Research Article |
Corresponding author: Navneet Singh ( nsgill007@gmail.com ) Academic editor: Colin Plant
© 2020 Navneet Singh, Jagbir Singh Kirti, Rahul Ranjan, Kailash Chandra, Wolfgang Speidel.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Singh N, Kirti JS, Ranjan R, Chandra K, Speidel W (2020) On the taxonomy of the genus Sacada Walker, 1862 from India, with descriptions of a new genus and two new species (Pyralinae, Pyralidae, Lepidoptera). ZooKeys 962: 139-163. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.962.51194
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Two new species, Sacada dzonguensis N. Singh, Kirti & Ranjan, sp. nov. and S. umtasorensis N. Singh, Kirti & Ranjan, sp. nov., are described from India. Additionally, seven species of the genus Sacada Walker, 1862 are redescribed. A new genus, Pseudosacada N. Singh, Kirti & Ranjan, gen. nov., is described to accommodate Paravetta flexuosa Snellen, 1890 (presently in Sacada). A new combination is established: Pseudosacada flexuosa (Snellen, 1890), comb. nov. Morphologically, the new genus resembles the genus Sacada and can only be diagnosed by the male genitalia. The diagnostic differences are discussed and illustrated along with adults and external male genitalia of related taxa. A world checklist and a key to the Oriental and Australasian species are provided.
distribution, Pseudosacada gen. nov., Sacada dzonguensis sp. nov., S. umtasorensis sp. nov., taxonomic key, world checklist
The genus Sacada Walker, 1862 is a member of the family Pyralidae Latreille, 1809 and subfamily Pyralinae Latreille, 1809. It was established by monotypy for S. decora Walker, 1862 from Sarawak, Borneo.
Herein, two new species are described from India: Sacada dzonguensis N. Singh, Kirti & Ranjan, sp. nov. (Sikkim) and S. umtasorensis N. Singh, Kirti & Ranjan, sp. nov. (Meghalaya). In addition, the morphotaxonomy of seven Indian species of Sacada Walker, 1862 is studied. A new genus, Pseudosacada N. Singh, Kirti & Ranjan, gen. nov., is erected to accommodate Paravetta flexuosa Snellen, 1890 (presently in Sacada), and a new combination is established: Pseudosacada flexuosa (Snellen, 1890), comb. nov. Morphologically, the new genus resembles species of Sacada and can only be diagnosed by the male genitalia. The diagnostic differences are discussed and illustrated along with adults and external male genitalia of related taxa. A world checklist and identification key to the Oriental (23 species) and Australasian (four species) species are also provided. The distribution of species is updated from the publications by
Adult moths were collected using vertical sheet light traps fitted at various localities of India. Collected specimens were euthanized with ethyl acetate vapours in killing jars. The specimens were pinned, stretched, and processed as per standard techniques in lepidopterology. Adult moths were photographed using a Canon EOS 1300D digital SLR camera. The detailed microphotography of external male genitalia was performed under a Leica M165C stereomicroscope attached with a Leica MC190HD camera enabled with a Leica Application Suite. The examined specimens are deposited in the National Zoological Collections, Lepidoptera Section, Zoological Survey of India (
Abbreviations:
HT Holotype
MGAB Museum of Natural History "Grigore Antipa", Bucharest, Romania
MNHN Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
PT Paratype
RMCA Musée Royal de l’Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgium
RMNH Naturalis Biodiversity Centre [formerly Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie], Leiden, the Netherlands
TD Type deposited
TL Type locality
The collection abbreviations are according to
Sacada
Sacada decora Walker, 1862.
