Review Article |
Corresponding author: Yong-hong Xiao ( yonghongxiao01@126.com ) Academic editor: Charles Haddad
© 2020 Ke-ke Liu, Yuan-hao Ying, Yu-xin Xiao, Jing Yan, Yong-hong Xiao.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Liu K-k, Ying Y-h, Xiao Y-x, Yan J, Xiao Y-h (2020) Eight new species of Otacilia (Araneae: Phrurolithidae) from southern China. ZooKeys 979: 1-33. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.979.56273
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Eight new Otacilia species were collected from Ji’an City, Jiangxi Province, China during a survey of the phrurolithid fauna of the region: Otacilia bizhouica Liu, sp. nov. (♂♀), O. gougunao Liu, sp. nov. (♂), O. nanhuashanica Liu, sp. nov. (♂♀), O. subfabiformis Liu, sp. nov. (♂♀), O. wugongshanica Liu, sp. nov. (♂♀), Otacilia yusishanica Liu, sp. nov. (♂♀), O. zaoshiica Liu, sp. nov. (♂♀) and O. ziyaoshanica Liu, sp. nov. (♀). All species are described and illustrated with photographs and SEM micrographs, and their distribution is also mapped.
Jiangxi Province, sac spider, Taxonomy
During the past five years, the total number of phrurolithid species recorded from China has almost doubled, with most of the newly discovered species being endemic to the country (WSC 2015–2019). All of them (47 species) were discovered in southern China and most belong to the genus Otacilia Thorell, 1897 (
Otacilia is the most diverse of the 15 phrurolithid genera (
When we focused on sac spiders in the Jiangxi Province of southern China, many unknown Otacilia species with unusual characters were found. Therefore, eight new Otacilia species were identified and are described here.
Specimens were examined using a Zeiss Stereo Discovery V12 stereomicroscope with a Zoom Microscope System. Both male palps and female copulatory organs were dissected and examined in 75% ethanol, using a Zeiss Axio Scope A1 compound microscope with a KUY NICE CCD. The epigynes were cleared with pancreatin solution. Specimens, including dissected male palps and epigynes, were stored in 80% ethanol after examination. All the specimens are deposited in Animal Specimen Museum, College of Life Science, Jinggangshan University (ASM-JGSU).
The measurements were taken with ImageView CM2000 software and are given in millimetres. The body length of all specimens excludes the chelicerae and spinnerets. Terminology of the male and female genitalia follows
Leg measurements are given as total length (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus). Leg spines are documented by dividing each leg segment into two aspects: prolateral (p) and retrolateral (r) and indicating the ventral (v) spines as single (1) or paired (2), e.g., femur I pv1111; tibia I v2222. Dorsal spines on femora are recorded separately.
The abbreviations used in the text are as follows:
Eyes
ALE = anterior lateral eye
AME = anterior median eye
MOA = median ocular area
PLE = posterior lateral eye
PME = posterior median eye
Male palp
DTA = dorsal tibial apophysis
dTA = distal tegular apophysis
E = embolus
FA = femoral apophysis
Gr = groove
RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis
rTA = retrolateral tegular apophysis
SD = sperm duct
VTA = ventral tibial apophysis
Epigyne
B = bursa
CD = copulatory duct
CO = copulatory opening
CT = connecting tube
FD = fertilization duct
GA = glandular appendage
MS = median septum
Spe = spermathecae
Genus Otacilia Thorell, 1897
Holotype : ♂, China, Jiangxi Province, Ji’an City, Suichuan county, Bizhou Town, Baishuixian Village, Dakeng Group, 26°19'55.98"N, 114°44'08.72"E, 362 m, 4 October 2019, leg. Ke-ke Liu et al. Paratypes: 2 ♀, with the same data as holotype.
The specific name derived from the type locality, Bizhou Town; adjective.
