifth interval with one setiferous pore near apex; umbilicate series on ninth interval composed of eight to ten pores, nearly equally arranged, a little denser in posterior areas.
Ventral side: Prosternum smooth, propleuron densely punctate; mesosternum and mesopleuron wrinkled, mesopleuron with sporadic coarse punctures; mesepimeron narrow, slightly widened laterally, suture separating mesepisternum and mesosternum joining lateral margin of metasternum; metepisternum rather long and narrow, not punctate. Lateral areas of abdominal sternites slightly rugose, abdominal sternite IV to VI with two setae near middle on each side; VII with one or two setae on each side in male (holotype with two setae on the left and one seta on the right).
Legs: Males with the first two protarsomeres slightly expanded, the second protarsomere distinctly wider than the third one which nearly triangular; the fourth protarsomere evidently bilobed; metatrochanter normal, not protruding or exceeding lateral margin of body; tarsomeres generally glabrous dorsally, only with a few very minute setae; the fifth meso- and metatarsomeres generally glabrous ventrally, with one to three pairs of minute setae (Fig.
Male genitalia (Figs
Himalopenetretus burangensis sp. nov. (holotype male,
Female unknown.
The new species is named after its type locality, Burang County.
Among the three species of the genus Himalopenetretus, H. burangensis sp. nov. could be closest to H. franzi for their near distribution ranges and morphological similarities. In particular, the dorsally glabrous tarsomeres of these two species could be of taxonomic significance.
The results of a phylogenetic analysis by
The discovery of this new species extends the eastern limit of the known distribution of the genus Himalopenetretus. Considering that all the species of this genus are very rare, and that explorations in high mountains of the Western Himalayas are relatively inadequate, the discovery of additional new species is expected from the nearby areas, such as southwestern Xizang and Nepal (Map
We wish to thank Prof Shixiang Zong (Beijing Forestry University, BJFU), Ms Lili Ren (BJFU), Mr Bin Zhao (Forestry and Grassland Administration of Xizang Autonomous Region, FGAX), and Mr Pengfei Jin (FGAX) for their support and coordination during our expeditions in Xizang. We are also grateful to Mr Pingzhou Zhu (