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Corresponding author: Julio A. Lemos-Espinal ( lemos@unam.mx ) Academic editor: Anthony Herrel
© 2020 Julio A. Lemos-Espinal, Geoffrey R. Smith, Leland J. S. Pierce, Charles W. Painter.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Lemos-Espinal JA, Smith GR, Pierce LJS, Painter CW (2020) The amphibians and reptiles of Colima, Mexico, with a summary of their conservation status. ZooKeys 927: 99-125. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.927.50064
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Colima is the fourth smallest Mexican state, covering only 0.3% of the surface area of Mexico, but due to the remarkable diversity of physiographic and environmental conditions present in Colima it contains a high biological diversity. We generated an up-to-date herpetofaunal checklist for Colima, with a summary of the conservation status of Colima’s amphibians and reptiles. Our checklist contains a total of 153 species of amphibians and reptiles (three introduced). Thirty-nine are amphibians and 114 are reptiles. More than half of Colima’s herpetofauna are Mexican endemics (66.7% of amphibians, 67.5% of reptiles). Less than 25% of the amphibian and reptile species in Colima are in protected categories according to the IUCN Red List and SEMARNAT. The reptiles in the Marine and Revillagigedo Archipelago regions are the most threatened taxa of the Colima herpetofauna. Colima shares > 80% of its herpetofauna with its neighboring states, Jalisco and Michoacán.
checklist, crocodilians, frogs, herpetofauna, lizards, salamanders, snakes, turtles
A number of Mexican states still lack comprehensive species lists of amphibians and reptiles. One such state is Colima, which despite being the fourth smallest Mexican state, covering only 0.3% of the surface area of Mexico, has, as reported here, a rich herpetofauna represented by 150 native species (38 amphibians and 112 reptiles), in part due to the remarkable diversity of physiographic and environmental conditions present in Colima.
The interest in the study of amphibians and reptiles of the state of Colima dates from 1700, the year in which the first official record of a herpetological specimen collected in Colima (Rana pustulosa –
Given these recent additions and changes in the known species of amphibians and reptiles of Colima, we have conducted a comprehensive review of the specimens and documented species of amphibians and reptiles from Colima to provide an up-to-date herpetofaunal checklist from Colima. In addition, we review and summarize the conservation status of these amphibians and reptiles as a potential guide to future conservation and management efforts focused on the amphibians and reptiles of Colima.
Colima is one of the smallest states in Mexico, covering 5,627 km2 between 19°30'45"N and 18°41'03"N, and -103°29'11"W and -104°41'26"W. Colima is located in central-western Mexico, in the middle of the Pacific Coast of Mexico (Fig.
Almost three quarters of the surface area of Colima is covered by mountains and hills, producing a heterogeneous topography in the state (Fig.
In Colima, the Sierra Madre del Sur consists of four mountain systems. The first system, and the most important, is located in northern Colima and includes Cerro Grande and several hills (Jurípichi or Juluapan, Los Juanillos, La Astilla, El Ocote, El Peón, El Barrigón, San Diego and La Media Luna). The second system runs from the northwestern end of the state southeast to central Colima, and is formed by mountain ranges (the Espinazo del Diablo, El Escorpión , El Tigre, El Aguacate, El Centinela, El Toro and La Vaca) that parallel to the coast between the Marabasco and Armería rivers. The third system is located in central Colima, and consists of hills (Alcomún and Partida, San Miguel and Comala, and San Gabriel or Callejones) that extend to the south between the Armería and Salado rivers. The fourth system is found in southeastern Colima between the Salado and Naranjo or Coahuayana rivers, and includes multiple mountain ranges (Piscila, Volcancillos, La Palmera, El Camichín and Copales) (http://www.inafed.gob.mx/work/enciclopedia/EMM06colima/mediofisico.html – accessed October 10, 2019).
The climate of Colima is very diverse (Fig.
The occurrence of various tropical and temperate floristic elements coupled with variations in the physical environment has resulted in an intricate and complex mosaic of plant associations in Colima (Fig.
At the highest elevations in northern Colima, > 50% of the area is forested, so that the agricultural area is limited to 42,700 ha (12,000 ha of irrigation and 30,700 ha of temporary), and due to the topography < 30% can be subjected to mechanized agriculture. The coastal region is characterized as being more favorable for agriculture, including the Tecomán region where the largest area with irrigation infrastructure and plantations with perennial crops is concentrated and mechanized agriculture is used over an area of 92,700 ha (58,400 ha of irrigation and 34,300 ha of temporary).
Plestiodon indubitus was originally described by
We generated our list of the amphibians and reptiles of Colima using our own field work, a thorough examination of the available literature, checking the amphibian and reptile records for Colima in VertNet.org, and consulting databases from the Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (National Commission for the Understanding and Use of Biodiversity; CONABIO), including records from museum collections listed in Appendix
The amphibian names we use follow
A total of 153 species of amphibians and reptiles (three introduced) is found in Colima. Thirty-nine of these species are amphibians (36 anurans [one introduced], two salamanders, and one caecilian), and 114 are reptiles (one crocodilian, 41 lizards [two introduced], 64 snakes, and eight turtles) (Tables
Twenty-six of the 39 species of amphibians that inhabit Colima are endemic to Mexico (Table
The American Crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) is widely distributed from the eastern US to South America, including the Caribbean. Two of the 41 species of lizards that occur in Colima are endemic to islands of the Revillagigedo Archipielago (Urosaurus auriculatus on Socorro Island and U. clarionensis on Clarion Island), and 24 are endemic to Mexico (Table
Of the amphibians and reptiles found in Colima, 12.9% are IUCN listed (i.e., Vulnerable, Near Threatened, Endangered, or Critically Endangered), and 14.0% are placed in a protected category by SEMARNAT (excluding NL and Pr, this last category is equivalent to the LC category of IUCN), and 34.1% are categorized as high risk by the EVS (Tables
Proportion of A amphibians and B reptiles listed in protected categories on the IUCN Red List, SEMARNAT, and high EVS. Green is proportion in Data Deficient and Least Concern (IUCN); Not Listed and Subject to Special Protection (we regarded the category of Subject to Special Protection in SEMARNAT equivalent to Least Concern in IUCN) (SEMARNAT); or low or medium EVS. Red is percentage in protected categories or high EVS. N is the number of species assessed.
