Research Article |
Corresponding author: Anna A. Namyatova ( anna.namyatova@gmail.com ) Academic editor: Laurence Livermore
© 2021 Anna A. Namyatova, Gerasimos Cassis.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Namyatova AA, Cassis G (2021) Five new genera of the subfamily Cylapinae (Insecta, Heteroptera, Miridae) from Australia. ZooKeys 1012: 95-134. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1012.57172
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Cylapinae is one of the poorly studied groups within the megadiverse family Miridae (Insecta: Heteroptera). In this paper, five monotypic genera from Australia are described as new to science. Two of those taxa, Dariella rubrocuneata gen. nov. and sp. nov., and Labriella fusca gen. nov. and sp. nov. are assigned to the tribe Cylapini. Three taxa, Callitropisca florentine gen. nov. and sp. nov., Laetifulvius morganensis gen. nov. and sp. nov. and Micanitropis seisia gen. nov. and sp. nov. are placed into the tribe Fulviini. Habitus images, SEMs of external characters, illustrations of male and female genitalia, and distribution maps are provided for each species where possible. The systematic position and possible relationships of the newly described taxa are discussed.
Australian fauna, description, morphology, new species, plant bugs, taxonomy
Miridae is one of the largest hemimetabolous insect families, currently comprising more than 11,000 species and with numerous taxa yet to be described. Cylapinae is among the smallest subfamilies within the Miridae with approximately 100 genera and 500 species. Currently this subfamily includes the followings tribes: Bothriomirini, Fulviini, Cylapini, Rhinomirini, and Vanniini. Additionally, the subfamily Psallopinae is sometimes considered within Cylapinae as a tribe (
Most representatives of Cylapinae are distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. It is very likely the true diversity of this subfamily is still not comprehensive, as many of its representatives live in litter and under bark in tropical forests and cannot be collected using the most common mirid collection technique, plant sweeping and beating. During the last decade numerous Cylapinae taxa collected by hands, malaise traps, light traps, fogging, and bark spraying have been described from different regions (e.g.,
The Australian fauna of Cylapinae seems to be very little known, and currently it includes just 21 genera and 43 species from all tribes, except for Rhinomirini (
Eighty-two specimens were examined for this study. A unique specimen identifier (USI) was attached to each specimen, and collection event data were entered into the Arthropod Easy Capture Specimen Database (https://research.amnh.org/pbi/locality/index.php) and accessible through https://www.discoverlife.org/. The USI code starts with “UNSW_ENT” prefix for all the labels, except otherwise stated. The specimens are deposited in the following collections:
The specimen dissection methodology follows
The focus stacked habitus images were taken using Canon EOS 40D and Canon EOS 5D cameras, those stacks were concatenated using Helicon Focus ver. 6 software with standard setting. Scanning electron micrographs were made using a Hitachi TM-3000 tabletop electron microscope, the specimens were uncoated. The images were cropped and contrasted in Photoshop CS3 and CS5.1, the same software was used to create the figure plates.
Measurements have been completed using a Leica graticule and × 10 eyepieces, through a Leica MZ16 stereomicroscope. Measurements are provided in Table
The maps were completed using Simplemappr website (https://www.simplemappr.net/) (Shorthouse and Davis 2010) and processed with Photoshop CS5.1.
