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Corresponding author: Vladimir Krumov ( vladimir.k@abv.bg ) Academic editor: Laurence Mound
© 2015 Olia Karadjova, Vladimir Krumov.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Karadjova O, Krumov V (2015) Thysanoptera of Bulgaria. ZooKeys 504: 93-131. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.504.9576
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The present checklist includes data on the species composition, geographic distribution and feeding preferences of thrips species in Bulgaria. In total, 155 species in 48 genera are listed. Of these, 125 species belong to suborder Terebrantia and include 103 species of 33 genera in family Thripidae, 14 species of two genera in Aeolothripidae, seven species of two genera in Melanthripidae and one species in Fauriellidae. In suborder Tubulifera, 30 species of 10 genera in the single family Phlaeothripidae are listed. Of the 155 Bulgarian thrips species, 87.7% are phytophagous, 4.5% are obligate predators, 5.8% are mycophagous and 1.9% are with unknown feeding preferences. Fourteen pest species are listed for Bulgaria, of which Frankliniella occidentalis, Thrips tabaci and Haplothrips tritici are of economic importance. The list provides detailed information on the horizontal and vertical distribution of Thysanoptera in 5 regions and 45 subregions of Bulgaria. The present paper also includes an evaluation of the biodiversity of Thysanoptera and the extent to which each region of the country has been studied.
Thysanoptera , Bulgaria, checklist, geographic distribution, feeding preference
Bulgaria is located on the Balkan Peninsula and extends from the western shore of the Black Sea to Serbia and Macedonia to the west. It lies in the transitional area between the contrasting continental and Mediterranean climatic zones. Its varied relief and the peculiar characteristics of its weather contribute to its biotope diversity. According to the Palaearctic classification (
At present, the Bulgarian entomofauna is insufficiently studied and it has been estimated that about 51% of the insect species are known. More than 29 000 species of superclass Hexapoda have been established and it is expected that if rigorous research is performed, their number would increase to 56 000 (
Thrips are small and slender insects that generally feed on plant sap, fungal spores and some on them are predators of small arthropods. Until now about 6000 species have been described worldwide (
The biodiversity of thrips on the Balkans has been studied more extensively in Romania (
The thysanopterological activities in Bulgaria began at the end of the 19th century. The first thrips species recognised in the country, Thrips urticae, was recorded on tobacco (
In the late 60’s, thrips research became more active. Janev (1968 and 1973) reported 22 species. In 1967, Genov reported two Haplothrips species on alfalfa.
The main aim of this paper is to summarize all published data on thrips from Bulgaria in order to present a full list of known thrips taxa from the entire area of the country. Until now, no comprehensive review of the Bulgarian thrips fauna has been published. The present list includes 125 species of suborder Terebrantia and 30 species of suborder Tubulifera, and provides detailed information on the horizontal and vertical distribution of Thysanoptera in Bulgaria. It is complemented by an evaluation of the biodiversity and the extent to which each region of the country has been studied. The territorial distribution of thysanopteran species is crucial for the understanding of their biology and adaptations to different habitats. Such knowledge is of basic importance to explain the introduction and spread of exotic species, particularly pest species (
The list was prepared after a thorough review of all available publications and individual samples collected by the authors. The review includes all 37 scientific papers on the thysanopteran fauna in Bulgaria, published from 1897 to 2013. The list is arranged systematically and the nomenclature follows
B Black Sea Coast:
BN Northern Black Sea Coast,
BS Southern Black Sea Coast.
D Danubian Plain:
DE Eastern Danubian Plain:
DEL Ludogorie–Dobrudja District,
DEP Popovo–Provadiya District,
DM Middle Danubian Plain,
DW Western Danubian Plain,
P Transitional Region:
PB Tundja–Strandja Subregion:
PBB Bakadjik–Burgas District,
PBC Sakar Mts.,
PBD Strandja–Dervent District,
PBS Strandja Mts,
PBT Sakar–Tundja District
PK Kraishte–Konyavo District:
PKG Golo Bardo Mts.,
PKK Kraishte,
PKQ Konyavska Planina Mts.,
PKR Rui Mts.,
PKV Verila Mts.,
PKZ Zemenska Planina Mts.
PS Srednogorie–Podbalkan Subregion:
PSA Sredna Gora,
PSC Sashtinska Sredna Gora Mts.,
PSI Ihtimanska Sredna Gora Mts.,
PSL Lozenska Planina Mts.,
PSP Podbalkan Basins,
PSS Sredna Gora Mts.
PT Thracian Lowland
PV Vitosha District:
PVL Lyulin Mts.,
PVP Plana Mts.,
PVS Sofia Basin,
PVV Vitosha Mts.,
PVW Viskyar Mts.
R Rila–Rhodope Massif:
RO Osogovo–Belasitsa Group:
ROB Belasitsa Mts.,
ROG Ograzhden Mts.,
ROM Maleshevska Planina Mts,
ROO Osogovska Planina Mts.,
ROP Krupnik–Sandanski–Petrich Valley,
ROS Srednostrumska Valley,
ROT Boboshevo–Simitli Valley,
ROV Vlahina Planina Mts.
RP Rila–Pirin Group:
RPM Mesta Valley,
RPP Pirin Mts.,
RPR –Rila Mts.,
RPS Slavyanka Mts.,
RPT Stargach Mts.
RR Rhodope Mts.:
RRE Eastern Rhodope Mts.,
RRW Western Rhodope Mts.
S Stara Planina Range:
SP Predbalkan (Pre-Balkan or foothills north of Stara Planina Mts.):
SPW Western Predbalkan,
SPM Middle Predbalkan,
SPE Eastern Predbalkan
SB Stara Planina (Balkan) Mts:
SBW Western Stara Planina Mts.,
SBM Middle Stara Planina Mts.,
SBE Eastern Stara Planina Mts.
Four families of this suborder are recorded from Bulgaria: Aeolothripidae, Melanthripidae, Fauriellidae and Thripidae. Thripidae is the largest family and includes the most economically important pest species.
