Research Article |
Corresponding author: Shuqiang Li ( lisq@ioz.ac.cn ) Academic editor: Gergin Blagoev
© 2020 Yejie Lin, Shuqiang Li.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Lin Y, Li S (2020) Two new genera and eight new species of jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae) from Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, China. ZooKeys 952: 95-128. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.952.51849
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Two new genera and eight new species of jumping spiders from Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden (XTBG) are diagnosed, described, and illustrated. The new genera are Dendroicius gen. nov. (type species D. hotaruae sp. nov. (♂♀)) and Megaeupoa gen. nov. (type species M. yanfengi sp. nov. (♂♀)). The new species are Colyttus yiwui sp. nov. (♂♀), Euophrys xuyei sp. nov. (♂♀), Foliabitus weihangi sp. nov. (♂♀), Nigorella mengla sp. nov. (♂♀), Onomastus chenae sp. nov. (♂♀), and Synagelides platnicki sp. nov. (♂♀). A new combination is proposed: Megaeupoa gravelyi (Caleb, 2018), comb. nov., ex Brettus Thorell, 1895. Two new synonyms have been proposed: Irura prima (Żabka, 1985), syn. nov. with Irura mandarina Simon, 1903; Evarcha digitata Peng & Li, 2002, syn. nov. with Ptocasius montiformis Song, 1991.
All Species Inventory, taxonomy, tropical rainforest, XTBG
Salticidae Blackwall, 1841, or jumping spiders, is the largest spider family, with 6183 species in 646 genera worldwide (
Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden is located on Hulu Island in Menglun Township, Mengla County. XTBG is separated from the mainland by the Luosuo River, a tributary of the Mekong River (known as the Lancang River in China). XTBG’s 11.25 square kilometers includes a 2.50 square kilometer patch of well-preserved primary tropical rainforest, the main research area of our “All Species Inventory” on XTBG spiders for the past 20 years.
Until now, the Xishuangbanna spider checklist included 782 species in 46 families (
Specimens were collected by fogging in XTBG. All specimens were preserved in 100% ethanol. Epigynes were cleared in trypsin enzyme solution to dissolve non-chitinous tissues. Specimens were examined under a LEICA M205C stereomicroscope. Photomicroscope images were taken with an Olympus C7070 zoom digital camera (7.1 megapixels). Photos were stacked with Helicon Focus (version 6.7.1) or Zerene Stacker (version 1.04) and processed in Adobe Photoshop CC 2018. All measurements are in millimeters. Eye sizes are measured as the maximum diameter from either the dorsal or frontal view. Leg measurements are given as follows: total length (femur, patella+tibia, metatarsus, tarsus); however, in Synagelides platnicki sp. nov., because of the long patella, we use (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus). All specimens are deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (
Abbreviations used in the text and figures:
AER anterior eye row
AERW anterior eye row width
AG accessory gland
AL abdomen length
ALE anterior lateral eye
AME anterior median eye
AW abdomen width
BH basal hematodocha
C conductor
CD copulatory duct
CO copulatory opening
Cy cymbium
dEA dorsal embolic apophysis
DH distal hematodocha
DTA dorsal tibial apophysis
E embolus
EFL eye field length
EO embolic opening
ED embolic disc
EP embolic part
ES embolic sheath
FD fertilization duct
iTA inferior terminal apophysis
LE lamella of embolus
lTA lateral terminal apophysis
M membrane
MA median apophysis
mDTA mesal branch of DTA
MH median hematodocha
MS median septum
MTP membranous tegular peak
PA patellar apophysis
PER posterior eye row
PERW posterior eye row width
PLE posterior lateral eye
PME posterior median eye
PS primary spermathecae
PTA posterior terminal apophysis
RSDL retrolateral sperm duct loop
RTA retrolateral tibial apophysis
rMA retrolateral median apophysis
S spermathecae
SP spur on mesal branch of conductor
Sp spine
SD sperm duct
SS secondary spermathecae
ST subtegulum
T tegulum
TA terminal apophysis
TL tegular lobe
TS tegular sclerite
VTB ventral tibial bump
W window
Colyttus bilineatus Thorell, 1891.
