Research Article |
Corresponding author: Li Shi ( lirui2003@imau.edu.cn ) Academic editor: Rudolf Meier
© 2020 Li Shi, Miao Liu, Zheng-Kun Hu.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Shi L, Liu M, Hu Z-K (2020) A new species of the genus Noeetomima Enderlein (Diptera, Lauxaniidae) from Guizhou, China with a key to worldwide species. ZooKeys 1000: 107-123. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1000.57577
|
A species from the Fanjingshan National Nature Reserve in Guizhou Province, China is described as new to science: Noeetomima huzhengkuni sp. nov. A key to separate worldwide species of Noeetomima, and a list of all species in the genus together with type information, is presented. The habitat of the new species is discussed.
Fanjingshan National Nature Reserve, identification key, morphology, taxonomy, true flies
The genus Noeetomima Enderlein, 1937 (Diptera, Lauxaniidae) was described for the new species N. radiata Enderlein, 1937 from Charbin (=Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, in northeast China). The next reference to this genus and species was in the key of
The first author to consider the subfamily placement of Noeetomima was
So far, there are 16 known species worldwide (
In the present paper, a species new to science, Noeetomima huzhengkuni sp. nov., was collected from the Fanjingshan National Nature Reserve. The habitat of this new species is reported. A key to the known world species is presented along with a list of species in the Appendix
General terminology follows
Specimens were examined with a Nikon SMZ 1500 dissection microscope. Adult images were taken with a Nikon DS-Fi2 digital camera and a series of images montaged using Helicon Focus (HeliconSoft). All images and drawings were further processed with Adobe Photoshop CS 6.0.
The type specimens of the new species are deposited in the Insect Collection of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China (
Noeetomima
Enderlein, 1937: 73. Type species: Noeetomima radiata Enderlein (original designation).
The genus can be easily identified by the wing patterning, which is dark centrally, with radiating hyaline stripes from the costal margin around to the posterior margin, and the posterior wing margin undulating between veins. Face yellow, with a pale brown subbasal and/or median band or spot and a pale brown groove near ventral margin; facial keel sometimes distinct or absent. Frons wider than long, with a pair of narrow brownish median stripes, parallel on anterior 1/2 and widened on posterior 1/2; two fronto-orbital setae, each with a blackish brown basal spot, two basal spots conjoined and forming a narrow stripe (not conjoined in N. tengchongica and N. decora); ocellar triangle grayish black. Antennal 1st flagellomere tapering (round in N. parva and N. decora); arista white or black, pubescent; ocellar seta strong, longer than anterior fronto-orbital seta. Mesonotum with 1+3 dorsocentral setae and 1+3 acrostichal setae (including prescutellar) in 1–2 rows, each dorsocentral and acrostichal seta situated on a brown basal spot. 1 strong anepisternal seta, and second anepisternal seta down-sloping and located near the middle of the anepisternum; 2 strong katepisternal setae. Scutellum slightly convex with dense microtrichia. Fore femur without ctenidium; hind femur with 1–3 strong anteroventral setae (absent in N. decora, 4 in N. huzhengkuni sp. nov.). Wing mostly brown with hyaline or white spots and radiating stripes from costal margin around to posterior margin; posterior wing margin undulating between veins; cells r2+3 and r4+5 wide apically; a short apical section of R2+3 bent forwards and apical section of M1 obviously arched. Abdominal tergites with grayish white, brown or fulvous spots and long setae on posterior margin. Male genitalia: epandrium with rows of dorsal setulae and setae in posterior view and surstylus consisting of one (in N. parva and N. decora) or two processes (except for unknown male of N. aberrans and no male genitalic illustration of N. fulgens). If the surstylus is comprised of two processes which are separated by a deep trench generally, then there are many setae and setulae on the anterior process.
