Cicinnus esperans Schaus, 1905

Eadmuna can be recognized by broad wings and silvery-gray ground color accented by varying degrees of brown. The forewing bears a discal cell as a hyaline or sub-hyaline patch bisected by the M₂ vein creating two separate windows. The hindwings lack any such hyaline markings. Although this marking is not unique within Mimallonidae, this character combined with the following two additional characters: the absence of any straight, continuous, vertical or diagonal postmedial lines and the presence of smooth wing margins; are diagnostic for the genus. Male genitalia are simple with a pointed, teardrop-shaped uncus, broad, ovoid tegumen with a pair of prominent, subtriangular, ridged lobes ventrally.

Male. Head: Very small, scales on frons swept forward, eyes large comprising roughly two-thirds of head area, bordered posteriorly by darkbrown scales, border of darker scales continues down head reaching beneath labial palpi, labial palpi very small, segments smaller distally, hardly extending beyond frons, basal two segments tufted ventrally, dorsally covered in darkbrown scales greatly contrasting with overall straw coloration of head. Antenna bipectinate, scape and pedicel tufted. Ocelli and putative chaetosemata present. Thorax: Densely covered in long, hair-like scales interspersed with widened, darker, petiolate scales giving a speckled appearance. Legs: Vestiture thick, scales long, especially on femur and tibia, coloration as for thorax, petiolate scales present. Tibial spurs about one fifth length of tibia, thick, triangular in cross section, ridged, ridges finely serrate along ventral length. Forewing dorsum: Forewing length: 16–20 mm, n=40. Triangular, convex outer margins becoming concave near apex in some species, apex accentuated. Silvery gray-brown ground color with extensive speckling due to dark, petiolate scales in similar manner to that of thorax. Discal spot prominent, hyaline or partially covered in translucent scales, with M₂ vein covered in dark scales separating hyaline patch into two distinct regions. Postmedial line usually present, though often faint, bulged in costal half, brown, dentate. Overall, scales become smaller and finer distally from wing base. Forewing venter: As for dorsum but usually lighter, postmedial lines generally more pronounced. Hindwing dorsum: Rounded, somewhat accentuated anal angle, essentially bearing same coloration and scale pattern as forewings though postmedial line usually fainter, if present. No hyaline patches present. Spatulate scales denser on inner margin. Hindwing venter: As for dorsum but usually lighter, postmedial lines generally more pronounced, frenulum with single bristle. Wing venation: As for Cicinnus melsheimeri (Harris, 1841) but R₄ + R₅ much shorter stalked. Abdomen: Somewhat compressed laterally, short, depth equal to that of thorax, rather triangular due to sudden truncation to slightly upturned tip, coloration a continuation of thoracic color, matching essentially dorsal wing coloration. Genitalia: Simple, uncus abruptly narrowed at base, extended apically. Tegumen broad, ovoid, with prominent, subtriangular, ridged lobes. Anal tube barely discernable, lightly sclerotized, with apex roughly halfway to distal tip of uncus. Valves simple, lightly sclerotized, basal half wider than distal half, sacculus half to one third width of valve at base, extending to half or two-thirds valve length. Juxta ventrally with quadrate lip and with two triangular arm-like spurs, one on either side of phallus. Juxtal spurs reach roughly midway along length of phallus. A small relatively quadrate sclerotized plate present dorsally to juxta/phallus. Vinculum broadly ovoid though flattened on dorsal and ventral margins, somewhat quadrate. Phallus simple, cylindrical, vesica sac-like or elongated with scobinate patch or with multidentate cornutus. Female. Similar to male except for: Head: Eyes greater than two thirds area of head, labial palpi smaller, region of brown scales bordering posterior of eyes thicker, extending to prothorax ventrally. Legs: Small scales nearly completely cover tibial spurs. Forewing dorsum: Forewing length range: 22–24 mm, n=3. Compared to male, forewing much broader overall, postmedial region lighter, more silvery gray than medial area, hyaline discal spot large, prominent. Postmedial line present, more pronounced than for male, brown, dentate, narrowly interrupted by veins, dark wedge where postmedial line meets costa. Antemedial lines present, bilobed, B-shaped. Forewing venter: As for dorsum, but lighter, postmedial line more contrasting. Hindwing dorsum: Broader, hardly accentuated anal angle, essentially bearing same coloration as forewings. Unlike males, entire hindwing, save for postmedial line, concolorous silvery gray, without a brown edge and without darker medial area present in forewings. Dentate postmedial line dark and well pronounced, narrowly interrupted by veins, slightly darker than that of forewing. Hindwing venter: As for dorsum, but lighter, postmedial line more contrasting, frenulum rudimentary with numerous bristles hidden by hindwing scales. Wing venation: As for male but Rs appears to originate closer to middle of cell. Abdomen: Much broader than that of male. Coloration a continuation of thoracic color, though darkening somewhat distally. Two very elongated sclerotized plates present on venter of eighth segment. Genitalia: Papillae anales elongated or stocky, covered in fine setae, apophyses posteriores shorter or same length as apophyses anteriores. Ductus bursae short, ostium opening immediately into corpus bursae. Corpus bursae, round, with or without sclerotized structures reinforcing membrane, elongated appendix bursae.

