Checklist |
Corresponding author: Julio A. Lemos-Espinal ( lemos@unam.mx ) Academic editor: Anthony Herrel
© 2020 Julio A. Lemos-Espinal, Geoffrey R. Smith.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Lemos-Espinal JA, Smith GR (2020) A checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of Sinaloa, Mexico with a conservation status summary and comparisons with neighboring states. ZooKeys 931: 85-114. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.931.50922
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Sinaloa possesses a rich biota with unique characteristics due to its proximity to the northern deserts, the tropical lowlands of the south, and the temperate environments of the western slopes of the Sierra Madre Occidental in Mexico. However, threats to its environment makes understanding the biological diversity of Sinaloa crucial. A checklist of the amphibians and reptiles has been generated, and the conservation status of Sinaloa’s herpetofauna summarized with the aim of understanding the potential conservation or management needs. Sinaloa has 159 species of amphibians and reptiles, including 39 species of amphibians and 120 species of reptiles. The herpetofauna of Sinaloa has relatively few species of conservation concern at a global and national scale (IUCN and SEMARNAT lists), but Environmental Vulnerability Scores suggest that there might be greater conservation concerns for the Sinaloa herpetofauna. Families of particular conservation concern include Craugastoridae, Eleutherodactylidae, Ambystomatidae, Crocodylidae, Dactyloidae, Eublepharidae, Helodermatidae, Iguanidae, Phrynosomatidae, Phyllodactylidae, Colubridae, Natricidae, Viperidae, Cheloniidae, and Dermochelyidae.
checklist, crocodilians, frogs, herpetofauna, lizards, salamanders, snakes, turtles
The geographic position of Sinaloa (Fig.
The relatively small state of Sinaloa (surface area of 58,328 km2) is located in northwestern Mexico, between 27°2'32" and 22°28'2"N and 105°23'32" and 109°26'52"W (Figs
The topography of Sinaloa can be divided into three large longitudinal strips (
Sinaloa includes two physiographic provinces: Sierra Madre Occidental and Llanura Costera del Pacífico. The Sierra Madre Occidental covers 59.5% of Sinaloa, covering a little more than the eastern half of the state (Fig.
The elongated shape of Sinaloa along with its topography characterized by a continuous mountain chain in the east running parallel to the coastline, produces a striped distribution of vegetation types in the state (Fig.
In Sinaloa there is a trend for precipitation to decrease from southern to northern Sinaloa. The dominant climate in Sinaloa is warm semi-warm sub-humid which covers 48.4% of the state and is present from the southern tip of the state to the Port of Mazatlán, and from there in a narrow strip along the foothills of the western slopes of the Sierra Madre Occidental of Sinaloa, along the borders with Durango and Chihuahua. This area is characterized by a mean annual temperature over 18 °C. Precipitation of the driest month is < 40 mm. Small scattered locations in the highest mountains of the extreme southeastern and northeastern parts of Sinaloa are characterized by a temperate sub-humid climate, present in only 2.3% of the state. The climate of these elevated peaks is characterized by an average annual temperature between 12 °C and 18 °C. Rainfall in the driest month is < 40 mm; the maximum rainfall occurs in summer. A narrow strip that runs parallel to the foothills of the Sierra Madre Occidental, covering 21.3% of the state surface area, from just north of the Port of Mazatlán to the border with Sonora in northern Sinaloa is characterized by a semiarid climate with a mean annual temperature > 22 °C. Parallel to this strip and next to the coastline the climate is arid, with an average annual temperature > 22 °C. The extreme northwestern corner of the state, from the border with Sonora to just south of the Port of Topolobampo, which covers 9.8% of the state surface territory, is characterized by an extreme arid climate with an average annual temperature above 22 °C, and eight continuous months of dry to very dry conditions. Heavy rains occur in the July-September, which represent more than 75% of the annual total (Fig.
We compiled this list of amphibians and reptiles of Sinaloa based on our field work, a thorough examination of the available literature on amphibians and reptiles in Sinaloa, and records of amphibians and reptiles from Sinaloa in VertNet.org. We only included species if we were able to confirm records, either by direct observation or through documented museum records or vouchers. We follow
Sinaloa is home to 159 species of amphibians and reptiles representing 35 families (including two introduced: Gekkonidae and Typhlopidae) and 89 genera (including three introduced: Gehyra, Hemidactylus, and Indotyphlops) (Table