Holotype
♂(
This species is named after Mr. Yiwu Zhu, who has helped us greatly with this research; noun (name) in genitive case.
The males of Colyttus yiwui sp. nov. are similar to C. proszynskii Caleb, Chatterjee, Tyagi, Kundu & Kumar, 2018 by having a similarly-shaped embolus. However, C. zhui sp. nov. can be distinguished by the well-developed tegular lobe (vs. less well-developed in C. proszynskii), the ratio of the length of the embolus to the width of the embolic disc 1:1 (vs. 2:1 in C. proszynskii), the curved embolic tip (vs. straight in C. proszynskii) and the blunt lamella of the embolus (vs. pointed in C. proszynskii).
Male (Figs
Palp (Fig.
Female (Fig.
Epigyne (Fig.
Known only from the type locality in Yunnan, China.
Colyttus yiwui sp. nov., female paratype and male holotype. A epigyne, ventral B vulva, dorsal C male holotype habitus, dorsal D female paratype habitus, dorsal E holotype habitus, ventral F frontal view of female paratype. G dorsal view of chelicerae, male holotype H dorsal view of chelicerae, female paratype.
Dendroicius hotaruae sp. nov.
The generic name is a combination of the word “Dendro”, referring to the habitat of the genus, and the generic name Icius Simon, 1876. The gender is masculine.
Dendroicius gen. nov. can be easily distinguished from Icius by the following characters: the male without a stridulatory apparatus; palpal tibia with a dorsal apophysis, dorsal embolic apophysis of bulb near the tegular sclerite; epigyne with a large hood posteriorly, posterior to copulatory opening, copulatory opening circular, depression around copulatory opening, spermathecae posterior to copulatory opening, copulatory ducts curved, fertilization ducts folded 90°, well-developed.
The new genus currently includes only one species: Dendroicius hotaruae sp. nov.
Holotype
♂(
The species is named after Ms. Hotaru Amamiya, who helped us greatly with this research; noun (name) in genitive case.
Same as for the genus.
Male (Figs
Palp (Fig.
Female (Fig.
Epigyne (Fig.
Known only from the type locality in Yunnan, China.
Aranea frontalis Walckenaer, 1802.
Holotype
♂(
The species is named after Mr. Ye Xu, who helped us greatly with this research; noun (name) in genitive case.
Euophrys xuyei sp. nov. can be easily distinguished from other species by the following characters: male palpal tibia slightly longer than RTA in retrolateral view, tapering to a slightly hooded tip; bulb with tegular lobe covering tibia; embolic terminus flat, with small cusps; epigyne with copulatory openings on each side of median septum located posteriorly; copulatory ducts around spermathecae; accessory glands adjacent to copulatory openings.
Male (Figs
Palp (Fig.
Female (Fig.
Epigyne (Fig.
Known only from the type locality in Yunnan, China.
Foliabitus longzhou Zhang & Maddison, 2012.
Holotype
♂(
The species is named after Mr. Weihang Wang, who has helped us greatly with this research; noun (name) in genitive case.
Foliabitus weihangi sp. nov. resembles F. scutigerus (Zabka, 1985) and F. longzhou Zhang & Maddison, 2012 by the long and coiled embolus, nearly forming a circle, but differs in the following: the RTA is curved towards the bulb medially in ventral view (vs. the RTA straight in ventral view in F. scutigerus and F. longzhou); the RTA curved without a small cusp distally (vs. with a small cusp distally in F. longzhou), the tegular lobe protrudes from the bulb (vs. indistinct in F. scutigerus and F. longzhou); in the female, the copulatory ducts are S-shaped (vs. C-shaped in F. longzhou).
Male (Figs
Palp (Fig.
Female (Fig.