Despite Schaus’ (1928) comment that Eadmuna genitalia are allied to those of Psychocampa (unspecified species), this has not been found when comparing Eadmuna genitalia to those of some representative Psychocampa. No Eadmuna genitalia resemble any of the Psychocampa genitalia figured in Herbin (2012), including P. kohlii Herbin which greatly resemble the genitalia of the type species Psychocampa concolor Grote & Robinson, 1866 (Herbin 2012).

Aceclosteria villaricensis (Schaus, 1933) was originally described in Eadmuna. Currently the genus Aceclosteria Vuillot, 1893 contains one species, A. mus Vuillot, 1893. Previously Schaus described a female Aceclosteria specimen as Eadmuna villaricensis due to it being allied with “E. esperanza,” [sic] (Schaus, 1933) though the two species are quite dissimilar. For instance, A. mus has a continuous, non-dentate postmedial line. Additionally, in a single male genitalia dissection of A. mus from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (CUIC genitalia dissection 10-8-14:2), the genitalia were found to be highly complex structurally and asymmetrical, completely unlike Eadmuna. Becker (1996) synonymized E. villaricensis with A. mus. An external examination of the holotype of E. villaricensis supports Becker’s synonymy.

One or two other undescribed species from Costa Rica are currently considered to belong to Eadmuna by Daniel Herbin (pers. comm.). These golden-colored species, superficially somewhat similar to Eadmuna guianensis, new species and E. esperans, have broad wings, dentate postmedial lines, and bisected forewing hyaline areas. However, the genitalia are very distinct (MGCL dissection number 9-24-14:1). In one of these undescribed species, the uncus is not truncate and is rather triangular and flattened apically, the juxta has two extremely long, curved tusk-like projections, pointed outwards above the phallus. Finally, somewhat triangular tegumen lobes are present, as in Eadmuna, but are significantly elongated and without numerous ridges as in Eadmuna. Thus, these species from Costa Rica cannot be considered Eadmuna.

The geographic distribution of the species E. esperans and E. paloa, and possibly E. pulverula, very clearly follows the Atlantic coastal rainforest of Brazil (see Figure 18) (IBGE). This biome is of particular conservation interest due to a massive loss of habitat, such that it has been estimated that only approximately 11% of the Brazilian Atlantic forest remains (Ribeiro et al. 2009). The association of these two or three species with this biome, along with the almost complete lack of recent material of these species in any of the visited collections, presents further justification for the conservation of this area of high species richness (Ribeiro et al. 2009).

* Note: the male of E. pulverula and the females of E. esperans and E. guianensis are unknown

Figures 1–8. 

Eadmuna adults. 1 E. esperans holotype male, Espírito Santo, Brazil (image inverted laterally) [USNM] 2 E. esperans male, Jaraguá [do Sul], Santa Catarina, Brazil [CUIC] 3 E. guianensis holotype male, Mana River, French Guiana [CMNH] 4 E. guianensis paratype male, Mana River, French Guiana [CMNH] 5 E. paloa holotype male, São Paulo, Brazil (image inverted laterally) [USNM] 6 E. paloa male, Nova Bremen, Santa Catarina, Brazil (image inverted laterally) [CUIC] 7 E. paloa female, Rio Vermelho, Santa Catarina, Brazil (image inverted laterally) [AMNH] 8 E. pulverula holotype female, São Paulo, Brazil [USNM]. Scale bar = 1 cm.

Figures 9–14. 