Amphibians and reptiles of Sinaloa with distributional and conservation status. Vegetation Type: 1 = Tropical Deciduous Forest; 2 = Thorn Forest; 3 = Subtropical Mimosaceae Cacti; 4 = Oak Forest; 5 = Pine-Oak Forest; 6 = Marine; IUCN Status: DD = Data Deficient; LC = Least Concern, VU = Vulnerable, NT = Near Threatened; EN = Endangered; CE = Critically Endangered; NE = not Evaluated according to the IUCN Red List (The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Version 2019-2 (www.iucnredlist.org; accessed 26 October 2019); Environmental Vulnerability Score: EVS – the higher the score the greater the vulnerability: low (L) vulnerability species (EVS of 3–9); medium (M) vulnerability species (EVS of 10–13); and high (H) vulnerability species (EVS of 14–20) from
Vegetation type | IUCN Status | EVS | SEMARNAT | Global distribution | Date of first record | Source | |
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Class Amphibia | |||||||
Order Anura | |||||||
Bufonidae | |||||||
Anaxyrus cognatus (Say, 1823) | 3 | LC | L (8) | NL | 2 | 1974 |
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Anaxyrus kelloggi (Taylor, 1936) | 1, 2, 3, 4 | LC | H (14) | NL | 1 | 1936 | Taylor 1936 |
Anaxyrus mexicanus (Brocchi, 1879) | 4, 5 | NT | M (13) | NL | 1 | 2009 |
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Anaxyrus punctatus (Baird & Girard, 1852) | 1, 2, 3, 4 | LC | L (5) | NL | 2 | 1934 |
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Incilius alvarius (Girard, 1859) | 1, 2, 3 | LC | M (11) | NL | 2 | 1953 | MVZ:Herp:58724 |
Incilius marmoreus (Wiegmann, 1833) | 1, 2, 4 | LC | M (11) | NL | 1 | 1925 |
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Incilius mazatlanensis (Taylor, 1940) | 1, 2, 4 | LC | M (12) | NL | 1 | 1940 |
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Incilius occidentalis (Camerano, 1879) | 4, 5 | LC | M (11) | NL | 1 | 1946 | MVZ:Herp:44692 |
Rhinella horribilis (Wiegmann, 1833) | 1, 2, 3, 4 | NE | NE | NL | 4 | 1905 |
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Craugastoridae | |||||||
Craugastor augusti (Dugès, 1879) | 1, 4 | LC | L (8) | NL | 2 | 1955 | KU KUH 41556 |
Craugastor hobartsmithi (Taylor, 1937) | 1, 4 | EN | H (15) | NL | 1 | 1963 | KU KUH 75259 |
Craugastor occidentalis (Taylor, 1941) | 1, 4 | DD | M (13) | NL | 1 | 1897 |
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Craugastor pygmaeus (Taylor, 1937) | 1, 4 | VU | L (9) | NL | 1 | 1963 |
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Craugastor vocalis (Taylor, 1940) | 1, 4 | LC | M (13) | NL | 1 | 1955 | KU KUH 41530 |
Eleutherodactylidae | |||||||
Eleutherodactylus interorbitalis (Langebartel & Shannon, 1956) | 1, 4 | DD | H (15) | Pr | 1 | 1955 |
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Eleutherodactylus nitidus (Peters, 1870) | 1, 4 | LC | M (12) | NL | 1 | 1962 |
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Eleutherodactylus saxatilis (Webb, 1962) | 4 | EN | H (17) | NL | 1 | 1961 | KU KUH 63326 |
Eleutherodactylus teretistes (Duellman, 1958) | 1, 4 | DD | H (16) | Pr | 1 | 1963 | KU KUH 75264 |
Hylidae | |||||||
Dryophytes arenicolor (Cope, 1886) | 1, 4, 5 | LC | L (7) | NL | 2 | 1920 |
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Dryophytes eximius (Baird, 1854) | 5 | LC | M (10) | NL | 1 | 2019 | https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/65551-Hyla-eximia |
Exerodonta smaragdina (Taylor, 1940) | 1, 4 | LC | M (12) | Pr | 1 | 1957 | KU KUH 68719 |
Sarcohyla bistincta (Cope, 1877) | 1, 4 | LC | L (9) | Pr | 1 | 1955 | KU KUH 44567 |
Smilisca baudinii (Duméril & Bibron, 1841) | 1, 2, 3, 4 | LC | L (3) | NL | 4 | 1955 | Smith and Van Gelder 1955 |
Smilisca fodiens (Boulenger, 1882) | 1, 2, 3, 4 | LC | L (8) | NL | 2 | 1882 |
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Tlalocohyla smithii (Boulenger, 1902) | 1, 2, 4 | LC | M (11) | NL | 1 | 1953 |
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Trachycephalus vermiculatus (Cope, 1877) | 2 | NE | L (4) | NL | 3 | 1962 |
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Tripion spatulatus Günther, 1882 | 1, 2 | LC | M (13) | NL | 1 | 1882 |
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Leptodactylidae | |||||||
Leptodactylus melanonotus (Hallowell, 1861) | 1, 2, 3, 4 | LC | L (6) | NL | 3 | 1894 |
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Microhylidae | |||||||
Gastrophryne mazatlanensis (Taylor, 1943) | 1, 2, 4 | NE | L (8) | NL | 2 | 1943 |
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Hypopachus ustus (Cope, 1866) | 1, 2 | LC | L (7) | Pr | 3 | 1918 |
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Hypopachus variolosus (Cope, 1866) | 1, 2 | LC | L (4) | NL | 4 | 1883 |
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Phyllomedusidae | |||||||
Agalychnis dacnicolor (Cope, 1864) | 1, 2, 4 | LC | M (13) | NL | 1 | 1960 | UF Herp 12855 |
Ranidae | |||||||
Rana catesbeiana Shaw, 1802 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | IN | |
Rana forreri Boulenger, 1883 | 1, 2, 4 | LC | L (3) | Pr | 3 | 1883 |
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Rana magnaocularis Frost & Bagnara, 1976 | 1, 2, 3, 4 | LC | M (12) | NL | 1 | 1818 | MVZ:Herp:175932 |
Rana pustulosa Boulenger, 1883 | 1, 2, 4 | LC | L (3) | Pr | 1 | 1953 | MVZ:Herp:58962 |