Epigyne (Fig.
Known only from the type locality in Yunnan, China.
Megaeupoa yanfengi sp. nov.
The generic name is a combination of the word Mega and Eupoa, referring to the large size and evolutionary relationship of this new genus. The gender is feminine.
Megaeupoa gen. nov. resembles Brettus Thorell, 1895 morphologically by the stout RTA, long, undulating embolus, membranous conductor and the epigyne has one tortuous copulatory duct, but it differs in the following: an absence of ventral fringes of long, dense hairs on legs I (Caleb, Acharya and Kumar 2018), RTA stout, slightly longer than wide in lateral view (vs. the RTA is three times longer than wide in Brettus), half of the embolus is obscured by the embolic sheath (vs. uncovered in Brettus), terminal apophysis present (vs. terminal apophysis absent in Brettus); in the female, the vulva has two pairs of spermathecae (vs. one pair of spermathecae in Brettus) and the copulatory ducts are curled (vs. copulatory ducts straight in Brettus).
Male. Total length 4.96–5.64. Carapace red-brown, covered with dense, brown setae, posteriorly with white stripes of setae, cephalic part black or brown. Fovea longitudinal. Clypeus black to brown, covered with several white setae. Chelicerae yellow-brown, with five promarginal and 9–13 retromarginal teeth. Endites pale brown. Labium pale brown, covered with brown setae. Sternum colored as endites, covered with brown setae. Legs brown, with long, white, dense setal ring and black ring pattern. Abdomen elongated oval, dorsum with one pair of stripes of dense white setae, transverse dark brown stripes medially; venter pale brown, covered with setae.
Palpal patella covered with dense, white setae dorsally; tibia slightly wider than long, with ventral apophysis, RTA stout, slightly longer than wide in lateral view; cymbium longer than wide; bulb longer than wide; embolus long, undulate, half of the embolus covered by embolic sheath, other half covered by lateral terminal apophysis; conductor membranous, sheet-shaped, adjacent to embolus; median apophysis small; lateral terminal apophysis whip-like, terminal apophysis distinct, stout.
Female. Total length 5.51. Habitus similar to those of male except paler.
Epigyne as long as wide; with posterior hood; windows large, oval; copulatory openings located medially; copulatory ducts curled on either side with two pairs of spermathecae; primary spermathecae small, situated anteriorly, secondary spermathecae large.
This new genus includes two species: Megaeupoa yanfengi sp. nov. and Megaeupoa gravelyi (Caleb, 2018), comb. nov.
China (Yunnan), India.
Holotype
♂(
The species is named after Mr. Yanfeng Tong, who has helped us greatly with this research; noun (name) in genitive case.
Megaeupoa gravelyi comb. nov., originally described as Brettus gravelyi Caleb in Caleb, Acharya and Kumar (2018).
The male of Megaeupoa yanfengi sp. nov. resembles M. gravelyi in having a stout RTA, a long, undulate embolus and a membranous conductor but differs in the following: the RTA terminus is flat in ventral view (vs. subtriangular in M. gravelyi), the median apophysis is stout (vs. pointed in M. gravelyi), the inferior terminal apophysis is present, the terminal apophysis is semicircular (vs. inferior terminal apophysis absent and terminal apophysis subtriangular in M. gravelyi), and the lateral terminal apophysis wraps around the terminal apophysis (vs. next to terminal apophysis in M. gravelyi).
Male (Figs
Palp (Figs
Female (Fig.
Epigyne (Fig.
Known only from the type locality in Yunnan, China.
Megaeupoa yanfengi sp. nov., female paratype and male holotype. A epigyne, ventral B vulva, dorsal and schematic duct course shown in lateral view C male holotype habitus, lateral D male paratype habitus, ventral E male paratype habitus, lateral F female habitus, dorsal G frontal view of male paratype H dorsal view of chelicerae, paratype male.
Nigorella aethiopica Wesolowska & Tomasiewicz, 2008.