Eadmuna male genitalia, valves with phallus and juxta removed, and separated phallus and juxta. 9 E. guianensis, holotype, Mana River, French Guiana [St Laurent diss.: 9-14-14:3] 10 E. esperans, Est. Biol. Boraceia, 850 m, near Salesopolis, São Paulo, Brazil [St Laurent diss.: 9-14-14:6] 11 E. paloa, Nova Bremen, Santa Catarina, Brazil [St Laurent diss.: 9-14-14:8] 12 E. guianensis, holotype, Mana River, French Guiana [St Laurent diss.: 9-14-14:3] 13 E. esperans, Est. Biol. Boraceia, 850 m, near Salesopolis, São Paulo, Brazil [St Laurent diss.: 9-14-14:6] 14 E. paloa, Nova Bremen, Santa Catarina, Brazil [St Laurent diss.: 9-14-14:8]. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Figures 15–17. 

Eadmuna female genitalia. 15 E. paloa, ventral, Rio Vermelho, Santa Catarina, Brazil [St Laurent diss.: 10-11-14:3] 16 E. paloa, lateral, Rio Vermelho, Santa Catarina, Brazil [St Laurent diss.: 11-1-14:8] 17 Damaged E. pulverula, holotype, ventral, São Paulo, Brazil [St Laurent diss.: 11-1-14:8]. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Figure 18. 

Distribution of Eadmuna. E. esperans (red circles), E. guianensis (purple circles), E. paloa (blue circles), E. pulverula (green star). Notes: red/blue circle represents the locality where both E. esperans and E. paloa have been collected, E. pulverula is represented by a star placed near the center of the Brazilian state of São Paulo because the type locality is “São Paulo,” without further information regarding specific locality.

Holotype: BRAZIL, Espírito Santo, Wm. Schaus collection, USNM holotype No.: 8893- genitalia diss: 86062, specimen examined, genitalia preparation not found [♂, USNM]. Paratypes: none. Type locality: BRAZIL, Espírito Santo.

All males (21 total): BRAZIL: Espírito Santo: Linhares, 40 m, 25–30 i 1998, V.O. Becker coll, Col. Becker No.:113480- St Laurent diss: 11-1-14:9, 11-1-14:10 [4 ♂, USNM]; [no further data]- St Laurent genitalia diss: 11-1-14:6 [1 ♂, USNM]; Santa Catarina: “Saint Catherines”- St Laurent genitalia diss: 11-1-14:2 [1 ♂, USNM]; F. Hoffman- St Laurent genitalia diss: 11-1:14:4 [2 ♂, USNM]; Jaraguá [do Sul], 10 x 1934, 14 x 1934, 17 ix 1934, coll. Fritz Hoffmann- St Laurent genitalia diss: 9-14-14:1, Franclemont genitalia slide: number 1763 [3 ♂, CUIC]; Rio Grande do Sul: Pelotas 15 v 1953, coll. C.M. de Biezanko no CB: 3503- St Laurent genitalia diss: 9-14-14:4 [1 ♂, CUIC]; Rio de Janeiro: Imbariê, 50 m, 21–27 viii 1955, coll. H. Ebert- St Laurent genitalia diss: 9-14-14:5 [1 ♂, CMNH]; “Itatiaya” [Itatiaia], 700 m, 5 x 1928, J.F. Zikan- St Laurent genitalia diss: 11-1-14:3 [1 ♂, USNM]; Zikan- St Laurent genitalia diss: 11-1-14:5 [1 ♂, USNM]; Itatiaia (Maromba), 17 viii 1952, No. 558, Pearson [1 ♂, USNM]; Itatiaia, (L 41, 1300 m) 5/8 iii 1951, Trav. & D. Albuquerque, No. 383- St Laurent diss: 11-1-14:12 [1 ♂, USNM]; PN. Itatiaia, Lago Azul 800(?)m, 12/13 xi 1956, H.R. & G.M. Pearson, No. HRP 1171- St Laurent diss: 11-1-14:13 [1 ♂, USNM]; São Paulo: Est. Biol. Boraceia, 850 m, near Salesopolis: 2 x 1971, E.G., I. & E.A. Munroe- St Laurent genitalia diss: 9-14-14:6 [1 ♂, CNC]; 26 ix 1971, E.G., I. & E.A. Munroe [2 ♂, CNC].