Amphibians and reptiles of Colima with distributional information and conservation status. Physiographic region: (1 = Volcanes de Colima; 2 = Sierras de la Costa de Jalisco y Colima; 3 = Cordillera Costera del Sur; 4 = Marine; 5 = Islands); IUCN Status: (DD = Data Deficient; LC = Least Concern, V = Vulnerable, NT = Near Threatened; E = Endangered; CE = Critically Endangered; NE = not Evaluated) according to the IUCN Red List (The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Version 2019-2 (www.iucnredlist.org; accessed 2 October 2019); conservation status in Mexico according to
Physiographic region | IUCN status | SEMARNAT | EVS | Global distribution | Year of first record | Source | |
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Class Amphibia (39) | |||||||
Order Anura (36) | |||||||
Family Bufonidae (5) | |||||||
Anaxyrus compactilis (Wiegmann, 1833) | 1, 2, 3 | LC | NL | H (14) | 1 | 1935 | FMNH 103444 |
Incilius marmoreus (Wiegmann, 1833) | 1, 2, 3 | LC | NL | M (11) | 1 | 1905 |
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Incilius mazatlanensis (Taylor, 1940) | 1, 2 | LC | NL | M (12) | 1 | 1965 |
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Incilius occidentalis (Camerano, 1879) | 1 | LC | NL | M (11) | 1 | 1961 |
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Rhinella horribilis (Wiegmann, 1833) | 1, 2, 3, | NE | NL | NE | 4 | 1901 |
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Family Craugastoridae (2) | |||||||
Craugastor occidentalis (Taylor, 1941) | 1, 2 | DD | NL | M (13) | 1 | 1958 |
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Craugastor vocalis (Taylor, 1940) | 1 | LC | NL | M (13) | 1 | 1970 |
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Family Eleutherodactylidae (7) | |||||||
Eleutherodactylus angustidigitorum (Taylor, 1940) | 1 | VU | Pr | H (17) | 1 | 1964 |
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Eleutherodactylus colimotl Grünwald, Reyes- Velasco, Franz-Chávez, Morales-Flores, Ahumada-Carrillo, Jones & Boissinot, 2018 | 2, 3 | NE | NL | NE | 1 | 2015 |
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Eleutherodactylus grunwaldi Reyes-Velasco, Ahumada-Carrillo, Burkhardt, & Devitt, 2015 | 2 | NE | NL | NE | 1 | 2011 |
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Eleutherodactylus manantlanensis Grünwald, Reyes-Velasco, Franz-Chávez, Morales-Flores, Ahumada-Carrillo, Jones & Boissinot, 2018 | 2 | NE | NL | NE | 0 | 2014 |
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Eleutherodactylus modestus (Taylor, 1942) | 1, 2 | VU | Pr | H (16) | 1 | 1935 |
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Eleutherodactylus nitidus (Peters, 1870) | 2, 3 | LC | NL | M (12) | 1 | 1956 |
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Eleutherodactylus rufescens (Duellman &Dixon, 1959) | 1, 2 | CR | Pr | H (17) | 1 | 1963 |
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Family Hylidae (10) | |||||||
Dendropsophus sartori (Smith, 1951) | 2, 3 | LC | A | H (14) | 1 | 1960 |
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Dryophytes arenicolor Cope, 1866 | 2, 3 | LC | NL | L (7) | 2 | 1973 |
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Dryophytes eximius (Baird, 1854) | 1, 2 | LC | NL | M (10) | 1 | 1975 |
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Exerodonta smaragdina (Taylor, 1940) | 2 | LC | Pr | M (12) | 1 | 1953 |
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Exerodonta sumichrasti Brocchi, 1879 | 1 | LC | NL | L (9) | 1 | NA |
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Smilisca baudini (Duméril & Bibron, 1841) | 1, 2, 3 | LC | NL | L (3) | 4 | 1902 |
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Smilisca fodiens (Boulenger, 1882) | 1 | LC | NL | L (8) | 2 | 1919 |
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Tlalocohyla smithii (Boulenger, 1902) | 1, 2, 3 | LC | NL | M (11) | 1 | 1960 |
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Trachycephalus vermiculatus (Cope, 1877) | 1, 2 | NE | NL | L (4) | 3 | 1935 |
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Triprion spatulatus Günther, 1882 | 1, 2, 3 | LC | NL | M (13) | 1 | 1958 |
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Family Leptodactylidae (2) | |||||||
Leptodactylus fragilis (Brocchi, 1877) | 1, 2 | LC | NL | L (5) | 4 | 1958 |
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Leptodactylus melanonotus (Hallowell, 1861) | 1, 2, 3 | LC | NL | L (6) | 3 | 1902 |
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Family Microhylidae (2) | |||||||
Hypopachus ustus (Cope, 1866) | 1, 2 | LC | Pr | L (7) | 3 | 1935 |
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Hypopachus variolosus (Cope, 1866) | 1, 2 | LC | NL | L (4) | 3 | 1935 |
