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Research Article
New and little-known species of Tipula Linnaeus (Diptera, Tipulidae) from Laos, with a new synonym
expand article infoBing Zhang‡, Jinlong Ren‡, Yan Li§, Ding Yang‡
‡ China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
§ Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China

Corresponding author: Ding Yang ( dyangcau@126.com )

Academic editor: Christopher Borkent
© 2020 Bing Zhang, Jinlong Ren, Yan Li, Ding Yang.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Zhang B, Ren J, Li Y, Yang D (2020) New and little-known species of Tipula Linnaeus (Diptera, Tipulidae) from Laos, with a new synonym. ZooKeys 982: 11-31. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.982.49781
ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:C89D55F3-8B12-41F1-8030-075E63F3C1F1
Open Access

Abstract

Only seven species of the genus Tipula Linnaeus were previously known to occur in Laos. Here one new species is added to the fauna of Laos, Tipula (Nippotipula) champasakensis sp. nov. Tipula (unplaced) cladomera Alexander, 1936 is designated as a synonym of T. (unplaced) reposita Walker, 1848, syn. nov. A key to species of the genus Tipula from Laos is presented.

Keywords

biodiversity, description, distribution, systematics, taxonomy

Introduction

The genus Tipula Linnaeus is a large genus in the family Tipulidae. It is distributed worldwide with 2445 known species and subspecies, of which 1024 taxa are from the Palaearctic Region, 496 taxa from the Nearctic Region, 464 taxa from the Neotropical Region, 112 taxa from the Afrotropical Region, 356 taxa from the Oriental Region, and 30 taxa from the Australasian/Oceanian Region (Oosterbroek 2020). This genus is characterized by the following features: antenna usually 13-segmented, rarely 14-segmented, each segment dilated at base with 4–6 setae except scape, pedicel and first flagellomere; formula of tibial spurs 1–1–2, 1–2–2, 2–1–2 or 2–2–2; wings with two anal veins, A2 usually away from inner margin, and cell a2 broad; Rs long and originating well before end of Sc2; M separated into three veins, cell m1 petiolate; m-cu located beyond fork of M (Savchenko 1961; Joseph 1974; McAlpine 1981; Savchenko 1983).

The subgenus Nippotipula Matsumura is a small subgenus in the genus Tipula. It contains 17 known species and subspecies, of which five taxa are from the Palaearctic Region, two taxa from the Nearctic Region, and 15 taxa from the Oriental Region (Oosterbroek 2020). This subgenus is characterized by the following features: formula of tibial spurs 1–2–2; R4+5 in a straight line with the Rs (base of R4+5 not curving); Rs long, at least twice as long as m-cu (Edwards 1931); abdomen exceeding wings; lobe of gonostylus larger than clasper of gonostylus, and with strong, dense setae.

So far, only the following seven species of the genus Tipula were known to occur in Laos (Oosterbroek 2020): T. (Formotipula) laosica Edwards, 1926, T. (F.) melanomera gracilispina Savchenko, 1960 (Zhang et al. 2019), T. (F.) melanomera melanomera Walker, 1848, T. (F.) melanopyga Edwards, 1926, T. (Platytipula) sessilis Edwards, 1921, T. (Schummelia) vitalisi Edwards, 1926, and T. (unplaced) reposita Walker, 1848. To enrich the number and distribution of craneflies in Laos, we conducted a one-month scientific research of craneflies in Laos in June 2017. Presently, three species of the genus Tipula, two known species and one new species, were add to the fauna of Laos. We also designated T. (unplaced) cladomera Alexander, 1936 as a synonym of T. (unplaced) reposita Walker, 1848.

