Parachironomus Lenz from China and Japan (Diptera, Chironomidae)

Chun-Cai Yan; Jiao Yan; Li Jiang; Qin Guo; Ting Liu; Xin-yu Ge; Xin-Hua Wang; Bao-ping Pan

doi:10.3897/zookeys.494.6837

Abstract

Members of the genus Parachironomus Lenz known from China and Japan are revised, and a key to their male adults is given. Parachironomus poyangensis sp. n. is described in this life stage. Parachironomus frequens (Johannsen) and P. monochromus (van der Wulp) are recorded from China for the first time, thus are redescribed from Chinese specimens. Parachironomus kamaabeus Sasa & Tanaka and P. toneabeus Sasa & Tanaka are new junior synonyms of P. frequens. Three Chinese or Japanese species formerly placed in Parachironomus are transferred to other genera, resulting in the new combinations Cryptochironomus inafegeus (Sasa, Kitami & Suzuki), Demicryptochironomus (Irmakia) lobus (Yan, Sæther, Jin & Wang), and Microchironomus lacteipennis (Kieffer). Chironomus sauteri Kieffer, Parachironomus kisobilobalis Sasa & Kondo and P. kuramaexpandus Sasa are removed from Parachironomus; the last of these three denotes a valid species of uncertain generic placement, the first two are nomina dubia.

Keywords

Chironomidae, Parachironomus, new species, new combinations, new synonyms, key

Introduction

The name Parachironomus was proposed by Lenz (1921) for a genus concept based on larval and pupal characters. Edwards (1929) gave the first brief diagnosis for male imagines. Townes (1945) treated Nearctic species which are now considered as Parachironomus in “Harnischia (Harnischia)”, but his classification and nomenclature of Chironomini were very different from those in use today (e.g. Cranston et al. 1989; Makarchenko et al. 2006; Sæther and Spies 2013). However, Townes’ designation of Chironomus cryptotomus Kieffer, 1915 as the type of Parachironomus has been accepted as formally valid, even though the taxonomic identity of that species is uncertain (C. cryptotomus Kieffer is a nomen dubium). Among the known genera in the Harnischia group, the genus Parachironomus is closer to Demicryptochironomus Lenz (1941); it is distinguished from the later in having long superior volsella with 2–3 distal setae usually arising from distinct pits, inferior volsella with blunt or pointed caudal projection, while in Demicryptochironomus usually no the setal pits of superior volsella and inferior volsella reduced or absent.

Freeman and Cranston (1980) synonymized Kribiocryptus Kieffer, 1921 and Nilomyia Kieffer, 1921 under Parachironomus Lenz, 1921. However, Spies and Sæther (2004) showed that any name available from Kieffer (1921b, published in June) would take precedence over any name available from Lenz (1921, October). In this situation, using Parachironomus as a valid name could comply with the current rules of nomenclature (ICZN 1999) only if a special ICZN ruling were to effect an exemption from priority in this case, or if Kribiocryptus and Nilomyia are no longer treated as synonymous with Parachironomus. The latter classification has been adopted by Sæther and Spies (2013), and is followed here.

Lehmann (1970) revised 17 European species and gave a generic diagnosis and key to species. Spies et al. (1994) revised members of the genus from the Neotropical Region, and modified the generic definition. Later, Parachironomus supparilis (Edwards, 1931) was split in three species: P. longistilus Paggi, 1977, P. supparilis (Edwards), and P. valdiviensis Spies (Spies 2008). Spies (2000) studied the Palaearctic P. monochromus (van der Wulp) and the Holarctic P. tenuicaudatus (Malloch) in all stages, and presented a provisional key to adult males from Nearctic Region.

Hashimoto et al. (1981) placed six species from Thailand in Parachironomus: P. apicalis (Kieffer), P. calopunctus Hashimoto, P. truncatus Hashimoto, P. nakhonphanomensis Hashimoto, P. tener (Kieffer), and P. trisetifer Hashimoto). However, if the partially incomplete published descriptions are correct, then all of these forms except possibly P. calopunctus obviously fall outside of the current diagnosis of Parachironomus. Moreover, the corresponding material is either lost or inaccessible. Under these circumstances, no species proposed in Hashimoto et al. (1981) is treated as valid in Parachironomus in the present work. Maheshwari and Agarwal (1993) published a Parachironomus agraensis from India, but insufficient description and inaccessible type material (M. Spies, pers. comm.) render this yet another nomen dubium in Chironomini. Kikuchi and Sasa (1990) described a P. tobaquartus from Indonesia, but several hypopygial features of that species clearly rule out placement in Parachironomus. Cryptochironomus lacteipennis Kieffer and C. sauteri Kieffer were listed in Parachironomus by Sublette and Sublette (1973), along with Chironomus primitivus Johannsen. However, the assignment of genus names used in that work does not match that of today (for example, “Parachironomus” included Microchironomus Kieffer). Moreover, the original description of C. sauteri treats the adult female only; thus the name could not possibly be interpreted by Sublette and Sublette or any recent author without examination of the syntypes (at SDEI, Müncheberg, Germany).

