Research Article
Print
Research Article
Heteroonops (Araneae, Oonopidae) spiders from Hispaniola: the discovery of ten new species
expand article infoNadine Dupérré‡, Charlotte Francisco§, Ella Santana-Propper§, Ingi Agnarsson|, Greta J. Binford§
‡ Universität de Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
§ Lewis & Clark College, Portland, United States of America
| University of Vermont, Burlington, United States of America
¶ National Museum of Natural History, Washington, United States of America

Corresponding author: Nadine Dupérré ( nadineduperre@gmail.com )

Academic editor: Cristina Rheims
© 2020 Nadine Dupérré, Charlotte Francisco, Ella Santana-Propper, Ingi Agnarsson, Greta J. Binford.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Dupérré N, Francisco C, Santana-Propper E, Agnarsson I, Binford GJ (2020) Heteroonops (Araneae, Oonopidae) spiders from Hispaniola: the discovery of ten new species. ZooKeys 964: 1-30. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.964.51554
ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:E93FBE23-0057-4DCB-96C8-A56A41300F6C
Open Access

Abstract

The Caribbean biodiversity hotspot harbors vast reserves of undiscovered species. A large-scale inventory of Caribbean arachnids (CarBio) is uncovering new species across the arachnid tree of life, and allowing inference of the evolutionary history that has generated this diversity. Herein we describe ten new species of Heteroonops (Oonopidae, or goblin spiders), from Hispaniola: H. scapula sp. nov., H. jurassicus sp. nov., H. aylinalegreae sp. nov., H. verruca sp. nov., H. renebarbai sp. nov., H. yuma sp. nov., H. carlosviquezi sp. nov., H. gabrielsantosi sp. nov., H. solanllycarreroae sp. nov. and H. constanza sp. nov. The occurrence of the pantropical type species Heteroonops spinimanus (Simon, 1891) is reported and new localities are given for: H. validus (Bryant, 1948), H. vega (Platnick & Dupérré, 2009) and H. castelloides (Platnick & Dupérré, 2009). Molecular phylogenies indicate substantial genetic divergence separating these taxa. This work adds to evidence that the depth of diversity in the Caribbean biodiversity hotspot is particularly striking for tiny taxa living in leaf litter.

Keywords

biodiversity hotspot, Caribbean biogeography, Goblin spiders, molecular phylogeny

Introduction

The Greater Antilles islands form the most species-rich landmasses in the Caribbean biodiversity hotspot. These islands serve as exceptional systems for studies of species formation and biogeography (Ricklefs and Bermingham 2008). Our ongoing large-scale inventory of Caribbean arachnids (CarBio) is rapidly uncovering new species across the arachnid tree of life and offering new insight into Caribbean biogeography (e.g., Dziki et al. 2015; Agnarsson et al. 2018; Chamberland et al. 2018; Čandek et al. 2019; Tong et al. 2019; Čandek et al. 2020). Yet the biodiversity of many of these islands, including Hispaniola, remains poorly known, especially with respect to tiny cryptic arthropods, such as oonopid spiders. The family Oonopidae currently includes 1846 species distributed in 113 genera, making it the 8th largest spider family (World Spider Catalog 2020). In 2006, the Planetary Biodiversity Inventory (PBI, 2020) project on Oonopidae was launched. At the time only 459 species of Oonopidae were known (PBI, 2020). In eleven years, the PBI project led to the discovery and descriptions of nearly 1300 new oonopid species, increasing our knowledge of the fauna by 300%. Yet, new species continue to be discovered as new areas are more thoroughly sampled, such as during the ongoing Caribbean arachnid biodiversity inventory (project CarBio).

Oonopidae are small (1.0–5.0 mm) yellow, orange to bright red haplogyne spiders. Most members of this family are found living in leaf litter, but some live in canopies (Fannes et al. 2008, Platnick and Dupérré 2011b) or caves (Chamberlin and Ivie 1938), and some are termite nest inquilines (Benoit 1964) or even ant-mimics (Fannes and Jocqué 2008; Platnick and Dupérré 2011b). Oonopids typically have six large contiguous eyes (Ubick 2005), but some species have only two (Platnick 2000), or lack eyes altogether (Chamberlin and Ivie 1938; Benoit 1964; Baehr and Ubick 2010). Oonopids show other striking morphological features, including some with elongated carapace prongs (Abrahim et al. 2012), clypeal prongs (Platnick and Dupérré 2011a) and various cheliceral and endite modifications (e.g., Kranz-Baltensperger 2012; Tong et al. 2018). But an even more peculiar morphological feature is the occurrence of male palpal asymmetry, extremely rare in spiders (Huber et al. 2007), but found in oonopid genera such as Escaphiella, Paradysderina (Platnick and Dupérré 2009, 2011c). In Paradysderina the left and right male palps are so different that if observed independently, even experienced taxonomists would consider them to belong to distinct species (Platnick and Dupérré 2011c).

Platnick and Dupérré (2009) revised the genus Heteroonops, including 14 species, of which 10 were new. The type species of the genus, Heteroonops spinimanus (Simon, 1892), is pantropical, while the remainder of the group has a circum-Caribbean distribution, occurring from Mexico to Dominica (Platnick and Dupérré 2009). In 2009, four species were known to occur in Dominican Republic: Heteroonops castelloides (Platnick & Dupérré, 2009), H. iviei (Platnick & Dupérré, 2009), H. validus (Bryant, 1948) and H. vega (Platnick & Dupérré, 2009). Here we describe ten new species and report for the first time the presence of the pantropical genotype, H. spinimanus, as well as new localities for H. vega, H. castelloides and H. validus. We demonstrate substantial genetic divergence between these species and analyze biogeographic patterns within Hispaniola using mitochondrial phylogenies.

Material and methods

Collections examined

All 66 specimens examined are from the 2012 CarBio expedition to Dominican Republic, unless otherwise noted. They were all found in leaf litter samples that were sifted in the field and either hand sorted, or extracted through Berlese funnels. Specimens are stored at the Natural History Museum in Vermont, USA (UVM); type specimens are deposited at the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, USA (NMNH, USNMENT). Specimens were roughly sorted in-field and stored in 95% ethanol at -20 °C upon return to the laboratory. Species determination was done through morphological assessment, followed by molecular phylogenetic analyses. Genetic divergences guided further morphological assessment and final species delineation.

Morphological assessment

Specimens were collected and examined in 95% ethanol under a SMZ-U Nikon dissection microscope. A Nikon Coolpix 950 digital camera attached to the microscope was used to photograph all the structures to be illustrated. The digital photos were used to trace proportions and the illustrations were detailed and shaded by referring back to the structure under the microscope. Female genitalia were excised using a sharp entomological needle and submerged in lactic acid to clear internal structures. The structures were photographed and illustrated as explained above. All measurements are in millimeters. For complete morphological description of the genus see Platnick and Dupérré (2009: 17–21). Nomenclatural morphology follows Platnick and Dupérré (2009).

