Arria Stål, 1877.

China, India (Fig. 11).

Arria cinctipes Stål, 1877, original designation.

Body medium and slender (Fig. 7), female stronger than male. Head narrowly transverse with juxtaocular bulges; compound eyes broadly oval, prominent; ocelli large in male (Fig. 8), minute in female. Lower frons transverse, 3.3–4.2 times as wide as high. Antennae filiform, long in male, much shorter in female. Forefemur slender, with 4 discoidal, 10–13 anteroventral and 4 posteroventral spines; foretibia with 7–9 anteroventral and 4–7 posteroventral spines. Pronotum short with supracoxal dilatation well marked, lateral margins with small denticles in male and strongly tuberculate in female. Forewing narrow with narrowly rounded apex, CuA branches no less than 5, L/W ratio is 4.3–5.5; fore margin with widely spaced cilia, hindwing with pointed apex, vein M with brunet band near the tip; both pairs of wings fully developed and exceeding the end of abdomen in male (Fig. 9); female apterous. Sclerite L4A approximately rhomboidal, males with terminal lobe (tl) of ventral phallomere fused to vla, protruding as a truncate lobe, close to sdpm ventrad; sdpm short; right phallomere with large pia and ear-shaped pva. Styli close to each other (Fig. 4).

Holotype, 1♂, China: Zhejiang Prov., Qingyuan County, Baishanzu, 1100 m, 14.X.1963, Gen-tao Jin leg., ID: 0800123 (SEM).

This species was described and illustrated by Wang and Bi in 1991 based on one male specimen from Zhejiang. The ocelli are not closely grouped as in the males of Sinomiopteryx; forewings are narrow, L/W ratio is 4.8 with CuA₅, hindwings with pointed apex and brunet band of near apex of vein M. All features fall into the range of Arria. The specimen has had the abdomen removed, but we did not find the genitalia. According to the spots on the forelegs, A. brevifrons can be distinguished from A. pallida and A. sticta.

Holotype, 1♂, China: Guizhou Prov., Leigong Mountain National Natural Reserve, 13.IX.2005, Qiong-Zhang Song leg.; Paratype, 1♀, same locality as for holotype, 14.IX.2005, Zhi-Jie Wang leg. (IEGU).

Arria oreophila was described and illustrated by Tinkham based on 1 male and 1 female from Sichuan, China. In Tinkham (1937), the foretibial consists of 13 anteroventral spines in males and 11 in females. But according to Svenson (2014), the anteroventral spines of the foretibia is R9/L8 in the male and 8 in the female. It falls into the range described for other species of Arria. Arria oreophila differs from others in both fore- and hindwings brownish, veins RP and M with two forks.

Holotype, 1♂, China: Yunnan Prov., Lushui County, 10.X.1980, Guo-zhong Zhang leg. (NFU); 2♂♂, Yunnan Prov., Fenshuiling National Natural Reserve, 19.V.2015, Yun-fei Wu and Jia-jia Wang leg. (IEGU).

Xu (2007) described this species in Sinomiopteryx from Yunnan, China. The descriptions and illustrations for both external morphology and genitalia of Sinomiopteryx yunnanensis Xu, 2007 fall into the range presented for Arria pallida (Zhang, 1987), especially the significant differences of male genitalia between Arria and Sinomiopteryx (Figs 4A–L, 5A–F). Therefore, we consider S. yunnanensis Xu, 2007 as a junior synonym of A. pallida Zhang, 1987.

Holotype: ♂, China: Guizhou Province, Weining County, Jinzhong Town (26°42.34'N, 104°37.29'E), 2550 m, 17.VIII.2017, Ying-Jian Wang; Paratypes: 1♀, same data and locality as holotype (IEGU), PT1; 1♀, Guizhou Province, Weining County, Xueshan Town (27°04.04'N, 104°06.68'E), 2450 m, 2.IX.2019, Feng-E Li, PT2.