Makarchenko et al. (2005) listed nine species from the Russian Far East: P. biannulatus (Staeger), P. forceps (Townes), P. frequens (Johannsen), P. gracilior (Kieffer) [sub P. arcuatus (Goetghebuer)]. P. monochromus (van der Wulp), P. paradigitalis Brundin, P. parilis (Walker), P. pseudovarus Zorina), and P. vitiosus (Goetghebuer); Zorina in Makarchenko et al. (2006) keyed eight of these species but omitted P. forceps.

From 1985–2001, Sasa and various co-authors, and Kobayashi and Suzuki (1999) recorded 11 species from Japan: P. gracilior (Kieffer) [sub P. arcuatus (Goetghebuer)], P. harunasecundus Sasa, P. inafegeus Sasa, Kitami & Suzuki, P. inageheus Sasa, Kitami & Suzuki, P. kamaabeus Sasa & Tanaka, P. kisobilobalis Sasa & Kondo, P. kuramaexpandus Sasa, P. monochromus (van der Wulp), P. tamanipparai (Sasa), P. taishoabeus Sasa & Tanaka, and P. toneabeus Sasa & Tanaka). Yamamoto (2010) keyed 7 species from Japan: P. acutus, P. gracilior [sub P. arcuatus], P. kisobilobalis, P. kuramaexpandus, P. monochromus, P. swammerdami (Kruseman) (which might also be P. mauricii (Kruseman) or an unnamed species), and P. tamanipparai (this belongs to Saetheria Jackson; M. Spies, pers. comm.). Based on the present examinations, only fpur or five true Parachironomus species appear to be known from Japan: P. frequens (Johannsen), P. gracilior (Kieffer), P. monochromus (van der Wulp), and P. swammerdami (Kruseman); P. acutus (Goetghebuer) is only provisionally placed in the genus at this time.

Wang et al. (1977) recorded Cryptochironomus arcuatus Goetghebuer, 1919 (= P. gracilior (Kieffer, 1918)) and Cryptochironomus primitivus Johannsen from Hubei Province, China. Wang (2000) listed both species in the genus Parachironomus. However, Cryptochironomus primitivus Johannsen has been treated as a synonym of Microchironomus tener (Kieffer) since Sæther (1977). Wang and Ji (2003) recorded Parachironomus arcuatus (= P. gracilior) in Oriental China (Fujian Province). In addition, Wang (2000) recorded Parachironomus varus (Goetghebuer) from Tianjin, but upon rechecking the specimen we are correcting that identification to P. gracilior. Parachironomus lobus Yan, Sæther, Jin & Wang was recorded by Yan et al. (2008b) from Hainan Province. According to an examination of type specimens by M. Spies, the species should be placed in the genus Demicryptochironomus.

Based on the known descriptions and material from China and Japan, the genus is reviewed, and one new species is described in the adult male stage. A key to adult males from China and Japan is provided.

Material and methods

The material examined was mounted on slides following the procedure outlined by Sæther (1969). The morphological nomenclature follows Sæther (1980) with the additions and corrections given by Sæther (1990). Measurements are given as ranges followed by the mean when more than three specimens were measured, followed by the number measured (n) in parentheses.

Type material studied is housed in the following institutions: Wang collection, Department of Biology, Life Science College, Nankai University, Tianjin, China (BDN); Sasa collection, National Science Museum, Tokyo, Japan (NSM).

Provisional key to adult males of Parachironomus from China and Japan

1	Tergite IX with shoulder-like caudal margin	2
–	Tergite IX with triangle caudal margin	4
2	Gonostylus with distinct expansion basally; anal point parallel-sided	P. acutus (Goetghebuer)
–	Gonostylus without distinct expansion basally or parallel-sided; anal point not parallel-sided	3
3	Anal point with constriction proximal of apical swelling; gonostylus with constriction in middle	P. frequens (Johannsen)
–	Anal point pointed; gonostylus parallel-sided	P. swammerdami (Kruseman)
4	Gonostylus with distinct widening in distal 1/3; superior volsella slightly curved, swollen distally	P. monochromus (van der Wulp)
–	Gonostylus widened basally or parallel-sided; superior volsella straightly, finger-like	5
5	Frontal tubercles absent; mid and hind tibiae each with 1 spur; gonostylus parallel-sided	P. poyangensis sp. n.
–	Frontal tubercles present; mid and hind tibiae each with 2 spurs; gonostylus widened basally	P. gracilior (Kieffer)

Species in Parachironomus

Parachironomus frequens (Johannsen)

Figs 1–4

Chironomus frequens Johannsen, 1905: 230. – Malloch (1915: 452).