Rana tarahumarae Boulenger, 1917 | 4, 5 | VU | L (8) | NL | 2 | 1985 |
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Scaphiopodidae | |||||||
Scaphiopus couchi Baird, 1854 | 1, 2, 3, 4 | LC | L (3) | NL | 2 | 1970 |
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Order Caudata | |||||||
Ambystomatidae | |||||||
Ambystoma rosaceum Taylor, 1941 | 4, 5 | LC | H (14) | Pr | 1 | 1954 |
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Class Reptilia | |||||||
Order Crocodylia | |||||||
Crocodylidae | |||||||
Crocodylus acutus Cuvier, 1807 | 1, 2 | VU | H (14) | Pr | 4 | 1912 |
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Order Squamata | |||||||
Suborder Lacertilia | |||||||
Anguidae | |||||||
Barisia ciliaris (Smith, 1942) | 4, 5 | NE | H (15) | NL | 1 | 1904 |
|
Elgaria kingii Gray, 1838 | 1, 4, 5 | LC | M (10) | Pr | 2 | 1963 | KU KUH 78903 |
Gerrhonotus liocephalus Wiegmann, 1828 | 4 | LC | L (6) | Pr | 2 | 1961 |
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Dactyloidae | |||||||
Anolis nebulosus (Wiegmann, 1834) | 1, 2, 3, 4 | LC | M (13) | NL | 1 | 1834 |
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Anolis utowanae Barbour, 1932 | 1 | DD | H (17) | Pr | 0 | 1932 |
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Eublepharidae | |||||||
Coleonyx fasciatus (Boulenger, 1885) | 1, 2 | LC | H (17) | NL | 1 | 1963 |
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Coleonyx variegatus (Baird, 1858) | 3 | LC | M (11) | Pr | 2 | 1963 |
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Gekkonidae (Introduced) | |||||||
Geyhra mutilata (Wiegmann, 1834) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||
Hemidactylus frenatus Schlegel, 1836 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||
Helodermatidae | |||||||
Heloderma horridum Wiegmann, 1829 | 1, 2 | LC | M (11) | A | 3 | 1700 |
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Heloderma suspectum Cope, 1869 | 3 | NT | H (15) | A | 2 | 1966 | TNHC Herpetology 107291 |
Iguanidae | |||||||
Ctenosaura macrolopha Smith, 1972 | 1, 2 | NE | H (19) | NL | 1 | 1904 |
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Ctenosaura pectinata (Wiegmann, 1834) | 1, 2 | NE | H (15) | NL | 1 | 1886 |
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Dipsosaurus dorsalis (Baird & Girard, 1852) | 3 | LC | M (11) | NL | 2 | 1933 |
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Iguana iguana (Linnaeus, 1758) | 1, 2 | LC | M (12) | Pr | 3 | 1894 |
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Phrynosomatidae | |||||||
Callisaurus draconoides Blainville, 1835 | 1, 2, 3 | LC | M (12) | A | 2 | 1894 |
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Holbrookia elegans Bocourt, 1874 | 1, 2, 4 | LC | M (13) | NL | 2 | 1874 | Bocourt 1874 |
Phrynosoma solare Gray, 1845 | 1, 2, 3, 4 | LC | H (14) | NL | 2 | 1898 |
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Sceloporus albiventris Smith, 1939 | 1, 2, 4 | NE | H (16) | NL | 1 | 1897 |
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Sceloporus bulleri Boulenger, 1894 | 1, 4 | LC | H (15) | NL | 1 | 1946 | MVZ:Herp:44695 |
Sceloporus clarkii Baird & Girard, 1852 | 1, 2, 3, 4 | LC | M (10) | NL | 2 | 1893 |
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Sceloporus jarrovii Cope, 1875 | 1, 4, 5 | LC | M (11) | NL | 2 | 1956 |
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Sceloporus magister Hallowell, 1854 | 1, 2, 3 | LC | L (9) | NL | 2 | 1961 | CM Herps 38193 |
Sceloporus nelsoni Cochran, 1923 | 1, 2 | LC | M (13) | NL | 1 | 1923 |
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Sceloporus poinsettii Baird & Girard, 1852 | 4, 5 | LC | M (12) | NL | 2 | 1954 |
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Sceloporus shannonorum Langebartel, 1959 | 4 | NE | H (15) | NL | 1 | 1959 |
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Sceloporus spinosus Weigmann, 1828 | 1, 2, 4, 5 | LC | M (12) | NL | 1 | 1959 |
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Sceloporus utiformis Cope, 1864 | 1, 2 | LC | H (15) | NL | 1 | 1897 |
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Sceloporus virgatus Smith, 1938 | 4 | LC | H (15) | NL | 2 | 1969 |
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Urosaurus bicarinatus (Duméril, 1856) | 1, 2 | LC | M (12) | NL | 1 | 1934 |
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Urosaurus ornatus (Baird & Girard, 1852) | 1, 2 | LC | M (10) | NL | 2 | 1899 |
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Phyllodactylidae | |||||||
Phyllodactylus homolepidurus Smith, 1935 | 1, 2 | LC | H (15) | Pr | 1 | 1964 |
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Phyllodactylus lanei Smith, 1935 | 1, 2 | LC | H (15) | NL | 1 | 1936 | Taylor 1936 |
Phyllodactylus tuberculosus Wiegmann, 1835 | 1, 2 | LC | L (8) | NL | 3 | 1897 |
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Scincidae | |||||||
Plestiodon callicephalus (Bocourt, 1879) | 1, 2, 4 | LC | M (12) | NL | 2 | 1962 | KU KUH 73745 |
Plestiodon colimensis (Taylor 1935) | 1, 2 | DD | H (14) | Pr | 1 | 1955 | KU KUH 44733 |
Plestiodon parviauriculatus (Taylor, 1933) | 1, 2, 4 | DD | H (15) | Pr | 1 | 1967 |