Measurements are provided in Table 1.

Male. Small, slender (Figs 1A, 3).

Head (Fig. 2A). Triangular, about 1.4 times as wide as long. Vertex with pair of paramedian depressions, otherwise flat. Compound eyes oval and large, conspicuously projecting outside profile of head. Juxtaocular bulges present, extending to the dorsal edge of vertex. Ocelli large and elliptic, lateral paired ocelli larger. Antennae filiform, ciliated. Scapus cylinder-shaped, slightly depressed in the middle, approximate as length as width. Pedicellus almost as long as scapus yet narrower, goblet-space. Third antennomere about as long as pedicel. Fourth antennomere less than half of third length. Lower frons transverse, 4.2 times as wide as high, flat medially, with dorsal and lateral margins bordered by protruding ridge, ventral margin inconspicuous, dorsal margin obtuse-angled. Clypeus smooth, above of ventral margin with a transverse groove.

Prothorax (Fig. 2B). Short, 3.2 times as long as wide, metazone 1.5 times as long as prozone, lateral margins with small and few setiferous denticulations, middle carina present but feeble in prozone, behind supracoxal sulcus with pair of depressions, posterior margin with pair of paramedian bulges. Prosternum with middle carina posteriad supracoxal sulcus.

Cervix. No ventral cervical sclerite. Intercervical sclerite merged at middle, without torus intercervicalis. Postcervical plate and furcasternite flat.

Metathorax. With cyclopean ear of DK type.

Forelegs. Forecoxa longer than metazone with anterior lobes diverging, dorsal edge and ventral edge with 3–4 and 9–11 tubercules respectively, all tubercules with small seta (Fig. 2D); anterior and posterior surface of forecoxa mostly smooth. Forefemur (Fig. 2E) slender, with four posteroventral spines, almost as long as each other; four discoidal spines, numeric patterns: 1231, the fourth discoidal spines inclined toward apex strongly; eleven anteroventral spines, the resulting arrangement of the holotype being iIiIiIiIiiI; posteroventral genicular lobe with two spines arranged in a row and the small one near apex (Fig. 1C); anteroventral genicular lobe with a single spine; F = 4DS/11AvS/4PvS. Foretibia armament: six posteroventral spines, the apical two closes to each other; eight anteroventral spines, elongating distally; T = 8AvS/6PvS. Metatarsus 1.5 times as long as remaining tarsomeres combined.

Middle and hind legs. Long, cursorial. Meso- and metafemur apically without genicular spine. Meso- and metatibia apically with two spines. Middle 2 to 5 tarsomeres combined 1.6 times as long as middle metatarsus. Hind metatarsus slightly longer than remaining tarsomeres combined.

Wings (Fig. 2C). Fully developed, surpassing the end of abdomen. Forewing hyaline without spots, 5.4 times as long as width. Costal field reaches 4/5 of the forewing’s length. Stigma elongated, inconspicuous.

Abdomen. Depressed dorsoventrally, coxosternite 9 (subgenital plate) (Fig. 4C) longer than wide, covered ventrally and laterally by numerous setae. Tergite 10 (supra-anal plate) (Fig. 4B) triangular. Cerci with approximate 12 cercomeres, difficult to distinguish from each other near the base, distal-most cercomere elongate.

Male genitalia (Fig. 4A). Sclerite L4A approximately rhomboidal, with strongly transverse terminal lobe (tl) on right side of distal process in ventral view. Distal process inclined dorsolaterally, at an angle of 100° relative to the plane of L4A. Sclerite L4B winebottle-shaped, slightly curved near base. Sclerite L2 with apical process paa strongly curved, almost parallel to L4B dorsally. Sclerite L1 elongated, afa sclerotized, covered by numerous small granules apically. Fda of right phallomere sclerotized by sclerite R1A densely covered by long setae. Sclerite R1A more or less triangular. Sclerite R3 drumstick-shaped; sclerotized processes very developed. Sclerite R1B with pia well sclerotized, process pva large, ear-shaped.