The weakly falcate forewings distinguish E. esperans from the similar Eadmuna guianensis, new species, described below. Genitalia of E. esperans are unique among species in the genus in that the vesica has a large scobinate patch as opposed to a single cornutus.

Male. Head: As for genus but border of darker scales that normally continues down head reaching beneath labial palpi somewhat reduced. Thorax: As for genus. Legs: As for genus but tibial spurs naked. Forewing dorsum: Forewing length: 17–20 mm, avg.: 18 mm, n=19. Triangular, rounded, convex margins becoming concave near subtly accentuated apex. Coloration light silvery brown, suffused with darker brown postmedially except near apex. Hyaline discal spot weakly pronounced, yellowish opaque rather than clear due to covering of yellowish scales, with M₂ vein separating hyaline patch into two distinct regions. Postmedial line bulging in costal half, scalloped, narrowly interrupted by veins, weaker on costal third except for dark wedge on costa. Occasionally dark diffuse spots between veins immediately beyond center of postmedial line. Antemedial line very weak except for dark chevron on costa. Fringe varies in coloration from darkbrown to off white. Forewing venter: As for dorsum but lighter, postmedial line usually much darker, well-pronounced. Hindwing dorsum: Rounded, slightly falcate anal angle, bearing similar coloration and pattern as forewing though maculation usually somewhat fainter than on forewing and lacking a hyaline discal spot. Hindwing venter: As for dorsum but lighter, postmedial line usually much darker, well pronounced. Wing venation: As for genus. Abdomen: As for genus, concolorous with thorax. Genitalia: n=14. As for genus, simple, but distal end of teardrop-shaped uncus moderately thick, ventral lobes of tegumen subtriangular, with a central sclerotized ridge with three or four secondary ridges ventral to center of subtriangle. Sclerotized plate, dorsal to juxta and phallus, broad, especially on lower half. Phallus, simple, broad, cylindrical, vesica, sac-like with scobinate patch covering roughly half of everted vesica. Female. Unknown.

This species is known from southeastern and southern Brazil in the states of Espírito Santo (type locality), Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Santa Catarina, and Rio Grande do Sul, apparently from relatively low to moderately high elevations (40 to 1300 m). This distribution coincides with both the pampa and Atlantic coastal forest biomes (IBGE 2004).

Eadmuna esperans, the type species of the genus, was originally described under the genus Cicinnus, likely due to the early year of its description, a time when the author, Schaus, was placing many new species in this catch-all genus. It is only known to be sympatric with one congener, E. paloa, in Jaraguá [do Sul], Santa Catarina, Brazil, but can be readily separated by the genital characters mentioned above. Eadmuna esperans is most similar to the new species described below, but the latter has more falcate forewings and is known only from the Amazonian region of French Guiana and Guyana. The scobinate patch covering the vesica of E. esperans is unique in the genus.

Holotype: Mana River, Fr. Guiana. May, 1917. Acc. 6008, “Cicinnus esperans Schaus,” St Laurent diss.: 9-14-14:3, HOLOTYPE ♂ Eadmuna guianensis St Laurent and Dombroskie, 2015 [handwritten red label]. Deposited Carnegie Museum of Natural History. Type locality: French Guiana, Mana River.

Paratypes: 4 males: GUYANA: 1 male: Tumatumari, Rio Potaro, Br. Guiana, Ac. 5615, St Laurent diss.: 10-27-14:1, PARATYPE ♂ Eadmuna guianensis St Laurent and Dombroskie, 2015 [yellow label]. Deposited American Museum of Natural History; FRENCH GUIANA: 3 males: Mana River, Fr. Guiana. May, 1917. Acc. 6008, “C. esperans Schaus,” USNM-Mimal: 2510, St Laurent diss.: 11-1-14:1, PARATYPE ♂ Eadmuna guianensis St Laurent and Dombroskie, 2015 [yellow label]. Deposited National Museum of Natural History; Mana River, Fr. Guiana. May, 1917. Acc. 6008, PARATYPE ♂ Eadmuna guianensis St Laurent and Dombroskie, 2015 [yellow label]. Deposited Carnegie Museum of Natural History; Mana River, Fr. Guiana. May, 1917. Acc. 6008, “C. esperans Schaus,” illegible label, St Laurent diss: 9-14-14:2, PARATYPE ♂ Eadmuna guianensis St Laurent and Dombroskie, 2015 [yellow label]. Deposited Cornell University Insect Collection.