Mostly dark-coloured moths with a slightly variable wing pattern; male antennae typically pectinate (ciliate and toothed in some species). In addition to the narrow forewing with angular edge and the sexual dimorphism with the female being much larger than the male, the genus Sacada is well defined by a number of characters: long legs with tufts of scales, some of which are filiform; thorax with patagia having prominent scales, ending with two brushes; male genitalia with uncus hooded; free valves without process; transtilla modified into elaborate sclerotized structure; juxta well developed; female genitalia with wide anal papillae; very short eighth segment; very short ductus bursae prolonged by a long, ovoid corpus bursae with sclerotisations (
Cameroon, China, Democratic Republic of the Congo, India, Indonesia, Ivory Coast, Japan, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Russia, Uganda, Vietnam, Zimbabwe (
Genus Sacada Walker, 1862
=Danaka Moore, 1879
=Datanoides Butler, 1878
=Kawiella Roepke, 1943
=Marionana Viette, 1953
=Paravetta Moore, 1865
=Sybrida Walker, 1865
=Xestula Snellen, 1885
1 Sacada acutipennis (Strand, 1915) (Aiteta)
TL. Cameroon, Bang Manenguba Mountains
TD.
Distribution. Cameroon (Bang Manenguba Mountains)
2 Sacada albioculalis Hampson, 1917
TL. Indonesia, New Guinea, West Papua [Dutch New Guinea], Fak-fak
TD.
Distribution. Indonesia (New Guinea, West Papua, Fak-fak)
3 Sacada amoyalis Caradja, 1932
TL. China, Fujian, Xiamen [Amoy]
TD. MGAB
Distribution. China (Fujian, Xiamen [Amoy])
4 Sacada approximans (Leech, 1888) (Datanoides)
TL. Japan, Yokohama
TD.
Distribution. Japan (Yokohama), Vietnam (Tam Ðảo, Vinh Phuc), Korea
5 Sacada confutsealis Caradja, 1925
TL. China, Fujian, Xiamen [Amoy]
TD. MGAB
Distribution. China (Fujian, Xiamen [Amoy])
6 Sacada constrictalis (Ragonot, 1891) (Sybrida)
TL. India, Upper Assam [Haut-Assam]
TD.
Distribution. India (Upper Assam), Borneo
7 Sacada contigua South in Leech & South, 1901
TL. China, Pu-tsu-fong; Sichuan, Baoxing [Moupin]
TD.
Distribution. China (Pu–tsu–fong, Sichuan)
8 Sacada decora Walker, 1862
TL. Malaysia, Borneo, Sarawak
TD.
Distribution. India. Uttarakhand (Kumaon, Dehradun), Sikkim, Nagaland (Chizami), China (Yunnan), Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia (Borneo, Sarawak).
9 Sacada dipenthes Meyrick, 1934
TL. DR Congo [Belgian Congo], Lubumbashi [Elisabethville]
TD. RMCA
Distribution. DR Congo (Lubumbashi [Elisabethville])
10 Sacada discinota (Moore, 1865 [66]) (Paravetta)
TL. India, West Bengal, Darjeeling
TD.
Distribution. India (West Bengal, Darjeeling), Nepal
11 Sacada dzonguensis N. Singh, Kirti & Ranjan, sp. nov.
TL. India, Sikkim, Dzongu
TD. NZC
Distribution. India (Sikkim)
12 Sacada erythropis Hampson, 1917
TL. S. [West] Nigeria, Kwara, Ilorin
TD.
Distribution. S. [West] Nigeria (Kwara, Ilorin)
13 Sacada fasciata (Butler, 1878) (Datanoides)
=Xestula miraculosa Snellen, 1885; TL. Russia, Amur river area [pays de la rivière Amour] TD.
TL. Japan, Yokohama
TD.
Distribution. Japan (Yokohama), Russia (Amur), Korea
14 Sacada giovanettae (Marion, 1957) (Danaka)
TL. Ivory Coast
TD. MNHN
Distribution. W. Africa (Ivory Coast)
15 Sacada hoenei Caradja & Meyrick, 1937
TL. China, Yülingshan
TD. MGAB
Distribution. China (Yunnan)
16 Sacada inordinata (Walker, 1865) (Sybrida)
TL. India, West Bengal, Darjeeling
TD.