Coloration. General color brown. Vertex brown; juxtaocular bulges fuscous. Ocelli hyaline. Foretrochanter black ventrally, base anteroventral of forefemur black as well as base of tibial spur groove (Fig. 2E). All spines arising from forefemoral, foretibial and tibial spur fuscous apically. Meso- and metatibia light brown. Fore- and hindwings hyaline, light brown, apex and costal area of forewings brownish (Fig. 2C).

Female. Apterous (Fig. 1B).

Head (Fig. 2G). Triangular, about 1.3 times as wide as long. Compound eyes oval and large, obviously projecting outside profile of head. Juxtaocular bulges slightly exceeding dorsal margin of vertex. Ocelli smaller than male. Antennae much shorter than male. Lower front transverse 3.9 times as wide as long, dorsal and lateral margins depressed.

Prothorax (Fig. 2H). 3 times as long as wide, metazone 1.5 times as long as prozone. Lateral margin with more and stronger denticulations. Several tubercules present on pronotum, especially prozone. The paramedian bulges near posterior margin more prominent. Carina on prosternum short.

Cervix. As in the male.

Metathorax. With cyclopean ear of DNK type.

Forelegs. Forecoxa longer than metazone with anterior lobes diverging, dorsal margin with 5–6 small tubercules, ventral edge with 13–15 smaller tubercules, all tubercules with small seta, anterior and posterior of forecoxa mostly smooth (Fig. 2I). Forfemur stronger than male; forefemoral armament with four posteroventral spines; four discoidal spines, numeric patterns: 1231, the fourth discoidal spine strongly inclined toward apex; anteroventral spines with the resulting arrangement: iIiIiIiIiiI; F = 4DS/11AvS/4PvS; both genicular lobes with only one spine. Foretibial armament consisting of 5 posteroventral and 7–8 anteroventral spines; T = 7–8AvS/5PvS.

Middle and hind legs. As in the male.

Wings. Apterous, wing pads fused to meso- and metathorax (Fig. 1B).

Abdomen. Much wider than male, fusiform. Posterior margin of 1–9 tergites and 2–6 coxosternites with several small tubercles. The lobes on the middle of tergites inconspicuous. Tergite 10 trapezoidal, longer than wide. Cerci short, slightly surpassing tergite 10.

Coloration. General color brown (Fig. 1B). Vertex and juxtaocular bulge yellowish-brown (Fig. 2G). Ocelli hyaline. Clypeus with several dark spots. Tubercules on pronotum dark brown as well as denticulations on lateral margin of pronotum (Fig. 2H). Anterior surface of forecoxa with 3–4 black spots near ventral margin (Fig. 2I). Foretrochanter black ventrally. Anteroventral base of forefemur, base of tibial spur groove and the middle of them black; anteroventral base of forefemur and base of tibial spur groove black, with another irregular black spots near one-fourth basal of anteroventral margin (Fig. 2J). All spines arsing from forefemoral, foretibial and tibial spur fuscous apically. Meso- and metatibia light brown. The tubercles on abdomen fuscous (Fig. 1B).

Ootheca (Fig. 6). Small, rectangular, mostly trapezoid in cross-section. Residual process long, aciculiform. External wall generally russet brown, with many bubble-like structures embedded, without external coating. Ventral surface attached to complanate substrates, such as surface of leaves. Emergence area raised, openings inconspicuous. Measurements (in mm): length (without residual process), 6.1; length of residual process, 3.1; width, 3.8; thickest girth, 25.3; length of emergence area, 5.7; width of emergence area, 1.8.

China (Guizhou) (Fig. 11).

The specific name is derived from the Latin words “pura” (meaning pure) which refers to the forewing without any spots.