The male of the new species is similar to Otacilia liupan Hu & Zhang, 2011 in having a short retrolateral tibial apophysis bending inwards to the base of the cymbium and the sub-circular sperm duct (see
Otacilia bizhouica sp. nov., male holotype. A habitus, dorsal view B same, ventral view C palp, prolateral view D same, ventral view E same, retrolateral view F same, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, B), 0.1 mm (C–F). Abbreviations: dTA – distal tegular apophysis, E – embolus, FA – femoral apophysis, RTA – retrolateral tibial apophysis, rTA – retrolateral tegular apophysis, SD – sperm duct.
Male (Holotype). Habitus as in Fig.
SEM micrographs of Otacilia bizhouica sp. nov., palp of male holotype. A ventro-retrolateral view B same, detail of embolus, distal tegular apophysis and retrolateral tegular apophysis C dorsal view, detail of retrolateral tibia apophysis. Scale bars: 0.1 mm. Abbreviations: dTA – distal tegular apophysis, E – embolus, RTA – retrolateral tibial apophysis, rTA – retrolateral tegular apophysis.
Colouration (Fig.
Palp (Figs
Female (paratype). Habitus as in Fig.
Otacilia bizhouica sp. nov., female paratype. A habitus, dorsal view B same, ventral view C epigyne, ventral view D epigyne, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, B), 0.1 mm (C, D). Abbreviations: B – bursa, CD – copulatory duct, CO – copulatory opening, CT – connecting tube, FD – fertilization ducts, GA – glandular appendage, MS – median septum, Spe – spermathecae.
Epigyne (Fig.
Known only from the type locality in Jiangxi Province, China (Fig.
Holotype : ♂, China, Jiangxi Province, Ji’an City, Suichuan county, Nanjiang Town, Xiajiaoling Village, 26°00'39.41"N, 114°01'03.91"E, 979 m, 5 October 2019, leg. Ke-ke Liu et al. Paratypes: 3 ♂, with same data as holotype.
The specific name refers to a famous tea from the type locality, Gougunao, which is planted on the mountainsides of Suichuan County; noun in apposition.
The males of the new species resemble those of O. bizhouica sp. nov. in having an ovoid membranous distal tegular apophysis and hook-shaped embolus (Fig.
Otacilia gougunao sp. nov., male holotype. A habitus, dorsal view B same, ventral view C palp, prolateral view D same, ventral view E same, retrolateral view F same, dorsal view, slightly retrolateral. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, B), 0.1 mm (C–F). Abbreviations: dTA – distal tegular apophysis, E – embolus, rTA – retrolateral tegular apophysis, RTA – retrolateral tibial apophysis, SD – sperm duct.
Male (holotype). Habitus as in Fig.
Colouration (Fig.
Palp (Figs
SEM micrographs of Otacilia gougunao sp. nov., palp of male holotype. A ventral view B same, detail of embolus, distal tegular apophysis and retrolateral tegular apophysis C same, retro-dorsolateral view D same, detail of embolus, embolic groove, distal tegular apophysis and retrolateral tegular apophysis. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A–C), 20 µm (D). Abbreviations: dTA – distal tegular apophysis, E – embolus, Gr – groove, RTA – retrolateral tibial apophysis, rTA – retrolateral tegular apophysis.
Female. Unknown.
Known only from the type locality in Jiangxi Province, China (Fig.
Holotype : ♂, China, Jiangxi Province, Ji’an City, Yongxin County, Nanhua Mt., 26°50'22.02"N, 114°15'47.05"E, 1130 m, 3 October 2019, leg. Ke-ke Liu et al. Paratypes: 1 ♂, 2 ♀, with same data as holotype; 1 ♂ (right palp broken in collection), Zhongcun, 26°49'37.77"N, 114°13'14.55"E, 3 October 2019, leg. Ke-ke Liu et al.
The specific name is derived from the type locality, Nanhuashan; adjective.