Distribution. India (West Bengal, Darjeeling)
17 Sacada madegassalis Viette, 1960
TL. Madagascar
TD. MNHN
Distribution. Madagascar
18 Sacada metaxantha Hampson, 1906
TL. Indonesia, New Guinea, West Papua, Kapaur
TD.
Distribution. Indonesia (New Guinea, West Papua, Kapaur)
19 Sacada misakiensis (Shibuya, 1928) (Sybrida)
TL. Japan, Osaka, Misaki
TD. Not known
Distribution. Japan (Osaka, Misaki)
20 Sacada nicopaea Tams, 1941
TL. Uganda
TD.
Distribution. Uganda (Kampala)
21 Sacada nigripuncta Hampson, 1906
TL. Indonesia, New Guinea, West Papua, Kapaur
TD.
Distribution. Indonesia (New Guinea, West Papua, Kapaur)
22 Sacada nyasana Hampson, 1917
TL. Malawi [British Central Africa], Mt Mulanje
TD.
Distribution. Malawi (Mt Mulanje)
23 Sacada olivina Joannis, 1930 [29]
TL. Tonkin [Vietnam], Hoang su phi
TD. MNHN
Distribution. Vietnam (Tonkin, Hoang su phi)
24 Sacada pallescens Hampson, 1896
TL. India, Sikhim, [Sikkim]
TD.
Distribution. India (Sikkim), Bhutan, Vietnam, Nepal
25 Sacada papuana Hampson, 1917
TL. Papua New Guinea [British New Guinea], Dinawa
TD.
Distribution. Papua New Guinea (Dinawa)
26 Sacada paraxantha Meyrick, 1936
TL. Democratic Republic of the Congo [Belgian Congo], Lubumbashi [Elisabethville]
TD. RMCA
Distribution. Democratic Republic of the Congo (Lubumbashi)
27 Sacada paulianalis (Viette, 1953) (Marionana)
=Marionana vinolentalis Viette, 1960; TL. Madagascar, Route ďAnosibé; TD. MNHN; Distribution. Madagascar
TL. Madagascar, Périnet, forêt du domaine de l’Est
TD. MNHN
Distribution. Madagascar
28 Sacada peltobathra Meyrick, 1938
TL. Indonesia, Java, Mt Guntur
TD.
Distribution. Indonesia (Sumatra, Java. Mt Guntur)
29 Sacada pusilla Hering, 1901
TL. Indonesia, Sumatra
TD. Not known
Distribution. Indonesia (Sumatra)
30 Sacada pyraliformis (Moore, 1879) (Danaka)
TL. India, West Bengal, Darjiling
TD.
Distribution. India (West Bengal, Darjeeling), Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand
31 Sacada ragonotalis (Snellen, 1892) (Sybrida)
= Kawiella testacea Roepke, 1943; TL. Indonesia, W Java, Perbawattee TD. RMNH; Distribution. Indonesia (Java)
TL. Indonesia, Java
TD. Syntypes in
Distribution. Indonesia (Sumatra, Java, Bali), Borneo
32 Sacada rhodinalis Hampson, 1906
TL. Zimbabwe, Mashonaland
TD.
Distribution. Zimbabwe (Mashonaland)
33 Sacada rhyacophila (Ghesquière, 1942) (Danaka)
TL. DR of the Congo [Congo belge], Equateur, Bolombo
TD. RMCA
Distribution. Democratic Republic of the Congo
34 Sacada rosealis Hampson, 1906
TL. Zimbabwe [Mashonaland], Harare [Salisbury]
TD.
Distribution. Zimbabwe (Mashonaland, Harare)
35 Sacada rubralis Holland, 1900
TL. Indonesia, Maluku, Buru
TD.
Distribution. Indonesia (Maluku, Buru)
36 Sacada rufina Hampson, 1896
TL. India, Maharashtra, Mumbai [Bombay]
TD.