The family includes 190 extant species in 23 genera worldwide (
Aeolothrips albicinctus Haliday, 1836
Distribution.DM – Krushovitsa (160 m). Obligate predator residing at the collar of grasses, collected from Festuca aerudinacea (
Aeolothrips astutus Priesner, 1926
Distribution.DM – Krushovitsa; ROP – Kresna, Parvomai, Petrich, Samuilova krepost; RPR – Rila Monastery (150–300 m). Phytophagous and facultative predator, collected from Anchusa sp., Echium vulgare, different grasses (
Aeolothrips balati Pelikán, 1958
Distribution.RPP – Pirin (below Banderitsa) (1600 m). Predator, found in alpine meadows (
Aeolothrips collaris Priesner, 1919
Distribution.BN – Obzor; BS – Primorsko, Rosen, Ropotamo; DM – Krushovitsa; PVP – Pancharevo; ROB – Belasitsa; ROP – Samuilova krepost; ROT – Simitli; RPP – Banderitsa; RPR – Rila Monastery; SBE – Sinite Kamani (0–1810 m). Phytophagous and facultative predator, collected from Achillea compacta, Alyssum montanum, Brassicaceae species, Campanula sp., Castanea sativa, Clematis vitalba, Colutea arborescens, Coronilla varia, Euphorbia sp., Medicago sativa, Onobrychis sativa, Paliurus aculeatus, Senecio sp., Symphytum sp., Trifolium pratense (
Aeolothrips ericae Bagnall, 1920
Distribution.BS – Ropotamo; PBC – Topolovgrad; PSP – Sliven; PVP – Pancharevo; ROG – Karnalovo; ROP – Parvomai, Petrich; ROT – Blagoevgrad; RPP – Banderitsa; RPR – Partizanska poliana, Rila Monastery; RRW – Chaira, Smolyan lakes; SBW – Lakatnik (0–1810 m). Phytophagous and facultative predator, collected from Astragalus sp., Coronilla emerus, C. varia, Daphne cneorum, D. oleoides, Fabaceae species (flowers), Lotus corniculatus, Syringa vulgaris, Tropaeolum majus, grassy vegetation in forests (
Aeolothrips fasciatus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Distribution.DEL – Ruse, Obrazov chiflic; PVL – Lyulin Monastery; PVS – Sofia basin; ROG – Karnalovo, Nikudin; ROP – Petrich, Samuilova krepost; ROT – Blagoevgrad; Rila; RP – Predela – Gradevo; RPP – Dolnoto breznichko ezero; RPR – Ribni ezera; RRW – Golyam Beglik dam (100–2230 m). Phytophagous and facultative predator, collected from Brassica napus, Cannabis sativa, Cytisus sp., Helianthus annuus, Nicotiana tabacum, Rosa sp., Trifolium pratense, Zea mays, grasses and shrubs in forests (
Aeolothrips gloriosus Bagnall, 1919
Distribution.ROP – Kresna (170 m). Phytophagous and facultative predator, collected from Clematis vitalba (
Aeolothrips intermedius Bagnall, 1934
Distribution.BS – Mandra lake, Primorsko; DM – Pleven – Chaira, Krushovitsa; PBB – Karnobat; PT – Stara Zagora; PVP – Pancharevo; PSL – Gorni Lozen; PVS – Kostinbrod, Opitsvet, Svetovrachane; ROB – Belasitsa Mts.; ROP – Petrich; ROT – Simitli; RPP – Banderits); RPR – Rila Monastery; SBE – Sinite kamani; SBM – Beklemeto, Troyan (0–1810 m). Phytophagous and facultative predator, collected from Beta vulgaris, Campanula sp., Echium vulgare, Galium sp., cereals, Hordeum vulgare, Lathyrus sativus, Lotus corniculatus, Medicago sativa, Melilotus officinalis, Onobrychis sativa, Sinapis arvensis, Solanum dulcamara, Soja hispida, Trifolium incarnatum, T. repens, vegetation of grasses and shrubs (
Aeolothrips melaleucus Haliday, 1852
Distribution.DM – Pleven-Chaira; PVP – Pancharevo; PSP – Sliven; ROG – Churicheni, Markovi Kladentsi (150–1530 m). Obligate predator, collected from leaves of Castanea sativa, Crataegus sp., Fraxinus sp, Ligustrum sp., Quercuss sp., Sambucus sp., Solanum dulcamara, Sorbus sp. (
Aeolothrips priesneri Knechtel, 1923
Distribution.PVP – Pancharevo (600–800 m). Unknown feeding preferences, collected from Euphorbia sp. (flowers) (
Aeolothrips propinquus Bagnall, 1924
Distribution.BS – Ropotamo; ROP – Petric); ROT – Simitli; RPR – Rila Monastery (0–1150 m). Phytophagous and facultative predator, collected from Anchusa officinalis (
Aeolothrips versicolor Uzel, 1895
Distribution.BS – Ropotamo; ROB – Belasitsa Mts.; RPR – Rila Monastery (0–1150 m). Obligate predator, collected from leaves of Castanea sativa (
Aeolothrips vittatus Haliday, 1836
Distribution.ROG – Ograzhden Mts. (100–1530 m). Predator of arthropods, collected from Pinus sp. (
Rhipidothrips gratiosus Uzel, 1895
Distribution.DM – Krushovitsa; PBB – Karnobat; PK – Breznik valley; PVS – Prolesha, Svetovrachane (170–760 m). Phytophagous (
This family includes 65 species of four genera. All representatives feed on flowers, but the distribution of the genera is remarkably fragmented (
Ankothrips niezabitowskii (Schille, 1910)
Distribution.PVV – Cherni vrah; SBW – Belidie han (735–2290 m). Phytophagous, collected from Juniperus communis, J. procumbens (
Melanthrips acetosellae John, 1927
Distribution.BS – Ropotamo; RPR – Rila Monastery; PSP – Sliven (0–1150 m). Unknown feeding preferences (
Melanthrips fuscus (Sulzer, 1776)
Distribution.DEP – Makariopolsko; DM – Krushovitsa; PVS – Suhodol; PVP – Pancharevo; ROG – Churicheni; ROP – Petrich; RPM – Bany); SBE – Sinite kamani (155–1000 m). Phytophagous, collected from Onobrychis sativa, Rosa sp., Sinapis arvensis, Syringa vulgaris, grassy vegetation (
Melanthrips knechteli Priesner, 1936
Distribution.BS – Ropotamo (0 m). Phytophagous, collected from forest and steppe vegetation (
Melanthrips pallidior Priesner, 1919
Distribution.BS – Mandra lake, Primorsko, Rosen, Ropotamo; DEP – Makariopolsko; DM – Krushovitsa, Obnova, Pordim, Vulchi trun; DW – Vidin; PVP – Pancharevo; PVS – Opitsvet, Trebich; ROG – Churicheni; ROP – Petrich; RPP – Banderitsa; RPR – Borovec, Rila Monastery; SBE – Sinite kamani; SBW – Lakatnik; SPW – Botevgrad (0–1810 m). Phytophagous, collected from Agrostemma githago, Campanula sp., Colutea arborescens, Coronilla varia, Cruciferous species, Echium vulgare, Latirus tuberosus, Lotus corniculatus, Medicago sativa, Onobrychis sativa, Symphytum sp., Trifolium incarnatum, T. repens, Veronica spicata, blooming grasses (
Melanthrips paspalevi Pelikán, 1960
Distribution.SBE – Sinite kamani; SBW – Lakatnik (550–950 m). Phytophagous, collected from steppe vegetation (
Melanthrips titschacki Pelikán, 1960
Distribution.BS – Ropotamo; PVP – Pancharevo; ROB – Belasitsa Mts.; RPP – Banderitsa; SBE – Sinite kamani (0-1810 m). Phytophagous, collected from steppe and forest vegetation, mixed populations with Melanthrips pallidior (
Five species belonging to four genera have been described worldwide but very little is known about them (
Ropotamothrips buresi Pelikán, 1958
Distribution.BS – Ropotamo (0 m). Unknown feeding preferences (
This family includes 1970 species in 287 genera worldwide, systematized in four subfamilies: Dendrothripinae, Panchaetothripinae, Sericothripinae and Thripinae (
