Checklist of aquatic Diptera (Insecta) of Plitvice Lakes National Park, Croatia, a UNESCO world heritage site

Marija Ivković; Valentina Dorić; Viktor Baranov; Zlatko Mihaljević; Levente-Péter Kolcsár; Gunnar Mikalsen Kvifte; Jana Nerudova; Adrian C. Pont

doi:10.3897/zookeys.918.49648

Research Article

Checklist of aquatic Diptera (Insecta) of Plitvice Lakes National Park, Croatia, a UNESCO world heritage site

Marija Ivković^‡, Valentina Dorić^§, Viktor Baranov^|, Zlatko Mihaljević^‡, Levente-Péter Kolcsár^¶, Gunnar Mikalsen Kvifte^#, Jana Nerudova^¤, Adrian C. Pont^«

‡ University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia

§ Eko-monitoring d.o.o., Varaždin, Croatia

| LMU Munich Biocenter, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany

¶ Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan

# Nord University, Bodø, Norway

¤ Moravian Museum, Department of Entomology, Brno, Czech Republic

« Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Oxford, United Kingdom

Corresponding author: Marija Ivković ( marija.ivkovic@biol.pmf.hr )

Academic editor: Torsten Dikow

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Citation: Ivković M, Dorić V, Baranov V, Mihaljević Z, Kolcsár L-P, Kvifte GM, Nerudova J, Pont AC (2020) Checklist of aquatic Diptera (Insecta) of Plitvice Lakes National Park, Croatia, a UNESCO world heritage site. ZooKeys 918: 99-142. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.918.49648

ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:A8ACA00F-1AEF-41C4-AE0E-402C3E5A6A7B

Abstract

Studies on aquatic Diptera in the Plitvice Lakes National Park (Croatia) conducted in the last 50 years have produced 157 species and 7 taxa of aquatic Diptera placed in 13 families. Samples were collected at 25 sampling sites representing the four main types of karst aquatic habitats: spring, stream, tufa barriers and lakes. All records of all the aquatic families of Diptera in Plitvice Lakes NP are summarized, including previously unpublished data. Twelve species new for Plitvice Lakes NP are recorded for the first time, belonging to the families: Chironomidae – Labrundinia longipalpis (Goetghebuer, 1921), Nilothauma brayi (Goetghebuer, 1921), Potthastia longimanus Kieffer, 1922, Polypedilum (Polypedilum) nubeculosum (Meigen, 1804), Tanytarsus brundini Lindeberg, 1963; Dixidae – Dixella autumnalis (Meigen, 1838); Scathophagidae – Acanthocnema latipennis Becker, 1894 and Stratiomyidae – Oxycera pardalina Meigen, 1822, Oxycera limbata Loew, 1862, Oxycera turcica Ustuner & Hasbenli, 2004, Nemotelus pantherinus (Linnaeus, 1758), Oplodontha viridula (Fabricius, 1775). The most species-rich family was the Chironomidae with 62 species (and an additional seven taxa), followed by the Empididae with 22 species and Limoniidae with 19 species. The highest number of species was recorded in springs. The relatively low number of species in certain families and the complete absence of some aquatic families shows that further research into the aquatic Diptera in Plitvice Lakes NP is needed.

Keywords

Barrage lake system, Chironomidae, Empididae, Limoniidae, new records, Oxycera spp.

Introduction

Most people probably know true flies (Diptera) mainly as a nuisance and as disease-carrying blood-sucking insects, but Diptera are also key players in the recycling of organic material in ecosystems, from the sewage of our urban communities to the leaf litter of the forest floor. In addition, Diptera provide other general ecosystem services such as pollination and pest control, but are also vectors of disease as terrestrial adults (Pape 2009; Marshall 2012; Adler and Courtney 2019).