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Family Phyllomedusidae (1) | |||||||
Agalychnis dacnicolor (Cope, 1864) | 1, 2 | LC | NL | M (13) | 1 | 1963 |
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Family Ranidae (6) | |||||||
Rana berlandieri Baird, 1859 | 2 | LC | Pr | L(7) | 2 | 1919 | FMNH 1628 |
Rana catesbeiana Shaw, 1802 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | IN | 2018 | https://www.youtube |
Rana forreri Boulenger, 1883 | 1, 2 | LC | Pr | L (3) | 4 | 1964 |
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Rana neovolcanica Hillis & Frost, 1985 | 1 | NT | A | M (13) | 1 | 2016 | Cruz-Saenz et al. (2018) |
Rana pustulosa Boulenger, 1883 | 1, 2 | LC | Pr | L (3) | 1 | 1700 |
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Rana zweifeli Hillis, Frost & Webb, 1984 | 1 | LC | NL | M (11) | 1 | 1982 | MNHUK 194432 |
Family Scaphiopodidae (1) | |||||||
Spea multiplicata (Cope, 1863) | 1 | LC | NL | L (6) | 2 | 1960 |
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Order Caudata (2) | |||||||
Family Ambystomatidae (1) | |||||||
Ambystoma velasci Dugès, 1888 | 1, 2 | LC | Pr | M (10) | 1 | 1868 |
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Family Plethodontidae (1) | |||||||
Isthmura belli (Gray, 1850) | 2 | VU | A | M (12) | 1 | 1970 |
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Order Gymnophiona (1) | |||||||
Family Caecilidae (1) | |||||||
Dermophis oaxacae (Mertens, 1930) | 1, 2 | DD | Pr | M (12) | 1 | 1970 |
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Class Reptilia (112) | |||||||
Order Crocodylia (1) | |||||||
Family Crocodylidae (1) | |||||||
Crocodylus acutus (Cuvier, 1807) | 1, 2 | VU | Pr | H (14) | 4 | 1892 |
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Order Squamata (107) | |||||||
Suborder Lacertilia (41) | |||||||
Family Anguidae (3) | |||||||
Barisia imbricata (Wiegmann, 1828) | 2 | LC | Pr | H (14) | 1 | 1965 |
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Elgaria kingii Gray, 1838 | 2 | LC | Pr | M (10) | 2 | 1993 | MZFC 6811 |
Gerrhonotus liocephalus Wiegmann, 1828 | 1, 2 | LC | Pr | L (6) | 1 | 1868 |
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Family Corytophanidae (2) | |||||||
Basiliscus vittatus Wiegmann, 1828 | 2 | LC | NL | L (7) | 3 | 1935 |
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Laemanctus longipes Wiegmann, 1834 | 2 | LC | Pr | L (9) | 3 | 1904 | FMNH 1353 |
Family Dactyloidae (1) | |||||||
Anolis nebulosus (Wiegmann, 1834) | 1, 2, 3 | LC | NL | M (13) | 1 | 1863 |
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Family Eublepharidae (1) | |||||||
Coleonyx elegans Gray, 1845 | 2, 3 | LC | A | L (9) | 3 | 1960 | MNHUK 62400 |
Family Gekkonidae (2) | |||||||
Gehyra mutilata (Wiegmann, 1834) | 1, 2, 3 | N/A | N/A | N/A | IN | 1976 |
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Hemidactylus frenatus Duméril & Bribon, 1836 | 2 | N/A | N/A | N/A | IN | 1960 |
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Family Helodermatidae (1) | |||||||
Heloderma horridum (Wiegmann, 1829) | 1, 2, 3 | LC | A | M (11) | 3 | 1818 |
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Family Iguanidae (2) | |||||||
Ctenosaura pectinata (Wiegmann, 1834) | 1, 2, 3 | NE | NL | H (15) | 1 | 1863 |
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Iguana iguana (Linnaeus, 1758) | 1, 2, 3 | LC | Pr | M (12) | 3 | 1863 |
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Family Phrynosomatidae (14) | |||||||
Phrynosoma asio Cope, 1864 | 1, 2 | LC | Pr | M (11) | 1 | 1935 |
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Phrynosoma orbiculare (Linnaeus, 1758) | 1 | LC | A | M (12) | 1 | 1870 |
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Sceloporus bulleri Boulenger, 1895 | 2 | LC | NL | H (15) | 1 | 2004 |
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Sceloporus dugesii Bocourt, 1874 | 1, 2 | LC | NL | M (13) | 1 | 1969 |
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Sceloporus horridus Wiegmann, 1834 | 1, 2, 3 | LC | NL | M (12) | 1 | 1863 |
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Sceloporus melanorhinus Bocourt, 1876 | 1, 2 | LC | NL | L (9) | 3 | 1863 |
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Sceloporus nelsoni Cochran, 1923 | 2 | LC | NL | M (13) | 1 | 1964 |
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Sceloporus pyrocephalus Cope, 1864 | 1, 2, 3 | LC | NL | M (12) | 1 | 1863 |
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Sceloporus torquatus Wiegmann, 1828 | 2 | LC | NL | M (11) | 1 | 1863 |
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Sceloporus utiformis Cope, 1864 | 1, 2, 3 | LC | NL | H (15) | 1 | 1902 |
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Sceloporus unicanthalis Smith, 1937 | 2 | NE | NL | H (16) | 1 | 2005 |