The males of the new species are similar to Otacilia hengshan (Song, 1990) in having a hook-shaped embolus, semi-circular sperm duct and a clavate retrolateral tegular apophysis (see
Otacilia nanhuashanica sp. nov., male holotype. A habitus, dorsal view B same, ventral view C palp, prolateral view D same, ventral view E same, retrolateral view F same, retro-dorsal view G same, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, B), 0.1 mm (C–G). Abbreviations: dTA – distal tegular apophysis, E – embolus, FA – femoral a pophysis, rTA – retrolateral tegular apophysis, RTA – retrolateral tibial apophysis, SD – sperm duct.
Male (holotype). Habitus as in Fig.
Colouration (Fig.
Palp (Figs
SEM micrographs of Otacilia nanhuashanica sp. nov., palp of male holotype. A ventro-retrolateral view B same, detail of embolus, distal tegular apophysis and retrolateral tegular apophysis C same, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A–C). Abbreviations: dTA – distal tegular apophysis, E – embolus, RTA – retrolateral tibial apophysis, rTA – retrolateral tegular apophysis.
Female (paratype). Habitus as in Fig.
Otacilia nanhuashanica sp. nov., female paratype. A habitus, dorsal view B same, ventral view C epigyne, ventral view D epigyne, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, B), 0.1 mm (C, D). Abbreviations: B – bursa, CD – copulatory duct, CO – copulatory opening, CT – connecting tube, FD – fertilization ducts, GA – glandular appendage, MS – median septum, Spe – spermathecae.
Epigyne (Fig.
Known only from the type locality in Jiangxi Province, China (Fig.
Holotype : ♂, China, Jiangxi Province, Ji’an City, Anfu County, Taishan Town, Wugong Mt., near the ticket office, 27°27'10.79"N, 114°11'8.24"E, 4 January 2020, leg. Ke-ke Liu et al. Paratypes: 1 ♂, 1 ♀, with same data as holotype.
The specific name is derived from that of a similar species, O. fabiformis
The males of the new species are similar to Otacilia fabiformis Liu, Xu, Xiao, Yin & Peng, 2019 in having a spine-like embolus, a C-shaped sperm duct and a swollen bulb (see
Otacilia subfabiformis sp. nov., male holotype. A habitus, dorsal view B same, ventral view C palp, prolateral view D same, ventral view E same, retrolateral view F same, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, B), 0.1 mm (C–F). Abbreviations: DTA– dorsal tibial apophysis, dTA – distal tegular apophysis, E – embolus, FA – femoral apophysis, RTA – retrolateral tibial apophysis, rTA – retrolateral tegular apophysis, SD – sperm duct.
Male (holotype). Habitus as in Fig.
Colouration (Fig.
Palp (Figs
SEM micrographs of Otacilia subfabiformis sp. nov., palp of male holotype. A ventral view B same, detail of embolus and retrolateral tegular apophysis C same, detail of embolus D retrolateral view E same, detail of embolus and retrolateral tegular apophysis. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A, B, D), 10 µm (C), 20 µm (E). Abbreviations: DTA – dorsal tibial apophysis, E – embolus, FA – femoral apophysis, RTA – retrolateral tibial apophysis, rTA – retrolateral tegular apophysis.
Female (paratype). Habitus as in Fig.
Colouration (Fig.
Otacilia subfabiformis sp. nov., female paratype. A habitus, dorsal view B same, ventral view C epigyne, ventral view D epigyne, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, B), 0.1 mm (C, D). Abbreviations: B – bursa, CD – copulatory duct, CO – copulatory opening, CT – connecting tube, FD – fertilization ducts, GA – glandular appendage, MS – median septum, Spe – spermathecae.
Epigyne (Fig.
Known only from the type locality in Jiangxi Province, China (Fig.
Holotype : ♂, China, Jiangxi Province, Ji’an City, Anfu County, Taishan Town, Wugong Mt., near the ticket office, 27°27'10.79"N, 114°11'8.24"E, 4 January 2020, leg. Ke-ke Liu et al. Paratypes: 2 ♂, 4 ♀, with same data as holotype; 3 ♀, 27°28'25.57"N, 114°12'39.24"E, 633 m, other data as holotype; 3 ♀, 27°28'07.98"N, 114°12'09.55"E, 800 m, other data as holotype; 2 ♂, 1 ♀, Anfu County, Taishan Town, Wenshan Village, Yangshimu Scenic Spot, Grand Canyon, 27°31'43.36"N, 114°14'32.97"E, 552 m, 5 January 2020, leg. Ke-ke Liu et al.