Chironomus (Cryptochironomus) lhoneuxi Goetghebuer, 1921b: 168.

Cryptochironomus longiforceps Kieffer, 1921d: 66.

Harnischia (Harnischia) frequens (Johannsen). – Townes (1945: 155).

Parachironomus frequens (Johannsen). – Lehmann (1970: 143); Pinder (1978: 132).

Parachironomus toneabeus Sasa & Tanaka, 1999: 38, syn. n.

Parachironomus kamaabeus Sasa & Tanaka, 2001: 45, syn. n.

Material examined

CHINA: 1 male, Hebei Province, Zunhua City, Dongling, Longmenkou Reservoir, 7. vii. 2001, Y. Guo; 1 male, Yunnan Province, Kunming City, Yiliang County, 2. vi. 1996, X. Wang; 1 male, Xizang Autonomous Region, Nyalam County, Zhangmu Town, 2400 m, a. s. l., 16. viii. 1987, light trap, C. Deng.

JAPAN: Holotype of Parachironomus kamaabeus Sasa & Tanaka, 2001 (No. 391: 45), male, Gunma Prefecture, Tone River, Taisho Bridge, light trap, 1. vii. 1999. -Paratype of Parachironomus kamaabeus Sasa & Tanaka, 2001 (No. 391: 47), male, Gunma Prefecture, Tone River, Taisho Bridge, light trap, 3. vii. 1999.

Diagnostic characters

The species is distinguished by the following combination of characters: mid and hind legs with dark brown rings, tergite IX with shoulder-like caudal margin; basal half of anal point with lateral setae, superior volsella finger-like.

Redescription

(Chinese specimens). Male imago (n=3, unless otherwise stated). Total length 4.15–4.70, 4.46 mm. Wing length 1.98–2.54, 2.33 mm. Total length / wing length 1.78–2.10, 1.93. Wing length / length of profemur 2.20–2.47, 2.37.

Coloration. Thorax yellowish green to yellowish brown. Femora and tibiae of front legs yellowish green with distal 1/3 of tibiae and tarsi I dark brown, tarsi II with distal dark brown rings, tarsi III–V dark brown; femora and tibiae of mid and hind legs yellowish green, tarsi I, II of mid legs and tarsi I–III of hind legs pale with distal dark brown rings, tarsi III–V of mid legs and tarsi IV, V of hind legs completely dark brown (Fig. 1). Abdomen yellowish green to yellowish brown.

Figures 1–4.

Parachironomus frequens (Johannsen), Chinese specimens. 1 Legs a front leg b mid leg c hind leg 2 Wing 3 Dorsal view of hypopygium 4 Ventral view of hypopygium.

Head. AR 2.66–2.86, 2.79. Terminal flagellomere 850–1030, 960 mm long. Frontal tubercles absent. Temporal setae 16–17, 17, including 3–4, 4 inner verticals, 7–9, 8 outer verticals and 5–6, 5 postorbitals. Clypeus with 19–26, 22 setae. Tentorium 100–150, 133 mm long, 40–50, 47 mm wide. Palpomere lengths (in mm): 37–55, 47; 55–68, 59; 145–220, 184; 160–213, 181; 178–338, 255. Length ratio 5^th /3^rd palpomere 0.95–1.71, 1.40.

Thorax. Antepronotals 3–5 (2), acrostichals 5–9 (2), dorsocentrals 10–12 (2), prealars 5–9 (2). Scutellum with 18–20 (2) setae.

Wing (Fig. 2). VR 1.16–1.18, 1.17. R with 20–25, 22 setae, R₁ with 20–21, 21 setae, R₄₊₅ with 22–26, 24 setae. Brachiolum with 3–4, 3 setae. Squama with 13 setae.

Legs. Front tibia with 3 subapical setae, 110 (1), 138–140 (2) and 150 (2) µm long; spurs of mid tibia 28–48, 36 and 33–50, 41 µm long, comb with 40–56, 47 teeth, 10–15, 12 µm long; spurs of hind tibia 33–55, 42 and 42–75, 56 µm long, comb with 56–68, 62 teeth, 10–15, 12 µm long. Tarsus 1 of mid leg with 22 sensilla chaetica, hind legs without sensilla chaetica. Lengths (in µm) and proportions of legs as in Table 1.

Table 1.