So far, only the following seven species of the genus Tipula were known to occur in Laos (Oosterbroek 2020): T. (Formotipula) laosica Edwards, 1926, T. (F.) melanomera gracilispina Savchenko, 1960 (Zhang et al. 2019), T. (F.) melanomera melanomera Walker, 1848, T. (F.) melanopyga Edwards, 1926, T. (Platytipula) sessilis Edwards, 1921, T. (Schummelia) vitalisi Edwards, 1926, and T. (unplaced) reposita Walker, 1848. To enrich the number and distribution of craneflies in Laos, we conducted a one-month scientific research of craneflies in Laos in June 2017. Three species of known species of the genus Tipula were found again in Houaphanh, Attapeu, and Champasak provinces. This has made an important contribution to enriching the catalogue of the crane flies of the world. Presently, we add one new species to the fauna of Laos and designate T. (unplaced) cladomera Alexander, 1936 as a synonym of T. (unplaced) reposita Walker, 1848.

Material and methods

The specimens were studied and illustrated with a ZEISS Stemi 2000-c stereomicroscope. Details of coloration were checked in specimens immersed in 75% ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH). Genitalic preparations of males were made by macerating the apical portion of the abdomen in cold 10% NaOH for 12–15 hours. After examination, it was transferred to fresh glycerine (C3H8O3) and stored in a microvial pinned below the specimen. The specimens studied, which were collected in Laos during June 2017, are deposited in the Entomological Museum of China Agricultural University (CAU), Beijing, China.

Some type and non-type material used in this paper were borrowed from the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA (USNM) and the Natural History Museum, London, UK (BMNH). Unfortunately, specimens of two species previously recorded from Laos were unavailable for study, T. vitalisi and T. laosica. Therefore, any comparisons/characters mentioned in the key and elsewhere where based on the previously published descriptions of these species.

The morphological terminology mainly follows McAlpine (1981), Alexander and Byers (1981), and Tangelder (1983). Terminology of the male hypopygium follows Ribeiro (2006) and Frommer (1963).

Taxonomy

Key to species (dry material) of genus Tipula from Laos

1 Body velvet black or velvet orange (Figs 1, 11, 15) 2
– Body brownish yellow or brown (Figs 19, 34, 38, 49) 5
2 Thorax velvet black (Edwards 1926) T. (Formotipula) laosica Edwards, 1926
– Thorax velvet orange (Figs 1, 11, 15) 3
3 Clasper of gonostylus with two short acute blackened spines (Li et al. 2013: 205, fig. 18) T. (F.) melanopyga Edwards, 1926
– Clasper of gonostylus complex, beak with a lump near tip, back of beak bearing a sickle-shaped prominence directed anteriorly; dististyle outer surface with an acute blackened spine curved up (Fig. 7) 4
4 Clasper of gonostylus broad and short, beak slender (Savchenko 1960: 888, fig. 2) T. (F.) melanomera gracilispina Savchenko, 1960
– Clasper of gonostylus slender, beak short (Savchenko 1960: 888, fig. 1) T. (F.) melanomera melanomera Walker, 1848
5 Body large, greater than 20 mm; eighth sternite extended backward, posterior margin with deep median notch, two small triangular processes present at bottom of notch (Fig. 25) T. (Nippotipula) champasakensis sp. nov.
– Body not exceeding 20 mm; eighth sternite not as above 6
6 Posterior margin of cell cua1 as wide as base (Figs 40, 50) T. (unplaced) reposita Walker, 1848
– Posterior margin of cell cua1 narrower than base (Fig. 37) 7
7 Rs a little longer than R2+3, relatively straight (Fig. 37) T. (Platytipula) sessilis Edwards, 1921
– Rs very short, equaling R2, which is distinct and oblique (Edwards 1926) T. (Schummelia) vitalisi Edwards, 1926

Tipula (Formotipula) melanomera gracilispina Savchenko, 1960

Figs 1–4, 5–7, 8–10

Tipula melanomera gracilispina Savchenko 1960: 888. Type locality: China: Yunnan.

Tipula (Formotipula) melanomera gracilispina: Li et al. 2013: 207.

Diagnosis

Hypopygium is blackish with black setae. Posterior margin of ninth tergite has a low U-shaped notch. Posterior margin of eighth sternite has a pair of digitiform appendages. Clasper of gonostylus is complex, broad, and short; beak slender.