(Modified from
1 | Wing with a small brown central area, occupying 1/3 length of wing and several white radiating longest stripes between R2+3 and M1 longer than 1/2–2/3 length of ultimate sections of M1 (figs 2, 3 in |
2 |
– | Wing with a large brown central area, occupying 2/3 length of wing and several white radiating longest stripes between R2+3 and M1 shorter than or close to 1/2 length of ultimate sections of M1 (Figs |
6 |
2 | Mesonotum with presutural dorsocentral and acrostichal setae at same horizontal level; scutellum shining without spot; wing with a suboval spot near middle | N. radiata Enderlein |
– | Mesonotum with presutural dorsocentral seta before horizontal level of presutural acrostichal seta; scutellum with a small grayish white tapering median spot, a pair of black lateral spots on basal 1/3 or 2/3 and a pair of grayish white round spots at base of basal scutellar seta; wing with a linear spot near middle | 3 |
3 | Wing with a white elliptical or quadrate spot present before vertical level of r-m in cell r2+3; hind femur with 1 strong anteroventral seta | 4 |
– | Wing with a narrow stripe present before vertical level of r-m in cell r2+3; hind femur with 2–3 strong anteroventral setae | 5 |
4 | Fore femur with 3–4 strong posteroventral setae; surstylus consisting of a blunt triangular anterior process with setulae and a broad posterior digitiform process in lateral view | N. jinpingensis Shi, Gaimari & Yang |
– | Fore femur with 5 strong posteroventral setae; surstylus consisting of a long grayish black anterior ventral process with setulae and a short yellow rectangular process with a small brown horn–like process on anterior corner in lateral view | N. tengchongica Shi, Gaimari & Yang |
5 | Hind femur with 2 strong anteroventral setae; mesonotum with a pair of black triangular posterior marginal spots extending to scutellum; surstylus with a posterior process broaden apically and truncated in lateral view | N. liui Li, Chen & Yang |
– | Hind femur with 3 strong anteroventral setae; mesonotum without pair of black triangular posterior marginal spots extending to scutellum; surstylus with 2 spiny posterior processes in posterior view | N. trisurstyla Li, Chen & Yang |
6 | Arista white or pale yellow; wing with strongly undulating posterior margin | 7 |
– | Arista dark brown or black; wing with only weakly undulating posterior margin | 11 |
7 | Hind femur with 1 strong anteroventral seta | N. thaiensis Sasakawa |
– | Hind femur with 2–3 strong anteroventral setae | 8 |
8 | Wing with three white spoon-like spots present along costal margin; surstylus consisting of a long claviform anterior process with setulae and a furcated digitiform posterior apical process in lateral view | N. yunnanica Shi, Gaimari & Yang |
– | Wing with a row of white triangular spots present along costal margin; surstylus not as above in lateral view | 9 |
9 | Eye with a concavity on posterior ventral margin; surstylus consisting of a long claviform anterior process with setulae and a short digitiform posterior apical process in lateral view | N. nepalensis Stuckenberg |
– | Eye with straight posterior ventral margin; surstylus not as above | 10 |
10 | Face with a pale brown V-shaped median spot; apical half of wing with three long linear spots connecting R2+3 with R4+5 in cell r2+3; surstylus consisting of a long furcated anterior process and a posterior apical process without median process on anterior margin in lateral view | N. chinensis Shi, Gaimari & Yang |
– | Face without pale brown V-shaped median spot; apical half of wing with several short linear spots along lower margin of R2+3 and upper margin of R4+5 in cell r2+3; surstylus consisting of an anterior process tapering apically and a posteroapical process with 1 median process on anterior margin in lateral view | N. zhangae Li, Chen & Yang |
11 | Antennal 1st flagellomere tapering distally; abdominal tergites 1–6 unicolorous, only dark brown | 12 |
– | Antennal 1st flagellomere rounded at tip; abdominal tergites 1–6 bicolored, at least tergites 1–3 fulvous and tergites 5–6 blackish brown | 16 |
12 | Mesonotum with presutural dorsocentral and acrostichal setae at same horizontal level; wing with brown irregular spots and white spots near bottom of R4+5 | N. aberrans Shatalkin |
– | Mesonotum with presutural dorsocentral seta before horizontal level of presutural acrostichal seta; wing with brown regular spots and white radiating stripes near bottom of R4+5 | 13 |