Distribution. India (Maharashtra, Mumbai [Bombay])
37 Sacada sikkima (Moore, 1879) (Paravetta)
TL. India, West Bengal, Darjeeling
TD. Syntype in
Distribution. India (West Bengal, Darjeeling), Nepal
38 Sacada szetschwanalis Caradja, 1927
TL. China, Sichuan (Kwanhsien Talbo)
TD. MGAB
Distribution. China (Sichuan)
39 Sacada tonsealis Roepke, 1938
TL. Indonesia, northern Sulawesi
TD.
Distribution. Indonesia (North Celebes [Sulawesi]), Borneo
40 Sacada umtasorensis N. Singh, Kirti & Ranjan, sp. nov.
TL. India, Meghalaya, Umtasor
TD. NZC
Distribution. India (Meghalaya)
41 Sacada unilinealis Hampson, 1896
TL. India, Sikhim [Sikkim]
TD.
Distribution. India (Sikkim)
42 Sacada viridalis Hampson, 1917
TL. Cameroon, Ja R[iver], Bitje
TD.
Distribution. Cameroon
Paravetta sikkima
Male, wingspan 28 mm (Figs
Sacada sikkima is externally similar to S. constrictalis from India, but differs by its larger size, and in having the postmedial line outwardly oblique from the costa to vein M2, whereas, in S. constrictalis the postmedial lines is almost straight. In the male genitalia (Figs
Lectotype (Fig.
India, Sikkim: 1 ♂, Dodak, 24.ix.2014, leg. R. Ranjan (Coll. NZC
Sybrida constrictalis
Male, wingspan 24 mm (Fig.
Provided with the diagnosis of S. sikkima.
India, Meghalaya: 3 ♂, Cherrapunji, 04.ix.2014, leg. R. Ranjan (Coll. NZC
Paravetta discinota
Male, wingspan 32 mm (Figs
Among the Sacada species reported from India, S. discinota is externally similar to S. sikkima and S. constrictalis due to the highly angled antemedial and postmedial lines, but it is distinct from both of these congeners by its paler hindwings.
Lectotype (Fig.
India, Sikkim: 4 ♂, Golitar, 20.ix.2014, leg. R. Ranjan (Coll. NZC
The lectotype is hereby formally designated.
Adults of Sacada spp. 1 S. sikkima (Moore) (male), India 2 S. sikkima (Moore) (male), lectotype, Darjeeling, India 3 S. constrictalis (Ragonot) (male), India 4, 5 S. discinota (Moore) (male), India 6 S. discinota (Moore) (male), lectotype, Darjeeling, India. Scale bars: 5 mm (1); 12.7 mm (3–5).
Sacada unilinealis
Male, wingspan 32–34 mm (Figs
Sacada unilinealis is an unmistakable species due to the weak markings and almost uniform colour of the fore and hindwings.
Holotype (Fig.
India, Sikkim: 1 ♂, Dodak, 09.ix.2016, leg. R. Ranjan (Coll. NZC
Sybrida inordinata
Adults are rufous. Forewing with diffused a ferruginous patch in interno-median interspace; a medial line approximately right angled, reaching at vein Cu2; postmedial line obliquely straight with some ferruginous beyond it, merged the medial line at Cu2 and touching the inner margin; a ferruginous line on discocellular; termen smoothly curved. Hindwing browner, with traces of dark postmedial line.
Provided with the following species.
Holotype, male,
Male, wingspan 36 mm (Fig.
Sacada dzonguensis sp. nov. is most similar to S. inordinata (Fig.
Holotype, male. India, Sikkim: Dzongu, 28.iv.2014, leg. R. Ranjan (Coll. NZC
The species is named after its type locality, Dzongu, Sikkim, India.
Male, wingspan 30 mm (Fig.
Sacada umtasorensis sp. nov., distributed in Meghalaya is most closely similar to its allopatric relative S. dzonguensis sp. nov., (distributed in Sikkim) (Fig.
Holotype
, male. India, Meghalaya: Umtasor, 16.ix.2014, leg. R. Ranjan (Coll. NZC
Paratypes
(9 ♂), India, Meghalaya: 1 ♂, Umtasor, 15.ix.2014; 8 ♂, 16.ix.2014, leg. R. Ranjan (Coll. NZC
The species is named after its type locality Umtasor, Meghalaya, India.