Redescription

Male (n = 5): Body length 13–15 mm, wing length 14–16 mm, antenna length 3.5–4.0 mm.

Head (Figs 1, 3). Mostly velvet black. Eyes dark black. Dorsal part of rostrum brownish black. Setae on head black. Antenna dark brown except scape and pedicel brownish with black setae; palpus brownish grey with black setae.

Thorax (Figs 1, 3, 4). Mainly bright orange. Prescutum orange with yellowish-white pollen; pleuron mostly yellowish orange with yellow setae. Legs: coxae and trochanters grayish brown; femora brownish black; tibiae and tarsi dark brown. Setae on legs black except coxae and trochanters with yellow setae. Wing brownish; pterostigma dark brown with some macrotrichiae; venation brownish black, Rs relatively long, cell m1 petiolate (Fig. 4). Halter length approximately 2 mm, halter stem brownish with brown setae; halter brown with black setae.

Abdomen (Fig. 1). Mainly dull orange. Abdominal segments 1–7 orange with brownish setae. Hypopygium blackish with black setae.

Figures 1–4. 

Tipula (Formotipula) melanomera gracilispina Savchenko 1 male habitus, lateral view 2 female habitus, lateral view 3 male thorax, dorsal view 4 male right wing. Scale bar: 1.0 mm.

Hypopygium (Figs 5–7). Posterior margin of ninth tergite with a shallow, U-shaped notch. Posterior margin of eighth sternite with a pair of digitiform appendages. Clasper of gonostylus complex (Fig. 7), beak with triangular, membranous dorsal lobe, dorsal crest with a sickle-shaped dorsal process, basal beak and posterior crest with short setae; face of dististyle with a slender, acute, upwardly tilted spine.

Figures 5–7. 

Tipula (Formotipula) melanomera gracilispina Savchenko, male 5 hypopygium, lateral view 6 ninth tergite, dorsal view 7 clasper of gonostylus, lateral view. tg 8 = eighth tergite, tg 9 = ninth tergite, st 8 = eighth sternite, st 9 = ninth sternite, lg = lobe of gonostylus. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (5, 6); 0.5 mm (7).

Female (n = 3): Body length 13–15 mm, wing length 14–16 mm, antenna length 3–4 mm.

Female resembles male in head and thorax, except abdomen plump. Eighth tergite and eighth sternite black throughout with black setae. Ninth tergite, ninth sternite, and tenth tergite dark black, with black setae (Fig. 2).

Ovipositor (Figs 8–10). Ninth tergite with two lobes separated by V-shaped, median emargination; each lobe with long black setae at tip. Ninth sternite slender. Cerci short, fleshy, apically obtuse. Tenth sternite flat with setae. Hypovalves small, sclerotized, sharply pointed, with black setae.

Material examined

3 males 1 female (CAU), Laos: Houaphanh, Sam Nuea, Hvay Ma, 2017.VI.8, Liang Wang. 2 males 2 females (CAU), Laos: Attapeu, Sok. Samakhi Vay N. B., 2017.VI.18, Liang Wang.

Distribution

China (Guizhou, Yunnan), Laos (Houaphanh).

Figures 8–10. 

Tipula (Formotipula) melanomera gracilispina Savchenko, female 8 ovipositor, lateral view 9 ninth tergite and cerci, dorsal view 10 hypovalves, ventral view. tg 8 = eighth tergite, tg 9 = ninth tergite, st 9 = ninth sternite. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (8–10).

Tipula (Formotipula) melanomera melanomera Walker, 1848

Figs 11–14

Tipula melanomera Walker 1848: 68. Type locality: Nepal.

Tipula (Formotipula) melanomera: Edwards 1932: 238.

Diagnosis

Hypopygium covered with dense long setae. Clasper of the gonostylus slender; beak short with a long tuber which directed upward; dorsal margin bearing a sickle-shaped prominence which directed anteriorly (Savchenko 1960: 888, fig. 1).

Material examined

Recorded from Nepal and Upper Burma (BMNH).

Distribution

India (Assam), Laos, Myanmar, Nepal.