Molecular analyses

DNA extraction was done with the QIAGEN DNeasy Tissue Kit (Qiagen, Inc., Valencia, CA). We sequenced fragments of the mitochondrial Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) and 16S ribosomal RNA (16S), which are typically effective phylogenetic markers at low taxonomic levels for spiders. We amplified COI with LCO1490-2776 and 16S with 16SF and 16SR using standard protocols (see e.g., Agnarsson et al. 2007). PCR products were sequenced at the University of Arizona, Beckman Genomics, or the Smithsonian Institution. Sequences were interpreted from chromatograms using Phred and Phrap (Green and Ewing 2002, Green 2009) within the Chromaseq module (Maddison and Maddison 2020) in Mesquite 3.61 (Maddison and Maddison 2019), with default parameters. The sequences were then proofread by examining chromatograms by eye.

The taxon sampling in our final dataset included mitochondrial sequences for 37 of 38 Heteroonops from the Dominican Republic in our dataset (Table 1). We obtained COI data for all 37 of these specimens, and 16S for 32 of 37. Neither CO1 nor 16S amplified from the single representative of H. solanllycarreroae sp. nov. The concatenated alignment is 1114 nucleotides.

Table 1.
Download as
CSV
XLSX
Species (ND 17) sex type? Locality Latitude / Longitude elev m CO1 16s GenBank Label Specimen Name
H. spinimanus f DR Beach trail to Cueva del Puente, Parque Nacional del Este 18.32902N, 068.80995W 0 MT636140 MT635438 H._spinimanus_f H. spin 01-1
H. verruca sp. nov. m holotype DR Cachote Biosphere Reserve 18.09786N, 071.18925W 1200 MT636136 MT635434 H._verruca_n_sp_m1 H. verr 37-1
f paratype DR Cachote Biosphere Reserve 18.09786N, 071.18925W 1200 MT636137 MT635435 H._verruca_n_sp_f1 H. verr 37-2
m DR Cachote Biosphere Reserve 18.09786N, 071.18925W 1200 MT636139 MT635437 H._verruca_n_sp_m2 H. verr 37-3
m DR Cachote Biosphere Reserve 18.09786N, 071.18925W 1200 MT636138 MT635436 H._verruca_n_sp_m3 H. verr 37-4
H. validus m DR Inside cueva del puente, Parque Nacional del Este 18.3816N, 068.8017W 25 MT636112 MT635415 H._validus_m1 H. val 02-1
f DR Inside cueva del puente, Parque Nacional del Este 18.3816N, 068.8017W 25 MT636113 H._validus_f1 H. val 02-2
f DR Inside cueva del puente, Parque Nacional del Este 18.3816N, 068.8017W 25 MT636114 MT635416 H._validus_f2 H. val 02-3
m DR Inside cueva del puente, Parque Nacional del Este 18.3816N, 068.8017W 25 MT636115 H._validus_m2 H. val 02-4
m DR Inside cueva del puente, Parque Nacional del Este 18.3816N, 068.8017W 25 MT636116 H._validus_m3 H. val 02-5
H. carlosviquezi sp. nov. f holotype DR Loma Quita Espuela 19.34405N, 069.46635W 200 MT636111 MT635414 H._carlosviquezi_n_sp_f 7B11-2
H. castelloides m DR Loma Quita Espuela 19.34405N, 069.46635W 200 MT636124 MT635423 H._castelloides_m H. cast 11-1
H. vega m DR Loma Quita Espuela 19.34405N, 069.46635W 200 MT636123 H._vega_m H. veg 11-3
H. yuma sp. nov. f holotype DR Loma Quita Espuela 19.34405N, 069.46635W 200 MT636122 MT635422 H._yuma_n_sp_f1 H. veg 11-1
f paratype DR Loma Quita Espuela 19.34405N, 069.46635W 200 MT636121 MT635421 H._yuma_n_sp_f2 H. veg 11-2
H. aylinalegreae sp. nov. m DR Los Haitises: Cueva la Arena 19.08013N, 069.4649W 17 MT636132 MT635430 H._aylinalegreae_n_sp_m3 H. five 07-1
H. renebarbai sp. nov. m holotype DR Los Haitises: Cueva la Arena 19.08013N, 069.4649W 17 MT636110 MT635413 H._renebarbai_n_sp_m H. six 07-1
H. aylinalegreae sp. nov. m holotype DR Parque del Este 18.355536N, 068.61825W 46 MT636128 MT635427 H._aylinalegreae_n_sp_m1 H. five 03-1
f DR Parque del Este 18.355536N, 068.61825W 46 MT645158 H._aylinalegreae_n_sp_f3 H. five 03-2
f DR Parque del Este 18.355536N, 068.61825W 46 MT636131 MT635429 H._aylinalegreae_n_sp_f1 H. five 03-3
f DR Parque del Este 18.355536N, 068.61825W 46 MT636129 H._aylinalegreae_n_sp_f2 H. five 03-4
m DR Parque del Este 18.355536N, 068.61825W 46 MT636130 MT635428 H._aylinalegreae_n_sp_m2 H. five 03-5
H. constanza sp. nov. m holotype DR Valle Nuevo (Jurassic Park) 18.688N, 070.596W 2100 MT636125 MT635424 H._constanza_n_sp_m H. cast 24-1
f paratype DR Valle Nuevo (Jurassic Park) 18.688N, 070.596W 2100 MT636126 MT635425 H._constanza_n_sp_f1 H. cast 24-2
f paratype DR Valle Nuevo (Jurassic Park) 18.688N, 070.596W 2100 MT636127 MT635426 H._constanza_n_sp_f2 H. cast 24-3
H. gabrielsantosi sp. nov. f paratype DR Valle Nuevo (Jurassic Park) 18.688N, 070.596W 2100 MT636133 MT635431 H._gabrielsantosi_n_sp_f2 H. one 24-1
f holotype DR Valle Nuevo (Jurassic Park) 18.688N, 070.596W 2100 MT636135 MT635433 H._gabrielsantosi_n_sp_f1 H. one 24-2
f paratype DR Valle Nuevo (Jurassic Park) 18.688N, 070.596W 2100 MT636134 MT635432 H._gabrielsantosi_n_sp_f3 H. one 24-3
H. jurassicus sp. nov. m DR Valle Nuevo (Jurassic Park) 18.688N, 070.596W 2100 MT636117 MT635417 H._jurassicus_n_sp_m1 H. jur 24-1
m DR Valle Nuevo (Jurassic Park) 18.688N, 070.596W 2100 MT636120 MT635420 H._jurassicus_n_sp_m2 H. jur 24-3
f DR Valle Nuevo (Jurassic Park) 18.688N, 070.596W 2100 MT636118 MT635418 H._ jurassicus_n_sp_f1 H. jur 24-4
f DR Valle Nuevo (Jurassic Park) 18.688N, 070.596W 2100 MT636119 MT635419 H._ jurassicus_n_sp_f2 H. jur 24-5
H. scapula sp. nov. f paratype DR Valle Nuevo Rd 18.84633N, 070.74064W 2983 MT636109 MT635412 H._ scapula_n_sp_f H. two 22-2
m holotype DR Valle Nuevo, NP; Valle Nuevo Rd 18.84633N, 070.74064W 2983 MT636108 H._scapula_n_sp_m H. two 22-1
Oonopidae sp 1 f DR Los Haitises: Cueva la Arena 19.08013N, 069.4649W 17 MT636142 MT635440 Oonopidae_sp_1_DR_f H. six 07-2
Oonopidae sp 2 f PR Mona Island: Bajuga Empalme MT636141 MT635439 Oonopidae_sp_2_Mona_f H. mona 1
00392858 Stenoonops portoricensis f PR Ranger Station, Guanica Dry Forest 17.971472N, 066.86795W 154 MT636143 00392858_S._portoricensis