Dendrothrips degeeri Uzel, 1895
Distribution.ROB – Belasitsa; ROG – Churicheni; ROP – Kulata, Petrich; RPP – Pirin Mts.; RPR – Rila Mts. (85–1490 m). Phytophagous, collected from Abies alba, Corylus avellana, Fagus sylvatica, Morus alba, Ostrya carpinifolia (
Dendrothrips ornatus (Jablonowski, 1894)
Distribution.PVS – Sofia; ROB – Belasitsa Mts.; ROP – Petrich; ROT – Blagoevgrad; RPP – Pirin Mts.; RPR – Rila Mts.; SPW – Belidie han (360–1490 m). Phytophagous, plant pest, collected from Alnus alba, A. incana, Syringa sp., S. vulgaris, Tilia sp. (
Dendrothrips phillireae (Bagnall, 1927)
Distribution.ROP – Damyanitsa (120 m). Phytophagous, found on Phillyrea media (
Dendrothrips saltator Uzel, 1895
Distribution. ROG – Divechova polyana; ROP – Sandanski (270-1150m). Phytophagous, found on Alnus alba, Tamarix sp. (
Pseudodendrothrips mori (Niwa, 1908)
Distribution.DW – Butan (60 m). Phytophagous, pest species on leaves of Morus alba (
Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis (Bouche, 1833)
Distribution. glasshouses: PT – Plovdiv, Pazardjik; PVS – Sofia basin; ROP – Petrich; ROT – Blagoevgrad. Phytophagous, pest of Cucumis sativus, leaves of ornamentals – Citrus sp., Cyclamen sp., Fuchsia sp., Orchis sp., Rhododendron sp. (
Neohydatothrips abnormis (Karny, 1910)
Distribution.DM – Komudara, Krushovitsa; DEL – Obrazov chiflic; PBB – Yambol; ROG – widespread in Ograzhden Mts.; RPR – Borovets, Musala peak; SPM – Gorsko Slivovo (160 – 2925 m). Phytophagous, collected from Lotus corniculatus, Medicago sativa, Trifolium sp., Vicia sp. (
Neohydatothrips gracilicornis (Williams, 1916)
Distribution.DM – Krushovitsa; PBB – Karnobat; PT – Plovdiv; ROG – widespread in Ograzhden Mts.; ROB – Drangovo; ROP – Kresna, Samuilovo; RPM – Banichan; RPP – Predela – Gradevo, Dobrinishte (130 – 845 m). Phytophagous, collected from flowers of Medicago sativa, Onobrychis sativa, Prunus sp., P. mahaleb, P. spinosa, Quercus petraea, Quercus sp., Soja hispida, Vicia sp. (
Sericothrips bicornis (Karny, 1910)
Distribution.ROG – widespread Ograzhden Mts. (200–1000 m). Phytophagous, collected from Lotus corniculatus, Trifolium sp., Vicia sp. (
Sericothrips staphylinus Haliday, 1836
Distribution.PVV – Bistritsa, Ostrica, Shevovitsa, Zheleznitsa; ROG – Karnalovo, Nikudin, Dolene (150–1640 m). Phytophagous, collected from Bromus arvensis, Corylus avellana, Festuka elatior, Oxalis sp., Prunus cerasus, P. communis, P. domestica, P. persica, P. sativa, P. spinosa (
Anaphothrips euphorbiae Uzel, 1895
Distribution.ROG – Churicheni, Divechova polyana; SBM – Beklemeto, Troyan (300–1360 m). Phytophagous, collected from Euphorbia rupestris, E. myrsinites, Galium sp. (
Anaphothrips obscurus (Muller, 1776)
Distribution.DM – (Krushovitsa); PVP – Pancharevo; PT – Pazardzhik; PVV – Simeonovo; ROG – widespread in Ograzhden Mts.; ROT – Blagoevgrad; RPP – Predela) (160–1000 m). Phytophagous, collected from Avena sativa, Holcus lanatus, Hordeum sp., Medicago sp., Onobrychis sativa, Trifolium pratense, Triticum aestivum, mixed Poaceae (
Aptinothrips elegans Priesner, 1924
Distribution.PVS – Obelya (500 m). Phytophagous, collected from Triticum aestivum (
Aptinothrips rufus Haliday, 1836
Distribution.PVV – Dragalevci; PVP – Pancharevo; ROG – Churicheni, Divechova polyana; ROP – Samuilova krepost (150–1150 m). Phytophagous, collected from Avena sativa, Bromus sp., Hordeum sp. (
Aptinothrips stylifer Trybom, 1894
Distribution.RRW – Studenets, Rock bridges (1450–1735 m). Phytophagous, collected from Agrostis sp., Alopecurus sp., Dactylis glomerata (
Asphodelothrips croceicollis (Karny, 1914)
Distribution.ROG – Divechova polyana, Dolene, Markovi kladentsi (400–1535 m). Phytophagous, collected from mixed grass vegetation (
Belothrips morio O. M. Reuter, 1899
Distribution.PVV – Kumata, Sredec, Selimitsa; SBW – Kom, Vezhen (100–1650 m). Phytophagous, collected from Gnaphalium sp., Pinus montana, Rubus idaeus, Thymus sp. (
Bregmatothrips dimorphus (Priesner, 1919)
Distribution.ROG – Ograzhden Mts. (400–1000 m). Phytophagous, collected from mixed herbaceous vegetation (
Chirothrips aculeatus Bagnall, 1927
Distribution.PVS – Gorublyane (550 m). Phytophagous, collected from Avena sativa (
Chirothrips manicatus Haliday, 1836
Distribution. DM – Krushovitsa; DEL – Obraztsov chiflik; PT – Plovdiv; PVP – Pancharevo; PVS – Sofia; PVV – Dragalevci, Selimitsa; ROG – Nikudin; SBM – Beklemeto (130–1360 m). Phytophagous, collected from Dactylis glomerata, Galium sp., Lotus corniculatus, Medicago sativa, Onobrychis sativa, Secale cereale, Solanum tuberosum, mixed herbaceous vegetation (
Chirothrips pallidicornis Priesner, 1925
Distribution.RRW – Rock bridges (1450 m). Phytophagous, collected from Dactylis glomerata, Silene sp. (
Dictyothrips betae Uzel, 1895
Distribution.PVV – Aleko, Bistritsa, Dragalevci, Kupena, Rodina, Zheleznitsa; ROG – Nikudin; ROP – Purvomai, Samuilova krepost (150–1840 m). Phytophagous, collected from Gnaphalium supinum, Juniperus sp., Melissa officinalis, Rosa sp., Salvia glutinosa, Silene juvenalis, Verbascum blattaria, mixed herbaceous vegetation (
Drepanothrips reuteri Uzel, 1895
Distribution.SBW – Berkovitsa; SPM – Dryanovo Monastery (410–620 m). Phytophagous, collected from Parthenocissus sp. (
Echinothrips americanus Morgan, 1913
Distribution. Greenhouses in BS – Burgas; PT – Plovdiv; PVS – Sofia. Phytophagous, plant pest of Chrysanthemum sp., Euphorbia sp., Hibiscus sp., Impatiens sp., Syngonium sp. (
Frankliniella intonsa (Trybom, 1895)
Distribution.DM – Krushovitsa; PVL – Lyulin Monastery; PVP – Gorni Lozen; PVS – Kostinbrod, Svetovrachane; PVV – Boyana, Aleko; ROG – widespread in Ograzhden Mts.; RRW – Trigrad, Smolyan (155–1840 m). Phytophagous, plant pest collected from Avena sativa, Campanula sp., Lotus corniculatus, Medicago sativa, Onobrychis sativa, Ranunculus arvensis, Trifolium pratense, Verbascum sp., mixed herbaceous vegetation (
Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande, 1895)
Distribution. Greenhouses in BS – Burgas; PT – Plovdiv; PVS – Sofia; ROP – Petrich; ROT – Blagoevgrad; RPM – Banya. Phytophagous, plant pest of Alstromeria sp., Calla sp., Chrysanthemum sp., Cucumis sativus, Dianthus sp., Gerbera jamesonii, Gladiolus sp., Petunia hybrida, Primula sp., Rosa sp., Saintpaulia ionantha, Solanum lycopersicum (
Frankliniella pallida (Uzel, 1895)
Distribution.DM – Krushovitsa; PK – Breznik valley; PVV – Boyana, Dragalevci Simeonovo; ROG – widespread in Ograzhden Mts.; ROP – Petrich; ROT – Blagoevgrad; RPR – Partizanska poliana; SPM – Zlatna Panega (155–1500 m). Phytophagous, collected from Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, Coronilla emerus, Hypericum perforatum, Rumex sp., Silene juvenalis, Trifolium pratense, Xeranthemum sp., Viola sp. mixed herbaceous vegetation (