Adults of Sacada spp. 7 S. unilinealis Hampson (male), India 8 S. unilinealis Hampson (male), holotype, Sikkim, India 9 S. inordinata (Walker) (male), holotype, Darjeeling, India 10 S. dzonguensis, sp. nov. (male), India. 11 S. umtasorensis, sp. nov. (male), India 12 S. pallescens Hampson (male), India. Scale bars: 5 mm (7, 10, 11); 12.7 mm (12).
Sacada pallescens
Male, wingspan 32 mm (Figs
Sacada pallescens is unmistakable among the species studied due to the smoothly curved antemedial line (highly angled in other Indian species, except in S. unilinealis where it is absent) and hindwing which has a prominent rufous streak on vein Cu2.
Lectotype (Fig.
India, Sikkim: 1 ♂, Dodak, 24.ix.2014, leg. R. Ranjan (Coll. NZC
The lectotype is hereby formally designated.
Sacada decora
Male, wingspan 25.4 mm (Fig.
Because of the smoothly curved postmedial line (not strongly angled), S. decora is externally similar to S. inordinata, S. dzonguensis, S. umtasorensis, and S. pallescens, but it differs from three of these four species having its hindwing paler, and from S. pallescens in having the antemedial line outwardly oblique and broadly and inwardly rounded at vein Cu2.
Singapore: hand written slip Sacada decora/
Paravetta flexuosa Snellen, 1890.
The new genus is morphologically most similar to the genus Sacada and can only be diagnosed on the basis of external male genitalia. In male genitalia, the uncus is broader at base, apically bifid with a shallow constriction. There are two strongly sclerotised processes arising from the latero-medial region of the uncus. The gnathos is long, reaching beyond the uncus, and with its apex having a small hook. The valva is simple and membranous, without any process. The transtilla is broad and with both the edges bearing scorpion’s “pedipalp chela"-like sclerotised process. In Sacada, the uncus is hooded, lateral structures are simple, flap-like, and without any horn-like process; the gnathos is short and hardly reaches the hood of the uncus; the valva is thicker; and the transtilla is simple.
The type species of the new genus was originally placed in Paravetta (type species Paravetta discinota Moore, 1865). Paravetta is now a synonym of Sacada. However, P. flexuosa is generically distinct from Sacada decora, the type species of Sacada, and therefore a new genus is erected here.
The genus is named for its morphological resemblance to some species of Sacada. The gender is feminine.
North-eastern India (Meghalaya, Mizoram, Sikkim), southern India (Karnataka); Myanmar; Vietnam; Nepal.
Paravetta flexuosa
= Sybrida inflammealis
Lectotype in
Male, wingspan 30 mm (Figs
Adults of Sacada and Pseudosacada spp. 13 S. pallescens Hampson (male), lectotype, Bhutan 14 S. decora Walker, Singapore 15 Pseudosacada flexuosa (Snellen) (= Sybrida inflammealis Ragonot), India 16 P. flexuosa (Snellen) (male), Kanhmun, Mizoram, India 17 P. flexuosa (Snellen) (male), Umtasor, Meghalaya, India 18 P. flexuosa (Snellen) (male), Ganeshgudi, Karnataka, India. Scale bars: 5 mm (16–18).
India, Meghalaya: 6 ♂, Umtasor, 16.ix.2014, leg. Rahul Ranjan (Coll. NZC
North-eastern India (Sikkim, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland), southern India (Karnataka); Vietnam (Yên Bái); Nepal. Records of Mizoram and southern India are newly reported here.