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Urosaurus auriculatus (Cope, 1871) | 5 | EN | NL | H (16) | 0 | 1871 |
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Urosaurus bicarinatus (Duméril, 1856) | 1, 2, 3 | LC | NL | M (12) | 1 | 1919 |
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Urosaurus clarionensis (Townsend, 1890) | 5 | VU | NL | H (17) | 0 | 1890 |
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Family Phyllodactylidae (3) | |||||||
Phyllodactylus davisi Dixon, 1964 | 1, 2 | LC | A | H (16) | 1 | 1930 |
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Phyllodactylus lanei Smith, 1935 | 1, 2 | LC | NL | H (15) | 1 | 1937 |
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Phyllodactylus tuberculosus Wiegmann, 1834 | 2 | LC | NL | L (8) | 3 | NA |
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Family Scincidae (5) | |||||||
Marisora brachypoda (Taylor, 1956) | 1, 2, 3 | LC | NL | L (6) | 3 | 1962 |
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Plestiodon indubitus (Taylor, 1933) | 2 | NE | NL | H (15) | 1 | 1923 |
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Plestiodon colimensis (Taylor, 1935) | 1 | DD | Pr | H (14) | 1 | 1935 | Taylor (1936) |
Plestiodon parvulus (Taylor, 1933) | 2 | DD | NL | H (15) | 1 | 1935 |
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Scincella assata (Cope, 1864) | 1, 2 | LC | NL | L (7) | 3 | 1935 |
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Family Teiidae (6) | |||||||
Aspidoscelis communis (Cope, 1878) | 1, 2, 3 | LC | Pr | H (14) | 1 | 1920 |
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Aspidoscelis costatus (Cope, 1878) | 1, 2 | LC | Pr | M (11) | 1 | 1863 |
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Aspidoscelis deppii (Wiegmann, 1834) | 1, 2 | LC | NL | L (8) | 3 | 1959 |
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Aspidoscelis guttatus (Wiegmann, 1834) | 2 | LC | NL | M (12) | 1 | 1969 |
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Aspidoscelis lineattissimus (Cope, 1878) | 1, 2, 3 | LC | Pr | H (14) | 1 | 1957 |
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Holcosus sinister (Wiegmann, 1834) | 1, 2, 3 | NE | NL | M (13) | 1 | 1920 |
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Family Xantusidae (1) | |||||||
Lepidophyma tarascae Bezy, Webb & Álvarez, 1982 | 3 | DD | A | H (14) | 1 | 2005 |
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Suborder Serpentes (66) | |||||||
Family Boidae (1) | |||||||
Boa sigma Smith, 1943 | 1, 2 | NE | NL | H (15) | 1 | 1863 |
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Family Colubridae (23) | |||||||
Conopsis biserialis (Taylor & Smith, 1942) | 2 | LC | A | M (13) | 1 | 2004 |
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Drymarchon melanurus (Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854) | 1, 2 | LC | NL | L (6) | 3 | 1902 | CM S7254 |
Drymobius margaritiferus (Schlegel, 1837) | 1, 2 | LC | NL | L (6) | 3 | 1902 | CM S7252 |
Geagras redimitus Cope, 1875 | 2 | DD | Pr | H (14) | 1 | 1962 |
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Lampropeltis polyzona Cope, 1860 | 1 | LC | NL | L(7) | 1 | 1863 |
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Leptophis diplotropis (Günther, 1872) | 2 | LC | A | H (14) | 1 | 1962 |
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Masticophis anthonyi (Stejneger, 1901) | 5 | CR | A | H (17) | 0 | 1901 |
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Masticophis bilineatus (Jan, 1863) | 1, 2 | LC | NL | M (11) | 2 | 1914 |
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Masticophis mentovarius (Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854) | 1, 2 | LC | A | L (6) | 3 | 1863 |
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Mastigodryas melanolomus (Cope, 1868) | 1, 2 | LC | NL | L (6) | 3 | 1902 |
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Oxybelis aeneus (Wagler, 1824) | 2 | LC | NL | L (5) | 4 | 1892 |
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Pituophis deppei (Dumeril, 1853) | 1 | LC | A | H (14) | 1 | 1868 |
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Pseudoficimia frontalis (Cope, 1864) | 1, 2, 3 | LC | NL | M (13) | 1 | 1956 |
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Salvadora lemniscata (Cope, 1895) | 2 | LC | Pr | H (15) | 1 | 1971 |
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Salvadora mexicana (Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854) | 1, 2, 3 | LC | Pr | H (15) | 1 | 1863 |
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Senticolis triaspis (Cope, 1866) | 1, 2 | LC | NL | L (6) | 4 | 1935 |
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Sonora michoacanensi (Dugès, 1884) | 2 | LC | NL | H (14) | 1 | 1966 |