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Plestiodon parvulus (Taylor, 1933) | 2, 4 | DD | H (15) | NL | 1 | 1964 | KU KUH 91415 |
Teiidae | |||||||
Aspidoscelis communis (Cope, 1978) | 1, 2 | LC | H (14) | Pr | 1 | 1897 |
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Aspidoscelis costatus (Cope, 1878) | 1, 2, 3 | LC | M (11) | Pr | 1 | 1953 | MVZ: Herp:59184 |
Aspidoscelis stictogrammus (Burger, 1950) | 1, 2, 3 | LC | H (14) | NL | 2 | 1974 |
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Aspidoscelis tigris (Baird & Girard, 1852) | 1, 2, 3 | LC | L (8) | NL | 2 | 1955 | KU KUH 44724 |
Order Squamata | |||||||
Suborder Serpentes | |||||||
Boidae | |||||||
Boa sigma Smith, 1943 | 1, 2, 3 | NE | H (15) | NL | 1 | 1898 |
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Colubridae | |||||||
Arizona elegans Kennicott, 1859 | 1, 2 | LC | L (5) | NL | 1 | 1962 |
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Chilomeniscus stramineus Cope, 1860 | 1, 2 | LC | L (8) | Pr | 2 | 1975 |
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Conopsis nasus Günther, 1858 | 4, 5 | LC | M (11) | NL | 1 | 1963 |
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Drymarchon melanurus (Duméril, Bribon & Duméril, 1854) | 1, 2, 3, 4 | LC | L (6) | NL | 4 | 1897 |
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Drymobius margaritiferus (Schlegel, 1837) | 1, 2 | LC | L (6) | NL | 4 | 1957 |
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Geagras redimitus Cope, 1875 | 1, 2 | DD | H (14) | Pr | 1 | 1936 | Taylor 1936 |
Gyalopion quadrangulare (Günther, 1893) | 1, 2, 3 | LC | M (11) | Pr | 2 | 1893 | Günther 1893 |
Lampropeltis greeri Webb, 1961 | 1, 4 | NE | NE | NL | 1 | 2009 |
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Lampropeltis nigrita Zweifel & Norris, 1955 | 1, 2, 3 | NE | NE | NL | 2 | 1961 |
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Lampropeltis polyzona Cope, 1860 | 1, 2, 3 | LC | L (7) | NL | 1 | 1953 | MVZ: Herp:59295 |
Lampropeltis webbi Bryson, Dixon & Lazcano, 2005 | 4 | DD | H (16) | NL | 1 | 2005 |
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Leptophis diplotropis (Günther, 1872) | 1, 2, 3, 4 | LC | H (14) | A | 1 | 1897 |
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Masticophis bilineatus Jan, 1863 | 1, 2, 3 | LC | M (11) | NL | 2 | |894 |
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Masticophis flagellum Shaw, 1802 | 1, 2, 3 | LC | L (8) | A | 2 | 1904 |
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Masticophis mentovarius (Duméril, Bribon & Duméril, 1854 | 1, 2, 3, 4 | LC | L (6) | A | 3 | 1959 |
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Mastigodryas cliftoni (Hardy, 1964) | 1, 4 | NE | H (14) | NL | 1 | 1962 | KU KUH 73490 |
Mastigodryas melanolomus (Cope 1868) | 1, 2 | LC | L (6) | NL | 3 | 1963 | KU KUH 80746 |
Oxybelis aeneus (Wagler, 1824) | 1, 2 | NE | L (5) | NL | 4 | 1925 |
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Phyllorhynchus browni Stejneger, 1890 | 1, 2, 3 | LC | M (13) | Pr | 2 | 1954 | KU KUH 37597 |
Phyllorhynchus decurtatus (Cope, 1868) | 1, 2, 3 | LC | M (11) | NL | 2 | 1962 | KU KUH 73609 |
Pituophis catenifer (Blainville, 1835) | 1, 2, 3, 4 | LC | L (9) | NL | 2 | 1953 | MVZ: Herp:59289 |
Pituophis deppei (Dumeril, 1853) | 4 | LC | H (14) | A | 1 | 1975 |
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Pseudoficimia frontalis (Cope, 1864) | 1, 2 | LC | M (13) | NL | 1 | 1958 |
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Rhinocheilus lecontei Baird & Girard, 1853 | 1, 2 | LC | L (8) | NL | 2 | 1956 |
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Salvadora bairdii Jan & Sordelli, 1860 | 1, 2, 4 | LC | H (15) | Pr | 1 | 1961 |
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Salvadora deserticola Schmidt, 1940 | 1, 2, 3 | NE | H (14) | NL | 2 | 1910 |
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Salvadora hexalepis (Cope, 1867) | 1, 2, 3 | LC | M (10) | NL | 2 | 1962 | KU KUH 73627 |
Senticolis triaspis (Cope, 1866) | 1, 2 | LC | L (6) | NL | 4 | 1960 |
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Sonora aemula (Cope, 1879) | 1, 2, 4 | NT | H (16) | Pr | 1 | 1956 |
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Sonora mutabilis Stickel, 1943 | 1, 2 | LC | H (14) | NL | 1 | ?? | UTA UTA-R 7227 |
Sympholis lippiens Cope, 1862 | 1, 2 | NE | H (14) | NL | 1 | 1960 |
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Tantilla bocourti (Günther, 1895) | 1, 4 | LC | L (9) | NL | 1 | 1968 |
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Tantilla calamarina Cope, 1866 | 2 | LC | M (12) | Pr | 1 | 1875 |
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Tantilla wilcoxi Stejneger, 1902 | 4, 5 | LC | M (10) | NL | 2 | 1968 |
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Tantilla yaquia Smith, 1942 | 1, 2 | LC | M (10) | NL | 2 | 1925 |
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Trimorphodon paucimaculatus Taylor, 1936 | 1, 2, 3, 4 | NE | H (15) | NL | 1 | 1936 | Taylor 1936 |
Trimorphodon tau Cope, 1870 | 1, 2 | LC | M (13) | NL | 1 | 1953 |