Species | Length | Width | |||||||
Body | Cun-Clyp | Pronotum | AntSeg 1 | AntSeg2 | Head | Pronotum | InterOcDi | ||
Dariella rubrocuneata | |||||||||
♂ (N = 5) | M1 | 2.06 | 1.48 | 0.40 | 0.25 | 0.67 | 0.54 | 0.73 | 0.21 |
M2 | 2.23 | 1.50 | 0.42 | 0.25 | 0.71 | 0.54 | 0.77 | 0.23 | |
M3 | 2.19 | 1.54 | 0.42 | 0.27 | 0.65 | 0.50 | 0.73 | 0.19 | |
M4 | 2.25 | 1.56 | 0.44 | 0.31 | 0.77 | 0.52 | 0.77 | 0.21 | |
M5 | 2.08 | 1.46 | 0.44 | 0.25 | 0.67 | 0.52 | 0.75 | 0.21 | |
Labriella fusca | |||||||||
♂ (N = 5) | M1 | 2.96 | 2.10 | 0.48 | 0.25 | 0.88 | 0.69 | 0.94 | 0.23 |
M2 | 2.88 | 2.04 | 0.48 | 0.25 | 0.79 | 0.65 | 0.92 | 0.21 | |
M3 | 2.81 | 1.98 | 0.44 | 0.25 | 0.83 | 0.65 | 0.90 | 0.23 | |
M4 | 2.67 | 1.94 | 0.46 | 0.25 | 0.75 | 0.65 | 0.85 | 0.23 | |
M5 | 2.81 | 2.00 | 0.46 | 0.25 | 0.77 | 0.65 | 0.85 | 0.21 | |
♀ (N = 5) | F1 | 2.85 | 2.10 | 0.50 | 0.27 | 0.65 | 0.67 | 0.88 | 0.23 |
F2 | 2.69 | 2.00 | 0.48 | 0.25 | 0.58 | 0.63 | 0.88 | 0.23 | |
F3 | 2.65 | 2.02 | 0.44 | 0.25 | 0.63 | 0.65 | 0.81 | 0.23 | |
F4 | 2.75 | 2.08 | 0.44 | 0.23 | 0.63 | 0.65 | 0.83 | 0.23 | |
F5 | 2.92 | 2.10 | 0.46 | 0.25 | 0.58 | 0.63 | 0.90 | 0.25 | |
Callitropisca florentine | |||||||||
♂ (N = 1) | M1 | 3.13 | 2.13 | 0.44 | 0.29 | 0.92 | 0.54 | 1.02 | 0.25 |
♀ (N = 2) | F1 | 3.00 | 2.25 | 0.46 | 0.21 | 0.83 | 0.54 | 1.00 | 0.27 |
F2 | 3.04 | 2.27 | 0.42 | 0.21 | 0.77 | 0.56 | 0.92 | 0.29 | |
Laetifulvius morganensis | |||||||||
♂ (N = 2) | M1 | 3.10 | 1.98 | 0.42 | 0.25 | 0.77 | 0.60 | 0.94 | 0.21 |
M2 | 3.04 | 2.04 | 0.46 | 0.25 | 0.77 | 0.60 | 0.92 | 0.23 | |
Micanitropis seisia | |||||||||
♂ (N = 5) | M1 | 3.21 | 2.33 | 0.54 | 0.35 | 0.98 | 0.56 | 1.15 | 0.23 |
M2 | – | – | 0.58 | 0.33 | 1.00 | 0.63 | 1.13 | 0.25 | |
M3 | 3.38 | 2.35 | 0.50 | 0.33 | 0.94 | 0.60 | 1.08 | 0.23 | |
M4 | 3.19 | 2.42 | 0.52 | 0.31 | 0.94 | 0.60 | 1.17 | 0.23 | |
M5 | 3.13 | 2.29 | 0.54 | 0.29 | – | 0.58 | 1.10 | 0.21 | |
♀ (N = 5) | F1 | 3.35 | 2.46 | 0.56 | 0.33 | 1.02 | 0.54 | 1.23 | 0.23 |
F2 | – | 2.19 | 0.52 | 0.33 | 1.02 | 0.50 | 1.10 | 0.21 | |
F3 | 3.06 | 2.33 | 0.52 | 0.29 | 0.94 | 0.56 | 1.13 | 0.25 | |
F4 | 3.48 | 2.48 | 0.54 | 0.29 | 0.92 | 0.63 | 1.17 | 0.25 | |
F5 | 3.73 | 2.71 | 0.56 | 0.29 | 0.90 | 0.63 | 1.15 | 0.25 |
Dariella rubrocuneata sp. nov. by original designation.
Dariella differs from other Cylapinae in the following combination of characters: macropterous; vertical head with antennal fossa placed above mandibular plate (Fig.
Male. Coloration (Fig.
Female. Unknown.
The genus is named after the sister of the first author (AN), Daria Namyatova. The gender is feminine.
According to the present classification (
SEM images. Dariella rubrocuneata A head and pronotum, lateral view B head and pronotum, dorsal view C head, anterior view D labium E antenna F pleura G legs H trichobothria on hind femur I trichobothria on middle femur J hind tarsus K pretarsus, ventral view L cuneus and membrane cell M scutellum, clavus and corium.