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Lengths (µm) and proportions of adult male legs in Parachironomus frequens (Johannsen), (n=3).

	fe	ti	ta₁	ta₂	ta₃	ta₄	ta₅	LR
p₁	900–1030, 980	800–960, 893	1080–1250 (2)	550–650 (2)	420–500 (2)	330–390 (2)	150–200 (2)	1.30–1.35 (2)
p₂	1030–1150, 1043	850–1060, 970	460–570, 523	280–350, 323	220–290, 260	150–190, 170	100–130, 116	0.54
p₃	1060–1300, 1183	1100–1350, 1242	670–820, 757	440–550, 500	350–440, 400	220–270, 243	120–160, 140	0.61

Hypopygium (Figs 3, 4). Laterosternite IX with 7–8 (2) setae. Anal tergite bands Y-shaped, fading far apart medially. Tergite IX with shoulder-like margin, bearing 2 setae at base of anal point. Anal point originating from caudal margin of anal tergite, bearing 14–22, 17 lateral setae in basal half, widened at base, constricted medially, slightly swollen apically, 130–155, 143 mm long, 30–35 (2) mm wide at base, 8–12 (2) mm wide in middle, 14–15 (2) mm wide at apex. Transverse sternapodeme 40–50, 46 mm long. Phallapodeme 95–118, 107 mm long. Superior volsella slightly curved, finger-like, slender distally, with an apical seta and a proximal lateral seta, both not arising in conspicuous pits. Inferior volsella with a moderately pointed caudal projection, covered with microtrichia, and reaching beyond anal tergite margin. Gonocoxite 148–175, 158 mm long, with 4–5 (2) strong medial setae. Gonostylus 230–275, 256 mm long with apical hook (2), slightly swollen at base, parallel-sided medially, curved distally, bearing 9–10 (2) setae along the basal inner margin and 12–14 (2) setae along the distal inner margin. HR 0.58–0.64, 0.62; HV 1.64–1.80, 1.74.

Distribution

Holarctic (Sæther and Spies 2013). The species is also known from Japan and China; the record for China is new.

Remarks

Sasa and Tanaka (1999) described Parachironomus toneabeus from Japan based on material collected at Kamakura Bridge, Ino River, Gunma Prefecture on 21 August 1998. The sample number was given as “391: 45–47”. Sasa and Tanaka (2001) proposed P. kamaabeus according to material collected at Taisho Bridge, Tone River, Gunma Prefecture on 1 July 1999. However, the number of the specimen is also “391: 45–47”. Based on the type specimens and the original descriptions and figures, we place both P. toneabeus and P. kamaabeus as new junior synonyms of P. frequens (Johannsen), due to distinct matches in leg color, shapes of the anal point, superior volsella and gonostylus, and the shoulder-like tergite IX margin.

Parachironomus gracilior (Kieffer)

Figs 5–7

Chironomus gracilior Kieffer, 1918: 49. – Goetghebuer (1921a: 42, 163).

Cryptochironomus arcuatus Goetghebuer, 1919: 66. – Wang et al. (1977: 230).

Tendipes (Parachironomus) monotomus (Kieffer). – Kruseman (1933: 193).

Tendipes (Parachironomus) arcuatus (Goetghebuer). – Kruseman (1933: 194).

Tendipes (Cryptochironomus) arcuatus (Goetghebuer). – Goetghebuer (1937 in 1937–1954: 43).

Parachironomus gracilior (Kieffer). – Lenz (1938: 711).

Parachironomus arcuatus (Goetghebuer). – Brundin (1947: 56); Lehmann (1970: 135); Pinder (1978: 132); Sasa (1985: 108); Sasa and Kawai (1987: 20); Sasa (1988: 56; 1989: 23, 849); Sasa and Kikuchi (1995: 102); Sasa (1996: 95; 1998: 30); Wang (2000: 645); Özkan (2002: 186); Wang and Ji (2003: 61); Makarchenko et al. (2005: 410).

Material examined

CHINA: 9 males, Tianjin City, Campus of Nankai University, 9 males, 12, 16. iv. 1985; 15. v. 1985; 20. iv. 1986, X. Wang; 1 male, Tianjin City, Shuanglin Farm, 20. vi. 1985, X. Wang; 1 male, Hebei Province, Qinhuangdao City, 1 male, vi. 1985, X. Wang; Hebei Province, Chicheng County, Yunzhou Reservoir, 21. vii. 2001, sweep net, Y. Guo and Y. Du. 1 male, Neimenggu Autonomous Region, Wuliangsuhai Lake, v. 1982, X. Wang; 1 male, Neimenggu Autonomous Region, Alashan League, Bayin, 30. vii. 1987, X. Wang; 1 male, Liaoning Province, Shenyang City, 27. viii. 1990, J. Wang; 1 male, Jiangxi Province, Poyanghu Lake, Nanjishan, 12. vi. 2004, Sweep net, C. Yan. 1 male, Yunnan Province, Kunming City, Dianchi Lake, 23. v. 1986, X. Wang; 1 male, Yunnan Province, Lijiang City, School of Agriculture Reservoir, 2400 m a.s.l., 28. v. 1996, X. Wang.