Frankliniella tenuicornis (Uzel, 1895)
Distribution.DM – Krushovitsa; PT – Pazardzhik; PVS – Gorublyane; PVV – Dragalevtsi; RPP – Delchevo; ROO – Kyustendil valley – Bagrentsi (155–1025 m). Phytophagous, collected from Antirrhinum sp., Avena sativa, Delphinium sp., Hordeum vulgare, Medicago sativa, Triticum aestivum (
Idolimothrips paradoxus Priesner, 1920
Distribution.PKG – Debeli Lag (600 m). Phytophagous, collected from Bellis perennis (
Iridothrips mariae Pelikán, 1961
Distribution.PVP – Plana Mts.; ROG – valley of river Lebnitsa; SBW – Katina (585–1200 m). Phytophagous, collected from Typha latifolia (
Iridothrips iridis (Watson, 1924)
Distribution.DEL – Kalimok-Brushlen Protected Site (25 m). Hygrophilous and phytophagous, found in the leaf sheaths of Iris pseudacorus (
Kakothrips dentatus Knechtel, 1938
Distribution.DM – Krushovitsa; ROG – Churicheni, Dolene (155–1000 m). Phytophagous, collected from Carduus sp., Trifolium sp. mixed herbaceous vegetation (
Kakothrips pisivorus (Westwood, 1880)
Distribution.DM – Krushovitsa; PSL – Gorni Lozen; PVV – Boyana, Cherni vruh, Momina skala, Selimitsa; ROG – Divechova polyana (150–2290 m). Phytophagous, collected from Coronilla varia, Lathyrus sativus, L. tuberosus, Lepidium draba, Lotus corniculatus, Medicago sativa, Onobrychis sativa, Pisum sativum, Secale cereale, Taraxacum officinale, T. incarnate, Trifolium pratense, T. repens, Vicia faba, V. sativa (
Krokeothrips innocens (Priesner, 1922)
Distribution.ROG – Karnalovo (150–300 m). Phytophagous, collected from mixed grasses (
Limothrips angulicornis Jablonowski, 1894
Distribution.ROG – Churicheni, Karnalovo (150–1000 m). Phytophagous, collected from Hordeum murinum, H. maritimum (
Limothrips cerealium Haliday, 1836
Distribution.PT – Sadovo; DEL – Obrazov Chiflic; DEP – Popovo, Tutrakan, Preslav; DM – Gorna Oryahovitsa, Veliko Tarnovo); PVS – Sofia; ROG – Churicheni, Dolene Karnalovo (150–1000 m). Phytophagous, plant pest of Bromus sp., Hordeum sp., Hordeum vulgare, Pisum sativum, Triticum aestivum (
Limothrips consimilis Priesner, 1926
Distribution.ROP – Samuilova krepost (150–300 m). Phytophagous, collected from Poa sp. (
Limothrips denticornis Haliday, 1836
Distribution.DEP – Razgrad; DM – Chaira, Krushovitsa; PT – Sadovo; PVS – Sofia,, Kostinbrod, Lokorsko; PVV – Aleko, Boyana, Kumata, Malak rezen, Momina skala, Ostrica, Selimitsa, Simeonovo, Trite kladentsi; ROG – Karnalovo; RPP – Predela – Gradevo; RRW – Smolyan Lakes; SBM – Ribaritsa (155–2400 m). Phytophagous, plant pest, collected from Alopecurus sp., Avena sativa, Dactylis glomerata, Dianthus sp., Eriophorum gracile, Festuca sp., Hordeum vulgare, Lotus corniculatus, Medicago sativa, Pinus montana, Poa sp., P. alpina, Rubus sp., Secale cereale, Solanum dulcamara, Triticum aestivum, Trifolium pratense, Vaccinium vitis idea, mixed herbaceous vegetation (
Limothrips schmutzi Priesner, 1919
Distribution.PVV – Boyana, Dragalevtsi, Kaleto, Vladaya, Rudartsi; RPM – Banya; SBW – Berkovitsa (750–1050 m). Phytophagous, collected from Alopecurus sp., A. montanum, Avena sp., Avena sativa, Crataegus montania, Phleum sp., Plantago sp., Poa alpina, Rosa sp., Rubus sp, Vaccinium vitis-idaea (
Mycterothrips albidicornis (Knechtel, 1923)
Distribution.ROG – Markovi Kladentsi (1200–1535 m). Phytophagous, collected from leaves of Fagus sylvatica (
Mycterothrips consociatus (Targioni-Tozzetti, 1886)
Distribution.ROB – Belasitsa Mts. (600 m). Phytophagous, collected from leaves of Quercus coccifera (
Mycterothrips latus (Bagnall, 1912)
Distribution.ROP – Struma valley – Kresna; SPM – Reselets (165–210 m). Phytophagous, collected from leaves of Sambucus sp. (
Mycterothrips salicis (O. M. Reuter, 1879)
Distribution.PVS – Sofia (500–700 m). Phytophagous, collected from leaves of Tilia sp. (
Odontothrips confusus Priesner, 1926
Distribution.BN – Obzor; DEL – Obrazcov chiflic, Hursovo, Rujitsa; DM – Krushovitsa; PT – Pazardjik, Plovdiv, Opan; ROG – Churicheni; SPW – Lilyache (130–300 m). Phytophagous, collected from Lotus corniculatus, Medicago lupulina, M. sativa, Melilotus albus, Onobrychis caput-galli, mixed herbaceous vegetation (
Odontothrips cytisi Morison, 1928
Distribution.RPS – Slavyanka Mts. (720–1170 m). Phytophagous, collected from Cytisus sp. (
Odontothrips dorycnii Priesner, 1951
Distribution.ROP – Melnik (437 m). Phytophagous, collected from Dorycnium germanicum (
Odontothrips intermedius (Uzel, 1895)
Distribution.PVV – Momina scala, Planinets (1365–1485 m). Phytophagous, collected from mixed herbaceous vegetation (
Odontothrips loti (Haliday, 1852)
Distribution.DM – Valchitran; PT – Stara Zagora; ROG – Ograzhden Mts., RPR – Borovec, Partizanska poliana; SBM – Glozhene; SPM – Gorsko Slivovo; SPW – Botevgrad (155–1350 m). Phytophagous, collected from Coronilla emerus, Fabaceae species, Lathyrus sp., Lotus corniculatus, Medicago sativa, mixed herbaceous vegetation (
Odontothrips meliloti Priesner, 1951
Distribution.DM – Krushovitsa; ROG – Churicheni, Karnalovo (150–1000 m). Phytophagous, collected from Melilotus officinalis, Melilotus sp. (
Odontothrips meridionalis Priesner, 1919
Distribution.ROG – Churicheni (300–1000 m). Phytophagous, collected from mixed herbaceous vegetation (
Odontothrips phaleratus (Haliday, 1836)
Distribution.RPR – Borovets (1350 m). Phytophagous, collected from Lathyrus sp., Lotus corniculatus, Medicago sativa, Trifolium sp. (
Oxythrips ajugae Uzel, 1895
Distribution.PVV – Kumata, Sredec, Zlatnite mostove; ROG – Churicheni, Gorski Dom; RPP – Dolno Kornichko ezero; SBW – Kom peak, Vezhen peak (300–1650 m). Phytophagous, collected from Campanula alpina, Eriophorum gracile, Juniperus communis, Pinus montana, P. sylvestris, Ranunculus montanum, Verbascum pannosum (
Oxythrips bicolor (O. M. Reuter, 1879)
Distribution.ROG – Divechova polyana, Gorski Dom (1000–1250 m). Phytophagous, collected from P. sylvestris (
Oxythrips ulmifoliorum (Haliday, 1836)
Distribution.SBW – Belidie Han (735 m). Phytophagous, collected from Syringa vulgaris (
Prosopothrips vejdovskyi Uzel, 1895
Distribution.SBW – Gintsi (1000 m). Phytophagous, collected from Poaceae (
Rhaphidothrips longistylosus Uzel, 1895
Distribution.ROG – Nikudin, Gorski Dom (712–1250 m). Phytophagous, collected from Bromus mollis (
Rubiothrips ferrugineus (Uzel, 1895)
Distribution.SBM – Beklemeto (1360 m). Phytophagous, collected from Galium sp. (zur Strassen 1996).