Dariella is similar to the Neotropical genera Corcovadocola Carvalho, 1948 and Cylapoides Carvalho, 1952 as they also have short antennae (
Dariella can be easily recognised externally from two Australian genera Carvalhoma Slater & Gross, 1977 and Schizopteromiris, currently placed in the Cylapini, as Carvalhoma has staphylinoid hemelytra and Schizopteromiris Schuh, 1986 has coleopteroid hemelytra in both sexes (
Holotype: Australia: Qld: Mt Boolbun Sth (summit), 15.95°S, 145.1333°E, 950 m, 05 Nov 1995–11 Jan 1996, Monteith, Cook, Roberts, 1♂ (00043357) (
Head, pronotum and pleura mostly brown to dark brown, corium and embolium yellow to pale brown with brown or reddish areas; antennal segment I yellow, reddish apically; segments II–IV mostly brown, segment IV whitish apically; labium yellow with reddish tinge; embolium reddish apically; cuneus red or pale brown with distinct reddish tinge (Fig.
Male. Body length 2.1–2.3. Coloration (Fig.
Female. Unknown.
Known only from Australian Wet Tropics (Fig.
The specimens were collected with flight intercept trap and pyrethrum knockdown.
The species is named for its red cuneus, ruber from Latin, meaning red.
Labriella fusca sp. nov. by original designation.
Labriella is distinguished from other Cylapinae by the following combination of characters: labrum longer than labial segment I, oval, flattened at sides (Fig.
SEM images. Labriella fusca A head and pronotum, lateral view B head and pronotum, dorsal view C head, anterior view D antenna E labium F pretarsus, ventral view G hind tarsus H pleura I scutellum, clavus and corium J cuneus and membrane cell K legs L trichobothria on middle femur M trichobothria on hind femur.
Male. Coloration (Fig.
Female. Similar to male, but antennal segment II wider and shorter. Genitalia. See species description.
The genus is named for its enlarged labrum. The gender is feminine.
Labriella cannot be confidently placed to any of the Cylapinae tribes based on the current classification and diagnoses (
Labriella is similar to all Fulviini in that the total antennal length is shorter than the body, antennal segment II is as thick as segment I, and the labium is relatively long, the apex is reaching abdominal segments IV–V. However, Labriella differs from other Fulviini representatives in the possession of a vertical head (Fig.
Labriella fits many characters provided for the Cylapini diagnoses by
Among species of Cylapini, Corcovadocola and Cylapoides Carvalho, 1952 are most similar to Labriella with the eyes being at least slightly covering the anterior angles of the pronotum and the antennal length being shorter than the body. Cylapoides differs from the new genus in the eyes being slightly pedunculate, the labium reaching the hind coxae and the body covered with erect setae (
Labriella may be similar to the Neotropical genus Tucuruisca Carvalho, 1986 placed within the Fulviini and known only from the initial description. It also has a vertical head and the long labium, and its antennae are shorter than the body. According to the image, the eyes in Tucuruisca are also large, and are placed very close to or even slightly covering the anterior angles of the pronotum. Tucuruisca differs from Labriella in possessing a body covered with long erect hairs, the antennal segment IV being shorter than segment II and the thickened hind femora (
Holotype: Australia: Qld: Mossman Bluff Track, 5–10 km W Mossman, site 6, 16.46667°S, 145.3667°E, 860 m, 16 Dec 1988–30 Dec 1988, Monteith, Thompson and ANZSES, 1♂ (UNSW_ENT 00043296) (
Body mostly brown to dark brown; clavus and corium with transversal stripe somewhat darker than rest of hemelytron (Fig.
Male. Body length 2.7–3.0. Coloration (Fig.
Female. Body length 2.7–2.9. Coloration (Fig.
Known from numerous localities in the Australian Wet Tropics (Fig.
The specimens of Labriella fusca were collected using pitfall traps, intercept traps, pyrethrum spraying of trees and logs and baited window trap.
Species is named so for its brown colour, fuscus from Latin meaning brown.
Callitropisca florentine sp. nov. by original designation.
Callitropisca can be recognised using following combination of characters: swollen and rounded calli, separated from each other; collar and rest of pronotum with distinct depression (Fig.
SEM images. Callitropisca florentine A head, anterior view B cuneus and membrane cell C apical part of labial segment II D head and pronotum, dorsal view E pleura F antenna G head and pronotum, lateral view H labium I labial segment I J scutellum, clavus and corium K tubercles on hemelytron L pretarsus, ventral view M pretarsus, dorsal view.
Male. Coloration (Fig.
The genus is so named because of its swollen calli. The gender is feminine.
Callitropisca has all the diagnostic features for Fulviini, e.g., horizontal head, antenna shorter than body, forecoxae and forefemora enlarged, labium reaching middle of abdomen (
Callitropisca is most similar, and, presumably, most closely related to Micanitropis and Xenocylapidius. Callitropisca, and Micanitropis have a similar colour pattern, with the body mainly brown to dark brown and whitish yellow longitudinal stripes on the clavus and corium (Fig.
