Research Article |
Corresponding author: Khuat Dang Long ( khuatdanglong@iebr.ac.vn ) Academic editor: Gavin Broad
© 2015 Khuat Dang Long, Cornelis van Achterberg.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Long KD, Achterberg C van (2015) Review of the genus Canalirogas van Achterberg & Chen (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Rogadinae) from Vietnam, with description of ten new species. ZooKeys 506: 27-59. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.506.9247
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The Vietnamese species of the genus Canalirogas van Achterberg & Chen, 1996 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Rogadinae) are revised. Ten species are new to science, viz., Canalirogas affinis sp. n., C. cucphuongensis sp. n., C. curvinervis sp. n., C. eurycerus sp. n., C. hoabinhicus sp. n., C. intermedius sp. n., C. parallelus sp. n., C. robberti sp. n., C. vittatus sp. n. and C. vuquangensis sp. n. One species is new for the Vietnamese fauna: Canalirogas spilonotus (Cameron, 1905) and C. balgooyi van Achterberg & Chen, 1996, is synonymized with it (syn. n.); a lectotype is designated for Troporhogas spilonotus. A key to the Vietnamese species of the genus is also provided.
Braconidae, Rogadinae, Canalirogas, new species, new synonym, key, Vietnam
Little is known about most subfamilies of Braconidae from Vietnam, and the subfamily Rogadinae is no exception. For 15 years specialists of the Institute of Ecology & Biological Resources (IEBR) at Vietnam Academy of Science & Technology (VAST) and RMNH have been collecting Braconidae from all over Vietnam to get a first understanding of the Vietnamese fauna of Braconidae, partly in collaboration with Dr S.A. Belokobylskij (St. Petersburg, Russia). In this paper, the newly discovered species of the Indo-Australian genus Canalirogas van Achterberg & Chen, 1996 (Rogadinae) from Vietnam are described. It is a rather small genus comprising eleven known species (
Most of the examined specimens (including the types) are deposited in the collections of IEBR and VNMN (Ha Noi, Vietnam) and RMNH (Leiden, The Netherlands). The lectotype of C. spilonotus (Cameron) is housed in BMNH (London, UK). The following abbreviations are used: Od = diameter of posterior ocellus; OOL = oculacellar line; POL = postocellar line; MT: Malaise trap; ‘Rog. + number’: code number indexing for specimens of the Rogadinae in the collection; N: North; S: South, NC: North Central, NE: Northeast, NW: Northwest; NP: National Park; IEBR = Institute of Ecology & Biological Resources (Ha Noi, Vietnam), BMNH = Natural History Museum (London, UK), RMNH = Naturalis Biodiversity Center (Leiden, The Netherlands) and VNMN = Vietnam National Museum of Nature (Ha Noi, Vietnam).
For identification of the subfamily, see
Canalirogas van Achterberg & Chen, 1996: 63–64. Type-species (by original designation): Canalirogas balgooyi van Achterberg & Chen, 1996 (examined; = C. spilonotus (Cameron, 1905), syn. n.).
Canalirogas can be separated from related genera by the combination of (1) hypopygium of female distinctly convex ventrally and strongly enlarged (Figs
Parasitoids of Lymantriidae on clove trees (
Canalirogas acutus van Achterberg, 1996, from Indonesia, Malaysia
Canalirogas agilis van Achterberg, 1996, from Indonesia
Canalirogas affinis sp. n., from Vietnam
Canalirogas cucphuongensis sp. n., from Vietnam
Canalirogas curvinervis sp. n., from Vietnam
Canalirogas eurycerus sp. n., from Vietnam
Canalirogas fuscipalpis van Achterberg, 1996, from Indonesia
Canalirogas heijningeni van Achterberg, 1996, from Indonesia
Canalirogas hoabinhicus sp. n., from Vietnam
Canalirogas infuscatus van Achterberg, 1996, from Malaysia
Canalirogas intermedius sp. n., from Vietnam
Canalirogas kahonoi van Achterberg, 1996, from Indonesia, Malaysia
Canalirogas maculatus van Achterberg, 1996, from Indonesia
Canalirogas nigratus van Achterberg, 1996, from Indonesia
Canalirogas parallelus sp. n., from Vietnam
Canalirogas robberti sp. n., from Vietnam
Canalirogas spilonotus (Cameron, 1905), from Sri Lanka and including C. balgooyi van Achterberg & Chen, 1996, from Burma, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nepal, Vietnam. Syn. n.