More than any other group of macro-organisms, Diptera dominate the freshwater environment and are the most numerous group in terms of described species in freshwaters. Nearly one-third of all described fly species, roughly 46,000 species, have some connection with an aquatic environment during development process (Adler and Courtney 2019). Their abundance, omnipresence, and diversity of adaptations to the aquatic environment, position them as major drivers of ecosystem processes (Hölker et al. 2015). Fly larvae are well represented as ecosystem engineers and keystone species that alter the abiotic and biotic environments through activities such as burrowing, grazing, suspension feeding, and predation (Wotton et al. 1998; Adler and Courtney 2019). The enormous populations sometimes achieved by aquatic flies can provide the sole or major dietary component for other organisms, and as both predators and herbivores, they can serve as biological control agents (Collins and Blackwell 2000; Werner and Pont 2003; Adler and Courtney 2019). They serve as indicators of historical and future ecological and climate change while at the same time they have played a role as indicators of water quality from the earliest years of bioassessment (Walker 1987; Mihaljević et al. 1998; Larocque et al. 2001; Adler and Courtney 2019).

As holometabolous insects that undergo complete metamorphosis, all aquatic Diptera have a life cycle that includes a series of distinct stages or instars. A typical life cycle consists of a brief egg stage (usually a few days or weeks, but sometimes much longer), three or four larval instars (usually three in Brachycera, four in lower Diptera, and more in Simuliidae, Tabanidae, Thaumaleidae, some Chironomidae, and a few others), a pupal stage of varying length, and an adult stage lasting from less than two hours (Deuterophlebiidae) to several weeks or even months (Courtney et al. 2017; Lackmann and Butler 2018; Adler and Courtney 2019).

From all types of aquatic habitats, including tree holes to open oceans, and glacial meltwaters to hot springs, Diptera are the true conquerors of the aquatic environment. They have been found at elevations up to 5600 m in the Himalayas and at depths of more than 1000 m in Lake Baikal. Furthermore, the presence of Diptera species in mainland Antarctica (e.g., Belgica antarctica Jacobs, 1900) makes them the only group of insects inhabiting all of the world’s continents (Allegrucci et al. 2006; Ferrington et al. 2008; Adler and Courtney 2019). Aquatic Diptera are free-living insects that require a wet environment in at least one life stage (Adler and Courtney 2019) or, more strictly, aquatic Diptera are considered as those associated with water bodies (Courtney et al. 2017). Out of 158 dipteran families worldwide, 41 have aquatic representatives (Adler and Courtney 2019), and in Europe there are 130 dipteran families of which about 25 are related to aquatic habitats (Oosterbroek 2006).

Plitvice Lakes form the oldest National Park in the Balkan region and is probably one of the most famous National Parks in Europe because of its exquisite beauty. Plitvice Lakes NP was established as a National Park in 1949, and from 1979 Plitvice lakes NP has been a UNESCO world natural heritage site (Stilinović and Božičević 1998). Its importance is not only scientific, as a unique karstic phenomenon, but also as a place of huge economic importance for the local community as more than a million people per year come to visit it.

Materials and methods

Study site

Plitvice Lakes National Park (NP) is a 295 km² forest reserve located in the karst region of the Dinaric Mountains in Croatia. The Plitvice Lakes barrage lake system consists of 16 oligotrophic, dimictic and fluvial lakes divided by tufa barriers that form an approximately 8.2 km long barrage system. The lakes are characterised by a low organic solute concentration, supersaturation with calcium salts, pH > 8.0, and the presence of algae and mosses mediating tufa barriers formation (Srdoč et al. 1985; Stilinović and Božičević 1998). After the confluence of the Bijela rijeka and Crna rijeka Rivers, they form the Matica River which is the main surface-water supplier of the lakes (Stilinović and Božičević 1998). According to the Köppen climate classification, this area is influenced by temperate and boreal climates (Šegota and Filipčić 2003).