Similar in general appearance to E. esperans but recognizable by darker overall brownish coloration, more acutely, slightly hooked forewing apex, and a vesica bearing a spiked, curved cornutus as opposed to a scobinate patch. The cornutus of E. paloa, unlike that of E. guianensis, is not curved. No other Eadmuna is known to occur in northern South America.

Male. Head: As for genus. Thorax: As for genus. Legs: As for genus but tibial spurs slightly thinner, half to entirety of spurs covered in fine scales. Forewing dorsum: Forewing length: 18–20 mm, avg. 19 mm, n=5. Triangular, convex margins becoming concave near apex, apex accentuated. Brown coloration more predominant than silvery gray, especially distally from thorax, with less extensive speckling due to relative lack of dark, petiolate scales. Discal spot not prominent, elongated, hyaline, yellowish opaque, with M₂ vein separating hyaline patch into two distinct regions. Postmedial line bulging in costal half, scalloped, narrowly interrupted by veins, weaker on costal third except for dark wedge on costa. Antemedial line weak with dark chevron at costal margin. Forewing venter: Darker and lighter areas more finely defined though not particularly darker or lighter overall from dorsum. Postmedial line only somewhat slightly better defined than on dorsum. Hindwing dorsum: Rounded, with slightly pronounced anal angle, bearing similar coloration as forewings; postmedial line present, usually well developed, roughly parallel to outer margin, though angled slightly more inward on inner half than in other species. No hyaline patches present. Hindwing venter: Darker and lighter areas more finely defined though not particularly darker or lighter overall from dorsum. Postmedial line only somewhat better defined than on dorsum. Wing venation: As for genus but R₄ + R₅ slightly longer stalked. Abdomen: Coloration as for thorax, mostly concolorous with dorsal wing color. Genitalia: n=4. As for genus, simple but most structures thinner and weaker than other species. Uncus teardrop shaped, extended apically, very thin apically, highly truncated basally. Ventral lobes of tegumen subtriangular, ridged; ridges thicker and more pronounced than for E. esperans. Valves simple, relatively thin. Sclerotized plate, dorsal to juxta and phallus, broad, rounded dorsally. Phallus, simple, cylindrical, pointed when viewed ventrally/dorsally, vesica sac-like, bulbous with single curved cornutus bearing four or five spikes that increase in size distally. Female. Unknown.

Named for the Guianas from where all the specimens were collected.

This species is only known from Guyana and French Guiana and thus represents a significant disjunction in geographic distribution of the genus, the other three Eadmuna species being found in southern and southeastern Brazil.

Eadmuna guianensis is known from the Amazon Rainforest, very distant from the range of its three congeners. This disjunction is unlikely to be due to an artefact of under-sampling in intervening areas because the Amazon region is well collected for Mimallonidae (R. St Laurent pers. obs.). Despite the seemingly geographic isolation and distance from the localities of the other species of Eadmuna, this species clearly belongs to this genus due to the characters of the genitalia, which are very similar to those of the type species and, surprisingly, bear aspects similar to E. esperans in wing pattern and valve structure and to E. paloa in the vesica.

Holotype: BRAZIL, São Paulo, “No. 71,” USNM holotype No.: 34362- St Laurent diss: 11-1-14:7 [examined] [♂, USNM]. Paratypes: none. Type locality: BRAZIL, São Paulo.

22 males, 2 females: BRAZIL: São Paulo: Jacupiranga, 800m, 8 ii 1993, V.O. Becker, Col. Becker no. 87164- St Laurent diss: 11-1-14:11 [1 ♂, USNM]; Santa Catarina: Rio Vermelho: i 1957, A. Maller col., No. 1714 [1 ♂, USNM]; ii 1945, i 1944, leg. Anton Maller- St Laurent diss: 10-11-14:2 [2 ♂, AMNH]; ii 1945- leg Anton Maller- St Laurent diss: 10-11-14:3 [1 ♀, AMNH]; ii 1944, A. Maller Coll., Frank Johnson Donor- St Laurent diss: 11-12-14:1 [1 ♀, AMNH]; Hansa Humbolt [Corupá] [probably pre 1944] [1 ♂, USNM]; Jaraguá [do Sul], 29 xi 1934, 17 ix 1934, coll. Fritz Hoffmann- St Laurent genitalia diss: 9-14-14:7, Franclemont genitalia diss: 1769 [2 ♂, CUIC]; Nova Bremen, 7 xii 1936, 14 x 1936, 18 v 1936, 7 ix 1935 coll. Fritz Hoffmann- St Laurent genitalia diss: 9-14-14:8 [4 ♂, CUIC]; [no further data] [3 ♂, USNM]; F. Hoffman, No. 13791 [1 ♂, USNM]; F. Hoffman [1 ♂, USNM]; Paraná: Banhados (RR. from Curitiba to Paranaguá), 800 m, 14 ii 1972, E.G., I. & E.A. Munroe- St Laurent diss: 10-5-14-:1 [2 ♂, CNC]; Minas Gerais: Diamantina, Serrinha- X-IV, with X-IV crossed out, leg. E. Cohn- St Laurent diss: 10-11-14:1 [4 ♂, AMNH].