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Symphimus leucostomus Cope, 1869 | 3 | LC | Pr | H (14) | 1 | 2004 |
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Tantilla bocourti (Günther, 1895) | 3 | LC | NL | L (9) | 1 | 1960 |
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Tantilla calamarina Cope, 1866 | 1, 2 | LC | Pr | M (12) | 1 | 1935 |
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Tantilla ceboruca Canseco-Marquéz, Smith, Ponce-Campos, Flores-Villela & Campbell, 2007 | 1 | NE | NL | H (16) | 1 | 2004 |
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Trimorphodon biscutatus (Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854) | 1, 2, 3 | NE | NL | L (7) | 3 | 1818 |
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Trimorphodon tau Cope, 870 | 1, 2 | LC | NL | M (13) | 1 | 1956 |
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Family Dipsadidae (21) | |||||||
Clelia scytalina (Cope, 1867) | 1, 2 | LC | NL | M (13) | 3 | 1963 |
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Coniophanes lateritius Cope, 1862 | 2 | DD | NL | M (13) | 1 | 2005 |
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Conophis vittatus Peters, 1860 | 1, 2 | LC | NL | M (11) | 1 | 1961 |
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Dipsas gaigeae (Oliver, 1937) | 2 | LC | Pr | H (17) | 1 | 1935 |
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Enulius flavitorques (Cope, 1868) | 2 | LC | NL | L (5) | 3 | 1959 |
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Geophis dugesii Boucourt, 1883 | 1 | LC | NL | M (13) | 1 | 1914 |
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Geophis sieboldi (Jan, 1862) | 1 | DD | Pr | M (13) | 1 | 2012 |
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Hypsiglena torquata (Günther, 1860) | 1, 2 | LC | Pr | L (8) | 1 | 1968 |
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Hypsiglena unaocularus Tanner, 1946 | 5 | NE | NL | NE | 0 | 1946 |
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Imantodes gemmistratus (Cope, 1861) | 1, 2 | LC | Pr | L (6) | 3 | 1935 |
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Leptodeira maculata (Hallowell, 1861) | 1, 2 | LC | Pr | L (7) | 1 | 1863 |
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Leptodeira septentrionalis (Kennicott, 1859) | 2 | LC | NL | L (8) | 4 | 1935 |
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Leptodeira splendida Günther, 1895 | 1, 2 | LC | NL | H (14) | 1 | 1914 |
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Leptodeira uribei (Ramírez-Bautista & Smith, 1992) | 2 | LC | NL | H (17) | 1 | 2004 |
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Manolepis putnami (Jan, 1863) | 2 | LC | NL | M (13) | 1 | 1863 |
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Pseudoleptodeira latifasciata (Günther, 1894) | 3 | LC | Pr | H (14) | 1 | 1961 | MNHUK 63423 |
Rhadinaea hesperia Bailey, 1940 | 2 | LC | Pr | M (10) | 1 | 1935 |
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Rhadinaea taeniata (Peters, 1863) | 1, 2 | LC | NL | M (13) | 1 | 1969 |
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Sibon nebulatus (Linnaeus, 1758) | 1, 3 | NE | NL | L (5) | 3 | 1960 |
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Tropidodipsas annulifera Boulenger, 1894 | 1, 2, 3 | LC | Pr | M (13) | 1 | 2004 |
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Tropidodipsas philippii (Jan, 1863) | 1, 2 | LC | Pr | H (14) | 1 | 1914 |
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Family Elapidae (6) | |||||||
Hydrophis platurus (Linnaeus, 1766) | 4 | LC | NL | NE | 6 | 1956 |
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Micrurus browni Schmidt & Smith, 1943 | 2 | LC | Pr | L (8) | 3 | 1976 |
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Micrurus distans Kennicott, 1860 | 1, 2 | LC | Pr | H (14) | 1 | 1914 |
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Micrurus laticollaris Peters, 1870 | 1, 2, 3 | LC | Pr | H (14) | 1 | 1951 | MNHUK 32546 |
Micrurus proximans Smith & Chrapliwy, 1958 | 2 | LC | Pr | H (18) | 1 | 2008 |
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Micrurus tener Baird & Girard, 1953 | 1 | LC | NL | M (11) | 2 | 2004 |
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Family Leptotyphlopidae (2) | |||||||
Epictia bakewelli (Oliver, 1937) | 1, 2 | NE | NL | NE | 1 | 1935 |
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Rena dugesii (Bocourt, 1881) | 2 | NE | NL | NE | 2 | 1868 |
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Family Loxocemidae (1) | |||||||
Loxocemus bicolor Cope, 1861 | 1, 2 | LC | Pr | M (10) | 3 | 1863 |
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Family Natricidae (4) | |||||||
Storeria storerioides (Cope, 1866) | 2 | LC | NL | M (11) | 1 | 2004 |
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Thamnophis cyrtopsis (Kennicott, 1860) | 1 | LC | A | L (7) | 4 | 1964 |