1 | Hindwing with smoky brown marginal band | 2 |
– | Hindwing without any marginal band | 3 |
2 | Forewing with antemedial and medial lines well separated | S. amoyalis |
– | Forewing with antemedial and medial lines merged with each other at inner area | S. confutsealis |
3 | Hindwing with postmedial/submarginal line | 10 |
– | Hindwing without any postmedial/submarginal line | 4 |
4 | Forewing with dark spot or white line present | 5 |
– | Forewing without any dark spot or white line | S. metaxantha |
5 | Forewing with antemedial and post medial line outlined | S. ragonotalis |
– | Forewing with antemedial and postmedial line without any outline | 6 |
6 | Forewing with thin white line closing end of cell | S. rubralis |
– | Forewing without fine white line at end of cell | 7 |
7 | Forewing with postmedial line strongly excurved at medial veins, then oblique to meet inner margin | S. szetschwanalis |
– | Forewing with postmedial line not as above | 8 |
8 | Forewing with postmedial line approximately oblique | 9 |
– | Forewing with postmedial line slightly wavy | S. approximans |
9 | Hindwing darker | S. tonsealis |
– | Hindwing paler | S. peltobathra |
10 | Hindwing with postmedial/submarginal line incomplete | 11 |
– | Hindwing with postmedial/submarginal line complete | 14 |
11 | Forewing expenses about 20 mm (± 2–3 mm) | 12 |
– | Forewing expenses greater than 30 mm | 13 |
12 | Hindwing with three dark spots | S. pusilla |
– | Hindwing without dark spots | S. constrictalis |
13 | Forewing with purplish rufous ground colour | S. discinota |
– | Forewing with purplish fuscous ground colour | S. sikkima |
14 | Near the base of forewing a large transversely oblong whitish ringlet which encloses a black patch | S. decora |
– | Forewing lacks the above attribute | 15 |
15 | Hindwing yellowish, redder towards outer margin | S. rufina |
– | Hindwing not as above | 16 |
16 | Forewing with antemedial and postmedial line fused | 17 |
– | Forewing with antemedial and postmedial line not fused | 18 |
17 | Forewing with antemedial and postmedial line fused from Cu2 to inner margin | S. inordinata |
– | Forewing with antemedial and postmedial line fused at inner margin, forming V-shaped figure | S. olivina |
18 | Forewing with single speck | 19 |
– | Forewing with two specks (separate or joined by a bar) | 21 |
19 | Hindwing with postmedial line crossed by a rufous streak on vein Cu2 | S. pallescens |
– | Hindwing without any streak on postmedial line | 20 |
20 | Forewing with an olive-green cell spot | S. pyraliformis |
– | Forewing with a reddish brown discoidal spot defined by grey | S. papuana |
21 | Forewing without antemedial line, postmedial line present | S. unilinealis |
– | Forewing with both the lines (antemedial and postmedial) present | 22 |
22 | Forewing with a large, fiery red or yellowish rufous patch below the cell before the antemedial line | 23 |
– | Forewing without such patch below the cell before the antemedial line | 25 |
23 | Forewing with a large yellowish rufous patch below the cell before the antemedial line | S. nigripuncta |
– | Forewing with a large fiery red patch below the cell before the antemedial line | 24 |
24 | Hindwing whitish, suffused with pale reddish | S. albioculalis |
– | Hindwing fuscous; postmedial curved line whitish, area beyond it reddish brown | S. hoenei |
25 | Forewing with postmedial line highly angled | S. contigua |
– | Forewing with postmedial line nearly oblique (not angled) | 26 |
26 | Forewing with postmedial line oblique from costa to inner margin | S. umtasorensis sp. nov. |
– | Forewing with postmedial line straight from costa to radial vein and then oblique to inner margin | S. dzonguensis sp. nov. |
After the description of two new Sacada species and the transfer of one species to Pseudosacada gen. nov., the genus Sacada now comprises 42 species worldwide, including 23 from the Oriental region and 11 from India. With 13 Sacada species, the Afrotropical region is the next most diverse region for this genus, and a future systematic revision should focus on these species. Apart from this, the Australasian region, with four species (included in the identification key) and the East Palaearctic region with two species (S. fasciata, S. misakiensis) need study to investigate the correct placement of Sacada from these regions based on features of genitalia morphology.
We are thankful to David Lees, curator of Microlepidoptera,