For phylogenetic analyses, alignments were done in MAFFT (Katoh 2013) through the online portal EMBL-EBI, using default settings but increasing the tree rebuilding and maxiterate settings to 100. Gaps were treated as missing characters. The aligned sequences for COI, and 16S, were tested for the best fitting substitution model using the program Jmodeltest 2.1.7 (Darriba et al. 2012). The best models for each gene, among the 24 models available in MrBayes, were GTR+G for 16S and GTR+I+G for COI. We conducted Bayesian analyses using MrBayes V3.2.3 through the online portal CIPRES (Miller et al. 2010) on the concatenated mtDNA dataset. The Bayesian analyses ran 10,000,000 generations, sampling every 1000 generations. We used Tracer (Drummond and Rambaut 2007) to verify proper convergence of runs and sufficient sampling of priors.

Abbreviations

Somatic morphology

ALE anterior lateral eye

PLE posterior lateral eye

PME posterior median eye

Genitalia (female)

ar anterior receptaculum

ef epigastric furrow

es epigastric scutum

pr posterior receptaculum

ps postepigastric scutum

wp wing like projections

Genitalia (male)

c bulb

c conductor

e embolus

Results

The ten new species of Heteroonops presented in this work are genetically distinct and distinguishable morphologically. They were all collected in leaf litter samples from forest or cave habitats in Hispaniola ranging from near sea level to 2983 m. Mitochondrial genetic divergences and patterns of relationships belie a deep and old history of Heteroonops on Hispaniola (Fig. 1).

Figure 1. 

Summary phylogeny of the included species rendering support for the monophyly (multiple samples per species) or exclusivity (single specimens) of each species dealt with here. Species color scheme equals that on map in Figure 40. New species are highlighted in bold. Thick branches have >95% posterior probability support, thin branches have >75% posterior probability support. Scale bar indicates the number of expected changes on branches. Inset photo of female H. jurassicus sp. nov. For more detailed specimen-level phylogeny see Suppl. material 1.

Taxonomy

Oonopidae

Heteroonops Dalmas, 1916

Composition

H. andros Platnick & Dupérré, 2009, H. aylinalegreae sp. nov., H. carlosviquezi sp. nov., H. castelloides Platnick & Dupérré, 2009, H. castellus (Chickering, 1971), H. colombi Dumitrescu & Georgescu, 1983, H. constanza sp. nov., H. croix Platnick & Dupérré, 2009, H. gabrielsantosi sp. nov., H. iviei Platnick & Dupérré, 2009, H. jurassicus n. sp, H. macaque Platnick & Dupérré, 2009, H. murphyorum Platnick & Dupérré, 2009, H. renebarbai sp. nov., H. saba Platnick & Dupérré, 2009, H. scapula sp. nov., H. singulus (Gertsch & Davis, 1942), H. solanllycarreroae sp. nov., H. spinigata Platnick & Dupérré, 2009, H. spinimanus (Simon, 1891), H. toro Platnick & Dupérré, 2009, H. validus (Bryant, 1948), H. vega Platnick & Dupérré, 2009, H. verruca sp. nov., H. yuma sp. nov.

Distribution

Mexico, Costa Rica, Bahama Islands, Cuba, Jamaica, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Saba, Montserrat and Dominica (H. spinimanus (Simon, 1891) presents a pantropical distribution).

Diagnosis

Males are easily diagnosed from all other Oonopidae by the presence of one or two backward-pointing projections on the male palpal endites (Figs 29–33). Females are easily diagnosed by their elongated, spinose pedipalpi (Platnick and Dupérré 2009, fig. 181).

Heteroonops scapula Dupérré, sp. nov.

http://zoobank.org/00009E22-3BB0-462B-855D-E4B136FEDCB2
Figs 2–5, 34, 40

Type material

Male holotype from Dominican Republic, La Vega Province, Constanza, Valle Nuevo National Park, 18.84633N, 70.74064W, 2983 m, 26.vi.2012, team CarBio (NMNH, USNMENT 01747000). One female paratype, same data.

Etymology

The specific epithet is a noun in apposition meaning wings, in reference to the large wing-like structures of the female internal genitalia.

Diagnosis

Males are diagnosed from all species by the combination of the following characters: constricted tip of palpal bulb and their bent embolus, wider apically, long conductor reaching the tip of the embolus (Figs 2, 3); females are diagnosed by the large, anterior wing-like projections of their internal genitalia and triangular anterior receptaculum (Fig. 5).

Description

Male (holotype): Total length: 1.9; carapace length: 1.0; carapace width: 0.7. Cephalothorax: Carapace ovoid; shiny, bright orange; pars cephalica flat. Sternum yellow; longer than wide; covered entirely with long dark setae. Endites yellow with one elongated and thin apical backward-pointing projection (Fig. 34); labium light yellow. Clypeus vertical; short (1/2× radius of ALE). Chelicerae yellow; promargin and retromargin without teeth; fangs normal 1/3 length of chelicerae. Eyes: Six eyes surrounded by black pigmentation; ALE largest, oval, PME squared; PLE smallest, oval; ALE separated by their radius; ALE-PLE touching; PLE-PME touching; PME touching. Abdomen: Oval; light gray covered dorsally with long dark setae; epigastric and postepigastric scuta light orange, well sclerotized. Legs: Yellow; tibia I with five pairs of ventral spines, metatarsus I with 2 pairs of ventral spines; leg formula undetermined, missing legs II-III-IV. Genitalia: Palpal segments light yellow; palpal bulb whitish. Palpal femur, patella and tibia with spines prolaterally (Fig. 2). Palpal bulb ovoid constricted at tip (Fig. 2); embolus long, bent medially, wider apically; conductor elongated and thin, wider apically, reaching the tip of the embolus (Fig. 3).

Female (paratype): Total length: 1.98; carapace length: 0.94; carapace width: 0.74. Cephalothorax: Carapace ovoid; shiny, bright orange; pars cephalica flat. Sternum, labium and chelicerae: as in male. Endites without projection. Eyes: Same as male. Abdomen: Oval; gray; epigastric and postepigastric scuta orange, well sclerotized (Fig. 4). Legs: Color as in male; all legs missing; all palpal segments with strong spines. Genitalia: Epigynal region not protruding, with large structure visible through the epigastric scutum (Fig. 4). Internal genitalia with triangular anterior receptaculum, projecting posteriorly into a plate-like extrusion; posterior receptaculum not observed; wing-like projections well sclerotized, tridimensional (Fig. 5).

Figures 2–5. 

Heteroonops scapula sp. nov. Male (2, 3), female (4, 5). 2 Palp, prolateral view 3 palp, apical view 4 epigynal region, ventral view 5 internal genitalia dorsal view.

Other material examined

None.

Distribution

Dominican Republic, La Vega Province (Fig. 40).