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Thamnophis melanogaster (Wiegmann, 1830) | 1 | EN | A | H (15) | 1 | 1868 |
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Thamnophis validus (Kennicott, 1860) | 2 | NE | NL | M (12) | 1 | 1961 | MNHUK 63428 |
Family Viperidae (6) | |||||||
Agkistrodon bilineatus Günther, 1863 | 1, 2 | NT | Pr | M (11) | 3 | 1928 |
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Crotalus basiliscus (Cope, 1864) | 1, 2 | LC | Pr | H (16) | 1 | 1864 |
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Crotalus campbelli Bryson, Linkem, Dorcas, Lathrop, Jones, Alvarado-Díaz, Grünwald & Murphy, 2014 | 2 | NE | NL | H (17) | 1 | 2004 |
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Crotalus lannomi Tanner, 1966 | 2 | DD | A | H (19) | 1 | 2008 |
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Crotalus pusillus Klauber, 1952 | 1 | EN | A | H (18) | 1 | 2008 |
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Porthidium hespere (Campbell, 1976) | 2, 3 | DD | Pr | H (18) | 1 | 1973 |
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Order Testudines (8) | |||||||
Family Cheloniidae (3) | |||||||
Caretta caretta (Linnaeus, 1758) | 4 | VU | P | NE | 5 | NA | UMMZ40350 |
Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus, 1758) | 4 | EN | P | NE | 5 | 1905 |
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Lepidochelys olivacea (Eschscholtz, 1829) | 4 | VU | P | NE | 5 | 1964 |
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Family Dermochelyidae (1) | |||||||
Dermochelys coriacea (Vandelli, 1761) | 4 | VU | P | NE | 5 | 1971 |
|
Family Geoemydidae (2) | |||||||
Rhinoclemmys pulcherrima (Gray, 1855) | 1, 2 | NE | NL | L (8) | 3 | 1935 |
|
Rhinoclemmys rubida (Cope, 1870) | 1, 2 | NT | Pr | H (14) | 1 | 1902 |
|
Family Kinosternidae (2) | |||||||
Kinosternon chimalhuaca Berry, Seidel &Iverson, 1997 | 2 | LC | NL | H (16) | 1 | 1997 |
|
Kinosternon integrum LeConte, 1854 | 1, 2 | LC | Pr | M (11) | 1 | 1892 |
|
Summary of native species present in Colima by Family, Order or Suborder, and Class. Status summary indicates the number of species found in each IUCN conservation status in the Order DD, LC, VU, NT, EN, CE (see Table
Scientific name | Genera | Species | IUCN | mean EVS | SEMARNAT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Class Amphibia | |||||
Order Anura | 17 | 35 | 1, 25, 2, 1, 0, 1 | 9.8 | 25, 8, 2, 0 |
Bufonidae | 3 | 5 | 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0 | 12 | 5, 0, 0, 0 |
Craugastoridae | 1 | 2 | 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0 | 13 | 2, 0, 0, 0 |
Eleutherodactylidae | 1 | 7 | 0, 1, 2, 0, 0, 1 | 15.5 | 4, 3, 0, 0 |
Hylidae | 7 | 10 | 0, 9, 0, 0, 0, 0 | 9.1 | 8, 1, 1, 0 |
Leptodactylidae | 1 | 2 | 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0 | 5.5 | 2, 0, 0, 0 |
Microhylidae | 1 | 2 | 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0 | 5.5 | 1, 1, 0, 0 |
Phyllomedusidae | 1 | 1 | 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0 | 13 | 1, 0, 0, 0 |
Ranidae | 1 | 5 | 0, 4, 0, 1, 0, 0 | 7.4 | 1, 3, 1, 0 |
Scaphiopodidae | 1 | 1 | 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0 | 6 | 1, 0, 0, 0 |
Order Caudata | 2 | 2 | 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0 | 11 | 0, 1, 1, 0 |
Ambystomatidae | 1 | 1 | 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0 | 10 | 0, 1, 0, 0 |
Plethodontidae | 1 | 1 | 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0 | 12 | 0, 0, 1, 0 |
Order Gymnophiona | 1 | 1 | 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 | 12 | 0, 1, 0, 0 |
Caecilidae | 1 | 1 | 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 | 12 | 0, 1, 0, 0 |
Subtotal | 20 | 38 | 2, 26, 3, 1, 0, 1 | 10.0 | 25, 10, 3, 0 |
Class Reptilia | |||||
Order Crocodylia | 1 | 1 | 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0 | 14 | 0, 1, 0, 0 |
Crocodylidae | 1 | 1 | 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0 | 14 | 0, 1, 0, 0 |
Order Squamata | 62 | 103 | 8, 77, 1, 1, 3, 1 | 12 | 57, 32, 14, 0 |
Suborder Lacertilia | 20 | 39 | 3, 30, 1, 0, 1, 0 | 12.1 | 24, 10, 5, 0 |
Anguidae | 3 | 3 | 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0 | 10 | 0, 3, 0, 0 |
Corytophanidae | 2 | 2 | 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0 | 8 | 1, 1, 0, 0 |
Dactyloidae | 1 | 1 | 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0 | 13 | 1, 0, 0, 0 |
Eublepharidae | 1 | 1 | 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0 | 9 | 0, 0, 1, 0 |
Helodermatidae | 1 | 1 | 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0 | 11 | 0, 0, 1, 0 |
Iguanidae | 2 | 2 | 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0 | 13.5 | 1, 1, 0, 0 |
Phrynosomatidae | 3 | 14 | 0, 11, 1, 0, 1, 0 | 13.1 | 12, 1, 1, 0 |