Diagnostic characters

The species can be identified by the following combination of characters: anal point moderately narrow; frontal tubercles present; superior volsella bearing two apical setae, short cylindrical, often appearing more or less contracted, and with folds on inner margin; gonostylus with constriction at approximately mid-length.

Figures 5–7.

Parachironomus gracilior (Kieffer), Chinese specimens. 5 Wing 6 Dorsal view of hypopygium 7 Ventral view of hypopygium.

Distribution

The species is widely distributed in the Palaearctic and extends into the Oriental Region (Sæther and Spies 2013). It occurs in China and Japan.

Remarks

The synonymy between P. gracilior and P. arcuatus was accepted in the past already (e.g. by Goetghebuer 1921a, Lenz 1938); thus we do not present it as a ‘new synonymy’ here. The holotype of Chironomus gracilior Kieffer (at SDEI) and non-type specimens identified as Tendipes monotomus by Kruseman (1933) have been examined by M. Spies, and found to be conspecific beyond any doubt (M. Spies, pers. comm.).

Parachironomus monochromus (van der Wulp)

Figs 8–10

Chironomus unicolor van der Wulp, 1859: 5 (primary homonym of C. unicolor Walker, 1848).

Chironomus monochromus van der Wulp, 1875: 129 (replacement name for C. unicolor van der Wulp).

Chironomus (Cryptochironomus) claviforceps Edwards, 1929: 389.

Tendipes (Parachironomus) monochromus (van der Wulp). – Kruseman (1933: 192).

Tendipes (Cryptochironomus gr. Parachironomus) monochromus (van der Wulp). – Goetghebuer (1937 in 1937–1954: 46).

Parachironomus monochromus (van der Wulp). – Brundin (1947: 55); Lehmann (1970: 146); Pinder (1978: 130); Albu (1980: 131); Langton (1991: 274); Kobayashi and Suzuki (1999: 82); Spies (2000: 126).

Material examined

CHINA: 8 males, Tianjin City, Campus of Nankai University, 8 males, 12, 16. iv. 1985; 20. iv. 1986, X. Wang; 1 male, Hebei Province, Weichang County, Jixielinchang, 15. vii. 2001, sweep net, Y. Guo.

Diagnostic characters

The species is distinguished by the following combination of characters: anal tergite with distinct cluster of enlarged posterodorsal setae; anal point basal section intergrading with anal tergite, distal part strongly angled to ventral; superior volsella without apical or posterolateral projection; inferior volsella with lobe at least to median; gonostylus mostly slender, slightly curved, with distal widening to dorsal peaking around 2/3 of gonostylus length (excerpt from Spies 2000: 129).

Redescription

(Chinese specimens). Male imago (n=9, unless otherwise stated). Total length 2.58–3.83, 3.38 mm. Wing length 1.30–1.98, 1.80 (8) mm. Total length/wing length 1.80–1.98, 1.88 (8). Wing length/length of profemur 2.28–2.57, 2.48 (8).

Coloration. Thorax yellowish green to dark brown. Front legs with femora yellowish green to dark brown, tibiae and tarsi dark brown except for tarsi I yellowish green in basal 4/5; mid and hind legs yellowish green to yellowish brown except for tarsi V dark brown. Abdomen yellowish green to dark brown.

Head. AR 1.86–2.27, 2.12. Terminal flagellomere 540–720, 673 µm long. Frontal tubercles absent (7) or present (2), cone-shaped, 15–22 µm high, 12–22 µm wide at base. Temporal setae 18–22, 20, including 5–7, 6 inner verticals, 7–8, 8 outer verticals, and 5–8, 6 postorbitals. Clypeus with 14–20, 17 (8) setae. Tentorium 100–133, 120 µm long, 18–43, 33 µm wide. Palpomere lengths (in µm): 30–50, 40; 35–58, 51; 103–133, 110; 130–180, 153 (8); 178–220, 201 (8). Length ratio 5^th/3^rd palpomere 1.21–1.73, 1.58 (8).

Thorax. Antepronotals 2–5, 3 (8), acrostichals 10–14, 12 (8), dorsocentrals 8–14, 11, prealars 4–6, 5 (8). Scutellum with 6–10, 8 (7) setae.