Heteroonops jurassicus Dupérré, sp. nov.

http://zoobank.org/F8D0A1A4-B6CF-438F-BADD-7C5FCAAA995B
Figs 6–9, 35, 40

Type material

Male holotype from Dominican Republic, La Vega Province, Constanza, Valle Nuevo National Park, ‘Jurassic Park’, 18.688N, 70.596W, 2100 m, 26.vi.2012, team CarBio (NMNH, USNMENT 01747001). Two female paratypes, same data.

Etymology

The specific epithet is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality, Jurassic Park, Dominican Republic.

Diagnosis

Males are distinguished from all species of the genera by the spatula-shaped tip of the embolus (Fig. 7). Females are distinguished by their large funnel-shaped anterior receptaculum (Fig. 9).

Description

Male (holotype): Total length: 1.93; carapace length: 1.03; carapace width: 0.96. Cephalothorax: Carapace ovoid; shiny, bright orange; pars cephalica slightly elevated. Sternum orange; longer than wide; covered entirely with long dark setae. Endites orange with one very small apical backward-pointing projection (Fig. 35); labium light orange. Clypeus vertical; short (1/2× radius of ALE). Chelicerae orange; promargin and retromargin without teeth; fangs long, 2/3 the length of the chelicerae. Eyes: Six eyes surrounded by black pigmentation; ALE largest, oval; PME rectangular; PLE smallest, oval; ALE separated by their radius; ALE-PLE touching; PLE-PME touching; PME touching. Abdomen: Oval; beige dorsally covered with long dark setae; epigastric and postepigastric scuta orange, well sclerotized. Legs: Orange; tibia I with five pairs of ventral spines, metatarsus I with two pairs of ventral spines; leg formula 4123. Genitalia: Palpal segments yellow; palpal bulb whitish. Palpal patella, tibia and tarsus with spines prolaterally (Fig. 6). Palpal bulb ovoid slightly constricted at tip (Fig. 6); embolus long, bent medially with transparent spatula-shaped tip; conductor long and thin reaching the tip of the embolus (Fig. 7).

Female (paratype): Total length: 2.12; carapace length: 0.92; carapace width: 0.76. Cephalothorax: Carapace ovoid; shiny, yellow; pars cephalica flat. Sternum and labium light yellow. Chelicerae and endites light yellow, not modified. Eyes: as in male. Abdomen: Oval, light beige; epigastric and postepigastric scuta orange, well sclerotized (Fig. 8). Legs: Light yellow; tibia I with five pairs of ventral spines, metatarsus I with two pairs of ventral spines; leg formula 4123; all palpal segments with strong spines. Genitalia: Epigynal region not protruding, with funnel-shaped and rectangular structures visible through the epigastric scutum (Fig. 8). Internal genitalia with funnel-shaped anterior receptaculum; posterior receptaculum not observed; wing-like projections well sclerotized, tridimensional (Fig. 9)

Figures 6–9. 

Heteroonops jurassicus sp. nov. Male (6, 7), female (8, 9). 6 Palp, prolateral view 7 palp, apical view 8 epigynal region, ventral view 9 internal genitalia, dorsal view.

Other material examined

Same data as type specimens: 1♂ (USNMENT 00788060), 1♂ (USNMENT 00788048), 1♀ (USNMENT 00788084); 3♂, 4♀ (UVM).

Distribution

Dominican Republic, La Vega Province (Fig. 40).

Heteroonops aylinalegreae Dupérré, sp. nov.

http://zoobank.org/EBB74055-FC21-4252-AD4C-F4628928F811
Figs 10–13, 36, 40

Type material

Male holotype from Dominican Republic, La Alta Gracia Province, Occidental, San Rafael, del Este National Park, 18.355536N, 68.6182518W, 46 m, 7–8.vi.2012, team CarBio (NMNH, USNMENT 01747002). One male and four female paratypes, same data (USNMENT 01747003).

Etymology

The specific epithet is a noun in apposition honoring local arachnologist and CarBio collaborator Aylin Alegre.

Diagnosis

Males are diagnosed from all Heteroonops by the combination of the following characters: embolus well sclerotized, not spatulated apically; short conductor not reaching the tip of the embolus (Fig. 11); females are diagnosed by their inverse triangular anterior receptaculum and large posterior receptaculum (Fig. 13).

Description

Male (holotype): Total length: 1.65; carapace length: 0.79; carapace width: 0.67. Cephalothorax: Carapace ovoid; shiny, light yellow; pars cephalica flat. Sternum light yellow; longer than wide; covered entirely with long dark setae. Endites light yellow with one small apical backward-pointing projection (Fig. 35); labium light yellow. Clypeus vertical; short (1/2× radius of ALE). Chelicerae yellow; promargin and retromargin without teeth; fangs normal, 1/3 length of chelicerae. Eyes: Six eyes surrounded by black pigmentation; ALE largest, oval; PME squared; PLE smallest, oval; ALE separated by their radius; ALE-PLE touching; PLE-PME touching; PME touching. Abdomen: Oval; light gray, dorsally covered with long dark setae; epigastric and postepigastric scuta light yellow, not well sclerotized. Legs: Femora whitish; other legs segments light yellow; tibia I with one pair of ventral spines, metatarsus I with two pairs of ventral spines; leg formula 4123. Genitalia: Palpal segments yellow; palpal bulb whitish. Palpal patella, tibia and tarsus with spines prolaterally (Fig. 10). Palpal bulb ovoid slightly constricted at tip (Fig. 10); embolus well sclerotized, curved with pointed tip; conductor short and pointed not reaching tip of the embolus (Fig. 11).

Female (paratype): Total length: 1.89; carapace length: 0.81; carapace width: 0.67. Cephalothorax: Carapace, sternum, labium and chelicerae: as in male. Endites without projection. Eyes: Same as male. Abdomen: Oval; light gray; epigastric and postepigastric light yellow, not well sclerotized (Fig. 12). Legs: Color as in male; tibia I with three pairs of ventral spines, metatarsus I with two pairs of ventral spines; leg formula 4123; all palpal segments with strong spines. Genitalia: Epigynal region not protruding, with tulip-shaped structure visible through the epigastric scutum (Fig. 12). Internal genitalia with inverted triangular anterior receptaculum; posterior receptaculum large, pouch-shaped, wrinkled with pore field; wing-like projections short (Fig. 13).

Figures 10–13. 

Heteroonops aylinalegreae sp. nov. Male (10, 11), female (12, 13). 10 Palp, prolateral view 11 palp, apical view 12 epigynal region, ventral view 13 internal genitalia, dorsal view.

Other material examined

1♂ Dominican Republic, Hato Mayor Province, Occidental, San Rafael de Yuma, Parque Nacional los Haitises, Cueva La Arena, 19.08013N 69.4649W, 17♂, 12.vi.2012, team CarBio (UVM); 1♂3♀ Dominican Republic, La Alta Gracia Province, Occidental, San Rafael, del Este National Park, 18.355536N, 68.6182518W, 46 m, 7–8.vi.2012, team CarBio (UVM).

Distribution

Dominican Republic, La Alta Gracia and Hato Mayor provinces (Fig. 40).