Figures 11–14. 

Tipula (Formotipula) melanomera melanomera Walker, male 11 habitus, lateral view 12 head and thorax, dorsal view 13 left wing 14 hypopygium, dorsal view.

Tipula (Formotipula) melanopyga Edwards, 1926

Figs 15–18

Tipula melanopyga Edwards 1926: 53. Type locality: Laos: Nam Mat.

Tipula (Formotipula) melanopyga: Li et al. 2013: 204.

Diagnosis

Abdomen yellowish-white pruinose has blackish brown stripes, last two segments dark brown. Male ninth tergite has a slender hammer-shaped projection at middle. Clasper of the gonostylus with two short acute blackened spines (Li et al. 2013: 205, figs 16–18).

Type material examined

Paratype, male, Laos: Nam Mat, 15 April 1918 (BMNH).

Distribution

China (Yunnan), Laos.

Figures 15–18. 

Tipula (Formotipula) melanopyga Edwards, male 15 habitus, lateral view 16 left wing 17 head and thorax, dorsal view 18 hypopygium, ventral view.

Tipula (Nippotipula) champasakensissp. nov.

http://zoobank.org/33A1651F-7FAD-4985-AC37-2E068BDAAC7C
Figs 19–22, 23–27, 28–33

Diagnosis

Abdomen is reddish brown with thick brownish yellow setae. Eighth sternite extended backward, posterior margin has a deep median notch. Posterior margin of ninth tergite extended with sclerotized depression. Lobe of gonostylus is fleshy with a V-shaped depression at posterior margin. Clasper of gonostylus is duck-shaped.

Description

Male (n = 8): body length 20–23 mm, wing length 16–18 mm, antenna length 5–6 mm.

Head (Figs 19, 21). Mostly brownish yellow. Dorsal part of rostrum brownish yellow; nasus blacked; eyes dark black. Setae on head black. Antenna dark brown, except scape brownish and pedicel yellow; first flagellomere longest, slightly longer than scape. Proboscis mostly brownish, with black setae. Palpus greyish brown, with black setae.

Thorax (Figs 19, 21). Mainly brownish. Prescutum brownish yellow with three pale yellow stripes; median stripe broad basally with a light brown median line, lateral stripes oval, shorter than median stripe. Scutum brownish yellow, each lobe with two pale yellow stripes. Scutellum gray-yellow. Mediotergite yellow with long brownish yellow setae. Thoracic pleuron mostly brownish throughout, except middle of pleuron bright yellow or tinged brown. Setae on thorax brownish yellow. Legs coxae and trochanters grayish yellow, femora light brown, with subterminal dark band, tibiae, and tarsi brownish. Setae on legs black except those on coxae grayish yellow. Wings brownish yellow, with dark brown spots at the origin of Rs, M, and R4+5. Pterostigma dark brown with some macrotrichiae, Rs relatively long; cell m1 petiolate (Fig. 22). Halter length approximately 2.5 mm; halter stem brownish yellow, with brownish yellow setae; halter knob pale yellow (Fig. 21).

Abdomen (Fig. 19). Mainly brownish yellow. Abdominal segments 1–6 brownish yellow with yellow setae; segments 7 and 8 with brown setae. Hypopygium reddish brown, with brown setae.

Figures 19–22. 

Tipula (Nippotipula) champasakensis sp. nov. 19 male habitus, lateral view 20 female habitus, lateral view; 21 male head and thorax, dorsal view 22 male right wing. Scale bar: 1.0 mm.

Hypopygium (Figs 19, 23–27). Eighth sternite extended backward, posterior margin with a deep median notch and setae; two small, triangular processes present at bottom of notch. Posterior margin of ninth tergite extended with ossified depression; middle of extension with a small spiny protrusion. Ninth sternite with dark-brown setae laterally. Lobe of gonostylus fleshy with dense, dark-brown setae on outer side and dense, black, obtuse spinules on inner side, posterior margin with a V-shaped depression. Clasper of gonostylus duck-shaped; posterior crest with longer setae.