Phyllodactylidae | 1 | 3 | 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0 | 13 | 2, 0, 1, 0 |
Scincidae | 3 | 5 | 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0 | 11.4 | 4, 1, 0, 0 |
Teiidae | 2 | 6 | 0, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0 | 12 | 3, 3, 0, 0 |
Xantusidae | 1 | 1 | 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 | 14 | 0, 0, 1, 0 |
Suborder Serpentes | 42 | 64 | 5, 47, 0, 1, 2, 1 | 11.9 | 33, 22, 9, 0 |
Boidae | 1 | 1 | 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 | 15 | 1, 0, 0, 0 |
Colubridae | 17 | 23 | 1, 19, 0, 0, 0, 1 | 11 | 13, 5, 5, 0 |
Dipsadidae | 14 | 21 | 2, 18, 0, 0, 0, 0 | 11.4 | 12, 9, 0, 0 |
Elapidae | 2 | 6 | 0, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0 | 13 | 2, 4, 0, 0 |
Leptotyphlopidae | 2 | 2 | 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 | NE | 2, 0, 0, 0 |
Loxocemidae | 1 | 1 | 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0 | 10 | 0, 1, 0, 0 |
Natricidae | 2 | 4 | 0, 2, 0, 0, 1, 0 | 11.3 | 2, 0, 2, 0 |
Viperidae | 3 | 6 | 2, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0 | 16.5 | 1, 3, 2, 0 |
Order Testudines | 6 | 8 | 0, 2, 3, 1, 1, 0 | 12.3 | 2, 2, 0, 4 |
Cheloniidae | 3 | 3 | 0, 0, 2, 0, 1, 0 | NE | 0, 0, 0, 3 |
Dermochelyidae | 1 | 1 | 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0 | NE | 0, 0, 0, 1 |
Geoemydidae | 1 | 2 | 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0 | 11 | 1, 1, 0, 0 |
Kinosternidae | 1 | 2 | 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0 | 13.5 | 1, 1, 0, 0 |
Subtotal | 69 | 112 | 8, 79, 5, 2, 4, 1 | 12 | 59, 35, 14, 4 |
Total | 89 | 150 | 10, 105, 8, 3, 4, 2 | 11.5 | 84, 45, 17, 4 |
Using the data in Table
Taxon | Explanation |
---|---|
Class Amphibia | |
Order Anura | |
Bufonidae | |
Incilius perplexus (Taylor, 1943) | Likely to occur in eastern Colima |
Craugastoridae | |
Craugastor augusti (Dugès, 1879) | Likely to occur in extreme western Colima |
Craugastor hobartsmithi (Taylor, 1937) | Likely to occur in extreme western Colima |
Craugastor pygmaeus (Taylor, 1937) | Likely to occur in northwestern and southern Colima |
Hylidae | |
Sarcohyla bistincta (Cope, 1877) | Likely to occur through the state but the coastal area |
Ranidae | |
Rana megapoda Taylor, 1942 | Likely to occur in northeastern Colima, in the Volcanes de Colima physiographic region |
Rana psilonota Webb, 2001 | Likely to occur in northeastern Colima, in the Volcanes de Colima physiographic region |
Order Caudata | |
Plethodontidae | |
Pseudoeurycea leprosa (Cope, 1869) | Likely to occur in southern Colima |
Class Reptilia | |
Order Squamata | |
Suborder Lacertilia | |
Phrynosomatidae | |
Sceloporus grammicus Wiegmann, 1828 | Likely to occur in northeastern Colima, in the Volcanes de Colima physiographic region |
Sceloporus heterolepis Boulenger, 1895 | Likely to occur in northeastern Colima, in the Volcanes de Colima physiographic region |
Order Squamata | |
Suborder Serpentes | |
Colubridae | |
Salvadora bairdi Jan, 1860 | Likely to occur in northeastern Colima, in the Volcanes de Colima physiographic region |
Sonora mutabilis Stickel, 1943 | Likely to occur in northeastern-eastern Colima |
Dipsadidae | |
Geophis bicolor Günther, 1868 | Likely to occur in northeastern Colima, in the Volcanes de Colima physiographic region |
Geophis nigrocinctus Duellman, 1959 | Likely to occur in northern Colima |
Geophis petersi Boulenger, 1894 | Likely to occur in northern Colima |
Geophis tarascae Hartweg, 1959 | Likely to occur in northeastern Colima, in the Volcanes de Colima physiographic region |
Viperidae | |
Crotalus armstrongi (Campbell, 1979) | Likely to occur in northeastern Colima, in the Volcanes de Colima physiographic region |
Crotalus culminatus Klauber, 1952 | Likely to occur in southern Colima, near the border with Coahuayana, Michoacán |
Crotalus polystictus (Cope, 1865) | Likely to occur in northeastern Colima, in the Volcanes de Colima physiographic region |
Order Testudines | |
Cheloniidae | |
Eretmochelys imbricata (Linnaeus, 1766) | Likely to occur in the coastline of the state |
For amphibians, Colima shares 92.1% of its species with Jalisco, and it shares 86.8% of its species with Michoacán (Table
Summary of the numbers of species shared between Colima and neighboring Mexican states (not including introduced species). The percent of Colima species shared by a neighboring state are given in parentheses. Total refers to the total number of species found in Colima and two neighboring states (i.e., regional species pool) and the number in parentheses in this column is the percent of the regional species pool found in Colima. – indicates either Colima or the neighboring state has no species in the taxonomic group, thus no value for shared species is provided.