Holotype
♂(
The specific name is a noun in apposition and refers to the type locality.
Nigorella mengla sp. nov. resembles N. sichuanensis Peng, Xie & Kim, 1993 and Evarcha orientalis (Song & Chai, 1992) by the bifurcated RTA and dorsal embolic apophysis behind the embolus but differs in the following: the palpal tibia is wider than long (vs. longer than wide in N. sichuanensis); the tegular lobe is folded (vs. straight in N. sichuanensis and E. orientalis). In the female, the spermathecae are S-shaped (vs. spermathecae coiled in N. sichuanensis), and the hoods are deeper (vs. unobvious in E. orientalis).
Male (Figs
Palp (Fig.
Female (Fig.
Epigyne (Fig.
Onomastus nigricaudus Simon, 1900.
Holotype
♂(
The species is named after Ms. Chen Zeng, who helped us greatly with this research; noun (name) in genitive case.
Males of Onomastus chenae sp. nov. are similar to O. kanoi Ono, 1995 by having the same shaped spur, a mesal branch of conductor, and a wide conductor. However, O. chenae sp. nov. can be distinguished by having three apophyses on the median apophysis (vs. two in O. kanoi); the epigyne is wider than long (vs. longer than wide in O. kanoi), and the copulatory opening is located posteriorly (vs. medially in O. kanoi).
Male (Figs
Palp (Fig.
Female (Fig.
Epigyne (Fig.
Known only from the type locality in Yunnan, China.
Synagelides agoriformis Strand, 1906.
Holotype
♂(
The species is named after the late Norman I. Platnick (1951–2020, see
Synagelides platnicki sp. nov. resembles S. lushanensis Xie & Yin, 1990 by having the same shaped median apophysis and a coiled embolus but differs by the following: the length of the RTA is four times as long as the length of the cymbium (vs. two times the length in S. lushanensis), the dorsal tibial apophysis is absent (vs. present in S. lushanensis) and the retrolateral median apophysis is L-shaped in retrolateral view (vs. straight in S. lushanensis); in the female, the hood of the epigyne is as long as wide (vs. two times longer than wide in S. lushanensis), and the copulatory duct is coiled 360° (vs. S-shaped in S. lushanensis).
Male (Figs
Palp (Fig.
Female (Fig.
Epigyne (Fig.
Known only from the type locality in Yunnan, China.
Synagelides platnicki sp. nov., female paratype and male holotype. A epigyne, ventral B vulva, dorsal C male holotype habitus, dorsal D male paratype habitus, lateral E female paratype habitus, dorsal F dorsal view of chelicerae, paratype male G prolateral view of left leg I, male paratype. female.
The following two jumping spiders were also collected from Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden (XTBG).
Irura mandarina Simon, 1903
Irura mandarina
Kinhia prima
Irura prima:
Comments. Conspecificity of the Irura mandarina female and I. prima (Żabka, 1985) male is based on a large number of spider specimens collected at the same locality in XTBG with similarities in size and color pattern.
Ptocasius montiformis Song, 1991
Ptocasius montiformis
Evarcha digitata Peng & Li 2002: 469, figs 1A–D (♂);
Comments. Conspecificity of the Ptocasius montiformis female and Evarcha digitata male is based on a large number of spider specimens collected at the same locality in XTBG with similarities in size and color pattern.
Adding the new species reported here, a total of 121 jumping spider species are reported from Xishuangbanna, of which, 77 species (marked with an asterisk) were collected in XTBG by us. A checklist of Xishuangbanna jumping spiders follows, and for a complete list of taxonomic references see
The manuscript benefitted greatly from comments by Gergin Blagoev (Guelph, Canada), John T.D. Caleb (West Bengal, India), and Galina N. Azarkina (Novosibirsk, Russia). Sarah Crews (San Francisco, USA) kindly checked the English of the manuscript. Yanfeng Tong (Shenyang, China), Hao Yu (Guiyang, China), Zhigang Chen (