Semen pump (Figs 28–30). Posterior immovable apodeme (pia) reddish brown, rod-like, and directed backward, symmetrical on both sides. Compressor apodeme (ca) fan-shaped and directed ventrally. Anterior immovable apodeme (aia) wing-shaped. Other appendages complex, as shown in Figures 28–30.

Female (n = 2): body length 22–23 mm, wing length 17–18 mm, antenna length 5–6 mm.

Female resembles male in head and thorax, except abdomen plump (Fig. 20). Eighth tergite and eighth sternite reddish brown throughout. Ninth tergite, ninth sternite, and basal region of tenth tergite dark reddish brown (Figs 31–33).

Ovipositor reddish brown (Figs 31–33). Cercus narrowed toward tip. Hypovalve curved, broad apically.

Type material

Holotype : male (CAU), Laos: Champasak, Soukhouma, Dond Hua Sao N. B., 2017.VI.19, Liang Wang (light trap). Paratypes: 2 males 2 females (CAU), Laos: Champasak, Sabaidee Valley, 2017.VI.16, Liang Wang (light trap); 5 males (CAU), Laos: Champasak, Soukhouma, Dond Hua Sao N. B., 2017.VI.19, Liang Wang (light trap).

Figures 23–27. 

Tipula (Nippotipula) champasakensis sp. nov., male 23 hypopygium, lateral view 24 ninth tergite, dorsal view 25 eighth sternite, ventral view; 26 lobe of gonostylus, lateral view 27 clasper of gonostylus, lateral view. tg 8 = eighth tergite, tg 9 = ninth tergite, st 8 = eighth sternite, st 9 = ninth sternite, lg = lobe of gonostylus. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (23–25); 0.5 mm (26, 27).

Distribution

Laos (Champasak).

Etymology

The species is named after Champasak Province, where the type locality is located.

Remarks

This new species is somewhat similar to T. (N.) coquilletti Enderlein, 1912 from Japan and T. (N.) sinica Alexander, 1935 from China (Zhejiang) in having a similarly shaped hypopygium, but it can be separated from these species by the shape of the eighth sternite and ninth tergite, posterior margin of eighth sternite with V-shaped notch which with two long triangular processes at bottom, and posterior margin of ninth tergite with a small spiny protrusion at middle. In T. (N.) coquilletti, the posterior margin of eighth sternite is without processes and V -shaped depression, and the posterior margin of the ninth tergite has a V-shaped notch. In T. (N.) sinica, the eighth sternite is without processes and V-shaped depression, and the posterior margin of the ninth tergite is extended with a sclerotized U-shaped depression.

Figures 28–33. 

Tipula (Nippotipula) champasakensis sp. nov. 28–30 male 28 semen pump, ventral view 29 semen pump, dorsal view 30 semen pump, lateral view 31–33 female 31 ovipositor, lateral view 32 ovipositor, dorsal view 33 ovipositor, ventral view. tg 8 = eighth tergite, tg 9 = ninth tergite, tg 10 = tenth tergite, st 8 = eighth sternite, st 9 = ninth sternite, aia = anterior immovable apodeme, pia = posterior immovable apodeme, ca = compressor apodeme, ce = cercus, hy = hypovalva. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (28–30); 1.0 mm (31–33).

Tipula (Platytipula) sessilis Edwards, 1921

Figs 34–37

Tipula sessilis Edwards 1921: 110 (as new name for Pachyrhina demarcata Brunetti, 1912).

Pachyrhina demarcata Brunetti 1912: 344. Type locality: India: Darjiling.

Tipula xanthopleura Edwards 1928: 698. Type locality: India: Kumaon, Muktesar.

Tipula (Schummelia) pergrata Alexander 1936b: 171. Type locality: India: Assam, Khasi Hills, Cherrapunji.

Tipula (Platytipula) xanthopleura: Savchenko 1961: 67.

Tipula (Schummelia) sessilis: Alexander and Alexander 1973: 57.

Tipula (Schummelia) xanthopleura: Alexander and Alexander 1973: 57.