Taxon | Colima | Jalisco | Michoacán | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|
Class Amphibia | 38 | 35 (92.1) | 33 (86.8) | 73 (52.1) |
Order Anura | 35 | 32 (91.4) | 30 (85.7) | 61 (57.4) |
Bufonidae | 5 | 5 (100) | 4 (80) | 10 (50) |
Craugastoridae | 2 | 2 (100) | 2 (100) | 5 (40) |
Eleutherodactylidae | 7 | 6 (85.7) | 5 (71.4) | 15 (46.6) |
Hylidae | 10 | 9 (90.0) | 8 (80.0) | 13 (76.9) |
Leptodactylidae | 2 | 2 (100) | 2 (100) | 2 (100) |
Microhylidae | 2 | 2 (100) | 2 (100) | 2 (100) |
Phyllomedusidae | 1 | 1 (100) | 1 (100) | 1 (100) |
Ranidae | 5 | 4 (80) | 5 (100) | 11 (45.5) |
Rhinophrynidae | 0 | – | 0 (0) | 1 (0) |
Scaphiopodidae | 1 | 1 (100) | 1 (100) | 1 (100) |
Order Caudata | 2 | 2 (100) | 2 (100) | 11 (18.2) |
Ambystomatidae | 1 | 1 (100) | 1 (100) | 8 (12.5) |
Plethodontidae | 1 | 1 (100) | 1 (100) | 3 (33.3) |
Order Gymnophiona | 1 | 1 (100) | 1 (100) | 1 (100) |
Caecilidae | 1 | 1 (100) | 1 (100) | 1 (100) |
Class Reptilia | 112 | 95 (84.8) | 92 (82.1) | 211 (53.1) |
Order Crocodylia | 1 | 1 (100) | 1 (100) | 1 (100) |
Crocodylidae | 1 | 1 (100) | 1 (100) | 1 (100) |
Order Squamata | 103 | 86 (83.5) | 85 (82.5) | 198 (52) |
Suborder Lacertilia | 39 | 30 (76.9) | 30 (76.9) | 77 (50.6) |
Anguidae | 3 | 3 (100) | 3 (100) | 7 (42.9) |
Corytophanidae | 2 | 1 (50) | 1 (50) | 2 (100) |
Dactyloidae | 1 | 1 (100) | 1 (100) | 2 (50) |
Eublepharidae | 1 | 1 (100) | 1 (100) | 1 (100) |
Helodermatidae | 1 | 1 (100) | 1 (100) | 1 (100) |
Iguanidae | 2 | 2 (100) | 2 (100) | 3 (66.7) |
Phrynosomatidae | 14 | 11 (78.6) | 9 (64.3) | 34 (41.2) |
Phyllodactylidae | 3 | 1 (33.3) | 2 (66.7) | 6 (50) |
Scincidae | 5 | 4 (80) | 4 (80) | 10 (50) |
Teiidae | 6 | 5 (83.6) | 5 (83.6) | 9 (66.7) |
Xantusidae | 1 | 0 (0) | 1 (100) | 2 (50) |
Suborder Serpentes | 64 | 56 (87.5) | 55 (85.9) | 121 (52.9) |
Boidae | 1 | 1 (100) | 1 (100) | 1 (100) |
Colubridae | 23 | 19 (82.6) | 19 (82.6) | 39 (59) |
Dipsadidae | 21 | 20 (95.2) | 19 (90.5) | 41 (51.2) |
Elapidae | 6 | 5 (83.6) | 4 (66.7) | 7 (85.7) |
Leptotyphlopidae | 2 | 1 (50) | 2 (100) | 4 (50) |
Loxocemidae | 1 | 1 (100) | 1 (100) | 1 (100) |
Natricidae | 4 | 4 (100) | 4 (100) | 12 (33.3) |
Viperidae | 6 | 5 (83.3) | 5 (83.3) | 16 (37.5) |
Order Testudines | 8 | 8 (100) | 6 (75) | 12 (66.7) |
Cheloniidae | 3 | 3 (100) | 2 (66.7) | 4 (75) |
Dermochelyidae | 1 | 1 (100) | 1 (100) | 1 (100) |
Emydidae | 0 | 0 (0) | – | 2 (0) |
Geoemydidae | 2 | 2 (100) | 2 (100) | 2 (100) |
Kinosternidae | 2 | 2 (100) | 1 (50) | 3 (66.7) |
Total | 150 | 130 (86.7) | 125 (83.3) | 284 (52.8) |
Colima is home to a rich herpetofauna, especially relative to its small size, and is likely richer than currently known. Its herpetofauna contains a relatively high number of species that are endemic to Mexico, and thus is an important state for the Mexican herpetofauna. Based on IUCN and SEMARNAT listings, the conservation status of the amphibians and reptiles would appear to be relatively low, but the EVS assessments suggest this may not be a completely accurate impression. Of particular concern are the marine species and those species found in the Revillagigedo Archipelago. Colima shares the vast majority of its species with the neighboring states of Jalisco and Michoacán, suggesting that these three states may make a useful unit for understanding and creating conservation and management plans and strategies for their amphibians and reptiles.
We thank J. Jones and J. Stuart for very helpful comments that greatly improved the manuscript. Support for this study was provided by Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico, Programa de Apoyo a Proyectos de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica (DGAPA-PAPIIT) through the Project IN215418. We are grateful to Alan Resetar from the Field Museum of Natural History for information provided on specimens collected in Colima, and to Alejandra Núñez Merchand from the National Commission for the Understanding and Use of Biodiversity (CONABIO) for kindly creating and providing the municipality, topographic, physiographic, climate, and vegetation maps used in this publication, and to Isabel Cruz, also from CONABIO, for providing the satellite image of the state of Colima.
Museum collections included in the CONABIO database examined for records of Colima amphibians and reptiles or that house specimens of the first record of a species in Colima.
FMNHDivision of Amphibians and Reptiles, Field Museum of Natural History
MNHUK Museum of Natural History, Division of Herpetology, University of Kansas