13 | Mid and hind femora in basal 3/4 darkened | 14 |
– | Mid and hind femora completely yellow | 15 |
14 | Hind femur with 4 strong anteroventral setae (3 very strong) on apical half (Fig. |
N. huzhengkuni sp. nov. |
– | Hind femur with 2 strong anteroventral setae; wing with white spots situated in a straight line in cell r2+3; surstylus with posterior process broaden apically and concaved medially in lateral view, but no short dense setulae at apex in posterior view | N. hongshanensis Li, Chen & Yang |
15 | Mid and hind tibiae yellow with a brown ring in basal 1/3; wing with 3 tiny white round spots situated in cell r2+3 and 6 white radiating stripes along margin between tips of R2+3 and M1 | N. lijiangensis Li, Chen & Yang |
– | Mid and hind tibiae in basal 3/4 black; wing with 2 bigger white irregular spots situated in cell r2+3 and 4–5 white radiating stripes along margin between tips of R2+3 and M1 | N. fulgens Shatalkin |
16 | Wing with series of longitudinal white lines through cells r2+3 and r4+5; hind femur with 1 strong anteroventral seta | N. parva Stuckenberg |
– | Wing with few spots and paler brown patches in cells r2+3 and r4+5, but no linear spots; hind femur without strong anteroventral setae but with strong black spinules | N. decora Kim |
Holotype
♂ (
Male. Arista brown. Palpus dark brown. Mesonotum with presuturaldorsocentral seta before horizontal level of presutural acrostichal seta. Fore femur with 3 strong posteroventral setae and hind femur with 4 anteroventral setae (3 very strong) on apical half. Wing with large brown central area, occupying 5/6 length of wing and several white radiating stripes shorter than 1/2 length of ultimate section of M1, two smaller white round spots in cell r2+3 and a bigger one in cell r4+5 situated in a straight line on 1/5 length of wing. Male genitalia: syntergosternite 7+8 pale brown and epandrium brownish yellow; surstylus consisting of a long anterior process with 8–10 long setae on dorsal margin and a short wide truncate posterior apical process with a concavity at anterior corner in lateral view and short dense setulae at apex in posterior view.
Male. Body length 2.8–2.9 mm, wing length 4.3–4.5 mm.
Head
(Figs
Thorax
(Figs
Abdomen
(Figs
Female. Unknown.
The species is named after the collector and amateur of insects Zheng-Kun Hu.
China (Guizhou).
In the present paper, the first author divides 17 known species into two groups: the N. radiata-group includes Noeetomina liui, N. jinpingensis, N. radiata, N. tengchongica and N. trisurstyla, which several white radiating longest stripes between R2+3 and M1 are longer than 1/2–2/3 length of ultimate sections of M1 on the wing; the N. parva-group includes Noeetomima aberrans, N. chinensis, N. decora, N. fulgens, N. hongshanensis, N. huzhengkuni sp. nov., N. lijiangensis, N. nepalensis, N. parva, N. thainensis, N. yunnanica, N. zhangae, which several white radiating longest stripes between R2+3 and M1 are shorter than or close to 1/2 length of ultimate sections of M1.
Compared to five species in the N. radiata-group, the new species differs by the length of white radiating longest stripes between R2+3 and M1 on the wing and the number of anteroventral setae on apical half on hind femur, but the mid and hind femora have same dark brown on basal 3/4 in Noeetomima liui, N. jinpingensis, N. tengchongica as the new species.
Compared to the other eleven species in the N. parva-group, the new species differs from N. chinensis, N. decora, N. hongshanensis, N. lijiangensis, N. nepalensis, N. parva, N. thainensis, N. yunnanica and N. zhangae by the following two features: the mid and hind femora are completely dark brown on the basal 3/4; the phallus is broad and curved at apex in lateral view, but it is wide in the basal 2/3 with an arrow-like basal process and is slender in the apical 1/3, and the lateral sclerites are asymmetric in ventral view.
Noeetomima aberrans, with unknown male, can be separated from the new species in the katepisternum having a parallel pair of gray stripes on the upper margin and slightly below, the gray scutellum having a pair of large brownish spots (sometimes fusing at the apex), four white radiating longest stripes between R2+3 and M1 being shorter than 1/2 length of the ultimate sections of M1 on the wide wing, and the presutural dorsocentral setae being the same level as the presutural acrostichal setae on the mesonotum.