Holotype: Australia: Tas: 29 km WNW Maydena on Eleven Rd, Florentine Valley, 42.76667°S, 146.4°E, 460 m, 01 Feb 1980–06 Feb 1980, A. F. Newton, M. K. Thayer, 1♂ (UNSW_ENT 00043066) (
Characterised by head, pronotum, scutellum and pleura dark brown, and hemelytron brown; antennal segments mostly pale brown to brown; labial segment I red; hemelytron with whitish yellow stripes on clavus, along claval suture and on corium, and embolium whitish basally; coxa mostly reddish brown or reddish, fore- and middle femora mostly brown; foretibia pale brown, middle tibia reddish basally and yellow apically (Fig.
Male. Body length 3.1. Coloration (Fig.
Female. Body length 3.0. Coloration (Fig.
Known only from western Tasmania (Fig.
Unknown.
The species is named after Florentine valley, where two specimens of this species were collected.
Laetifulvius morganensis sp. nov. by original designation.
Differs from other representatives of Cylapinae in the following combinations of characters: head semi-horizontal, antennal fossa attached near depression between mandibular and maxillary plates (Fig.
SEM images. Laetifulvius morganensis A head, anterior view B head and pronotum, dorsal view C head, lateral view D labial segments I and II E labial segment I F apical part of labial segment II G legs H scutellum, clavus and corium I cuneus and membrane cell J pleura K antennal segments I and II L hind tarsus M pretarsus, ventral view N pretarsus, dorsal view.
Male. Coloration (Fig.
Female. Unknown.
The species is named for its colourful appearance, laetus from the Latin meaning colourful. The gender is masculine.
In Cylapinae tribe diagnoses, the length of the antennae and labium are among the most important characters (
Laetifulvius may be related to Phylocylapus Poppius, 1913, as according to the initial description, the latter has a vertical head, wide collar, flat calli and a large evaporative area. Phylocylapus differs from Laetifulvius in the leaf-like forefemora, the labial segment I reaching the middle of the forecoxa, and tarsal segment I being longer than segments II and III (
Laetifulvius is not very similar to any other Australian genus, although it may be related to Fulviella and Phyllofulvius Carvalho, 1991 as they have a similar structure of the aedeagus with a voluminous endosoma not subdivided into conjunctiva and vesica and bearing numerous sclerites (Fig.
Holotype
: Australia: South Australia: 51 km NW of Morgan, 33.58333°S, 140°E, 150 m, 01 Nov 1995, Schuh, Cassis, and Gross, 1♂ (UNSW_ENT 00042973) (
Head reddish brown, antennal segments I and II pale brown; segment II whitish yellow apically; labial segment I reddish brown, segments II and III pale brown to brown; pronotum uniformly brown; scutellum mostly yellow with reddish brown base; pro- and mesopleuron brown; metapleuron whitish yellow with reddish marking dorsally; metathoracic scent gland evaporative area whitish yellow; hemelytron mostly brown, corium with white oval marking posteriorly adjacent to cuneus; cuneus reddish brown; coxae mostly whitish yellow; femora reddish brown with whitish yellow apices; fore- and middle tibiae mostly pale brown; basal part of hind tibia reddish brown, its apical third or half whitish yellow (Fig.
Male. Body length 3.0–3.1. Coloration (Fig.
Known only from type locality in South Australia (Fig.
Both specimens were collected at light.
The species is named after town Morgan, as it was collected nearby.
Micanitropis seisia sp. nov. by original designation.
Micanitropis can be separated from other representatives of Cylapinae using the following combination of characters: body impunctate; dorsum without net-like pattern of microsculpture on head, pronotum and pleura; dorsum clothed with rare short adpressed setae; hemelytron covered with small tubercles and sparse setae; head, pronotum and pleura with distinct rugosities (Fig.
SEM images. Micanitropis seisia A head, anterior view B tubercles on hemelytron C labial segment I D apical part of labial segment II E head and pronotum, dorsal view F cuneus and membrane cell G trichobothria on middle femur H trichobothria on hind femur I head and pronotum, lateral view J pleura K antennal segments I, II L pretarsus, ventral view M scutellum, clavus and corium N legs O hind tarsus P pretarsus, dorsal view.
Male. Coloration (Fig.
Female. Similar to male. Genitalia. See species description.
The genus is named for its sparkling appearance, micans from Latin meaning sparkling, glittering. The genus is masculine.