Heteroonops verruca Dupérré, sp. nov.

http://zoobank.org/18B6E9E1-0B6C-45C8-B724-85C0A3279651
Figs 14–18, 37, 40

Type material

Male holotype from Dominican Republic, Barahona Province, Cachote Biosphere Reserve, 18.09786N, 71.18925W, 1200 m, 7.vii.2012, team CarBio (NMNH, USNMENT 01747004). One female paratype, same data.

Etymology

The specific epithet is a noun in apposition meaning wart in reference to the male palpal bulb bearing a wart-like projection.

Diagnosis

Males can be diagnosed from all species by the wart-like projection on the prolateral side of the bulb (Fig. 14); females can be diagnosed by their small heart-shaped posterior receptaculum (Fig. 18).

Description

Male (holotype): Total length: 1.9; carapace length: 0.95; carapace width: 0.79. Cephalothorax: Carapace ovoid; shiny, bright yellow; pars cephalica flat. Sternum yellow; longer than wide; covered entirely with long dark setae. Endites yellow with one large, median backward-pointing projection (Fig. 37); labium yellow. Clypeus vertical; short (1/2× radius of ALE). Chelicerae yellow; promargin and retromargin without teeth; fangs normal, 1/3 the length of the chelicerae. Eyes: Six eyes surrounded by black pigmentation; ALE largest, oval; PME rectangular; PLE smallest, oval; ALE separated by their radius; ALE-PLE touching; PLE-PME touching; PME touching. Abdomen: Oval; light beige covered dorsally with long dark setae; epigastric and postepigastric scuta light yellow, well sclerotized. Legs: Femora with basal half whitish, apical half-light yellow, other legs segments light yellow; tibia I with three pairs of ventral spines, metatarsus I with two pairs of ventral spines; leg formula 4123. Genitalia: Palpal segments yellow; palpal bulb whitish. Palpal patella and tibia with spines prolaterally (Fig. 14). Palpal bulb ovoid with apical triangular bump and prolateral wart-like projection (Figs 13, 14); embolus and conductor set on an oval base with apical ridges (Figs 15, 16); embolus well sclerotized, wide and triangular; conductor spine-like, well sclerotized reaching the tip of the embolus (Fig. 16).

Female (paratype): Total length: 2.04; carapace length: 0.98; carapace width: 0.76. Cephalothorax: Carapace, sternum, labium and chelicerae: as in male. Endites without projection. Eyes: Same as male. Abdomen: Oval, light beige; epigastric and postepigastric scuta orange, well sclerotized (Fig. 17). Legs: Color as in male; leg I missing; all palpal segments with strong spines. Genitalia: Epigynal region not protruding, with small, squared structure visible through the epigastric scutum, and triangular plate visible through the epigastric furrow (Fig. 17). Internal genitalia with triangular anterior receptaculum, projecting posteriorly; posterior receptaculum small, bulbous with pore field; wing-like projections not observed (Fig. 18).

Figures 14–18. 

Heteroonops verruca sp. nov. Male (14–16), female (17, 18). 14 Palp, prolateral view 15 palp, apical view 16 palp, retrolateral view 17 epigynal region, ventral view 18 internal genitalia, dorsal view.

Other material examined

Same data as type specimens: 2♂ (UVM).

Distribution

Dominican Republic, Barahona Province (Fig. 40).

Heteroonops renebarbai Dupérré, sp. nov.

http://zoobank.org/803999F5-7C2D-4CE6-9C83-6264977AA215
Figs 19, 20, 38, 40

Type material

Male holotype from Dominican Republic, Hato Mayor Province, Occidental, San Rafael de Yuma, los Haitises National Park, outside Cueva La Arena, 19.08013N, 69.4649W, 17m, 12.vi.2012, team CarBio (NMNH, USNMENT 01747005).

Etymology

The specific epithet is a noun in apposition honoring local arachnologist and CarBio collaborator René Barba.

Diagnosis

Males are distinguished from most species by their elongated, thin embolus (Fig. 19); from H. vega by their long and pointed conductor (Fig. 20), flat and with denticles in the later (Platnick and Dupérré 2009, fig. 194).

Description

Male (holotype): Total length: 1.34; carapace length: 0.71; carapace width: 0.59. Cephalothorax: Carapace ovoid; shiny, light yellow; pars cephalica flat. Sternum light yellow; longer than wide; covered entirely with long dark setae. Endites light yellow with an elongated apical backward-pointing projection with rounded tip (Fig. 38); labium light yellow. Clypeus vertical; short (1/2× radius of ALE). Chelicerae yellow; promargin and retromargin without teeth; fangs normal, 1/3 length of chelicerae. Eyes: Six eyes surrounded by black pigmentation; ALE largest, oval; PME squared; PLE smallest, oval; ALE separated by their radius; ALE-PLE touching; PLE-PME touching; PME touching. Abdomen: Oval; light beige covered dorsally with long dark setae; epigastric and postepigastric scuta light yellow, not well sclerotized. Legs: Light yellow; tibia I with two pairs of ventral spines, metatarsus I with one pair of ventral spines; leg formula undertermined, legs II-III-IV missing. Genitalia: Palpal segments light yellow; palpal bulb whitish. Palpal femur, patella and tibia with spines prolaterally (Fig. 19). Palpal bulb ovoid (Fig. 19); embolus well sclerotized, long and thin; conductor long and pointed, initiating at base of embolus (Figs 19, 20).

Figures 19, 20. 

Heteroonops renebarbai sp. nov. Male. 19 Palp, prolateral view 20 palp, apical view.

Female: Unknown.

Other material examined

None.

Distribution

Dominican Republic, Hato Mayor Province (Fig. 40).

Heteroonops yuma Dupérré, sp. nov.

http://zoobank.org/C9159DF2-1A78-4434-BA1E-65A51DD10D33
Figs 21, 22, 40

Type material

Female holotype from Dominican Republic, Duarte Province, Occidental, San Rafael de Yuma, Loma Quita Espuela, 19.35504N, 70.111W, 200 m, 14.vi.2012, team CarBio (NMNH, USNMENT 01747006). Female paratype, same data (USNMENT 01747007).

Etymology

The specific name is noun in apposition taken from the type locality, San Rafael de Yuma, Dominican Republic.

Diagnosis

Females are distinguished from most species by the anterior receptaculum positioned on a narrow, short stalk; from H. vega by their larger anterior receptaculum projecting posteriorly (Fig. 22), not projecting in the later species (Platnick and Dupérré 2009, fig. 211).

Description

Female (holotype) Total length: 1.86; carapace length: 0.76; carapace width: 0.61. Cephalothorax: Carapace ovoid; shiny, whitish; pars cephalica flat. Sternum whitish; longer than wide; covered entirely with long dark setae. Endites withish, not modified; labium light whitish. Clypeus vertical; short (1/2× radius of ALE). Chelicerae pale yellow; promargin and retromargin without teeth; fangs normal, 1/3 length of chelicerae. Eyes: Six eyes surrounded by black pigmentation; ALE largest, oval; PME squared; PLE smallest, oval; ALE separated by their radius; ALE-PLE touching; PLE-PME touching; PME touching. Abdomen: Oval; yellowish; epigastric and postepigastric scuta pale yellow, not well sclerotized (Fig. 21). Legs: whitish; tibia I with four pairs of ventral spines, metatarsus I with three pairs of ventral spines; leg formula 4123; all palpal segments with strong spines. Genitalia: Epigynal region not protruding with faint structure visible through the scuta (Fig. 21). Internal genitalia with triangular anterior receptaculum, projecting posteriorly (Fig. 22); posterior receptaculum transparent, W-shaped; wing-like projections golf club-shaped (Fig. 22).