Canalirogas tuberculatus van Achterberg, 1996, from Indonesia
Canalirogas vittatus sp. n., from Vietnam
Canalirogas vuquangensis sp. n. from Vietnam
Canalirogas yvonnae van Achterberg, 1996, from Indonesia, Malaysia
1 | Second metasomal tergite about twice as long as third tergite medially (Figs |
C. cucphuongensis sp. n. |
– | Second tergite 1.5–1.8 times longer than third tergite medially (Figs |
2 |
2 | Hind tarsus mainly dark brown; first metasomal tergite hardly longer than wide apically and distinctly widened apically (Fig. |
C. vittatus sp. n. |
– | Hind tarsus mainly yellowish-brown (usually except dark brown or brown telotarsus); first tergite 1.2–2.1 times longer than wide apically and usually slightly widened or parallel-sided (Figs |
3 |
3 | Basal third of vein SR of hind wing sclerotised and distinctly curved (Fig. |
C. curvinervis sp. n. |
– | Basal third of vein SR of hind wing only pigmented and slightly curved (Figs |
4 |
4 | First metasomal tergite gradually widened subapically, first tergite 1.2–1.3 times longer than its apical width (Figs |
5 |
– | First tergite subparallel-sided, first tergite 1.4–1.9 times as long as apical width (Figs |
6 |
5 | Ocelli smaller (Fig. |
C. hoabinhicus sp. n. |
– | Ocelli larger (Fig. |
C. eurycerus sp. n. |
6 | Apex of third tergite without medio-apical divergent striation (Fig. |
C. affinis sp. n. |
– | Apex of third tergite with more or less medio-apical divergent striation (Figs |
7 |
7 | Propodeum entirely dark brown or black, without pale area medially; outer side of hind femur and of hind coxa yellow; side of pronotum dark brown dorsally (Fig. |
C. parallelus sp. n. |
– | Propodeum with yellowish longitudinal area medially (Figs |
8 |
8 | Clypeus shallowly concave medially; ventral rim differentiated and slightly protruding (Fig. |
C. robberti sp. n. |
– | Clypeus flat medially or slightly convex; ventral rim absent (Figs |
9 |
9 | Third and fourth metasomal tergites with sub-transverse elements posteriorly (Fig. |
C. intermedius sp. n. |
– | Third and fourth tergites without sub-transverse elements posteriorly and only obliquely striate (Figs |
10 |
10 | Area in front of prepectal carina pale yellow (Fig. |
C. spilonotus (Cameron, 1905) |
– | Area in front of prepectal carina dark brown (Fig. |
C. vuquangensis sp. n. |
Holotype, female (VNMN), ‘Rog.639’, “[NE Vietnam:] Phu Tho, Tan Son, Kiet Son, orchard, 21°10'N, 104°57E', 110 m, MT, 11-15.v.2009, KD Long, NH Thao”. Paratypes (13 females; VNMN, RMNH): 1 female, ‘Rog.632’, id. but 6–10.vii.2009; 1 female, ‘Rog.636’, id. but 6–10.v.2009; 1 female, ‘Rog.637’, id. but 16–20.vi.2009; 1 female, ‘Rog.638’, id. but 20–26.vii.2009; 1 female, ‘Rog.640’, id. but 6–10.vi.2009; 1 female, ‘Rog.641’, id. but 26–30.vii.2009; 1 female, but ‘Rog.643’, id. 26–31.vii.2009; 1 female, ‘Rog.647’, id. but 1–5.vii.2009; 1 female, ‘Rog.648’, id. but 15–31.viii.2009; 1 female, ‘Rog.772’, “[NE Vietnam:] Phu Tho, Tan Son, Xuan Dai, 21°07'N, 105°00'E, 120 m, MT 11–15.iv.2009, KD Long; 1 female, ‘Rog.471’, “[NE Vietnam:] Vinh Phuc, Me Linh, Ngoc Thanh, forest, 21°23'N, 105°43'E, 280 m, MT, 1–13.viii.2000, KD Long”; 1 female, ‘Rog.663’, id. but MT 23.v.-7.vi.2001, KD Long; 1 female, ‘Rog.644’, id. but MT, 4–15.v.2001, KD Long.
Holotype, female, body length 7.7 mm, fore wing length 5.7 mm.
Head. Antenna incomplete, with 45 segments remaining; middle segments 3.2 times longer than wide (8:2.5); third antennal segment 1.25 times fourth (10:8); width of face 0.8 times length of face and clypeus combined (18:22); malar space 0.7 times as long as mandible width (5:7); mandible width 0.7 times as long as hypoclypeal depression (7:10); malar suture present; distance between tentorial pits 3.3 times distance between pits and eyes (10:3) (Fig.
Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.4 times longer than high (81:58); pronotal side smooth dorsally, crenulate medially, finely granulate ventrally; mesoscutum smooth; notauli rather shallow, flat posteriorly and smooth; precoxal sulcus short, nearly smooth; mesopleuron and metapleuron smooth (Fig.
Wings. Fore wing: pterostigma 5.2 times longer than wide (52:10); r:2-SR:3-SR:SR1=12:9:32:38; vein r arising little before middle of pterostigma; vein cu-a short and robust (Fig.
Legs. Hind coxa shining with sparse fine punctures; length of hind femur:tibia:basitarsus: tarsus = 32:43:22:50; length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 5.3, 9.5 and 11.0 times as long as their width respectively; inner hind tibial spur 0.25 times as long as basitarsus (11:44).
Metasoma. First tergite 1.45 times as long as apical width (43:32) (Fig.
Colour. Pale yellow; antenna yellow; palpi whitish yellow; stemmaticum black; pronotum, mesopleuron, metapleuron pale yellow; hind coxa blackish dorsally and ventrally, yellow basally and ventrally; propodeum laterally, metasomal tergites 1-5 basally and tergite 6 entirely, black; wing subhyaline with brownish yellow veins, setae pale yellow; pterostigma dark brown medially, yellow basally and apically (Fig.
Unknown.
Paratypes, antenna with 44–52 segments; first tergite 1.35–1.45 times as long as apical width; medial length of metasomal second tergite 1.5–1.6 times as long as third tergite medially; body length 5.6–8.0 mm; fore wing length 4.6–5.9 mm.
Named ‘affinis’ (Latin for ‘related to’), because this species is close to C. spilonotus (Cameron).
Holotype, female (VNMN), ‘Rog.202’, “[NW Vietnam:] Hoa Binh, Yen Thuy, secondary forest close to Cuc Phuong NP, 20°28'N, 105°34'E, 315 m, M[alaise] T[rap], 10–20.vi.2002, KD Long”.
Holotype, female, body length 5.7 mm, fore wing length 4.0 mm, antenna 6.7 mm, ovipositor sheath 0.4 mm.
Head. Antenna with 47 segments, 1.2 times longer than body; third antennal segment 1.14 times fourth one (8:7); middle segments 3.0 times as long as wide (6:2), penultimate antennal segment 0.6 times apical segment; apical segment with spine; width of face 0.9 times length of face and clypeus combined (15:16); malar space 0.8 times as long as mandible width (4:5), mandible width 0.6 times as long as hypoclypeal depression (5:9); malar suture present; distance between tentorial pits 2.3 times distance between pits and eyes (7:3; Fig.
Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.4 times as long as high (57:41); pronotal trough smooth dorsally, crenulate medially, finely granulate ventrally; precoxal sulcus short, narrow and crenulate (Fig.
Wings. Fore wing: pterostigma 4.4 times as long as wide (35:8); r:2-SR:3-SR:SR1 = 7:9:21:36; vein r before middle of pterostigma; vein cu-a short and vertical, vein 1-CU1 quadrate; posterior length of second submarginal cell 3.3 times its apical width (30:9). Hind wing: vein M+CU:1-M:1r-m = 22:18:10.
Legs. Hind coxa smooth; length of hind femur:tibia:basitarsus:tarsus = 51:63:34:85; length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 5.7, 10.5 and 11.3 times their width, respectively; inner hind tibial spur 0.2 times as long as basitarsus (7:34).
Metasoma. First tergite 1.5 times longer than apical width (32:21) (Figs
Colour. Brown; head and antenna yellow; palpi yellow; stemmaticum brown; fore and middle legs yellow; hind coxa, hind femur subapically and hind telotarsus brownish; metasoma ventrally yellow; wings subhyaline, with veins brownish, but parastigma yellow; mesosternum dark brown and mesopleuron dark or reddish brown (Fig.
Unknown.
Named after the famous national park near its type locality: Cuc Phuong National Park.
Holotype, female (RMNH) “[C Vietnam:] Thua Thien-Hue, Phong Dien N.R., 15 km W. Phong My, 80–210 m, 23.iii.-6.iv.2001, Mal. trap, C. v. Achterberg & R. de Vries, RMNH’01”. Paratypes (5 females): 1 female (IEBR), “[NE Vietnam:] Viet Tri, nr Thanh Son, Thuong Cuu, 20°59'N, 105°8'E, 350–400 m, 11–16.x.1999, Mal. trap, R. de Vries, RMNH’99”; 1 female (RMNH), ‘Rog.662’, “[NE Vietnam:] Vinh Phuc, Tam Dao NP, 200 m, MT, 23.v.-7.vi.2001, KD Long”; 1 female (RMNH), “[NC Vietnam:] Ha Tinh, Vu Quang NP, 94 m, 18°17'43"N, 105°25'49"E, 5.iii.–15.iv.2011, Mal. trap 13, C. v. Achterberg, RMNH’11”; 1 female (VNMN), ‘Rog.690’, “[NC Vietnam:] Ha Tinh, Vu Quang NP, 6.x.2009, KD Long”; 1 female (RMNH), “[S Vietnam:] Dông Nai, Cát Tiên N.P., Bird trail, Mal. trap[s] 9–12, c. 100 m, 1–9.x.2005, C. v. Achterberg & R. de Vries, RMNH’05”.