Rubiothrips silvarum (Priesner, 1920)
Distribution.ROG – Churicheni, Divechova polyana (300–1150 m). Phytophagous, collected from mixed vegetation (
Rubiothrips validus (Karny, 1910)
Distribution.ROP – Kresna; SBW – Gintsi; (165–1000 m). Phytophagous, collected from Rubiaceae and mixed vegetation (
Rubiothrips vitalbae (Bagnall, 1926)
Distribution.ROP – Kresna (165 m). Phytophagous, collected from Clematis vitalba (
Scolothrips longicornis Priesner, 1926
Distribution.RPR – Yastrebets (2230 m). Predator of mites, collected from leaves of Genista rumelica (
Scolothrips uzeli (Schille, 1910)
Distribution.ROB – Belasitsa Mts.; RPR – Rila Mts.; (800–1490 m). Predator of mites, collected from Juniperus communis (
Stenothrips graminum Uzel, 1895
Distribution.DM – Krushovitsa; PK – Breznik valley; PT – Pazardzhik; PVS – Sofia; ROG – Ograzhden Mts.; RPR – Yastrebets (155–2230 m). Phytophagous, collected from Avena sativa, Medicago sativa, Melilotus officinalis, Hordeum vulgare, Galium sp., Onobrychis sativa, Phleum pratense, mixed Poaceae (
Taeniothrips inconsequens (Uzel, 1895)
Distribution.PVV – Aleko, Boerica, Boyana, Konyarnika, Planinets, Selimitsa, Trendafila, Zlatnite mostove; ROP – Petrich, Samuilovo; RPP – Predela – Gradevo (300–1840 m). Phytophagous, collected from Ficaria verna, Malus sylvestris, Mentha sp., Pinus montana, Pyrus communis, Primula sp., Prunus dulcis, P. persica, P. spinosa, Ranunculus aquaticus (
Taeniothrips picipes (Zetterstedt, 1828)
Distribution.DM – Krushovitsa; ROG – Divechova polyana, Nikudin; ROP – Samuilova krepost; RPR – Partizanska polyana; SBM – Beklemeto, Troyan (150–1500 m). Phytophagous, collected from Coronilla emerus, Lotus corniculatus, Primula sp., Trifolium pratense, Verbascum sp. (
Tamaricothrips tamaricis (Bagnall, 1926)
Distribution.ROP – Kresna Gorge (300–500 m). Phytophagous, collected from Tamarix sp. (
Tenothrips croceicollis (Priesner, 1919)
Distribution.DM – Krushovitsa; RRW – Studenets (160–1735 m). Phytophagous, collected from Cichorium intybus, Erigeron canadensis, Geranium macrorrhizum, Hypochaeris radicata, Leontodon sp. Sonchus arvensis, Verbascum sp. (
Tenothrips discolor (Karny, 1907)
Distribution.DM – Krushovitsa (160 m). Phytophagous, collected from Lotus corniculatus (
Tenothrips frici (Uzel, 1895)
Distribution.DM – Krushovitsa; PSP – Tazha; PVS – Kostinbrod; RPR – Musala peak; SBM – Teteven; SBW – Botevgrad; SPW – Lilyache (160–2925 m). Phytophagous, collected from Carduus sp., Dactylis glomerata, Lotus corniculatus, Medicago sativa, Senecio sp., Trifolium pratense (
Theilopedothrips pilosus (Uzel, 1895)
Distribution.ROG – Dolene, Markovi kladentsi, Divechova polyana (400–1535 m). Phytophagous, collected from mixed herbaceous vegetation (
Thrips albopilosus Uzel, 1895
Distribution.RPP – Yavorov; Predela (1050–1740 m). Phytophagous, collected from Juniperus communis, Juniperus sp. (
Thrips alni Uzel, 1895
Distribution.ROP – Melnik, Kresna Gorge; RPP – Predela – Gradevo (300–500 m). Phytophagous, collected from Alnus glutinosa, Coylus sp. (
Thrips angusticeps Uzel, 1895
Distribution.DM – Krushovitsa, Valchi Tran; PVV – Simeonovo; ROG – Karnalovo (150–550 m). Phytophagous, collected from Hordeum vulgare, Lotus corniculatus, Medicago sativa, Onobrychis sativa, Sinapis arvensis, Triticum aestivum, mixed herbaceous vegetation (
Thrips atratus (Haliday, 1836)
Distribution.DM – Krushovitsa; PBC – Topolovgrad – Hlyabovo; ROG – Ograzhden Mts.; ROT – Bobochevo); SPW (Botevgrad); RPR – (Borovec, Musala peak, Partizanska poliana, Rila); SPM – (Zlatna Panega) (155–2925 m). Phytophagous, collected from Centaurium erythraea, Genista tinctoria, Haberlea rhodopensis, Lotus corniculatus, Matricaria chamomilla, Medicago sativa, Nicotiana tabacum, Onobrychis sativa, Sorghum halepense, Thymus sp., Trifolium pratense, T. repens, mixed herbaceous vegetation of Poaceae, Fabaceae (
Thrips calcaratus Uzel, 1895
Distribution.PVS – Sofia (500 m). Phytophagous, collected from Tilia sp. (
Thrips dificilis Priesner, 1920
Distribution.PVP – Kokalyane; PVS – Opicvet; SBM – Teteven (410–685 m). Phytophagous, collected from Salix sp., S. babylonica, S. purpurea (
Thrips dilatatus Uzel, 1895
Distribution.ROG – Divechova polyana, Nikudin (300–1150 m). Phytophagous, collected from mixed herbaceous vegetation (
Thrips discolor Haliday, 1836
Distribution.ROG – widespread in Ograzhden Mts. (100–700 m). Phytophagous, collected from mixed herbaceous vegetation (
Thrips euphorbiae Knechtel, 1923
Distribution.ROG – Karnalovo (150–300 m). Phytophagous, collected from Euphorbia sp. (
Thrips fedorovi (Priesner, 1933)
Distribution. no specific location is mentioned. Phytophagous, collected from Rosa canina, Salvia sclarea (
Thrips flavus Schrank, 1776
Distribution.PT – Sadovo; RPR – Borovets, Granchar, Partizanska polyana (155–2185 m). Phytophagous, collected from Lathyrus aureus, Hypericum perforatum, Verbascum phlomoides (
Thrips fuscipennis Haliday, 1836
Distribution. ROG – valley of river Lebnitsa (700 m). Phytophagous, collected from Platanus acerifolia, P. orientalis (
Thrips italicus (Bagnall, 1926)
Distribution.ROG – Nikudin; ROP – Samuilova krepost (150–1000 m). Phytophagous, collected from Bellis sp., Chrysanthemum sp., Euphorbia sp., Matricaria sp. (
Thrips juniperinus Linnaeus, 1758
Distribution.RPP – Yavorov, Popina luka; (1250–1740 m). Phytophagous, collected from Juniperus communis, Juniperus sp. (
Thrips linariae (Priesner, 1928)