Noeetomima fulgens, without a male genitalic illustration, can be separated from the new species in the spots at the base of the presutural dorsocentral setae being very small on the mesonotum, a pair of narrow middle stripes on the mesonotum being not developed beyond suture, the anepisternum being brown with a gray stripe extending from the anterior upper comer to the lower posterior corner, the katepisternum having a large brownish spot in the anterior part and a narrow brownish stripe surrounding the bases of the katepisternal setae, the scutellum having densely gray microtomentose on the dorsal side and wide brown margins, the mid and hind tibiae being black in the basal 3/4, the fore femora being darkened only dorsally and laterally in the basal 3/4, the wing having five white radiating longest stripes between R2+3 and M1 close to or shorter than 1/2 length of the ultimate sections of M1, and a big hyaline elliptical spot being present before the vertical level of crossvein r-m in r2+3, and a big hyaline round spot being present before the vertical level of crossvein r-m in discal cell.
The new species from Guizhou is so similar to Noeetomima lijiangensis Li, Chen & Yang from Sichuan and Yunnan of China in the anterior projection of the frons and the face, and the pattern of mesonotum, scutellum and wing, but the latter can be separated in the abdominal tergites 4–6 having broad white spots (narrow stripes in N. huzhengkuni sp. nov.), the epandrium being flat in the anterior half (having an obvious bulge in the anterior half in N. huzhengkuni sp. nov.), the anterior process of the surstylus having short setulae and a small median anterior projection in lateral view (having long setae, but no small median anterior projection in N. huzhengkuni sp. nov.), the posterior process of the surstylus having a preapical anterior projection in lateral view and narrowing gradually at the apex (broadened apically with a deep concavity at the anterior corner in lateral view and having short dense setulae at the apex in posterior view in N. huzhengkuni sp. nov.), the pregonite being obviously shorter than the length of phallus in lateral view (both equal in length in N. huzhengkuni sp. nov.), the phallus having pairs of teeth-like processes near the base and apical in ventral view with the apex curved dorsally in lateral view (being broad and concaved at the apex in lateral view, but being wide basal 2/3 with an arrow-like basal process, slender apical 1/3 and lateral sclerites asymmetric in ventral view in N. huzhengkuni sp. nov.), the phallapodeme being as long as 1/2 length of phallus in lateral view (both equal in length in N. huzhengkuni sp. nov.).
Fig.
The Fanjingshan National Nature Reserve is located in the northeast of Guizhou Province, China with the geographical coordinates between 27°49"50' to 28°1"30'N and 108°45'55" to 108°48'30"E . The Fanjingshan area is a monsoon climate region of East Asia, which has typical characteristics of a humid climate in a mid subtropical monsoon mountain. It is a well-preserved natural primitive complex with scientific research value. There are more than 2000 species of insects.
The individuals of this species are active on sunny days and more often at noon in the Fanjingshan National Nature Reserve. They are easily and quickly captured when approached slowly. For the behavior of this species, the collector Zheng-Kun Hu did not observe courtship or mating or competition for food between individuals, which never moved quickly to forage. They prefer to gather on the rocks or stones in the shade or two or three will stop on broad fleshy leaves or bamboo leaves in the sun, often motionless, or only with the wings moving slowly up and down; they probably feed on fungi on the surface of rocks and leaves. They prefer to move slowly or stop on broad fleshy leaves such as those of the genera Ligularia Cass (Asteraceae), Strobilanthes Blume (Acanthaceae), Impatiens L. (Balsaminaceae), Reineckia Kunth (Asparagaceae) and various species of Polygonaceae. Its habitat is mainly primitive forest, which is comprised of the dominant tree species Quercus multinervis (Cheng WC and Hong T) Li JQ (Fagaceae), the dominant bamboo species Fargesia spathacea Franch. (Poaceae) and various perennial herbaceous plants under the forest canopy.
The author Li Shi expresses her sincere thanks to Mr Zheng-Kun Hu (Guizhou) for collecting specimens and making donations to Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, and to the reviewers for reviewing the manuscript and giving good advice. The research is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31660622).
Species list of the genus Noeetomima in the world