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Dipsadidae | |||||||
Coniophanes lateritius Cope, 1862 | 1, 2 | DD | M (13) | NL | 1 | 1963 | KU KUH 83401 |
Diadophis punctatus (Linnaeus, 1766) | 4 | LC | L (4) | NL | 2 | 1964 |
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Geophis dugesii Bocourt, 1883 | 4 | LC | M (13) | NL | 1 | 1972 | CM Herps 69071 |
Hypsiglena chlorophaea Cope, 1860 | 1, 2, 3 | NE | L (8) | NL | 2 | 1956 |
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Hypsiglena torquata (Günther, 1860) | 1, 2 | LC | L (8) | Pr | 1 | 1894 |
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Imantodes gemmistratus (Cope, 1861) | 1, 2, 3 | LC | L (6) | Pr | 3 | 1956 |
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Leptodeira maculata (Hallowell, 1861) | 1, 2 | LC | L (7) | Pr | 1 | 1918 |
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Leptodeira punctata (Peters, 1866) | 1, 2, 3 | LC | H (17) | NL | 1 | 1897 |
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Leptodeira splendida Günther, 1895 | 1, 2 | LC | H (14) | NL | 1 | 1897 |
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Rhadinaea hesperia Bailey, 1940 | 1, 4 | LC | M (10) | Pr | 1 | 1897 |
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Tropidodipsas annulifera (Boulenger, 1894) | 1, 2 | LC | M (13) | Pr | 1 | 1960 |
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Tropidodipsas philippi (Jan, 1863) | 1, 2 | LC | H (14) | Pr | 1 | 1962 | KU KUH 73640 |
Elapidae | |||||||
Hydrophis platurus (Linnaeus, 1766) | 6 | LC | NE | NL | 6 | 1951 |
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Micruroides euryxanthus (Kennicott, 1860) | 1, 2 | LC | H (15) | A | 2 | 1956 |
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Micrurus distans (Kennicott, 1860) | 1, 2, 3 | LC | H (14) | Pr | 1 | 1962 |
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Leptotyphlopidae | |||||||
Rena dugesii (Bocourt, 1881) | 1, 2 | NE | NE | NL | 1 | 1894 |
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Natricidae | |||||||
Storeria storerioides (Cope, 1865) | 4, 5 | LC | M (11) | NL | 1 | 1961 |
|
Thamnophis cyrtopsis (Kennicott, 1860) | 1, 2, 3, 4 | LC | L (7) | A | 4 | 1897 |
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Thamnophis validus (Kennicott, 1860) | 1, 2, 3 | NE | M (12) | NL | 1 | 1879 |
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Typhlopidae | |||||||
Indotyphlops braminus (Daudin, 1803) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||
Viperidae | |||||||
Agkistrodon bilineatus (Günther, 1863) | 1, 2 | NT | M (11) | Pr | 3 | 1961 |
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Crotalus atrox Baird & Girard, 1853 | 3 | LC | L (9) | Pr | 2 | 1953 | MVZ:Herp:59310 |
Crotalus basiliscus (Cope, 1864) | 1, 2, 3, 4 | LC | H (16) | Pr | 1 | 1925 |
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Crotalus lepidus (Kennicott, 1861) | 4 | LC | M (12) | Pr | 2 | 1953 | MVZ:Herp:59310 |
Crotalus molossus Baird & Girard, 1853 | 1, 2, 4 | LC | L (8) | Pr | 2 | 1963 | KU KUH 78964 |
Crotalus stejnegeri Dunn, 1919 | 1 | VU | H (17) | A | 1 | 1919 |
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Order Testudines | |||||||
Chelonidae | |||||||
Caretta caretta (Linnaeus, 1758) | 6 | VU | NE | P | 5 | 1969 |
|
Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus, 1758) | 6 | EN | NE | P | 5 | 1960 | UF Herp 39694 |
Eretmochelys imbricata (Linnaeus, 1766) | 6 | CR | NE | P | 5 | 1969 |
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Lepidochelys olivacea (Eschscholtz, 1829) | 6 | VU | NE | P | 5 | 1882 |
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Dermochelyidae | |||||||
Dermochelys coriacea (Vandelli, 1761) | 6 | VU | NE | P | 5 | 1969 |
|
Emydidae | |||||||
Terrapene nelsoni Stejneger, 1925 | 1, 2 | DD | H (18) | Pr | 1 | 1962 |
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Trachemys nebulosa (Van Denburgh, 1895) | 3 | NE | H (18) | NL | 1 | 1965 |
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Trachemys ornata (Gray, 1831) | 1, 2 | VU | H (19) | Pr | 1 | 1831 |
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Geoemydidae | |||||||
Rhinoclemmys pulcherrima (Gray, 1855) | 1, 2, 3 | NE | L (8) | NL | 3 | 1868 |
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Kinosternidae | |||||||
Kinosternon alamosae Berry & Legler, 1980 | 1, 2, 3 | DD | H (14) | Pr | 1 | 1957 |
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Kinosternon hirtipes (Wagler, 1830) | 1, 2 | LC | M (10) | Pr | 2 | 1936 | Taylor 1936 |
Kinosternon integrum LeConte, 1854 | 1, 2, 3 | LC | M (11) | Pr | 1 | 1882 |
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Testudinidae | |||||||
Gopherus evgoodei Edwards, Karl, Vaughn, Rosen, Meléndez-Torres & Murphy, 2016 | 1, 2, 3 | VU | NE | NL | 1 | 1963 |
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We suggest that there are 19 species (seven amphibians, 12 reptiles) that potentially occur in Sinaloa but that have not yet been documented in the state (Table
List of amphibian and reptile species that potentially occur in Sinaloa.