Eadmuna paloa has more elongate forewings with larger hyaline areas than any other Eadmuna species. The vesica has a single, large, straight cornutus that is fused to progressively smaller, parallel cornuti that transition into a mane of long, clear, hair-like projections that originate from the vesica. Additionally, the lobes of the basal half of the tegumen are much more heavily sclerotized in all E. paloa examined than in other species in the genus. The female is larger than the male, with broader wings and darker, more pronounced antemedial and postmedial lines. The female of E. paloa is similar to the female of E. pulverula, but the forewings are less falcate, with larger hyaline patches, and there is no longitudinal dark line on the venter of the abdomen.

The primary genital characters used to differentiate E. esperans and E. paloa are the vesica and cornutus. In E. esperans the vesica is sac-like and covered in a scobinate patch whereas the vesica of E. paloa is thinner and more cylindrical, and bears a single large cornutus. Aside from the very good genitalia characters, the two species can also be readily differentiated by wing morphology. Eadmuna paloa is generally more silvery in color with more acutely triangular forewings, has much larger forewing hyaline areas, and males have less pronounced postmedial lines.

Male. Head: As for genus, but more off white in color rather than straw colored; dorsal surface of labial palpi and area surrounding eyes covered in contrasting brown scales. Labial palpi and antennal tufts smaller. Thorax: As for genus, but as on head, scales of thorax lighter in coloration than in other species, thus darker petiolate scales more pronounced. Legs: As for genus, but tibial spurs clothed in small scales varying from covering proximal half to near entirety. Forewing dorsum: Forewing length: 16–20mm, avg. 18 mm, n=16. As for genus, but more acutely triangular, convex margins not concave near apex, lower quarter of forewing bows out slightly. Silvery gray brown with especially contrasting, extensive speckling due to dark, petiolate scales. Postmedial region roughly concolorous with rest of forewing, though silvery sheen lost near margin, so margin a singed-brown color. Hyaline discal spot prominent, large, very clear, not covered in scales, outlined by dark scales, M₂ separates hyaline patch into two distinct regions, creating a rough B-shape. Very faint postmedial line bulging in costal half, dentate, narrowly interrupted by veins, weaker on costal third except for darker wedge on costa. Antemedial line faint. Fringe white, contrasting with darker brown edge of wing. Forewing venter: As for dorsum, but lighter overall; postmedial line usually much darker. Hindwing dorsum: Rounded, slightly pronounced anal angle, bearing similar coloration to forewings. Postmedial line, when present, may be more strongly marked than on forewing. No hyaline patches present. Fringe as for forewing. Hindwing venter: As for dorsum, but lighter, postmedial line usually much darker. Wing venation: As for genus. Abdomen: As for genus, concolorous with thorax, but silvery instead of straw-colored. Genitalia: n=8. As for genus, uncus simple, teardrop shaped, extended apically with moderate thickness distally. Ridged ventral lobes of tegumen subtriangular, prominently sclerotized. Ridges thinner than for other species, and thus sharper and flatter, with central ridge especially pronounced. Valves simple, short and stocky for genus, bent upwards at a roughly ninety degree angle so distal ends of valves more in parallel with uncus than angled away. Sclerotized plate, dorsal to juxta and phallus, truncated dorsally with two heavily sclerotized points. Phallus, simple, cylindrical, distal end rounded, vesica elongated with single large cornutus fused to progressively smaller parallel cornuti transitioning into a mane of long, clear, hair-like projections that originate from vesica near base of cornutus, reaching outwards to surround cornutus. Female. Head: As for male, antennae bipectinate. Thorax: As for male. Legs: As for male, but small scales nearly completely cover tibial spurs. Forewing dorsum: Forewing length: 22–24 mm, avg. 23 mm n=2. As for male but much broader. Postmedial region lighter, more silvery-grey than medial area. Hyaline discal mark large, prominent. Postmedial line, more pronounced than for male, brown, dentate, narrowly interrupted by veins, dark wedge where postmedial line meets costa. Antemedial lines, bilobed, B-shaped. Forewing venter: As for dorsum, but lighter, postmedial line more contrasting. Hindwing dorsum: As for male, but broader, with hardly accentuated anal angle, essentially bearing same coloration as forewing. Unlike in male, entire hindwing, save for postmedial line, concolorous silvery gray, without a brown edge and without darker medial area on forewing. Dentate postmedial line dark and well pronounced, narrowly interrupted by veins, slightly darker than forewing ground color. No hyaline patches present. Hindwing venter: As for dorsum, but lighter, postmedial line more contrasting. Wing venation: As for genus. Abdomen: Much thicker than that of male. Color as for thorax, though darkening somewhat distally. Genitalia: n=2. Papillae anales elongated, covered in fine setae, apophyses posteriores about half length of apophyses anteriores, so that when abdominal segments fully distended apophyses posteriores extend about to posterior margin of eighth segment. Ductus bursae short, ostium opening immediately into corpus bursae. Corpus bursae firm, round, with heavily-sclerotized, internal bar-like structures reinforcing membrane, appendix bursae elongated. Two very elongated, thin sclerotized plates on venter of eighth segment.