Wing (Fig. 8). VR 1.11–1.17, 1.15 (8), R with 16–27, 20 (8) setae, R₁ with 10–17, 13 (8) setae, R₄₊₅ with 21–29, 26 (8) setae. Brachiolum with 2–3, 2 (8) setae. Squama with 7–16, 12 (8) setae.

Figures 8–10.

Parachironomus monochromus (van der Wulp), Chinese specimens. 8 Wing 9 Dorsal view of hypopygium 10 Ventral view of hypopygium.

Legs. Front tibia with 3 subapical setae, 90–130, 104 (7), 98–133, 118 (6) and 120–138, 126 (3) µm long; spurs of mid tibia 24–33, 28 µm and 28–35, 31 µm long, comb with 30–42, 35 teeth, 10–12, 11 µm long; spurs of hind tibia 26–33, 31 µm and 28–35, 33 µm long, comb with 45–52, 48 teeth, 10–13, 12 µm long. Tarsus 1 of mid leg with 4–7, 6 (8) sensilla chaetica, hind leg without sensilla chaetica. Lengths (in µm) and proportions of legs as in Table 2.

Table 2.

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Lengths (µm) and proportions of adult male legs in Parachironomus monochromus (van der Wulp) (n=9).

	fe	ti	ta₁	ta₂	ta₃	ta₄	ta₅	LR
p₁	570–790, 727	420–620, 576	670–930, 863 (6)	340–460, 432 (6)	270–370, 342 (6)	210–270, 247 (6)	110–140, 133 (6)	1.45–1.64, 1.55 (6)
p₂	550–780, 728	480–710, 640	260–360, 326 (8)	140–310, 198 (8)	100–160, 140 (8)	70–110, 98 (8)	60–90, 85 (8)	0.44–0.54, 0.52 (8)
p₃	620–890, 818	610–950, 849	410–630, 557 (6)	210–350, 312 (6)	180–270, 247 (6)	110–150, 143 (6)	80–110, 104 (6)	0.66–0.70, 0.67 (6)

Hypopygium (Figs 9, 10). Laterosternite IX with 2–3, 2 (8) setae. Anal tergite bands short, fading far apart medially. Tergite IX with 16–30, 21 (8) setae at base of anal point. Anal point 35–55, 48 (7) µm long, its base intergrading with conical tip of anal tergite; distal bare part narrow. Transverse sternapodeme 37–60, 52 (8) µm long. Phallapodeme 60–83, 73 (8) µm long. Superior volsella slightly curved, 70–95, 84 µm long, 13–25, 19 µm wide at base, 6–8, 7 µm wide in middle, 12–17, 15 µm wide at apex, without conspicuous apicolateral projection; median pit smaller than distal distinct pit and positioned a little proximal. Inferior volsella blunt with a low projection to posterior, not pointed, not reaching beyond anal tergite margin, and covered by microtrichia. Gonocoxite 88–118, 107 µm long, with 3–4, 3 strong medial setae. Gonostylus 158–213, 187 µm long, slender, curved and parallel-sided, with distinct expansion in distal 1/3, bearing 4–7, 6 (8) setae along distal inner margin. HR 0.49–0.68, 0.59, HV 1.63–2.01, 1.80.

Distribution

Palaearctic (Spies 2000). It also is recorded from Palaearctic China and Japan. The record for China is new.

Parachironomus poyangensis sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/1E9205DA-EB68-420E-9EFC-7D45A851E307

Figs 11–13

Etymology

Named after the type locality. The species epithet is adjectival for the purposes of nomenclature.

Type material

Holotype male (BDN No. 21987). CHINA: Jiangxi Province, Poyanghu Lake, Nanjishan Natural Conservation area, 12. vi. 2004, sweep net, C. Yan. Paratypes: 2 males, data same as holotype.

Diagnostic characters

The new species is distinguished by the following combination of characters: body size small, thorax and abdomen yellowish green, wing cells without setae, mid and hind tibiae each with single spur, anal point nearly parallel-sided, superior volsella elongate digitiform, without distal swelling or projection, gonostylus nearly straight and of about even circumference throughout.

Description

Male imago (n=3). Total length 2.25–2.32, 2.28 mm. Wing length 1.08–1.11, 1.10 mm. Total length / wing length 2.08–2.09, 2.09. Wing length / length of profemur 2.20–2.30, 2.25.

Coloration. Thorax yellowish green. Femora of front legs yellowish green with distal parts brown, tibiae and tarsomeres dark brown; mid and hind legs yellowish green with tarsomeres IV, V dark brown. Abdomen yellowish green.