The specific name refers to the type locality, Wugongshan; adjective.
The males of the new species are similar to Otacilia daweishan Liu, Xu, Xiao, Yin & Peng, 2019 in having a strong hook-shaped embolus, thick retrolateral tegular apophysis and a finger-like retrolateral tibial apophysis (see
Otacilia wugongshanica sp. nov., male holotype. A habitus, dorsal view B same, ventral view C palp, prolateral view D same, ventral view E same, ventro-retrolateral view F same, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, B), 0.1 mm (C–F). Abbreviations: dTA – distal tegular apophysis, E – embolus, FA – femoral apophysis, RTA – retrolateral tibial apophysis, rTA – retrolateral tegular apophysis, SD – sperm duct, VTA – ventral tibial apophysis.
Male (holotype). Habitus as in Fig.
Colouration (Fig.
Palp (Figs
SEM micrographs of Otacilia wugongshanica sp. nov., palp of male holotype. A ventral view B same, detail of embolus, distal tegular apophysis and retrolateral tegular apophysis C vento-retrolateral view D same, detail of embolus and retrolateral tegular apophysis. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A, C), 40 µm (B, D). Abbreviations: dTA – distal tegular apophysis, E – embolus, RTA – retrolateral tibial apophysis, rTA – retrolateral tegular apophysis.
Female (paratype). Habitus as in Fig.
Otacilia wugongshanica sp. nov., female paratype. A habitus, dorsal view B same, ventral view C epigyne, ventral view D epigyne, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, B), 0.1 mm (C, D). Abbreviations: B – bursa, CD – copulatory duct, CO – copulatory opening, CT – connecting tube, FD – fertilization ducts, GA – glandular appendage, MS – median septum, Spe – spermathecae.
Colouration (Fig.
Epigyne (Fig.
Known only from the type locality in Jiangxi Province, China (Fig.
Holotype : ♂, China, Jiangxi Province, Ji’an City, Xiajiang County, Yusi Mt., 27°33'05.52"N, 115°16'16.88"E, 202 m, 7 October 2019, leg. Ke-ke Liu et al. Paratypes: 5 ♂, 4 ♀, 4 juveniles, with same data as holotype.
The specific name refers to the type locality, Yusishan; adjective.
The males of the new species are similar to Otacilia acutangula Liu, 2020 in having a thick hook-shaped embolus, a C-shaped sperm duct and a finger-like retrolateral tibial apophysis (see
Male (holotype). Habitus as in Fig.
Otacilia yusishanica sp. nov., male holotype. A habitus, dorsal view B same, ventral view C palp, prolateral view D same, ventral view E same, ventro-retrolateral view F same, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, B), 0.1 mm (C–F). Abbreviations: dTA – distal tegular apophysis, E – embolus, FA – femoral apophysis, RTA – retrolateral tibial apophysis, rTA – retrolateral tegular apophysis, SD – sperm duct.
Colouration (Fig.
Palp (Figs
SEM micrographs of Otacilia yusishanica sp. nov., palp of male holotype. A ventral view B same, detail of embolus, distal tegular apophysis and retrolateral tegular apophysis C retro-dorsal view D same, detail of embolus, embolic groove and retrolateral tegular apophysis. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A, C), 20 µm (B), 10 µm (D). Abbreviations: dTA – distal tegular apophysis, E – embolus, Gr – groove, RTA – retrolateral tibial apophysis, rTA – retrolateral tegular apophysis.
Female (paratype). Habitus as in Fig.
Otacilia yusishanica sp. nov., female paratype. A habitus, dorsal view B same, ventral view C epigyne, ventral view D epigyne, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, B), 0.1 mm (C, D). Abbreviations: B – bursa, CD – copulatory duct, CO – copulatory opening, CT – connecting tube, FD – fertilization ducts, GA – glandular appendage, MS – median septum, Spe – spermathecae.