Distribution.RPR – Partizanska poliana (1500 m). Phytophagous, collected from Hypericum perforatum, Lotus corniculatus, Verbascum phlomoides (
Thrips linarius Uzel, 1895
Distribution.DEL – Dobrudja (230 m). Phytophagous, plant pest, collected from Agrostemma githago, Euphorbia sp., Linum usitatissimum, Sinapis sp. (
Thrips major Uzel, 1895
Distribution.ROG – Churicheni; ROP – Samuilova krepost; RPM – Banya; RPR – Partizanska polyana; SBW – Berkovitsa (150–1500 m). Phytophagous, collected from Alopecurus agrestis, Lotus corniculatus, Rosa sp. (
Thrips mareoticus (Priesner, 1932)
Distribution.ROP – Samuilova krepost (150–300 m). Phytophagous, collected from Lepidium sp. (
Thrips meridionalis (Priesner, 1926)
Distribution.ROG – Nikudin; ROP – Petrich, Samuilova krepost; ROT – Blagoevgrad; SBM – Beklemeto, Troyan; RPR – Granchar, Smradlivoto ezero, Partizanska polyana (150–2295 m). Phytophagous, plant pest, collected from Asteraceae, Campanula sp., Cornus sanguinea, Coronilla emerus, Euphorbia sp., Hieracium sp., Lotus corniculatus, Genista tinctoria, Malus domestica, Prunus dulcis, Prunus persica, Prunus spinosa, Ranunculus sp., Trifolium repens, Verbascum phlomoides (
Thrips minutissimus Linnaeus, 1758
Distribution.ROG – Markovi kladentsi (1532 m). Phytophagous, collected from mixed herbaceous vegetation (
Thrips nigropilosus Uzel, 1895
Distribution.PVS – Gorublyane; DM – Komudara (150–550 m) Phytophagous, collected from Avena sativa, Medicago sativa, Sorghum halepense (
Thrips physapus Linnaeus, 1758
Distribution.DM – Krushovitsa; ROP – Parvomai; RPR – Yastrebetz, Grunchar, Smradlivo ezero, Partizanska poliana; PSP – Tazha (150–2295 m). Phytophagous, collected from Cardus sp., Euphorbia sp., Genista tinctoria, Hypericum perforatum, Medicago sativa, Senecio sp., Solanum tuberosum, Viola sp. (
Thrips pini (Uzel, 1895)
Distribution.ROG – Churicheni, Divechova polyana; RPP – Predela – Gradevo; SBM – Vasilyovo (300–1150 m). Phytophagous, collected from Asteraceae plants Pinus sp., P. sylvestris, Picea sp., Verbascum sp. (
Thrips sambuci Heeger, 1854
Distribution.ROP – Kresna Gorge; SPM – Reselets (205–500 m). Picea sp., Sambucus sp. (
Thrips simplex (Morison, 1930)
Distribution. Greenhoses and open field PVS – Negovan (500 m). Phytophagous, collected from Iridaceae (Gladiolus sp.) (
Thrips tabaci Lindeman, 1889
Distribution. widespread in the country, DEP – Isperih; DM – Chaira, Krushovitsa, Lovech, Pleven; PVS – Kostinbrod; PVV – Dragalevtsi, Kumata, Malinazha, Selimitsa, Tintyava, Rodina; ROP – Melnik, Petrich; ROT – Bobochevo; RPR – Rila; RPM – Gotce Delchev; SBM – Beklemeto, Troyan, Vasilyovo; PT – Pazardzhik, Plovdiv, Sadovo, Haskovo (50–2200 m). Phytophagous, plant pest, collected from Beta vulgaris, Dianthus sp., Galium sp., Hypericum perforatum, Ligustrum vulgare, Lotus corniculatus, Medicago sativa, Melilotus officinalis, Nicotiana tabacum, Onobrychis sativa, Poa pratensis, Primula elatior, Sinapis arvensis, Solanum dulcamara, Trifolium pratense, Vaccinium sp., V. myrtillus, Verbascum sp. (
Thrips trehernei Priesner, 1927
Distribution.RPR – Granchar (2185 m). Phytophagous, collected from Trifolium repens (
Thrips urticae Fabricius, 1781
Distribution.PT – Sadovo; ROP – Samuilova krepost (150–300 m). Phytophagous, collected from Nicotiana tabacum, Urtica dioica, Ranunculus sp. (
Thrips validus Uzel, 1895
Distribution.ROG – widespread in Ograzhden Mts.; RPR – Borovets (150–1350 m); Phytophagous, collected from mixed Asteraceae plants, Lathyrus sp. (
Thrips verbasci (Priesner, 1920)
Distribution.DM – Krushovitsa; PSP – Tazha; ROG – widespread in Ograzhden Mts.; SBM – Beklemeto, Troyan; SBW – Vezhen (155–1650 m). Phytophagous, collected from Galium sp., Lotus corniculatus, Verbascum sp. (
Thrips viminalis Uzel, 1895
Distribution.SPM – Reselets (210 m). Phytophagous, collected from Salix sp. (
Thrips vuiletti (Bagnall, 1933)
Distribution.ROG – Divechova polyana (1000 m). Phytophagous, collected from mixed grasses (
Thrips vulgatissimus Haliday, 1836
Distribution.DM – Komudara; PVV – Kikish, Ostrec, Ostritsa, Planinets; ROG – widespread in Ograzhden Mts.; RPR – Granchar, Musala peak, Partizanska polyana; RRW – Chaira, Smolyan; SBM – Beklemeto, Troyan (300–2925 m). Phytophagous, collected from Campanula sp., Hypericum perforatum, Medicago sativa, Sorghum halepense, Trifolium repens, Verbascum sp., mixed herbaceous vegetation from Brassicaceae, Rosaceae (
Suborder Tubulifera consists of about 3500 species and 450 genera, placed in the single family Phlaeothripidae and two subfamilies- Idolothripinae and Phlaeothripinae (
Bolothrips bicolor (Heeger, 1852)
Distribution.ROG – Gorski Dom (1250 m). Mycophagous-spore feeder, collected from fallen leaves (
Bolothrips dentipes (O. M. Reuter, 1880)
Distribution.ROG – Churicheni (300–1000 m). Mycophagous-spore feeder, found in soil from a field with Hordeum vulgare (
Compsothrips albosignatus (Reuter, 1884)
Distribution.ROG – Markovi kladentsi (1520 m). Mycophagous-spore feeder, collected from Fagus sp. (
Cryptothrips nigripes (Reuter, 1880)
Distribution.PVL – Lyulin Monastery; RRW – Trigrad; PVV – Selimitsa (1000–1300 m). Mycophagous-spore feeder, collected from Corylus avellana leaves, and on mixed herbaceous vegetation in oak forests (
Amphibolothrips knechteli (Priesner, 1936)
Distribution.BN – Cape Kaliakra (70 m). Mycophagous -hyphae feeder, found in leaf litter (Vasiliu-Oromulu 1981).