Taxon | Explanation |
---|---|
Class Amphibia | |
Order Anura | |
Bufonidae | |
Anaxyrus compactilis (Wiegmann, 1833) | Likely to occur in eastern Sinaloa |
Incilius mccoyi Santos-Barrera & Flores-Villela, 2011 | Likely to occur in northeastern Sinaloa |
Craugastoridae | |
Craugastor tarahumaraensis (Taylor, 1940) | Likely to occur in northeastern Sinaloa |
Eleutherodactylidae | |
Eleutherodactylus pallidus (Duellman, 1958) | Likely to occur in southeastern Sinaloa |
Hylidae | |
Dryophytes wrightorum (Taylor, 1939) | Likely to occur in northeastern Sinaloa |
Ranidae | |
Rana chiricahuensis Platz & Mecham, 1979 | Likely to occur in eastern Sinaloa |
Order Caudata | |
Ambystomatidae | |
Ambystoma silvense Webb, 2004 | Likely to occur in eastern Sinaloa |
Class Reptilia | |
Order Squamata | |
Suborder Lacertilia | |
Eublepharidae | |
Coleonyx elegans Gray, 1845 | Likely to occur in southern Sinaloa |
Phrynosomatidae | |
Sceloporus grammicus Wiegmann, 1828 | Likely to occur in eastern Sinaloa |
Sceloporus lemosespinali Lara-Góngora, 2004 | Likely to occur in northeastern Sinaloa |
Sceloporus scalaris Weigmann, 1828 | Likely to occur in eastern Sinaloa |
Order Squamata | |
Suborder Serpentes | |
Dipsadidae | |
Rhadinaea laureata (Günther, 1868) | Likely to occur in eastern Sinaloa |
Natricidae | |
Thamnophis eques (Reuss, 1834) | Likely to occur in eastern-southeastern Sinaloa |
Thamnophis errans Smith, 1942 | Likely to occur in eastern Sinaloa |
Thamnophis melanogaster (Peters, 1864) | Likely to occur in eastern Sinaloa |
Thamnophis nigronuchalis Thompson, 1957 | Likely to occur in eastern Sinaloa |
Thamnophis pulchrilatus (Cope, 1885) | Likely to occur in eastern Sinaloa |
Thamnophis unilabialis Tanner, 1985 | Likely to occur in northeastern Sinaloa |
Viperidae | |
Crotalus pricei Van Denburgh, 1895 | Likely to occur in eastern and northeastern Sinaloa |
Twenty-one of the 39 species of amphibians in Sinaloa are endemic to Mexico, two of which are restricted to small areas in the Sierra Madre Occidental of Sinaloa and adjacent Durango, or Sinaloa, Nayarit, and Jalisco. Twelve are primarily distributed along the Pacific Coast and western slopes of the Sierra Madre Occidental. Two are characteristic of the Sierra Madre Occidental, and five have a widespread or spotty distribution in the Sierra Madre Occidental, central Mexico, and Sierra Madre del Sur. Of the 18 amphibian species in Sinaloa not endemic to Mexico, one is introduced, nine are found in the United States and Mexico, five are distributed from Mexico to Central or South America, and three have a wide distribution from the United States to Central or South America (Table
The vegetation type that hosts the highest number of amphibian and reptile species is the Tropical Deciduous Forest, which includes semi-deciduous forest, with 121 species, which represents 77.6% of the total number of species found in Sinaloa. The second highest number of amphibian and reptile species is hosted by “Thorn Forest” with 104 species, which represents 66.7% of the total species of Sinaloa. According to
For amphibian and reptile species together, 12.7% are IUCN listed (i.e., Vulnerable, Near Threatened, or Endangered), 9.7% are placed in a protected category (excluding NL and Pr, this last category is equivalent to the LC category of IUCN) by SEMARNAT, and 34.0% are categorized as high risk by the EVS (Table
Proportion of A amphibians and B reptiles listed in protected categories on the IUCN Red List, SEMARNAT, and high EVS for Sinaloa. Green is proportion in Data Deficient and Least Concern (IUCN); Not Listed and Subject to Special Protection (we regarded the category of Subject to Special Protection in SEMARNAT equivalent to Least Concern in IUCN) (SEMARNAT); or low or medium EVS. Red is percentage in protected categories or high EVS. N is the number of species assessed.
Summary of native species present in Sinaloa by Family, Order or Suborder, and Class. Status summary indicates the number of species found in each IUCN conservation status in the order DD, LC, VU, NT, EN, CE (see Table
Scientific name | Genera | Species | IUCN | x̄ EVS | SEMARNAT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Class Amphibia | DD, LC, VU, NT, EN, CE | NL, Pr, A, P | |||
Order Anura | 18 | 37 | 3, 26, 2, 1, 2, 0 | 9.7 | 30, 7, 0, 0 |
Bufonidae | 3 | 9 | 0, 7, 0, 1, 0, 0 | 10.6 | 9, 0, 0, 0 |
Craugastoridae | 1 | 4 | 1, 2, 1, 0, 1, 0 | 12.3 | 5, 0, 0, 0 |