Colouration (Fig.
Epigyne (Fig.
Known only from the type locality in Jiangxi Province, China (Fig.
Holotype : ♂, China, Jiangxi Province, Ji’an City, Xingan County, Zaoshi Village, 27°46'15.63"N, 115°39'38.10"E, 589 m, 7 October 2019, leg. Ke-ke Liu et al. Paratypes: 4 ♂, 1 ♀, 4 juveniles, with same data as holotype.
The specific name is derived from the type locality, Zaoshi village, which is one of the famous traditional villages; adjective.
The males of the new species are similar to O. yusishanica sp. nov. described above in having a finger-like retrolateral tibial apophysis (Fig.
Male (holotype). Habitus as in Fig.
Otacilia zaoshiica sp. nov., male holotype. A habitus, dorsal view B same, ventral view C palp, prolateral view D same, ventral view E same, ventro-retrolateral view F same, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, B), 0.1 mm (C–F). Abbreviations: dTA – distal tegular apophysis, E – embolus, FA – femoral apophysis, RTA – retrolateral tibial apophysis, rTA – retrolateral tegular apophysis, SD – sperm duct.
Colouration (Fig.
Palp (Figs
SEM micrographs of Otacilia zaoshiica sp. nov., palp of male holotype. A ventral view B same, detail of embolus, distal tegular apophysis and retrolateral tegular apophysis C dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A, C), 20 µm (B). Abbreviations: dTA – distal tegular apophysis, E – embolus, RTA – retrolateral tibial apophysis, rTA – retrolateral tegular apophysis.
Female (paratype). Habitus as in Fig.
Otacilia zaoshiica sp. nov., female paratype. A habitus, dorsal view B same, ventral view C epigyne, ventral view D epigyne, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, B), 0.1 mm (C, D). Abbreviations: B – bursa, CD – copulatory duct, CO – copulatory opening, CT – connecting tube, FD – fertilization ducts, GA – glandular appendage, MS – median septum, Spe – spermathecae.
Epigyne (Fig.
Known only from the type locality in Jiangxi Province, China (Fig.
Holotype : ♀, China, Jiangxi Province, Ji’an City, Taihe County, Ziyao Mt., 26°42'49.38"N, 115°13'32.82"E, 198 m, 6 October 2019, leg. Ke-ke Liu et al.
The specific name refers to the type locality, Ziyaoshan; adjective.
The female of this species is similar to Otacilia acutangula Liu, 2020 and O. macrospora Fu, Zhang & Zhang, 2016 in having a M-shaped epigynal margin and concave anterior epigynal part (see
Female. Habitus as in Fig.
Otacilia ziyaoshanica sp. nov., female paratype. A habitus, dorsal view B same, ventral view C epigyne, ventral view D epigyne, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, B), 0.1 mm (C, D). Abbreviations: B – bursa, CD – copulatory duct, CO – copulatory opening, CT – connecting tube, FD – fertilization ducts, GA – glandular appendage, MS – median septum, Spe – spermathecae.
Colouration (Fig.
Epigyne (Fig.
Male unknown.
At present, the genus Otacilia has an exclusively Asian distribution, with the highest number of species found in the subtropical and tropical areas of China. Up to now, 89 species of Otacilia are known from China, including the eight new species described above (
This paper benefited greatly from the helpful comments of Charles R. Haddad (subject editor) (Bloemfontein, Republic of South Africa), Dragomir Dimitrov (Sofia, Bulgaria) and Alireza Zamani (Turku, Finland). We thank Hui-pu Luo and Ze-yuan Meng (from Jinggangshan University) for their assistance during the field work. We also thank Nathalie Yonow for improving the English of the manuscript. This study was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province (20181BAB214008), the Science and Technology Innovation Project for College Students, the Science and Technology Foundation of Jiangxi Provincial Department of Education (GJJ190543) and the Natural Science Foundation of China (31560592).