Head. AR 1.76–1.84, 1.80. Terminal flagellomere 450–470, 462 mm long. Frontal tubercles absent. Temporal setae 11–13, 12, including 3 inner verticals, 3–4, 3 outer verticals and 5–6, 5 postorbitals. Clypeus with 15–18, 17 setae. Tentorium 90–95, 92 mm long, 25–26, 25 mm wide. Palpomere lengths (in mm): 25–27, 26; 30–32, 31; 83–85, 84; 98–104, 100; 145–156, 151. Length ratio 5^th /3^rd palpomere 1.75–1.78, 1.77.

Thorax. Antepronotals 3–4, 3; acrostichals 8–9, 9; dorsocentrals 10–12, 11; prealars 3. Scutellum with 5–6, 5 setae.

Wing (Fig. 11). VR 1.15–1.17, 1.16. Cell surfaces without setae. R with 11–13, 12 setae, R₁ with 8–9, 8 setae, R₄₊₅ with 17–18, 17 setae. Brachiolum with 2 setae. Squama with 10–12, 11 setae.

Figures 11–13.

Parachironomus poyangensis sp. n. 11 Wing 12 Dorsal view of hypopygium 13 Ventral view of hypopygium.

Legs. Front tibia with 2 subapical setae, 108–110, 109 and 118–130, 126 µm long, mid and hind tibiae each with a single spur, spur of middle tibia 20–22, 21 µm long, comb with 28–30, 31 teeth, 10 µm long; spur of hind tibia 28–30, 29 µm long, comb with 42–46, 44 teeth, 10–12, 11 µm long. Tarsus 1 of mid leg with 6–7, 7 sensilla chaetica, hind leg without sensilla chaetica. Lengths (in µm) and proportions of legs as in Table 3.

Table 3.

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Lengths (µm) and proportions of adult male legs in Parachironomus poyangensis sp. n. (n=3).

	fe	ti	ta₁	ta₂	ta₃	ta₄	ta₅	LR
p₁	470–500, 490	310–330, 320	540–560, 550	340-380, 360	230–250, 243	160–180, 166	90–100, 93	1.69–1.74, 1.71
p₂	440–470, 456	350–380, 363	220–250, 233	120–140, 130	110–130, 120	70–80, 73	50–70, 60	0.63–0.66, 0.65
p₃	480–530, 503	490–520, 506	340–370, 353	200–220, 210	170–200, 183	100–130, 113	70–80, 73	0.70–0.74, 0.72

Hypopygium (Figs 12, 13). Laterosternite IX with 3–4, 3 setae. Anal tergite bands V-shaped. Tergite IX with conical posterior margin, bearing 13–15, 14 setae at base of anal point. Anal point originating from caudal margin of anal tergite, parallel-sided, slightly pointed apically, 50–55, 52 mm long, 6–8, 7 mm wide at base, 4–5, 4 mm wide at apex. Transverse sternapodeme 27–32, 30 mm long. Phallapodeme 45–48, 46 mm long. Superior volsella straight, columnar, distal parts not widened, with an apical seta and a subapical seta, both arising from distinct setal pits. Inferior volsella with a moderately blunt caudal projection, not reaching beyond caudal margin of anal tergite. Gonocoxite 75–80, 77 mm long, with 3–4, 3 strong medial setae. Gonostylus 112–115, 113 mm long, parallel-sided, curved distally, bearing 8–10, 9 setae along distal inner margin. HR 0.65–0.70, 0.67; HV 1.96–2.02, 1.99.

Distribution

The species is known only from the type locality in Oriental China.

Species removed from Parachironomus

Microchironomus lacteipennis (Kieffer), comb. n.

Cryptochironomus lacteipennis Kieffer, 1921a: 183.

Parachironomus lacteipennis (Kieffer) – Sublette and Sublette (1973: 405).

Remarks

Kieffer (1921a) described the species in the genus Cryptochironomus, which at that time included many species now treated in several separate genera. Sublette and Sublette (1973) placed it in Parachironomus. Based on the original description, which describes the inferior volsella as absent, the superior volsella as long and slender, the gonocoxite straight in the proximal 1/3, curved in the distal 2/3, distally attenuated and terminating in an incurved hooklet, C. lacteipennis clearly belongs to Microchironomus and not to Parachironomus. The placement by Sublette and Sublette (1973), and the earlier one in “Tendipes (Parachironomus)” by Kruseman (1939), likely are due to the fact that those authors did not treat Microchironomus as a separate genus.

Distribution

The species is recorded from Taiwan Province (Oriental China).

Chironomus sauteri Kieffer, nomen dubium

Chironomus (Cryptochironomus) sauteri Kieffer, 1921c: 583. – Tokunaga (1940: 301).

Parachironomus sauteri (Kieffer). – Sublette and Sublette (1973: 406).

Cryptochironomus sauteri (Kieffer). – Sasa (1989: 21).