Cephalothrips monilicornis (O. M. Reuter, 1880)
Distribution.BS – Dyuni (50 m). Unknown feeding preferences, collected from mixed herbaceous vegetation (
Haplothrips acanthoscelis (Karny, 1910)
Distribution.DM – Krushovitsa; PVS – Kostinbrod; SPW – Botevgrad (155–400 m). Phytophagous, collected from Lotus corniculatus, Onobrychis sativa, Zea mays (
Haplothrips aculeatus (Fabricius, 1803)
Distribution.DM – Krushovitsa; PBC – Topolovgrad; PBB – Yambol; PT – Pazardzhik; PSL – Gorni Lozen; PVS – Negovan; PVV – Simeonovo; SBM – Beklemeto, Troyan (155–1360 m). Phytophagous, collected from Avena sativa, Dactylis glomerata, Lotus corniculatus, Medicago sativa, Onobrychis sativa, Secale cereale, Trifolium repens, T. pratense, Triticum aestivum (
Haplothrips angusticornis Priesner, 1921
Distribution.DM – Krushovitsa; PBC – Topolovgrad – Hlyabovo; PVS – Negovan; ROG – Ograzhden Mts.; SPM – Draganovo; SPW – Botevgrad (150–700 m). Phytophagous, collected from Berberis vulgaris, Dactylis glomerata, Lotus corniculatus, Matricaria chamomilla, Medicago sativa, Onobrychis sativa, Secale cereale, Trifolium pratense mixed grasses (
Haplothrips biroi (Priesner, 1928)
Distribution.DM – Krushovitsa (160 m). Phytophagous, collected from Lamium purpureum (
Haplothrips dianthinus Priesner, 1924
Distribution.RRW – Smolyan Lakes (1525 m). Phytophagous, collected from Dianthus sp. (
Haplothrips distinguendus (Uzel, 1895)
Distribution.ROG – Nikudin; ROP – Samuilova krepost (150–1000 m). Phytophagous, collected from mixed herbaceous vegetation of Asteraceae (
Haplothrips flavicinctus (Karny, 1910)
Distribution.DEP – Makariopolsko; DM – Krushovitsa (160–250 m). Phytophagous, collected from Beta vulgaris, Medicago sativa, Onobrychis sativa (
Haplothrips hispanicus Priesner, 1924
Distribution.PBC – Topolovgrad – Hlyabovo (400 m). Phytophagous, collected from Haberlea rhodopensis (
Haplothrips leucanthemi (Schrank, 1781)
Distribution.DM – Krushovitsa; PBS – Kosti; PVS – Chepintsi, Filipovtsi, Trebich; ROG – widespread in Ograzhden Mts.; RPP – Dolnoto breznichko ezero SBM – Beklemeto, Teteven, Troyan (50–1965 m). Phytophagous, collected from mixed herbaceous of Asteraceae, Medicago sativa, Trifolium pratense, T. repens (
Haplothrips marrubiicola Bagnall, 1932
Distribution.DM – Krushovitsa (160 m). Phytophagous, collected from Onobrychis sativa (
Haplothrips minutus (Uzel, 1895)
Distribution.RPR – Vada hut (1410 m). Phytophagous, collected from shrubby vegetation (
Haplothrips phyllophilus Priesner, 1914
Distribution.SBM – Ribarica (600 m). Phytophagous, collected from F. sylvatica (
Haplothrips propinquus Bagnall, 1933
Distribution.RPR – Partizanska polyana (1500 m). Phytophagous, collected from Achilea millefolium, Onobrychis sativa (
Haplothrips reuteri (Karny, 1907)
Distribution.DEL – Obrazov chiflic; DEP – Razgrad; DM – Krushovitsa; DW – Boychinovci; PBC – Topolovgrad – Hlyabovo; PSL – Gorni Lozen; PSP – Sliven; SPM – Pravec, Zlatna Panega; PVS – Suchodol, Kazichene, Gorna Banya; RPR – Granchar (155–2200 m). Phytophagous, collected from Centaurea cyanus, Dactylis glomerata, Haberlea rhodopensis, Helianthus annuus, Medicago sativa, Onobrychis sativa, Secale cereale, Senecio sp., Sorghum sp., Trifolium repens, Triticum aestivum, Zea mays (
Haplothrips scythicus Knechtel, 1961
Distribution.DM – Krushovitsa (160 m). Phytophagous, collected from Medicago sativa (
Haplothrips setiger Priesner, 1921
Distribution.DM – Krushovitsa; SPW – Botevgrad; PBC – Topolovgrad – Hlyabovo; ROG – Nikudin; ROP – Parvomai; RPR – Borovets, Granchar, Musala peak, Yastrebetz (150–2925 m). Phytophagous, collected from Aster junceus, Ch. cinerariifolium, Euphorbia sp., Genista tinctoria, Haberlea rhodopensis, Inula helenium, Lathyrus sp., Lotus corniculatus, Melilotus albus, Trifolium pratense, T. repens, Thymus sp., Viola sp., mixed herbaceous vegetation (
Haplothrips subtilissimus (Haliday, 1852)
Distribution.SPM – Pravec (405 m). Phytophagous and facultative predator, collected from Haberlea rhodopensis (
Haplothrips tritici (Kurdjumov, 1912)
Distribution.DM – Pavlikeni, Gorna Oryahovitsa; DW – Boychinovci; PSP – Sliven; PVS – Kazichene, Kostinbrod, Prolesha, Svetovrachane; ROG – widespread in Ograzhden Mts. (300–1000 m). Phytophagous, pest of cereals, collected from Hordeum vulgare, Secale cereale, Triticum aestivum, mixed grasses (
Haplothrips verbasci (Osborn, 1896)
Distribution.PVS – Vrana; ROG – widespread in Ograzhden Mts.; (200–1000 m). Phytophagous, collected from Verbascum sp., V. thapsus (
Hoplothrips semicaecus (Uzel, 1895)
Distribution.PKQ – Blateshnitsa (800 m). Mycophagous- hyphae feeder on dead tree branches, collected from the leaves of Clematis vitalba (
Hoplothrips ulmi (Fabricius, 1781)
Distribution.PVS – Bankia, Suhodol, Lokorsko (585–695 m). Mycophagous -hyphae feeder on dead parts, large branches, found in the field with Avena sativa, mixed herbaceous vegetation in pine forests (
Liothrips pragensis Uzel, 1895
Distribution.RPP – Predela – Gradevo (500 m). Phytophagous, collected from Quercus sessile leaves (
Phlaeothrips coriaceus Haliday, 1836
Distribution.RPR – Vada hut; RRW – Chaira dam (1300–1450 m). Mycophagous- hyphae feeder on dead branches, collected from shrubs in beech forests and meadow vegetation in pine forests (
Xylaplothrips fuliginosus (Schille, 1911)
Distribution.RRW – Smolyan Lakes, Golyam Beglik reservoar; SBM – Ribarica; SPM – Reselets (210–1600 m). Predator of mites and hyphae feeder, collected from Populus sp., shrubs and herbaceous vegetation (
In total, 155 species of thrips have been recorded in Bulgaria, in the altitudinal range from 0 to 2925 m a.s.l. Considering the assumption of
Two species, Rubiothrips vitis and Hoplothrips pallicornis, have been reported for Bulgaria in Fauna Europea but there is no actual evidence of their presence in the country and they have not been included in the list. The inconsistency of the information on R. vitis probably stems from the fact that
As regards the feeding preferences, 136 (87.7%) of the thrips species present in Bulgaria are phytophagous. The majority of them belong to the largest thysanopteran family, Thripidae (101). All seven reported species from family Melanthripidae are plant feeders. In family Aeolothripidae, there are eight phytophagous species which are also facultative predators. Family Phlaeothripidae includes 21 phytophagous species: 1 from genus Liothrips and 20 from genus Haplothrips. H. subtilissimus is also a facultative predator. Seven obligate predators from two families, Aeolothripidae (5) and Thripidae (2), have been reported. All 9 mycophagous thrips species present in Bulgaria belong to the Phlaeothripidae. Four of them are spore feeders (Idolothripinae) and 5 are hyphae feeders, of which Xylaplothrips fuliginosus is also a predator on mites. Three thrips species are with unknown feeding preferences.