Holotype, female, body length 7.2 mm, fore wing length 5.3 mm.
Head. Antenna with 28 segments remaining; third antennal segment 1.1 times fourth one (10:9); middle segments 2.3 times its width (7:3); width of face 0.9 times length of face and clypeus combined (19:21); malar space as long as mandible width; mandible width 0.6 times as long as hypoclypeal depression (6:10); malar suture present; distance between tentorial pits 5.0 times distance between pits and eyes (10:2; Fig.
Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.5 times as long as high (90:60); pronotal side smooth dorsally, crenulate anteriorly, finely granulate ventrally; precoxal sulcus long, deep and crenulate (Fig.
Wings. Fore wing: pterostigma 4.8 times as long as wide; r:2-SR:3-SR:SR1=10:18:28:50; vein r arising submedially from pterostigma (Fig.
Legs. Hind coxa smooth; length of hind femur:tibia:basitarsus:tarsus = 71:92:13:43; length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 5.9, 10.2 and 10.75 times their width, respectively.
Metasoma. First-second tergites with median carinae and parallel striae; first tergite 1.2 times as long as its apical width (Fig.
Colour. Yellow; antenna yellowish, but darkened basally; palpi pale yellow; stemmaticum black; pronotum dorsally, notauli and mesonotum laterally, side of scutellum and axilla, propodeum medially blackish-brown or black; first-sixth tergites black medially, pale yellow laterally; wings subhyaline.
Unknown
Antenna with 45(1) and 49(1) segments and 1.4 times as long as body; first tergite 1.1–1.3 times as long as apical width; medial length of metasomal second tergite 1.7–1.8 times as long as third tergite medially; body length 5.2–5.9 mm; fore wing length 4.3–4.5 mm.
From ‘curvus’ (Latin for bend), because of the curved vein SR of hind wing.
Holotype, female (VNMN), ‘Rog.469’, “[C Vietnam:] Thua Thien-Hue, Nam Dong, MT, 2–6.v.2005, NQ Truong”. Paratypes (2 females): 1 female (VNMN), ‘Rog.076’, “[C Vietnam:] Ha Tinh, Huong Son 18°22'N, 105°13'E, 200 m, 15.v.1998, MT, AMNH, K Long”; 1 female (RMNH), ‘Rog.642’, “[NE Vietnam:] Phu Tho, Tan Son, 21°14'N, 104°57'E, 140 m, MT, 16–20.vii.2009, NH Thao”.
Holotype, female, body length 5.4 mm, fore wing length 3.9 mm.
Head. Antenna incomplete, with 37 segments remaining; third antennal segment as long as fourth; middle segments 2.8 times its width; width of face 0.8 times length of face and clypeus combined (13:16); malar space 0.8 times as long as mandible width (4:8); mandible width 0.7 times as long as hypoclypeal depression (5:7); malar suture present; distance between tentorial pits 3.5 times distance between pits and eyes (7:2; Fig.
Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.2 times as long as high (47:38); pronotal trough mainly smooth, sparsely crenulate anteriorly; precoxal sulcus short, deep and smooth; mesopleuron and metapleuron smooth (Fig.
Wings. Fore wing: pterostigma 4.4 times as long as wide; r:2-SR:3-SR:SR1 = 8:11:22:31; vein r arising before middle of pterostigma (Fig.
Legs. Hind coxa smooth; length of hind femur:tibia:basitarsus:tarsus = 44:55:28:68; length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 4.9, 9.2 and 14.0 times their width, respectively; inner hind tibial spur 0.2 times as long as basitarsus (3:14).
Metasoma. First-second with median carinae; first tergite 1.2 times as long as apical width (28:22); medial length of second tergite 1.7 times third (25:15; Fig.
Colour. Yellow; antenna yellow, medial and subapical segments with medial pale band; palpi pale yellow; stemmaticum black; side of scutellum and axilla brown; metasoma yellow except first tergite basally and sixth tergite medially brown; propodeum dark brown but yellow medially; wings subhyaline.