Tipula (Schummelia) demarcata: Joseph 1974: 251.

Diagnosis

Thoracic prescutum has three brown stripes; wing is brownish yellow and with brown pterostigma; Rs is a little longer than R2+3 and relatively straight; petiole of cell m1 is short. Abdomen is brownish yellow; notch of ninth sternite has a depressed semicircular lobe; lobe of gonostylus slender and gradually narrowed to obtuse tip, before the apex slightly narrower; clasper of gonostylus is a shallow, beak blackened, surface with abundant minute setae, lower lobe well developed (Alexander 1936b: 171, pl. 2, fig. 25).

Type material examined

Holotype, male, India: Kumaon, Muktesar, Khasi Hills, Cherrapunji, 1 April 1922 (T. B. Fletcher) (BMNH).

Distribution

China (Xizang), India (Assam, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, W Bengal), “Indochina” (= ?Laos), Tajikistan.

Figures 34–37. 

Tipula (Platytipula) sessilis Edwards, male 34 habitus, lateral view 35 head and thorax, dorsal view 36 hypopygium, dorsal view 37 right wing.

Tipula (unplaced) reposita Walker, 1848

Figs 38–43, 44–48, 49–52

Tipula reposita Walker 1848: 67. Type locality: Nepal.

Tipula brevis Brunetti 1918: 270. Type locality: India (Assam: Shillong)

Tipula brevis Edwards 1924: 307.

Tipula reposita Edwards 1926: 53. Locality: Laos: (Tong La).

Tipula (Vestiplex) brevis Alexander 1963: 23.

Tipula (Vestiplex) brevis Joseph 1974: 269.

Tipula (Vestiplex) reposita Starkevich et al. 2015: 122. Locality: India, Laos, Nepal, and Thailand (Chiang Mai).

Tipula reposita Walker, 1848. Pilipenko et al. 2019. Locality: Thailand (Chiang Mai).

Tipula (Oreomyza) cladomera Alexander 1936a: 230. Type locality: China: “Szechwan: Wan-hsien” (= Chongqing: Wanzhou). syn. nov.

Diagnosis

Rs is relatively long and cell m1 is petiolate. Tip of eighth sternite has long dense thick setae. Ninth tergite has a U-shaped depression. Lobe of gonostylus is subtriangular and posterior margin has a shallow V-shaped incision with a black sclerotized protuberance. Clasper of gonostylus is small and beak-like.

Description

Male (n = 3): Body length 12–13 mm, wing length 13–14 mm, antenna length 4–4.5 mm.

Head (Figs 38, 39). Mostly brownish yellow. Dorsal part of rostrum brownish yellow, with distinct long nasus. Eyes black. Setae on head black. Antenna dark brown except scape brownish and pedicel yellow; first flagellomere longest, slightly longer than scape. Proboscis mostly brown with black setae; palpus greyish brown, with black setae.

Thorax (Figs 38, 39). Mainly brownish. Pronotum yellow with a light brown spot at middle. Prescutum yellow with three brown stripes; median stripe narrowed basally with a light brown median line; lateral stripes oval, a little shorter than median stripe. Scutum yellow, each lobe with a brown stripe. Scutellum yellow with a brown margin. Mediotergite yellow with a brown area near hind margin. Pleuron brownish yellow. Setae on thorax brownish yellow. Legs with coxae and trochanters yellow; femora light brown with dark tips; tibiae and tarsi dark brown. Setae on legs black, except those on coxae yellow. Wings light brown; pterostigma dark brown with some macrotrichia; posterior margin of cell cua1 as wide as base; Rs relatively long, cell m1 petiolate (Fig. 40). Halter length approximately 2.5 mm; halter stem pale yellow; halter knob brownish gray, with brownish setae.

Abdomen (Fig. 38). Mainly brownish yellow. Abdominal segments 1–5 brownish yellow with yellow setae; remaining segments dark brown with light brown setae.

Figures 38–43. 