Specimen records

This paper is based on unpublished data from our own research and on published data gleaned from the literature. Each record was georeferenced using ArcGIS software. The names of taxa presented in this checklist reflect current nomenclature and classifications (Yang et al. 2007; Ashe and O’Connor 2009, 2012; Pape and Beuk 2012; Adler and Crosskey 2018; Ivković et al. 2019; Oosterbroek 2019; Starý 2019). Locality records are listed for each species. A list of locality names including latitude, longitude, altitude, and number code for each locality is given in Table 1, and a map with all sites plotted is provided as Figure 1. Photographs of several studied sites are also given (Figs 2–7). Adult specimens were collected using emergence traps (details in Ivković et al. 2013a), sweep nets, yellow pan traps and aspirators, whereas larvae were collected by Surber sampler (25 × 25 cm) and kick-net sampler (25 × 25 cm, 500 µm mesh size). Specimens were preserved in 80% or 96% ethanol (EtOH). We identified the specimens to species level using Thomas (1997) for Athericidae; Reiss and Fittkau (1971); Bitušík (2000), Langton and Pinder (2007a, 2007b), Andersen et al. (2013), Bitušík and Hamerlík (2014), Vallenduuk (2017) for Chironomidae; Disney (1999) for Dixidae; Engel (1938–1946) for Empididae; Gorodkov (1988) for Scathophagidae; and Rozkošný and Kniepert (2000) for Stratiomyidae.

Table 1.

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Sampling sites in National Park Plitvice Lakes, Croatia.

Site Name	Site ID	Latitude / Longitude	Elevation (m)
Spring of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP	1	44°49'58"N, 15°33'25"E	720
Upper reach of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP	2	44°50'04"N, 15°33'33"E	715
Plitvički Ljeskovac, Plitvice Lakes NP	3	44°50'27"N, 15°35'40"E	668
Spring of Crna rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP	4	44°50'14"N, 15°36'28"E	680
Upper reach of Crna rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP	5	44°50'10"N, 15°36'30"E	670
Crna rijeka by the bridge, Plitvice Lakes NP	6	44°50'22"N, 15°35'59"E	665
Lake Prošće, Plitvice Lakes NP	7	44°51'33"N, 15°36'09"E	635
Tufa barrier Labudovac, Plitvice Lakes NP	8	44°52'17"N, 15°35'59"E	630
Lake Okrugljak, Plitvice Lakes NP	9	44°52'23"N, 15°35'56"E	626
Lake Batinovac, Plitvice Lakes NP	10	44°52'16"N, 15°36'11"E	624
Tufa barrier Batinovac-Crno Lake-Malo Lake-Vir, Plitvice Lakes NP	11	44°52'25"N, 15°36'10"E	603
Tufa barrier Batinovac-Galovac, Plitvice Lakes NP	12	44°52'21"N, 15°36'15"E	605
Tufa barrier Galovac-Milino, Plitvice Lakes NP	13	44°52'32"N, 15°36'29"E	594
Lake Gradinsko, Plitvice Lakes NP	14	44°52'39"N, 15°36'37"E	565
Tufa barrier Burget-Kozjak, Plitvice Lakes NP	15	44°52'47"N, 15°36'53"E	547
Riječica, Plitvice Lakes NP	16	44°52'27"N, 15°36'47"E	555
Lake Kozjak, Plitvice Lakes NP	17	44°52'40"N, 15°37'07"E	535
Tufa barrier Kozjak-Milanovac,Plitvice Lakes NP	18	44°53'39"N, 15°36'32"E	545
Tufa barrier Milke Trnine, Plitvice Lakes NP	19	44°53'53"N, 15°36'39"E	540
Tufa barrier Gavanovac-Kaluđerovac, Plitvice Lakes NP	20	44°53'58"N, 15°36'39"E	537
Lake Kaluđerovac, Plitvice Lakes NP	21	44°54'02"N, 15°36'40"E	535
Tufa barrier Novakovića Brod, Plitvice Lakes NP	22	44°54'08"N, 15°36'38"E	505
Stream Sartuk, Plitvice Lakes NP	23	44⁰55'57"N, 15⁰33'10"E	765
Stream Plitvica, Plitvice Lakes NP	24	44°54'08"N, 15°36'27"E	555
Korana Village, Plitvice Lakes NP	25	44°55'33"N, 15°37'09"E	390

Figure 1.

Sampling sites in Plitvice Lakes National Park (see Table 1 for codes).

Figure 2.

Spring of Crna Rijeka, Plitvice Lakes National Park.

Figure 3.

Crna Rijeka by the bridge, Plitvice Lakes National Park.

Figure 4.

Tufa barrier Labudovac, Plitvice Lakes National Park.

Figure 5.

Tufa barrier Galovac-Milino, Plitvice Lakes National Park.

Figure 6.

Lake Kaluđerovac and Tufa barrier Novakovića Brod, Plitvice Lakes National Park.