Remarks

Kieffer (1921c) described the species based on females only, and without figures. Tokunaga (1940) described males and females from Taiwan Province, but illustrated only the male superior volsella. Sublette and Sublette (1973) transferred the species to “Parachironomus”, but their use of this genus name was different from that of today (i.e., included Microchironomus Kieffer). Sasa (1989) examined Tokunaga’s specimens and considered them as belonging to either Cryptotendipes or Microchironomus, but suggested that the status and placement of C. sauteri should be reserved for future clarification. We agree with Sasa’s opinion, but have been unable to examine any of the syntypes; therefore, the species is not included in the present key.

Distribution

The species is known from Taiwan Province (Oriental China).

Parachironomus kisobilobalis Sasa & Kondo, nomen dubium

Parachironomus kisobilobalis Sasa & Kondo, 1994: 129. – Sasa and Kikuchi (1995: 102); Sasa (1998: 30); Sæther et al. (2000: 190).

Material examined

JAPAN: Holotype of Parachironomus kisobilobalis Sasa & Kondo, 1994 (No. A 224: 49), male, Aichi Prefecture, Kiso River in dammed-up middle reach near Nagoya City, “emerged from a sample”, 26. ii. 1992.

Remarks

We have examined the holotype, but it was lacking the thorax, head except for antenna, tarsi of front legs, and half of the hypopygium. As the preserved parts do not suffice for placement of the species, we treat P. kisobilobalis as a nomen dubium. In any case, the original description calling the superior volsella “rod-like, with one apical seta and 4 short setae along inner margin” and the inferior volsella “semicircular, with 4 short marginal setae” (Sasa and Kondo 1994: 129; see also Figs 5i–5m) rules out that the species belongs to Parachironomus.

Distribution

The species has been recorded only from the type in a Palaearctic part of Japan.

Discussion

Among the many species previously reported in Parachironomus from Japan, only P. frequens, P. gracilior, P. monochromus, P. swammerdami, and possibly P. acutus (Original genus is Chironomus) are considered as valid records. Aside from the species treated in the present work, Parachironomus harunasecundus Sasa has been transferred to the genus Demicryptochironomus (Yan et al. 2008b); P. inageheus Sasa, Kitami & Suzuki, 2001 has been identified as a junior synonym of Demicryptochironomus ginzancedeus Sasa & Suzuki (Yan et al. 2008b). Parachironomus inafegeus Sasa, Kitami & Suzuki should be transferred to Cryptochironomus because of the prominent frontal tubercles, both superior and inferior volsellas carry long setae, the inferior volsella is completely covered by the superior volsella, and the gonostylus is short, rather broad and fused with the gonocoxite. Parachironomus tamanipparai (Sasa) was returned to Paracladopelma by Yan et al. (2008a), but the holotype (examined by M. Spies) and the published descriptions clearly show it to be a member of Saetheria (as recognized earlier, e.g. by Laville and Reiss 1988 and Makarchenko et al. 2006). Parachironomus taishoabeus Sasa & Tanaka is a junior synonym of Saetheria tylus (Townes) (Kobayashi 2007). Parachironomus kuramaexpandus Sasa (examined by M. Spies) probably belongs to an undescribed genus near Rheomus, but definitely not to Parachironomus.

Based on examination of the holotype and paratype of Parachironomus lobus Yan, Sæther, Jin & Wang by M. Spies, P. lobus is related to Demicryptochironomus (Irmakia) latior, but conclusive placement would require knowledge of the immature stages. The end of the superior volsella looks less expanded than in D. latior. For the moment we propose the new combination Demicryptochironomus (Irmakia) lobus and try to find at least the pupa of this species for further comparison with D. (I.) latior and other congeners.

Acknowledgements

We are pleased to acknowledge the considerable assistance of Dr. A. Shinohara (Department of Zoology, National Science Museum, Tokyo, Japan), who kindly enabled us to examine Sasa type specimens. We thank M. Spies (Zoologische Staatssammlung München, Germany), Dr. T. Kobayashi (Institute for Environmental and Social Welfare Sciences, Japan), and Dr. Eugenyi Makarchenko and Dr. Oksana Zorina (Institute of Biology and Pedology, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia), for providing much input at various levels of this work.

We are indebted to the late Prof. O.A. Sæther (Museum of Zoology, University of Bergen, Norway) for kindly checking specimens and offering valuable comments during his visit to our laboratory in 2005. Financial support received from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), grant No. 31101653, 31272284, Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin (14JCQNJC14600), Tianjin City High School Science & Technology Fund Planning Project (20090608), Undergraduate Training Programs for Innovation and Entrepreneurship (201410065046), and from the Tianjin Normal University Talent Introduction Foundation (5RL104) is gratefully acknowledged.

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