This species is known only from southeastern and southern Brazil. São Paulo is the type locality, which was erroneously reported as Paraguay in Becker (1996). In southern Brazil, specimens were examined from the states of Santa Catarina and Paraná. Eadmuna paloa is also known from Diamantina, Minas Gerais from four specimens in the AMNH. This record is of considerable distance from the other localities closer to the coast and falls within the Cerrado biome (IBGE 2004). The only elevation data comes from the two Paraná specimens and the Jacupiranga, São Paulo locality, which are of moderate elevation, both localities sited at 800 m.

Eadmuna paloa was synonymized with E. esperans by Becker (1996) without justification. The genitalia of the two species are shown to be substantially different, particularly the vesica and presence/absence of a cornutus. Both species are found to be sympatric, at least in Jaraguá [do Sul], Santa Catarina, Brazil.

This work describes the first female specimens to be attributed to Eadmuna. The two female specimens from the AMNH are part of a series of E. paloa from Rio Vermelho, Santa Catarina, Brazil, which includes two male specimens that, based on wing morphology and genitalia characteristics, match the male holotype of E. paloa from São Paulo. The wing morphology of the females is very similar to that of the males, particularly the silvery-gray coloration, highly dentate postmedial lines on all wings, and the presence of a large hyaline patch on the forewing. Additional support for associating these females with E. paloa is that the corpus bursae is highly sclerotized and strongly reinforced, potentially protecting the more membranous material of the corpus bursae from puncture due to the highly sclerotized and very sharp cornutus of the male (B. C. Schmidt pers. comm.). Males of E. esperans do not bear cornuti, only a scobinate patch on the vesica, thus relatively reduced sclerotization of the corpus would be expected in the female of E. esperans. The two females from Santa Catarina are therefore most reasonably associated with E. paloa males, which are much more frequent in collections.

Holotype: BRAZIL, São Paulo, Wm. Schaus collection, USNM holotype No.:12563- St Laurent diss: 11-1-14:8 [examined] [♀, USNM]. Paratypes: none. Type locality: BRAZIL, São Paulo.

Similar to female of E. paloa but the forewing apex is more falcate, the forewing discal hyaline patch slightly smaller, and with a distinct, thin dark line along the venter of the abdomen from the thorax to the distal end.

The papillae anales in E. pulverula are much broader and stockier than in E. paloa, the apophyses anteriores and posteriores are approximately the same length in E. pulverula whereas the apophyses posteriores are shorter than the apophyses anteriores in E. paloa. Sclerotized, ribbon-like plates are located on the venter of the eighth abdominal segments in both species, but those of E. pulverula are wider and angled inward toward each other medially, but are more parallel in E. paloa. Finally, the corpus bursae of E. pulverula lacks any sclerotized structure, but in E. paloa, this is the most distinctive trait of the genitalia.