Unknown.
Antennal segments 44(1); first tergite 1.1–1.2 times as long as apical width; medial length of metasomal second tergite 1.6–1.7 times as long as third tergite medially; body length 4.4–5.6 mm; fore wing length 3.4–4.3 mm.
From ‘eurys’, Greek for ‘widespread’.
Holotype, female (VNMN), ‘Rog.281’, “[NW Vietnam:] Hoa Binh, Yen Thuy, secondary forest, 20°23'N, 105°34'E, 315 m, MT, 20–30.viii.2002, KD Long”. Paratypes (3 females): 1 female (RMNH), ‘Rog.016’, id. but 5.v.2002; 1 female (VNMN), ‘Rog.692’, “[NW Vietnam:] Hoa Binh, Mai Chau, Tan Son, garden, 20°43'N, 105°59'E, 650 m, MT, 1–5.v.2010, KD Long”; 1 female (VNMN), ‘Rog.694’, id. but 20–25.viii.2010, KD Long.
Holotype, female, body length 6.4 mm, fore wing length 4.5 mm.
Head. Antenna incomplete, with 26 segments remaining; third segment 1.1 times fourth segment (9:8); middle segments 2.4 times longer than wide (6:2.5); width of face as long as length of face and clypeus combined; malar space 0.7 times as long as mandible width (4:6), mandible width 0.75 times as long as hypoclypeal depression (6:8); malar suture present; distance between tentorial pits 3.4 times distance between pits and eyes (17:5; Fig.
Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.32 times as long as high (33:25); pronotal trough mainly crenulate medially, finely granulate ventrally; precoxal sulcus narrow, rather long, crenulate; mesopleuron smooth dorsally, sparsely punctate ventrally (Fig.
Wings. Fore wing: pterostigma 4.6 times as long as wide (41:9); r:2-SR:3-SR:SR1 = 8:14:23:37 (Fig.
Legs. Hind coxa with sparse fine punctures; length of hind femur:tibia:basitarsus:tarsus = 57:74:35:87; length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 6.3, 9.3 and 11.7 times their width, respectively; inner hind tibial spur 0.3 times as long as basitarsus (10:35).
Metasoma. First tergite 1.3 times as long as apical width (35:27); medial length of second tergite 1.6 times third (31:19) (Fig.
Colour. Yellow; antenna and palpi yellow; stemmaticum dark brown; propodeum brown laterally; all legs yellow, but telotarsi brown; all metasomal tergites yellow, but first-second tergites basally and sixth tergite brown and hypopygium somewhat infuscate (Fig.
Unknown.
Antennal segments 52(1); first tergite 1.3–1.4 times as long as apical width; medial length of metasomal second tergite 1.5–1.7 times as long as third tergite medially; body length 6.0–7.5 mm; fore wing length 4.3–5.0 mm.
Named after its type locality: the province of Hoa Binh.
Holotype, female (VNMN) ‘Rog.589’, “[C Vietnam:] Thua Thien-Hue, Bach Ma NP, secondary forest, 300 m, 18.v.2007, KD Long”.
Holotype, female, body length 6.4 mm, fore wing length 4.8 mm, antenna 7.4 mm.
Head. Antenna with 51 segments, 1.2 times longer than body; third segment 1.3 times fourth segment (10:8); middle segments 3.5 times longer than wide (7:2), penultimate antennal segment as long as apical segment; apical segment with spine; width of face 0.9 times length of face and clypeus combined (16:18); malar space 0.5 times as long as mandible width (3:6), mandible width about 0.9 times as long as hypoclypeal depression (6:7); malar suture present; distance between tentorial pits 4.0 times distance between pits and eyes (8:2; Fig.
Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.5 times as long as high (66:45); pronotal side smooth dorsally and posteriorly, crenulate medio-anteriorly, finely granulate ventrally; precoxal sulcus narrow and sparsely crenulate; mesopleuron shiny and smooth; metapleuron smooth with sparse fine punctures (Fig.
Wings. Fore wing: pterostigma 4.9 times as long as wide (44:9); r:2-SR:3-SR:SR1 = 9:12:25:40; vein r arising before middle of pterostigma (Fig.
Legs. Hind coxa with sparse fine punctures; length of hind femur:tibia:basitarsus:tarsus = 57:73:35:85; length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 6.3, 10.4 and 10.0 times as long as their width, respectively; inner hind tibial spur 0.3 times as long as basitarsus.
Metasoma. First tergite 1.4 times as long as apical width (30:19); medial length of second tergite 1.8 times as long as third (30:17; Fig.