Micanitropis belongs to Fulviini as its structure fits the diagnosis for this tribe, in particular, it has the prognathous head, the antenna shorter than the body, the body impunctate, and its labium is long, reaching or almost reaching the genitalia segment (
Micanitropis is similar to Peritropis Uhler, 1891, as they both have the moderately elevated calli, the carinate lateral margins of pronotum, the eyes elongate in lateral view and reaching gula, and the hemelytron, at least in some species, including type species P. saldaeformis Uhler, 1891, is covered with small tubercles (
As mentioned in the remarks for Callitropisca, this genus, Micanitropis, and Xenocylapidius share similar genitalic structures, with the apical part of the ductus seminis having two lobes, bearing a row of long outgrowths along outer margin. See comparison of Callitropisca and Micanitropis in the Remarks section for Callitropisca. Xenocylapidius and Micanitropis are similar in the head being longer than high in lateral view, the vertex flat (Fig.
Holotype
: Australia: Queensland: Seisia via Bamaga, 10.85283°S, 142.37132°E, 10 Jan 2011, J. Sailor, 1♂ (UNSW_ENT 00027641) (
Head mostly brown to dark brown dorsally; antennal segment I yellow basally and reddish apically; segment II pale brown to brown, whitish yellow apically; segments III and IV pale brown to brown; pronotum, mesoscutum and scutellum brown to dark brown; scutellum whitish yellow to yellow apically; pleura mostly brown to dark brown or reddish brown; hemelytron mostly brown; clavus with three longitudinal whitish yellow stripes, inner stripe sometimes faint or indistinct; corium with two longitudinal whitish yellow stripes reaching or almost reaching middle of corium (Fig.
Male. Body length 3.1–3.4. Coloration (Fig.
Female. Body length 3.1–3.7. Coloration (Fig.
Known from different locations in the dry areas in the northern parts of Western Australia, Northern Territory and Queensland (Australia) (Fig.
The specimens were collected with hands at night, at light, at MV light, and using pyrethrum knockdown of mango trees.
The subfamily Cylapinae is characterised by long and narrow tarsi, as well as the combination of characters in the pretarsus, specifically the setiform and often asymmetrical parempodia, the lack of pulvilli, the slender claws usually toothed apically, and the three rows of tiles on the unguitractor with the tiles of the medial row acute (
The current diagnoses for Cylapini and Fulviini cannot be applied to all representatives of those tribes, and this complicates the tribal assignment of the new genera. Callitropisca and Micanitropis possess all the features typical for Fulviini. Although Laetifulvius has the head strongly inclined, its morphological features also fit the current understanding of Fulviini in all other respects.
Labriella and Dariella do not fit the diagnoses for any of the Cylapinae tribes. They have a vertical head, which is true for Cylapini, Bothriomirini and Vanniini. However, according to the diagnoses, the Cylapini and Vanniini typically have antennae longer than the body, whereas they are shorter than the body in Labriella and Dariella. The combination of the vertical head and short antennae is characteristic for Bothriomirini. All representatives of Bothriomirini form a well-defined group with some important characters not occurring in Dariella and Labriella (see Remarks section for those genera). However, Cylapini have other genera which also have short antennae, and those taxa are similar to Dariella and Labriella. In particular, Dariella has the male genitalia and pretarsus structure very similar to another Australian genus Carvalhoma, and the metathoracic scent gland evaporative area similar to Schizopteromiris, which is also known from Australia. Therefore, we place Dariella and Labriella in Cylapini based on their affinities to other genera assigned to this tribe, although not its typical representatives. We are awaiting the phylogenetic study of Cylapinae to clarify the position of those two new genera.
With five new monotypic genera, Australian Cylapinae fauna now includes 26 genera and 48 species currently assigned to four tribes, Bothriomirini, Cylapini, Fulviini and Vanniini. The Cylapini fauna is composed of the genera Carvalhoma, Dariella, Labriella and Schizopteromiris. None of these genera fully fit the diagnosis of this tribe, and the position of those genera can be reassessed in the future.
This work was supported by the Australian Biological Resources Study postdoctoral fellowship to AAN, and its final stages were supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR) (grant number 20–04–01040 A). The majority of the work was performed in the facilities in the G. Cassis’ lab, University of New South Wales (Australia). Facilities were also provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, sponsored by the state research project AAAA–A19–119020690101–6 and the St Petersburg State University. We are grateful to the following curators for lending us the material: Dave Britton (