Fourteen members of the phytophagous group are considered pests on agricultural crops. Among them, Frankliniella occidentalis and Thrips tabaci have economic importance as pests and vectors of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) (Karadjova and Krumov 2008), while Haplothrips tritici can cause significant damage to cereal crops (
On Figure
Thirteen thrips species have been reported for the region of the Black Sea Coast (B). On the territory of Bulgaria, Amphibolothrips knechteli has been found only in the Northern Black Sea Coast subregion (BN), while Cephalothrips monilicornis, Melanthrips knechteli and Ropotamothrips buresi have been recorded only in the Southern subregion (BS) at altitudes close to 0 m a.s.l.
Forty nine species have been reported from the region of the Danubian Plain (D). A single species, Pseudodendrothrips mori, has been reported in Bulgaria only from its Western subregion (DW). The Middle subregion (DM) is well studied compared to the rest of the Danubian Plain due to the extensive research of the Bulgarian thysanopterologist Donchev during the period 1968–1996. Four species, Aeolothrips albicinctus, Haplothrips biroi, H. marrubiicola and Tenothrips discolor, have only been reported from there, at an altitude of 155 m a.s.l. Iridothrips iridis and Thrips linarius have been reported in Bulgaria only from the Eastern subregion (DE).
The large subregion of the Predbalkan (SP) is scarcely investigated with a total of 18 reported species. In Bulgaria, Haplothrips subtilissimus and Thrips viminalis are only found in the middle part of the Predbalkan (SPM).
Thirty nine species are found in the region of Stara Planina (Balkan) Mts (SB). Oxythrips ulmifoliorum and Prosopothrips vejdovskyi have been reported in Bulgaria only for its Western subregion (SBW), while Haplothrips phyllophilus and Rubiothrips ferrugineus have only been reported from its Middle subregion (SBM).
The parts of the Transitional Region (P) have been investigated to different degrees and are considered separately.
Twelve species have been reported from the Tundja–Strandja Subregion (PB). Currently, only Haplothrips hispanicus, found in the Sakar Mts (PBC), is reported in Bulgaria only from this subregion.
The diversity of thrips in the Thracian Lowland (PT) includes 14 species, none of which are found only in this subregion.
A total of nine species have been established in the vast Srednogorie–Podbalkan Subregion (PS) with no records which are unique for the country. Therefore its thysanopteran fauna is almost unknown.
The investigations in Kraishte–Konyavo District (PK) have led to the report of 5 thrips species. Hoplothrips semicaecus and Idolimothrips paradoxus are only found in Konyavska Planina Mts. (PKQ) and Golo Bardo (PKG), respectively.
The thrips of Vitosha District (PV) are better studied with 52 established species. The following have not been found elsewhere on the territory of Bulgaria: Aeolothrips priesneri in the Plana Mts. (PVP); Aptinothrips elegans, Chirothrips aculeatus, Hoplothrips ulmi, Mycterothrips salicis, Thrips calcaratus and T. simplex in the Sofia Basin (PVS); Belothrips morio and Odontothrips intermedius in the Vitosha Mts (PVV).
The Osogovo–Belasitsa region (RO) is the best studied area of Bulgaria, mainly due to the extensive research of T. Popov in Ograzhden during the period 1982–1988. A total of 89 thrips species have been reported, 27 of which have been recorded in Bulgaria only from this region: Mycterothrips consociatus in Belasitsa Mts (ROB); Aeolothrips vittatus, Asphodelothrips croceicollis, Bolothrips bicolor, B. dentipes, Bregmatothrips dimorphus, Compsothrips albosignatus, Krokeothrips innocens, Limothrips angulicornis, Mycterothrips albidicornis, Odontothrips meridionalis, Rubiothrips silvarum, Sericothrips bicornis, Theilopedothrips pilosus, Thrips dilatatus, T. discolor, T. euphorbiae, T. fuscipennis and T. vuiletti in Ograzhden Mts (ROG); Aeolothrips gloriosus, Dendrothrips phillireae, Odontothrips dorycnii, Oxythrips bicolor, Rubiothrips validus, R. vitalbae, Tamaricothrips tamaricis, Thrips minutissimus in Krupnik–Sandanski–Petrich Valley (ROP).
Fifty-four species are known from the mountanous Rila–Pirin region (RP). The following are specific only for this region: Aeolothrips balati, Thrips juniperinus, Liothrips pragensis in Pirin Mts. (RPP) with altitudinal range from 400 to 1700 m a.s.l.; Haplothrips minutus, H. propinquus, Odontothrips phaleratus, Scolothrips longicornis, Thrips linariae, T. trehernei in Rila Mts. (RPR) at altitudes ranging from 1350–2230 m a.s.l.; Odontothrips cytisi is in Slavyanka Mts. (RPS).
The other large southern mountaineous area of the Rhodope Mts. (RR) is poorly studied with 12 recorded thrips species. Aptinothrips stylifer, Chirothrips pallidicornis and Haplothrips dianthinus are currently known only from the Western Rhodope Mts (RRW).
Three of the species in the list, Frankliniella occidentalis, Echinothrips americanus and Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis, have been reported only from greenhouses.
The number of Thysanoptera species recognized from Bulgaria demonstrates that they constitute one of the not very well studied orders of insects. The Bulgarian Thysanoptera represents less than 1% (0.53%) of the Hexapoda living in Bulgaria.
The reported thysanopteran species from Bulgaria are distributed in the altitudinal range from 0 to 2925 m a s l.
The authors would like to thank Dr Zhenya Ilieva and Elena Petrova (Institute of Soil Science, Agrotechnology and Plant Protection), who reviewed an earlier draft of this manuscript and contributed with useful comments and discussions. Sincere gratitude goes to Prof. Laurence Mound for his professional corrections and remarks.