Tipula (unplaced) reposita Walker, male 38 habitus, later view 39 head and thorax, dorsal view 40 right wing 41 semen pump, ventral view 42 semen pump, dorsal view 43 semen pump, lateral view. aia = anterior immovable apodeme, pia = posterior immovable apodeme, ca = compressor apodeme. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (38–40); 0.5 mm (41–43).

Hypopygium (Figs 44–48). Eighth sternite with dense long thick setae at tip. Ninth sternite sclerotized, convex. Ninth tergite with a U-shaped depression, laterally with yellow setae. Hypopygium mostly brownish yellow, lobe of gonostylus triangular, slightly curved, broadened apically, posterior margin with shallow V-shaped incision and with black sclerotized protuberance. Clasper of gonostylus small, beak-like.

Semen pump (Figs 41–43). Posterior immovable apodeme (pia) brownish yellow, rod-like, and directed backward. Compressor apodeme (ca) ginkgo-leaf-shaped and directed ventrally. Anterior immovable apodeme (aia) triangular.

Material examined

3 males (CAU), Laos: Houaphanh, Sam Nuea, B. Meuang Lied, 2017.VI.9, Liang Wang (light trap); T. (unplaced) cladomera: holotype, male, China: “Szechwan: Wan-hsien” (= Chongqing: Wanzhou), September 14, 1921, American Museum of Nature History, accession no. 23974 (USNM).

Figures 44–48. 

Tipula (unplaced) reposita Walker. Male 44 hypopygium, lateral view 45 eighth sternite, ventral view 46 ninth tergite, dorsal view 47 lobe of gonostylus, lateral view 48 clasper of gonostylus, lateral view. tg 8 = eighth tergite, tg 9 = ninth tergite, st 8 = eighth sternite, st 9 = ninth sternite, lg = lobe of gonostylus. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (44–47); 0.25 mm (48).

Distribution

China (Chongqing), India (Assam), Laos (Tong La, Houaphanh), Nepal, Thailand (Chiang Mai).

Remarks

Tipula (unplaced) cladomera was proposed by Alexander (1936a, as T. (Oreomyza) cladomera)) and some morphological differences were indicated. According to Alexander (1936a), males of T. (unplaced) cladomera are characterized by the following features: hypopygium with the lobe of gonostylus very large and of unusual shape, expanded outwardly, the apex with a U-shaped notch which forms two conspicuous lobes; eighth sternite with nine or ten very coarse setae on either side of midline of the caudal margin (Fig. 51; Alexander 1936a: 230; pl. 2, figs 25, 26). After comparison of the type specimens of T. (unplaced) cladomera Alexander, 1936 with T. (Vestiplex) reposita Walker, 1848 and our specimens from Laos, we found that those specimens do not have clear differences and are characterized by the same features, even though the males of T. (unplaced) cladomera have no shorter cross-vein between cell dm and cell cua1 (Fig. 50; Alexander 1936a: pl. 1, fig. 5), and T. (Vestiplex) reposita does have shorter cross-vein between cell dm and cell cua1 (Brunetti in Joseph 1974: 268, fig. 109). Altogether, through examining many specimens, including holotypes and paratypes, and the literature, we attribute such differences as intraspecific variation and consider these two species to be the same and T. (O.) cladomera to be a junior synonym of T. (unplaced) reposita. This species used to be placed in the Tipula subgenus Vestiplex, although in our opinion, such an arrangement is incorrect because of the unique male genital complex. Tipula (unplaced) reposita Walker, 1848 does not belong to any existing subgenus and is to be considered unplaced.

Figures 49–52. 

Tipula (unplaced) reposita Walker., holotype male 49 habitus, dorsal view 50 right wing 51 lobe of gonostylus and clasper of gonostylus, lateral view 52 antenna.

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Dr Liang Wang (Beijing) for collecting the specimens from Laos. We are also particularly grateful to Dr Zacariah Billingham, Dr Matthew J. Petersen, and Dr Chris Borkent for their valuable suggestions on this paper. The research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 31501880) and the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China (2005DKA21402).

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