Eleutherodactylidae | 1 | 4 | 2, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0 | 15 | 2, 2, 0, 0 |
Hylidae | 7 | 9 | 0, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0 | 8.6 | 7, 2, 0, 0 |
Leptodactylidae | 1 | 1 | 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0 | 6 | 1, 0, 0, 0 |
Microhylidae | 2 | 3 | 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0 | 6.3 | 2, 1, 0, 0 |
Phyllomedusidae | 1 | 1 | 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0 | 13 | 1, 0, 0, 0 |
Ranidae | 1 | 4 | 0, 3, 1, 0, 0, 0 | 6.5 | 2, 2, 0, 0 |
Scaphiopodidae | 1 | 1 | 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0 | 3 | 1, 0, 0, 0 |
Order Caudata | 1 | 1 | 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0 | 14 | 0, 1, 0, 0 |
Ambystomatidae | 1 | 1 | 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0 | 14 | 0, 1, 0, 0 |
Subtotal | 19 | 38 | 3, 27, 2, 1, 2, 0 | 9.8 | 30, 8, 0, 0 |
Class Reptilia | |||||
Order Crocodylia | 1 | 1 | 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0 | 14 | 0, 1, 0, 0 |
Crocodylidae | 1 | 1 | 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0 | 14 | 0, 1, 0, 0 |
Order Squamata | 56 | 103 | 7, 76, 1, 3, 0, 0 | 11.7 | 64, 29, 10, 0 |
Suborder Lacertilia | 17 | 40 | 4, 30, 0, 1, 0, 0 | 12.9 | 27, 10, 3, 0 |
Anguidae | 3 | 3 | 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0 | 10.3 | 1, 2, 0, 0 |
Dactyloidae | 1 | 2 | 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0 | 15 | 1, 1, 0, 0 |
Eublepharidae | 1 | 2 | 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0 | 14 | 1, 1, 0, 0 |
Helodermatidae | 1 | 2 | 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0 | 13 | 0, 0, 2, 0 |
Iguanidae | 3 | 4 | 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0 | 14.3 | 3, 1, 0, 0 |
Phrynosomatidae | 5 | 16 | 0, 14, 0, 0, 0, 0 | 12.8 | 15, 0, 1, 0 |
Phyllodactylidae | 1 | 3 | 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0 | 12.7 | 2, 1, 0, 0 |
Scincidae | 1 | 4 | 3, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0 | 14 | 2, 2, 0, 0 |
Teiidae | 1 | 4 | 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0 | 11.8 | 2, 2, 0, 0 |
Suborder Serpentes | 39 | 63 | 3, 46, 1, 2, 0, 0 | 10.9 | 37, 19, 7, 0 |
Boidae | 1 | 1 | 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 | 15 | 1, 0, 0, 0 |
Colubridae | 22 | 37 | 2, 27, 0, 1, 0, 0 | 10.6 | 26, 7, 4, 0 |
Dipsadidae | 8 | 12 | 1, 10, 0, 0, 0, 0 | 10.6 | 6, 6, 0, 0 |
Elapidae | 3 | 3 | 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0 | 14.5 | 1, 1, 1, 0 |
Leptotyphlopidae | 1 | 1 | 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 | – | 1, 0, 0, 0 |
Natricidae | 2 | 3 | 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0 | 10 | 2, 0, 1, 0 |
Viperidae | 2 | 6 | 0, 4, 1, 1, 0, 0 | 12.2 | 0, 5, 1, 0 |
Order Testudines | 10 | 13 | 2, 2, 5, 0, 1, 1 | 14 | 3, 5, 0, 5 |
Cheloniidae | 4 | 4 | 0, 0, 2, 0, 1, 1 | – | 0, 0, 0, 4 |
Dermochelyidae | 1 | 1 | 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0 | – | 0, 0, 0, 1 |
Emydidae | 2 | 3 | 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0 | 18.3 | 1, 2, 0, 0 |
Geoemydidae | 1 | 1 | 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 | 8 | 1, 0, 0, 0 |
Kinosternidae | 1 | 3 | 1, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0 | 11.7 | 0, 3, 0, 0 |
Testudinidae | 1 | 1 | 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0 | – | 1, 0, 0, 0 |
Subtotal | 67 | 117 | 9, 78, 7, 3, 1, 1 | 11.9 | 67, 35, 10, 5 |
Total | 86 | 155 | 12, 105, 9, 4, 3, 1 | 11.4 | 97, 43, 10, 5 |
The conservation status of species found in different vegetation types in Sinaloa appear to differ (Table
Overall, Sinaloa shares the most herpetofaunal species with Sonora, with 72.4% overlap in species (Table
Summary of the numbers of species shared between Sinaloa and neighboring Mexican states (not including introduced species). The percent of Sinaloa species shared by a neighboring state are given in parentheses. Total refers to the total number of species found in Sinaloa and four neighboring states (i.e., regional species pool) and the number in parentheses in this column is the percent of the regional species pool found in Sinaloa. – indicates either Sinaloa or the neighboring state has no species in the taxonomic group, or none of that specific taxon is shared between the states, thus no value for shared species is provided. Peninsula refers to herpetofauna of the states of Baja California and Baja California Sur pooled together.