Female. Head: Antennae bipectinate. Thorax: As for female of E. paloa. Legs: As for female of E. paloa, but small scales nearly completely cover tibial spurs. Forewing dorsum: Forewing length: 24 mm, n=1. As for female of E. paloa but with slightly more pronounced apex and overall darker coloration and heavier speckling due to higher number of petiolate scales. Hyaline discal mark smaller. Postmedial line present, darker, thicker, brown, dentate, narrowly interrupted by veins, dark wedge where postmedial line meets costa. Antemedial lines present, bilobed, B-shaped, but straighter. Forewing venter: As for dorsum, postmedial line more contrasting. Hindwing dorsum: Coloration as for forewing though lighter overall, anal angle accentuated. Postmedial line dentate, dark, well pronounced, narrowly interrupted by veins, slightly lighter than that of forewing. No hyaline patches present. Hindwing venter: As for dorsum, but lighter, especially in antemedial area. Wing venation: As for genus. Abdomen: Very robust, color similar to that of thorax, though yellowing somewhat in holotype, likely due to age of specimen. Longitudinal dark line along middle of abdominal venter formed by darkbrown, thin, petiolate scales. Genitalia: n=1. Papillae anales stocky, somewhat triangular, covered in fine setae, apophyses posteriors and anteriores of similar length, though apophyses posteriors slightly thicker, only one of each apophysis present in holotype specimen due to damage. Ductus bursae short, corpus bursae small, baglike, without signum or cornuti. Remnants of appendix bursae visible. Wide, elongated, sclerotized plates present of venter of eighth segment, curving inward toward each other, roughly midway along their length. Male. Unknown.

Known only from the type specimen, collected in São Paulo; no further locality information is available. Distribution is represented in Fig. 18 by a green placeholder star near the center of the state of São Paulo; however, it may be inferred from the distributions of E. esperans and E. paloa that E. pulverula likely ranges farther to the east in the state of São Paulo nearer to the coastal Atlantic Forest.

The holotype of Perophora pulverula was determined to be a female of an Eadmuna species due to its close similarity to female E. paloa from Santa Catarina, Brazil. Despite the fact that female Eadmuna had not been recognized prior to this work, it can be reasonably determined that the females from Santa Catarina are in fact E. paloa (see remarks of E. paloa) whereas the female of E. pulverula most likely represent a distinct species based on differences in genitalia.

Unfortunately, the genitalia of the holotype of E. pulverula are not intact (see Fig. 17) and thus are not entirely available for study. However, the genitalia characters that are present are very distinct from either of the Santa Catarina E. paloa females, which were both similar to each other. The size differences between the two taxa are among the most striking. Although the overall size of the females of E. paloa and E. pulverula are very similar, the genitalia of E. pulverula are nearly twice as large as those of E. paloa in all respects.

It is possible that E. pulverula is the unidentified female of E. esperans due to process of elimination in that the only Eadmuna known to occur in southern and southeastern Brazil are E. paloa and E. esperans and the female of E. paloa has been identified. However, there is not enough evidence to support E. pulverula and E. esperans as being conspecific. A major problem with considering E. pulverula to be the female of E. esperans is the wing color. Females of E. paloa are so similar to conspecific males that one would expect the female of E. esperans also to be very similar to conspecific males, and not exhibit the extreme dimorphism that would be present if E. pulverula was considered conspecific with E. esperans. Extreme sexual dimorphism in wing color and pattern is not common in Mimallonidae, aside from the fact that females are usually larger than males, with much broader wings (R. A. St Laurent pers. obs.). In actuality, E. pulverula is very similar to female E. paloa, with major differences only in the genitalia.

The genitalia of E. pulverula are so distinct from the females of E. paloa that it becomes impossible to consider them the same entity which, based on wing morphology alone, would have been the most logical conclusion pending further evidence. The most conservative approach in dealing with the name E. pulverula is to transfer it to Eadmuna from Cicinnus due to the female holotype bearing a striking similarity to female E. paloa, but to maintain it as a valid species rather than trying to associate it with cryptic males currently considered E. paloa or attributing it to E. esperans by mere process of elimination. Until female E. esperans are accurately associated with the easily recognizable males, the current placement of E. pulverula remains somewhat inconclusive.