The new male species is much smaller than all other known species of Arria. Additionally, it can be distinguished from A. brevifrons, A. cinctipes, A. leigongshanensis, A. pallida and A. sticta by tegmina without any spots. Arria pura also differs from A. oreophila in having less forked RP and M.

China: 3♂♂1♀, Guizhou Prov., Dashahe National Natural Reserve, 26.V.2004, Xiang-Sheng Chen and De-Yan Ge leg. (IEGU); 3♂♂, Hunan Prov., Xiaoxi National Natural Reserve, 15–21.VIII.2016, Ying-jian Wang leg. (IEGU); 5♂♂3♀♀, Guizhou Prov., Leigongshan National Natural Reserve, 17–20.VIII.2019, Ying-jian Wang leg. (IEGU).

The holotype is probably lost, as we did not find it in the Zhejiang Museum of Natural History where the author used to work. Arria sticta is similar to A. pallida but differs from the latter in that a dark stripe is located along the anteroventral base to the first discoidal spine of forefemur; with three dark spots on the ventral surface of forefemur.

Sinomiopteryx grahami Tinkham, 1937, original designation.

Body medium and slender (Fig. 7). Head narrowly transverse with prominent juxtaocular bulges; compound eyes broadly oval, prominent; Ocelli very large closely grouped in the male (Fig. 8E–G), minute in the female. Lower frons narrowly transverse. Antennae filiform, long in male, much shorter in female. Forefemur of males wider than in Arria, with 4 discoidal, 11–13 anteroventral and 4 posteroventral spines; foretibia with 8–10 anteroventral and 5–6 posteroventral spines. Pronotum short with supracoxal dilatation well marked, sparsely granulate, lateral margins with sparsely and strongly denticulate. Forewing broader than Arria, with rounded apex, CuA branches no more than 4, L/W ratio is 3.3–3.7, fore margin clothed with dense cilia; hindwing with truncate apex; both pairs of wings fully developed and exceeding the end of abdomen in male (Fig. 9E–H); female apterous. Sclerite L4A approximately rhomboidal, sdp thick with tip granulated, no terminal lobe (tl), right phallomere with large pia and pva. Styli far apart from each other.

Tinkham (1937) erected Sinomiopteryx with this male species, collected from Szechwan, Mt. Omei, Baian-Kara-Ula Range (China, Sichuan Prov., Mountain Emei), illustrated both male and female lateral habitus, and left tegmen in dorsal view. Wang and Bi (1991) and Wang (1993) illustrated the genitalia for S. graham, but it may have been mistaken.

Holotype, 1♂, China: Guangxi Prov., Jinxiu county, Laoshan, 24.IX.1981, Gen-tao Jin & Fu-liang Li leg. ID: 08000387 (SEM); 1♂, Guangxi Prov., Tian’e County, Longtan Nature Reserve, 18.VII.2015, Ying-jian Wang leg. (IEGU).

This species was described and illustrated by Wang and Bi in 1991 based on one male specimen from Guangxi, the holotype has had the abdomen removed, but we did not find the genitalia. Fortunately, we collected a male from Guangxi, and it perfectly fits with S. guangxiensis, and can be used as accurate comparative material.

China: 2♂, Guizhou Prov., Ziyun County, Xiaochuandong, 15.XI.2015, Ying-jian Wang leg. (IEGU); 1♂, Guizhou Prov., Ziyun County, Xiaochuandong, 15.IX.2016, Ying-jian Wang leg. (IEGU); 1♂, Guizhou Prov., Ziyun County, Xiaochuandong, 21.X.2019, Ying-jian Wang leg. (IEGU); 1♂, Guizhou prov., Duyun city, Doupengshan, 22.IX.2016, Ying-jian Wang leg. (IEGU); Hunan Prov., Xiaoxi National Natural Reserve, 20.VIII.2016, Ying-jian Wang leg. (IEGU).

China: 1♂, Yunnan Prov., Maguan County, Gulinqing town, 23.VIII.2020, Xiang-jin Liu leg. (IEGU).