Taxon | Sinaloa | Sonora | Nayarit | Chihuahua | Durango | Peninsula | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Class Amphibia | 38 | 25 (65.8) | 30 (78.9) | 20 (52.6) | 21 (55.3) | 3 (7.9) | 77 (49.4) |
Order Anura | 37 | 24 (64.9) | 29 (78.4) | 19 (51.4) | 20 (54.1) | 3 (8.1) | 67 (55.2) |
Bufonidae | 9 | 8 (88.9) | 5 (55.6) | 6 (66.7) | 7 (77.8) | 2 (22.2) | 17 (52.9) |
Craugastoridae | 5 | 2 (40) | 4 (80) | 1 (20) | 3 (60) | – | 6 (83.3) |
Eleutherodactylidae | 4 | 1 (25) | 2 (50) | 1 (25) | 2 (50) | – | 6 (66.7) |
Hylidae | 9 | 4 (44.4) | 9 (100) | 3 (33.3) | 4 (44.4) | – | 14 (64.3) |
Leptodactylidae | 1 | 1 (100) | 1 (100) | – | – | – | 1 (100) |
Microhylidae | 3 | 2 (66.7) | 3 (100) | 2 (66.7) | – | – | 4 (75) |
Phyllomedusidae | 1 | 1 (100) | 1 (100) | 1 (100) | 1 (100) | – | 1 (100) |
Ranidae | 4 | 4 (100) | 3 (75) | 4 (100) | 2 (50) | – | 14 (28.6) |
Scaphiopodidae | 1 | 1 (100) | 1 (100) | 1 (100) | 1 (100) | 1 (100) | 4 (25) |
Order Caudata | 1 | 1 (100) | 1 (100) | 1 (100) | 1 (100) | – | 10 (10) |
Ambystomatidae | 1 | 1 (100) | 1 (100) | 1 (100) | 1 (100) | – | 4 (25) |
Plethodontidae | – | – | – | – | – | – | 6 (0) |
Class Reptilia | 117 | 87 (74.4) | 76 (65) | 64 (54.7) | 57 (48.7) | 25 (21.4) | 358 (32.7) |
Order Crocodylia | 1 | 1 (100) | 1 (100) | – | – | – | 1 (100) |
Crocodylidae | 1 | 1 (100) | 1 (100) | – | – | – | 1 (100) |
Order Squamata | 103 | 75 (72.8) | 66 (64.1) | 58 (57.3) | 55 (53.4) | 19 (18.4) | 332 (31) |
Suborder Amphisbaenia | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 (0) |
Bipedidae | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 (0) |
Suborder Lacertilia | 40 | 27 (67.5) | 20 (50) | 18 (45) | 21 (52.5) | 7 (17.5) | 177 (22.6) |
Anguidae | 3 | 1 (33.3) | 2 (66.7) | 2 (66.7) | 3 (100) | – | 11 (27.3) |
Anniellidae | – | 2 (0) | |||||
Corytophanidae | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 (0) |
Crotaphytidae | – | – | – | – | – | – | 8 (0) |
Dactyloidae | 2 | 1 (50) | 1 (50) | 1 (50) | 1 (50) | – | 2 (100) |
Eublepharidae | 2 | 2 (100) | – | – | 1 (50) | 1 (50) | 6 (33.3) |
Helodermatidae | 2 | 2 (100) | 1 (50) | 1 (50) | 1 (50) | – | 2 (100) |
Iguanidae | 4 | 2 (50) | 2 (50) | 1 (25) | 1 (25) | 2 (50) | 12 (33.3) |
Phrynosomatidae | 16 | 12 (75) | 8 (50) | 9 (56.3) | 11 (68.8) | 3 (18.8) | 72 (22.2) |
Phyllodactylidae | 3 | 2 (66.7) | 2 (66.7) | 1 (33.3) | 1 (33.3) | – | 9 (33.3) |
Scincidae | 4 | 2 (50) | 2 (50) | 2 (50) | 1 (25) | – | 16 (25) |
Teiidae | 4 | 3 (75) | 2 (50) | 1 (25) | 1 (25) | 1 (25) | 30 (13.3) |
Xantusidae | – | – | – | – | – | – | 6 (0) |
Suborder Serpentes | 63 | 48 (76.2) | 46 (73.0) | 41 (65.1) | 34 (54.0) | 12 (19.0) | 154 (40.9) |
Boidae | 1 | 1 (100) | 1 (100) | 1 (100) | 1 (100) | – | 3 (33.3) |
Colubridae | 37 | 28 (75.7) | 23 (62.2) | 23 (62.2) | 21 (56.8) | 7 (18.9) | 74 (50) |
Dipsadidae | 12 | 7 (58.3) | 11 (91.7) | 6 (50) | 4 (33.3) | 2 (16.7) | 24 (50) |
Elapidae | 3 | 3 (100) | 3 (100) | 2 (66.7) | – | 1 (33.3) | 5 (60) |
Leptotyphlopidae | 1 | 1 (100) | 1 (100) | 1 (100) | – | – | 4 (25) |
Loxocemidae | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 (0) |
Natricidae | 3 | 3 (100) | 3 (100) | 3 (100) | 3 (100) | 1 (33.3) | 16 (18.8) |
Viperidae | 6 | 5 (83.3) | 4 (66.7) | 5 (83.3) | 5 (83.3) | 1 (16.7) | 27 (22.2) |
Order Testudines | 13 | 11 (84.6) | 9 (69.2) | 5 (38.5) | 2 (15.4) | 6 (46.2) | 25 (52) |
Cheloniidae | 4 | 4 (100) | 3 (75) | – | – | 4 (100) | 4 (100) |
Dermochelyidae | 1 | 1 (100) | 1 (100) | – | – | 1(100) | 1(100) |
Emydidae | 3 | 2 (66.7) | 2 (66.7) | 1 (33.3) | – | 1 (33.3) | 8 (37.5) |
Geoemydidae | 1 | 1 (100) | 1 (100) | 1 (100) | – | – | 1 (100) |
Kinosternidae | 3 | 2 (66.7) | 2 (66.7) | 2 (66.7) | 2 (66.7) | – | 8 (37.5) |
Testudinidae | 1 | 1 (100) | – | 1 (100) | – | – | 3 (66.7) |
Total | 155 | 112 (72.3) | 106 (68.4) | 84 (54.2) | 78 (50.3) | 28 (18.1) | 435 (35.6) |
We thank James Rorabaugh and Thomas Van Devender for very helpful comments that greatly improved the manuscript. Support for this study was provided by Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico, Programa de Apoyo a Proyectos de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica (DGAPA-PAPIIT) through the Project IN215418. We are grateful to Alejandra Núñez Merchand from the National Commission for the Understanding and Use of Biodiversity (CONABIO) for kindly creating and providing the municipality, topographic, physiographic, climate, and vegetation maps used in this publication, and to Isabel Cruz, also from CONABIO, for providing the satellite imagen of the state of Sinaloa.
Museum collections included in the VertNet.org database records of Sinaloa amphibians and reptiles that house specimens of the first record of a species in Sinaloa.
FMNH Division of Amphibians and Reptiles, Field Museum of Natural History
MNHUK Museum of Natural History, Division of Herpetology, University of Kansas
TNHC Collection of Herpetology, Texas Natural History Collection, University of Texas Austin
UTAMM Merriam Museum, University of Texas Arlington