Figures 21, 22. 

Heteroonops yuma sp. nov. Female. 21 Epigynal region, ventral view 22 internal genitalia, dorsal view.

Male: Unknown.

Other material examined

None.

Distribution

Dominican Republic, Duarte Province (Fig. 40).

Heteroonops carlosviquezi Dupérré, sp. nov.

http://zoobank.org/9192A67A-94FD-4CE5-852B-AE9586764724
Figs 23–25, 40

Type material

Female holotype from Dominican Republic, Duarte Province, Occidental, San Rafael de Yuma, Loma Quita Espuela, 19.35504N, 70.111W, 200 m, 14.vi.2012, team CarBio (NMNH, USNMENT 01747008).

Etymology

The specific epithet is a noun in apposition honoring Costa Rican arachnologist and CarBio collaborator Carlos Viquez.

Diagnosis

Females are easily diagnosed by their umbrella-shaped anterior receptaculum (Fig. 24).

Description

Female: Total length: 2.06; carapace length: 0.96; carapace width: 0.8. Cephalothorax: Carapace ovoid; shiny, light orange; pars cephalica flat. Sternum yellow; longer than wide; covered entirely with long dark setae. Endites yellow, not modified; labium light yellow. Clypeus vertical; short (1/2× radius of ALE). Chelicerae yellow; promargin and retromargin without teeth; fangs normal, 1/3 length of chelicerae. Eyes: Six eyes surrounded by black pigmentation; ALE largest, oval; PME squared; PLE smallest, oval; ALE separated by their radius; ALE-PLE touching; PLE-PME touching; PME touching. Abdomen: Oval; dark grayish-blue with pattern, apically whitish (Fig. 25); epigastric and postepigastric scuta light orange, well sclerotized (Fig. 23). Legs: Orange; tibia I with four pairs of ventral spines, metatarsus I with three pairs of ventral spines; leg formula 4123; all palpal segments with strong spines. Genitalia: Epigynal region not protruding, with bell-shaped structure visible through the epigastric scutum (Fig. 23). Internal genitalia with umbrella-shaped anterior receptaculum; posterior receptaculum globose with large pore field; wing-like projections large, ear-shaped (Fig. 24).

Male: Unknown.

Other material examined

None.

Distribution

Dominican Republic, Duarte Province (Fig. 40).

Heteroonops gabrielsantosi Dupérré, sp. nov.

http://zoobank.org/33CC4CA3-3B84-43A9-978D-CF5391CEFEAC
Figs 26, 27, 40

Type material

Female holotype from Dominican Republic, La Vega Province, Constanza, Valle Nuevo National Park, ‘Jurassic Park’, 18.688N, 70.596W, 2100 m, 26.vi.2012, team CarBio (NMNH, USNMENT 01747009). Two female paratypes (USNMENT 01747010, 01747011), same data.

Etymology

The specific epithet is a noun in apposition honoring local arachnologist and CarBio collaborator Gabriel Santos.

Diagnosis

Females can be diagnosed from all species by the arch wing-like projections of the internal genitalia and large oval posterior receptaculum (Fig. 27).

Description

Female: Total length: 2.31; carapace length: 0.91; carapace width: 0.84. Cephalothorax: Carapace ovoid; shiny, light yellow; pars cephalica flat. Sternum light yellow; longer than wide; covered entirely with long dark setae. Endites light yellow, not modified; labium light yellow. Clypeus vertical, short (1/2× radius of ALE). Chelicerae light yellow; promargin and retromargin without teeth; fangs normal, 1/3 length of chelicerae. Eyes: Six eyes surrounded by black pigmentation; ALE largest, oval; PME squared; PLE smallest, oval; ALE separated by their radius; ALE-PLE touching; PLE-PME touching; PME touching. Abdomen: Oval; whitish covered dorsally with long dark setae; epigastric and postepigastric scuta light orange, well sclerotized (Fig. 26). Legs: Femora with basal half whitish, apical half, light yellow; other leg segments light yellow; tibia I with four pairs of ventral spines, metatarsus I with three pairs of ventral spines; leg formula 4123; all palpal segments with strong spines. Genitalia: Epigynal region not protruding, with crcifix-shaped structure visible through the scutum and the epigastric furrow (Fig. 26). Internal genitalia with triangular anterior receptaculum, projecting posteriorly; posterior receptaculum elongated oval, with large pore field; wing-like projections arched (Fig. 27).

Figures 23–27. 

Heteroonops carlosviquezi sp. nov., female (23–25). Heteroonops gabrielsantosi sp. nov., female (27). 23 Epigynal region, ventral view 24 internal genitalia, dorsal view 25 abdomen, dorsal view 26 epigynal region, ventral view 27 internal genitalia, dorsal view.

Male: Unknown.

Other material examined

None.

Distribution

Dominican Republic, La Vega Province (Fig. 40).

Heteroonops solanllycarreroae Dupérré, sp. nov.

http://zoobank.org/F190F990-F3D6-4881-B509-382DE2BEA50C
Figs 28, 29, 40

Type material

Female holotype from Dominican Republic, Duarte Province, Occidental, San Rafael de Yuma, Loma Quita Espuela, 19.35504N, 70.111W, 200 m, 14.vi.2012, team CarBio (NMNH, USNMENT 01747012).

Etymology

The specific epithet is a noun in apposition honoring local arachnologist and CarBio collaborator Solanlly Carrrero.

Diagnosis

Females are diagnosed from all species by their posteriorly protruding epigastric scutum and their oval posterior receptaculum with folded bag-like extension (Fig. 29).

Description

Female (holotype). Total length: 1.37; carapace length: 0.61; carapace width: 0.42. Cephalothorax: Carapace ovoid; shiny, whitish; pars cephalica flat. Sternum whitish; longer than wide; covered entirely with long dark setae. Endites whitish, not modified; labium whitish. Clypeus vertical; short (1/2× radius of ALE). Chelicerae whitish; promargin and retromargin without teeth; fangs normal, 1/3 length of chelicerae. Eyes: Six eyes surrounded by black pigmentation; ALE largest, oval; PME squared; PLE smallest, oval; ALE separated by their radius; ALE-PLE touching; PLE-PME touching; PME touching. Abdomen: Oval; light gray covered dorsally with long dark setae; epigastric scutum protruding, postepigastric scutum thin; scuta light yellow, not well sclerotized (Fig. 28). Legs: Whitish; tibia I with three pairs of ventral spines, metatarsus I with two pairs of ventral spines; leg formula 4123; all palpal segments with strong spines. Genitalia: Epigynal region protruding ventrally (not visible on image) with anchor-shaped structure visible through the epigastric scutum and epigastric furrow (Fig. 28). Internal genitalia with hat-shaped anterior receptaculum; posterior receptaculum oval with small pore field region and folded bag-like extension; wing-like projections anvil-shaped (Fig. 29).

Figures 28, 29. 