Colour. Yellow; antenna and palpi yellow; stemmaticum black; propodeum blackish brown laterally, yellow medially and posteriorly; first metasomal tergite brown, but yellow apically; second-sixth metasomal tergites brown, but lateral corners yellow; fore wing yellow with veins 1-M, 2-CU1 and CU1a medially, veins r and 2-SR brown; pterostigma brown medially, yellow basally and apically; pronotum, mesopleuron and metapleuron ivory; middle and lateral lobes of mesoscutum and side of scutellum yellow; outer side of hind coxa and hind femur subapically dark yellow.
Unknown.
From ‘inter’ (Latin for ‘between’), because this species is intermediate between C. parallelus sp. n. and C. spilonotus (Cameron), but differs from these species by having larger occelli (diameter of posterior ocellus 3.0 times as long as POL and 1.5 times as long as OOL). This species is close to C. spilonotus, but differs by having the mesopleuron antero-dorsally and below the precoxal sulcus pale yellow (dark brown antero-dorsally and more or less brownish below precoxal sulcus in C. spilonotus), the ovipositor sheath entirely brown (only apically dark brown) and the third and fourth metasomal tergites with nearly transverse striation apically (absent).
Holotype, female (RMNH), “[S Vietnam:] Kon Tum, Chu Mom Ray NP, Mal. traps, 700–900 m, 26.ix–5.x.2006, Mai Phu Quy & Nguyen Thanh Manh, RMNH’07”. Paratype, 1 female (VNMN), ‘Rog.520’, “[NE Vietnam:] Ha Giang, Vi Xuyen, Cao Bo, forest, 300 m, 11.v.2007, KD Long”.
Excluded from type series a female from Central Vietnam (missing its metasoma; IEBR) ‘Rog.590’, ‘C. Vietnam: Thua Thien-Hue, Bach Ma NP, secondary forest 300 m, 20.v.2007, KD Long’ with the precoxal area dark brown.
Holotype, female, body length 7.2 mm, fore wing length 5.2 mm, antenna 10.2 mm.
Head. Antenna with 57 segments, 1.4 times longer than body; third segment 1.1 fourth segment (9:8); middle segment 2.7 times as long as wide (8:3), penultimate antennal segment 0.75 times apical segment (6:8); apical segment with spine; width of face 0.9 times length of face and clypeus combined (28:21); malar space 0.7 times as long as mandible width (4:6); basal width of mandible 0.7 times as long as hypoclypeal depression (6:9); malar suture present; distance between tentorial pits 3.0 times distance between pits and eyes (9:3; Fig.
Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.45 times as long as high (77:54); pronotal side mainly crenulate medially smooth dorsally, finely granulate ventrally; notauli deep and long, punctate; scutellar sulcus 0.55 times as long as scutellum; mesopleuron and metapleuron smooth; precoxal sulcus rather wide and crenulate (Fig.
Wings. Fore wing: pterostigma 4.8 times as long as wide; r:2-SR:3-SR:SR1 = 9:14:27:43; vein r arising before middle of pterostigma; 1-CU1:cu-a:2-CU1:3-CU1=4:7:27:5; posterior length of second submarginal cell 2.5 times its apical width (33:13). Hind wing: vein M+CU:1-M:1r-m = 35:24:11 (Fig.
Legs. Hind coxa almost smooth; length of hind femur:tibia:basitarsus:tarsus = 62:85:44:108; length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 6.2, 10.6 and 11.0 times as long as their width, respectively; inner hind tibial spur 0.25 times as long as basitarsus (11:44).
Metasoma. First tergite 1.7 times as long as apical width (45:27; Fig.
Colour. Pale yellow; antenna yellowish brown, basal antennal segments with medial pale band; palpi yellow; stemmaticum black; propleuron, mesopleuron anteriorly, side of scutellum and axilla, metanotum and propodeum entirely black; second-sixth metasomal segments black, yellow laterally; hypopygium yellow, brownish ventrally; all legs yellow, but hind coxa yellowish brown ventrally; wings subhyaline with veins brownish yellow; parastigma yellow; pterostigma mainly brown, yellow subapically.
Unknown.
Named ‘parallelus’, because of the nearly parallel-sided first metasomal tergite.
Holotype, female (RMNH), “[S Vietnam:] Dông Nai, Cát Tiên NP, Ficus trail, Mal. trap[s] 1-8, c. 100 m, 1-9.x.2005, C. v. Achterberg & R. de Vries, RMNH’05”.
Holotype, female, body length 7.7 mm, fore wing length 5.4 mm.
Head. Antenna with 52 segments, 1.8 times as long as fore wing; middle and subapical segments 2.6 and 2.5 times longer than wide, respectively; third antennal segment 1.1 times as long as fourth segment; width of face 0.8 times length of face and clypeus combined; clypeus concave medially in lateral view, with distinct ventral rim (Fig.
Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.3 times as long as high; pronotal side smooth dorsally, coarsely crenulate medially and superficially granulate and with some rugae ventrally; precoxal sulcus only posteriorly absent and finely crenulate (Fig.
Wings. Fore wing: pterostigma 4.8 times as long as wide; r:2-SR:3-SR:SR1 = 5:8:14:22; vein r emerging before middle of pterostigma; vein cu-a slender (Fig.
Legs. Hind coxa shiny and with sparse fine punctures; length of hind femur:tibia:basitarsus: tarsus = 60:81:38:94; length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 6.0, 10.0 and 9.6 times as long as their width, respectively (Fig.
Metasoma. First tergite 1.7 times as long as apical width and slightly widened posteriorly (Fig.
Colour. Pale yellow or ivory; antennal segments pale brown with faint yellowish transverse bands; stemmaticum, propleuron partly, mesopleuron antero-dorsally, antero-ventrally and below precoxal sulcus, mesoscutum laterally, scutellum and metanotum laterally, propodeum (except areola and posteriorly), inner and outer side of hind coxa, outer and inner side of hind femur mainly (except basally), metasomal tergites 1-5 basally and medio-posteriorly, tergite 6 nearly entirely dorsally (Fig.
Unknown.
Named after one of the collectors of the holotype, Mr. Rob de Vries (Leiden); for his excellent collaboration.
Troporhogas spilonotus Cameron, 1905: 93. Lectotype female (BMNH: Hym. Type 3c.222 from Sri Lanka) examined and here designated.
Canalirogas spilonotus Quicke & Shaw, 2005: 3531.
C. balgooyi van Achterberg & Chen, 1996: 70–73 (description). Syn. n.
Specimens examined from North and North Central and South Vietnam (IEBR, RMNH and VNMN): Ha Giang (Vi Xuyen), Hoa Binh (Mai Chau, Yen Thuy), Ninh Binh (Cuc Phuong NP), Ha Tinh (Huong Son, Vu Quang NP), Phu Tho (Tan Son), Vinh Phuc (Me Linh; Tam Dao NP), Dông Nai (Cat Tien NP).
Figured female from Cát Tiên National Park, body length 7.1 mm, fore wing length 5.5 mm.
Head. Antenna with 51 segments, 1.7 times as long as fore wing; middle and subapical segments 2.6 and 2.5 times longer than wide, respectively; third antennal segment 1.3 times as long as fourth segment; width of face 0.8 times length of face and clypeus combined; clypeus flat in lateral view (Fig.
Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.3 times as long as high; pronotal side smooth dorsally, coarsely crenulate medially and superficially granulate ventrally; precoxal sulcus only posteriorly absent and finely crenulate (Fig.
Wings. Fore wing: pterostigma 4.9 times as long as wide; r:2-SR:3-SR:SR1 = 10:14:18:43; vein r emerging little before middle of pterostigma; vein cu-a short and slender (Fig.
Legs. Hind coxa shiny and with sparse fine punctures; length of hind femur:tibia:basitarsus: tarsus = 50:64:31:78; length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 6.2, 11.4 and 11.6 times as long as their width, respectively (Fig.
Metasoma. First tergite 1.5 times as long as apical width and slightly widened posteriorly (Fig.
Colour. Pale yellow or ivory; antennal segments pale brown with yellow transverse bands (Fig.
Unknown.
Antennal segments of female 44(1), 48(1), 50(1) or 51(1); first tergite 1.2–1.5 times as long as apical width (Fig.
This conspicuous species has the eyes in dorsal view 6–8 times longer than temple (Fig.
Holotype, female (VNMN) ‘Rog.014’, “[NE Vietnam:] Ninh Binh, Cuc Phuong NP, 7–9.v.2002, KD Long”. Paratypes, 2 females (RMNH, VNMN), ‘Rog.013’ & ‘Rog.005’, topotypic and same date.
Holotype, female, body length 5.9 mm, fore wing length 5.0 mm, antenna 8.0 mm.
Head. Antenna with 47 segments, 1.4 times longer than body; third segment 1.1 times fourth; middle segments 2.8 times longer than wide (7:2.5); penultimate antennal segment 0.9 times apical segment; apical segment with spine; width of face slightly less than length of face and clypeus combined (18:19); malar space 0.7 times as long as mandible width (5:7); basal width of mandible 0.8 times as long as hypoclypeal depression (7:9); malar suture absent; distance between tentorial pits 3.0 times distance between pits and eyes (9:3; Fig.
Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.35 times longer than high (69:51); pronotal side mainly crenulate medially, granulate ventrally; precoxal sulcus wide and punctate-crenulate (Fig.
Wings. Fore wing: pterostigma 4.7 times as long as wide (42:9); r:2-SR:3-SR:SR1 = 9:15:29:44; vein r arising before middle of pterostigma; 1-CU1:cu-a:2-CU1:3-CU1 = 4:7:27:5; ventral length of second submarginal cell 3.4 times its apical width (41:12). Hind wing: vein M+CU:1-M:1r-m = 31:26:23 (Fig.
Legs. Hind coxa shiny with sparse fine punctures; length of hind femur:tibia:basitarsus:tarsus = 55:74:38:89; length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 5.5, 9.25 and 9.5 times as long as their width, respectively; inner hind tibial spur 0.24 times as long as basitarsus (9:38).
Metasoma. First tergite subequal to apical width; medial length of second tergite 1.6 times third (30:19; Fig.
Colour. Yellow; antennal segments brown with medial pale band; palpi pale yellow; stemmaticum black; occipital carina brown; propleuron, mesopleuron anteriorly, precoxal sulcus, notauli, mesonotum laterally, side of scutellum and axilla black; propodeum black, but pale yelllow medially; fore and middle legs yellow, except middle femur subapically and tarsus darker than tibia; hind coxa blackish brown, except yellow dorso-basally; hind trochantellus, most part of hind femur and hind tarsus brown; hind tibia dirty yellow; wings dirty subhyaline with pterostigma and veins brown, except veins 3-SR, SR1, 3-M and r-m yellow; first-fifth metasomal tergites black, yellow laterally and at posterior corners; sixth tergite entirely black.
Unknown.
Length of first metasomal tergite 1.0–1.2 times as long as apical width; medial length of metasomal second tergite 1.6–1.7 times as long as third tergite medially; body length 5.1–6.2 mm; fore wing length 4.0–5.1 mm.
From ‘vitta’ (Latin for ‘ribbon, band’), because of the pale band of the antennal segments.
Holotype, female (RMNH), “[C Vietnam:] Ha Tinh, Vu Quang NP, 66 m, 18°19'47"N, 105°26'28"E, Mal. trap 9, 4.iii–15.iv.2011, C. v. Achterberg, RMNH’11”.
Holotype, female, body length 6.6 mm, fore wing length 4.8 mm.
Head. Antenna with 44 segments, 1.6 times as long as fore wing; middle and subapical segments 3.3 and 2.7 times longer than wide, respectively; third antennal segment 1.4 times as long as fourth segment; width of face 0.8 times length of face and clypeus combined; clypeus flat in lateral view and ventral rim not differentiated from clypeus (Fig.
Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.4 times as long as high; pronotal side smooth dorsally, moderately crenulate medially and granulate ventrally; precoxal sulcus only medially distinctly impressed and finely crenulate; mesopleuron mainly smooth; metapleuron superficially granulate (Fig.
Wings. Fore wing: pterostigma 4.9 times as long as wide; r:2-SR:3-SR:SR1 = 5:9:15:26; vein r emerging before middle of pterostigma; vein cu-a slender (Fig.
Legs. Hind coxa with satin sheen, superficially coriaceous and punctulate; length of hind femur:tibia:basitarsus:tarsus = 50:74:33:78; length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 6.0, 10.3 and 11.6 times as long as their width, respectively (Fig.
Metasoma. First tergite 1.9 times as long as apical width and slightly widened posteriorly (Fig.
Colour. Pale yellow or ivory; antennal segments brown with yellowish transverse bands (Fig.
Unknown.
Named after the type locality in Central Vietnam.
The first author thanks the Vietnam National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (NAFOSTED, grant No. 106.15-2012.62) for financial support. The second author thanks the Uyttenboogaart-Eliasen Stichting (Amsterdam) for financial support of his fieldwork in Vietnam, and Dr Gavin Broad (BMNH) for the loan of the lectotype of C. spilonotus (Cameron). Thanks are due to Mr Rob de Vries (RMNH, Leiden), Prof. Dr Mai Phu Qui, Dr Nguyen Quang Truong, Dr Nguyen Thanh Manh (IEBR, Ha Noi, Vietnam), Dr Nguyen Huu Thao (Hung Vuong University, Vietnam) for collecting specimens. We also thank Prof. Dr Pham Van Lam, Mr The Truong Thanh, Mr La Van Hao (Research Institute for Plant Protection, Ha Noi, Vietnam) for taking part of the photographs. The authors thank the anonymous reviewers and the editor for the helpful comments on the manuscript.