Heteroonops solanllycarreroae sp. nov.. Female. 28 Epigynal region, ventral view 29 internal genitalia, dorsal view.

Male: Unknown.

Other material examined

None.

Distribution

Dominican Republic, La Duarte Province (Fig. 40).

Heteroonops constanza Dupérré, sp. nov.

http://zoobank.org/C1FAE1A8-EA65-4320-8419-A24E63086580
Figs 30–33, 39, 40

Type material

Male holotype from Dominican Republic, La Vega Province, Constanza, Valle Nuevo National Park, ‘Jurassic Park’, 18.688N, 70.596W, 2100 m, 26.vi.2012, team CarBio (NMNH, USNMENT 01747013). Two female paratypes (USNMENT 01747014), same data.

Etymology

The specific name is noun in apposition taken from the type locality, Constanza Province, Dominican Republic.

Diagnosis

Both males and females closely resemble H. castelloides Platnick & Dupérré, 2009; males are distinguished by the narrow, elongated palpal bulb and palpal tibia 2× longer than patellae (Fig. 30), ovoid in the later species, and palpal tibia 1.5× longer than patellae (Platnick and Dupérré 2009, fig. 242); females are distinguished by their anterior recepetaculum with four branches (Fig. 33), five in H. castelloides (Platnick and Dupérré 2009, fig. 259).

Description

Male (holotype): Total length: 1.79; carapace length: 0.86; carapace width: 0.72. Cephalothorax: Carapace ovoid; shiny, pale yellow; pars cephalica slightly elevated. Sternum pale yellow; longer than wide; covered entirely with long dark setae. Endites pale yellow, with small apical projection (Fig. 39); labium light yellow. Clypeus sligthly protruding; short (1/2× radius of ALE). Chelicerae yellow; promargin and retromargin without teeth; fangs normal, 1/3 length of chelicerae. Eyes: Six eyes surrounded by black pigmentation; ALE largest, oval; PME rounded; PLE smallest, oval; ALE separated by their radius; ALE-PLE touching; PLE-PME touching; PME touching. Abdomen: Oval; beige covered dorsally with long setae; epigastric and postepigastric scuta inconspicuous. Legs: Legs missing. Genitalia: Palpal segments pale yellow; palpal bulb whitish. Palpal femora, tibia and tarsus with spines prolaterally (Fig. 30). Palpal bulb elongated (Fig. 30); embolus strongly bent, pointed apically; conductor long and thin reaching the tip of the embolus (Fig. 31).

Female (paratype): Total length: 2.09; carapace length: 0.85; carapace width: 0.72. Cephalothorax: Carapace ovoid; shiny, yellow; pars cephalica flat. Sternum and labium light yellow. Chelicerae and endites light yellow, not modified. Eyes: as in male. Abdomen: Oval, light beige; epigastric and postepigastric scuta pale yellow, not well sclerotized (Fig. 32). Legs: Legs missing; all palpal segments with strong spines. Genitalia: Epigynal region not protruding, with tree-shaped structures slightly visible through the epigastric scutum (Fig. 32). Internal genitalia with anterior receptaculum elongated with four main branches; posterior receptaculum triangular well sclerotized; wing-like projections elongated and narrow (Fig. 33).

Figures 30–33. 

Heteroonops constanza sp. nov. Male (30, 31), female (32, 33). 30 Palp, prolateral view 31 palp, apical view 32 epigynal region, ventral view 33 internal genitalia, dorsal view.

Other material examined

None.

Figures 34–39. 

Male endites, ventral view. 34 Heteroonops scapula sp. nov. 35 Heteroonops jurassicus sp. nov. 36 Heteroonops aylinalegreae sp. nov. 37 Heteroonops verruca sp. nov. 38 Heteroonops renebarbai sp. nov. 39 Heteroonops constanza sp. nov.

Distribution

Dominican Republic, La Vega Province (Fig. 40).

Figure 40. 

Distribution map of all Heteroonops species found in Hispaniola.

New records

Heteroonops spinimanus (Simon, 1891)

Fig. 40

Material examined

Dominican Republic, La Alta Gracia Province, Occidental, San Rafael de Yuma, del Este National Park, beach Trail to Cueva del Puente, 18.32902N, 68.80995W, 0 m, 5.vi.2012, team CarBio,1♀ (UVM).

Heteroonops castelloides Platnick & Dupérré, 2009

Fig. 40

Material examined

Dominican Republic, La Duarte Province, Occidental, San Rafael de Yuma, Loma Quita Espuela, 19.35504N, 70.111W, 200 m, 14.vi.2012, team CarBio, 1♂ (UVM).

Heteroonops validus (Bryant, 1948)

Fig. 40

Material examined

Dominican Republic, La Alta Gracia Province, Occidental, San Rafael de Yuma, del Este National Park, Cueva del Puente, 18.3816N, 68.8017W, 25 m, 6.vi.2012, team CarBio, 3♂4♀ (UVM).

Heteroonops vega Platnick & Dupérré, 2009

Fig. 40

Material examined

Dominican Republic, La Duarte Province, Occidental, San Rafael de Yuma, Loma Quita Espuela, 19.35504N, 70.111W, 200m, 14.vi.2012, team CarBio, 1♂ (UVM).

Discussion

Observed patterns in our data are consistent with a high probability that our sampling has only detected a small subset of the Heteroonops diversity in Hispaniola. First, we found a total of 66 individuals distributed in 14 Heteroonops species, 10 of which were new, from only eight sampling sites. At a single site in Loma Quita (200 m) we found five species including three that are new (H. yuma, H. carlosviquezi, H. solanllycarreroae) and two that represent new records (H. vega, H. castelloides). Similarly, we found three new species in one locality in a high elevation forest (2100 m) in the Cordillera Central Parque National Valle Nuevo (H. constanza, H. gabrielsantosi, H. jurassicus). Moreover, a fourth new species H. scapula, was discovered in the same park at higher elevation (2983 m). Taxa from both of these localities are phylogenetically widespread reflecting an old most recent common ancestor and high levels of subsequent diversification (Fig. 1)). This contrasts with patterns seen in more dispersive Caribbean spiders that rarely have more than a single species of a given genus in one locality (e.g., Dziki et al. 2015, Agnarsson et al. 2018, Čandek et al. 2019, Tong et al. 2019)

Despite patterns consistent with high local diversity, there is evidence that some Heteroonops species are wide ranging. Two taxa that represent new records were collected far from their type localities in the Cordillera Central, H. castelloides, and H. validus. Interestingly both of these species have been collected in flight intercept traps (Platnick and Dupérré 2009) suggesting the potential for aerial dispersal. Additionally, one species described here, H. aylinalegreae, was collected in two separate low elevation localities on the northern and southern sides of Eastern Hispaniola. While it seems that some members of this genus are capable of widespread dispersal, most notably the type species, the high levels of diversity in the Dominican Republic suggest an old presence and much speciation within West Indies, consistent with biologies that are not typically dispersal prone.

Acknowledgements

We thank all the members of the CarBio team, especially those involved in expeditions in the Dominican Republic. We are especially grateful to René Barba Diaz, Aylin Alegre Barosso, Gabriel de los Santos, and Solanlly Carrero Sanchez for help with logistics, organization, and in the field. All material was collected under appropriate collection permits and guidelines: Dominican Republic, Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, no 0577. Funding for this work came from National Science Foundation (DEB-1314749 and DEBs-1050253/1050187) to I. Agnarsson and G. Binford. Additional funds came from the Smithsonian Laboratories of Analytical Biology, a 2013 SI Barcode Network grant to J.A. Coddington and Agnarsson. Thanks to the reviewers Cor Vink and Everton N. L. Rodrigues for positive comments that help improve the manuscript.

References

  • Abrahim N, Brescovit AD, Rheims CR, Santos AJ, Ott R, Bonaldo AB (2012) A revision of the Neotropical goblin spider genus Neoxyphinus Birabén, 1953 (Araneae, Oonopidae). American Museum Novitates 3743: 1–75. https://doi.org/10.1206/3743.2
  • Agnarsson I, Maddison WP, Avilés L (2007) The phylogeny of the social Anelosimus spiders (Araneae: Theridiidae) inferred from six molecular loci and morphology. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 43: 833–851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2006.09.011
  • Agnarsson I, Van Patten C, Sargeant L, Chomitz B, Dziki A, Binford G (2018) A radiation of the ornate Caribbean ‘smiley-faced spiders’ – with descriptions of 15 new species (Araneae, Theridiidae, Spintharus). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 182: 758–790. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx056
  • Baehr BC, Ubick D (2010) A review of the Asian goblin spider genus Camptoscaphiella (Araneae: Oonopidae). American Museum Novitates 3697: 1–65. https://doi.org/10.1206/3697.2
  • Benoit PLG (1964) La découverte d’Oonopidae anophthalmes dans des termitières africaines (Araneae). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines 70: 174–187.
  • Bryant EB (1948) The spiders of Hispaniola. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoololgy, Harvard 100: 331–459.
  • Čandek K, Agnarsson I, Binford GJ, Kuntner M (2020) Caribbean golden orbweaving spiders maintain gene flow with North America. Zoologica Scripta 49: 210–221. https://doi.org/10.1111/zsc.12405
  • Chamberland L, McHugh A, Kechejian S, Binford GJ, Bond J, Coddington JA, Dolman G, Hamilton C, Harvey MS, Kuntner M, Agnarsson I (2018) From Gondwana to GAARlandia: global biogeography of ogre-faced spiders (Deinopidae) mirrors geologic history. Journal of Biogeography 45: 2442–2457. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.13431
  • Chamberlin RV, Ivie W (1938) Araneida from Yucatan. Publications of the Carnegie Institute 491: 123–136.
  • Dalmas R (1916) Révision du genre Orchestina E.S., suive de la description de nouvelles espèces du genre Oonops et d’une étude sur les Dictynidae du genre Scotolathys. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 85: 203–258.
  • Darriba D, Taboada GL, Doallo R, Posada D (2012) jModelTest 2: more models, new heuristics and parallel computing. Nature Methods 9: 772. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2109
  • Dumitrescu M, Georgescu M (1983) Sur les Oonopidae (Araneae) de Cuba. Résultats des Expéditions Biospéologiques Cubano-Roumaines à Cuba: 65–114.
  • Dziki A, Binford GJ, Coddington JA, Agnarsson I (2015) Spintharus flavidus in the Caribbean – a 30 million year biogeographical history and radiation of a ‘widespread species’. PeerJ 3: e1422. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1422
  • Fannes W, Jocqué R (2008) Ultrastructure of Antoonops, a new, ant-mimicking genus of Afrotropical Oonopidae (Araneae) with complex internal genitalia. American Museum Novitates 3614: 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1206/563.1
  • Fannes W, Bakker DD, Loosveldt K, Jocqué R (2008) Estimating the diversity of arboreal oonopid spider assemblages (Araneae, Oonopidae) at Afrotropical sites. Journal of Arachnology 36: 322–330. https://doi.org/10.1636/CT07-128.1
  • Gertsch WJ, Davis LI (1942) Report on a collection of spiders from Mexico. IV. American Museum Novitates 1158: 1–19.
  • Katoh S (2013) MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: improvements in performance and usability. Molecular Biology and Evolution 30: 772–780. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst010
  • Katoh K, Kuma K, Toh H, Miyata T (2005) MAFFT version 5: improvement in accuracy of multiple sequence alignment. Nucleic Acids Research 33: 511–518. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gki198
  • Kranz-Baltensperger Y (2012) Three new species of the oonopid spider genus Ischnothyreus (Araneae: Oonopidae) from Tioman Island (Malaysia). Zootaxa 3161: 37–47. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3161.1.3
  • Miller MA, Pfeiffer W, Schwartz T (2010) Creating the CIPRES science gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees. In: Proceedings of the Gateway Computing Environments Workshop (GCE); 2010 Nov 14; New Orleans (LA). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1109/GCE.2010.5676129
  • Platnick NI (2000) On Coxapopha, a new genus of the spider family Oonopidae from Panama (Araneae Haplogynae). Memorie della Societa Entomologica Italiana 78: 403–410.
  • Platnick NI, Dupérré N (2009) The goblin spider genus Heteroonops (Araneae, Oonopidae), with notes on Oonops. American Museum Novitates 3672: 1–72. https://doi.org/10.1206/690.1
  • Platnick NI, Dupérré N (2011a) The Andean goblin spiders of the new genus Scaphidysderina (Araneae, Oonopidae), with notes on Dysderina. American Museum Novitates 3712: 1–51. https://doi.org/10.1206/3712.2
  • Platnick NI, Dupérré N (2011b) The goblin spider genus Pescennina (Araneae, Oonopidae). American Museum Novitates 3716: 1–64. https://doi.org/10.1206/3716.2
  • Platnick NI, Dupérré N (2011c) The Andean goblin spiders of the new genera Paradysderina and Semidysderina (Araneae, Oonopidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 364: 1–121. https://doi.org/10.1206/771.1
  • Ricklefs R, Bermingham E (2008) The West Indies as a laboratory of biogeography and evolution. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences 363: 2393–2413. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2068
  • Simon E (1891) On the spiders of the island of St. Vincent. Part 1. Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London 1891: 549–575.
  • Ubick D (2005) Oonopidae. In: Ubick D, Paquin P, Cushing P, Roth V (Eds) Spiders of North America, an identification Manual. American Arachnological Society, 181–182.
  • World Spider Catalog (2020) World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. http//wsc.nmbe.ch [version 15.5, accessed on 23.iv.2017]

Supplementary material

Supplementary material 1 

Phylogeny in Figure 1 with full taxon labeling

Nadine Dupérré, Charlotte Francisco, Ella Santana-Propper, Ingi Agnarsson, Greta J. Binford

Data type: Tree topology inferred using Bayesian analyses of mtDNA with each terminal taxon labeled

Explanation note: This tree is the same phylogeny as in Figure 1, however each terminal taxon is labeled with details that links that taxon with information in Table 1. Each label includes the name of the species, the sex (f/m), whether the specimen represents a holotype (h) or paratype (p), and a secondary label used to track the specimen through our analysis process. These labels connect the terminals with locality information and GenBank accession numbers detailed in Table 1. Values at nodes indicate posterior probabilities (and correspond to branch width).

This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited.
Download file (2.84 MB)
login to comment