Figure 7.

Stream Plitvica, Plitvice Lakes National Park.

Results and discussion

List of aquatic Diptera of National Park Plitvice Lakes

The following format is used for the distribution data: literature references (name of the site and in parentheses the citation of site ID and the reference); new records (life stage in which the identifications were made, i.e., adult ♂, ♀ and larvae, name of the site and in parentheses the site ID, date of collection and the collector if possible). New species for Plitvice Lakes NP are listed with an asterisk before the name of the species. All the sites and site ID are listed in Table 1.

Family Athericidae

Ibisia marginata (Fabricius, 1781)

Literature reference

• tufa barrier Burget-Kozjak, Plitvice Lakes NP (15) (Sertić Perić et al. 2014).

New records

• 1♂; tufa barrier Labudovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (8); 26 Jul. 2010; M. Ivković leg. • 1♂; tufa barrier Kozjak-Milanovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (18); 28 Jun. 2012; M. Ivković leg. • 1♀; same site; 25 Jul. 2014; M. Ivković leg. • 3♂, 6♀; tufa barrier Novakovića Brod, Plitvice Lakes NP (22); 25 Jul. 2007; M. Ivković leg. • 10♂, 21♀; same site; 30 Aug. 2007; M. Ivković leg. • 1♂, 6♀; Korana Village, Plitvice Lakes NP (25); 29 Aug. 2008; M. Ivković leg.

Family Chironomidae

Subfamily Chironominae

Cryptochironomus (Cryptochironomus) albofasciatus (Staeger, 1839)

Literature reference

• Lake Prošće, Plitvice Lakes NP (7) • Lake Kozjak, Plitvice Lakes NP (17) (Kostić-Brnek and Brnek-Kostić 1971).

Dicrotendipes nervosus (Staeger, 1839)

Literature reference

• Lake Prošće, Plitvice Lakes NP (7) • Lake Kozjak, Plitvice Lakes NP (17) (Kostić-Brnek and Brnek-Kostić 1971).

Remark

Mentioned as Limnochironomus nervosus (Staeger, 1839) in Kostić-Brnek and Brnek-Kostić (1971), an accepted synonym of D. nervosus in Spies and Saether (2013).

Endochironomus gr. dispar sensu Moller Pillot, 2009

Literature reference

• Lake Prošće, Plitvice Lakes NP (7) • Lake Kozjak, Plitvice Lakes NP (17) (Kostić-Brnek and Brnek-Kostić 1971).

Einfeldia dissidens (Walker, 1856)

Literature reference

• Lake Prošće, Plitvice Lakes NP (7) • Lake Kozjak, Plitvice Lakes NP (17) (Kostić-Brnek and Brnek-Kostić 1971).

Harnischia fuscimanus Kieffer, 1921

Literature reference

• Lake Prošće, Plitvice Lakes NP (7) • Lake Kozjak, Plitvice Lakes NP (17) (Kostić-Brnek and Brnek-Kostić 1971).

Remark

Mentioned as Cryptochironomus fuscimanus Kieffer, 1921 in Kostić-Brnek and Brnek-Kostić (1971) a synonym of H. fuscimanus in Moller Pillot (2009).

Micropsectra notescens (Walker, 1856)

Literature reference

• spring of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (1) • spring of Crna rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (4) (Ivković et al. 2015).

Micropsectra uva Giłka, Zakrzewska, Baranov & Dominiak, 2013

Literature reference

• spring of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (1) (Giłka et al. 2013, Ivković et al. 2015) • spring of Crna rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (4) (Ivković et al. 2015).

Microtendipes pedellus (De Geer, 1776)

Literature reference

• Lake Prošće, Plitvice Lakes NP (7) • Lake Kozjak, Plitvice Lakes NP (17) (Kostić-Brnek and Brnek-Kostić 1971).

Microtendipes tarsalis (Walker, 1856)

Literature reference

• Lake Prošće, Plitvice Lakes NP (7) • Lake Kozjak, Plitvice Lakes NP (17) (Kostić-Brnek and Brnek-Kostić 1971).

* Nilothauma brayi (Goetghebuer, 1921)

New record

• 1 larva; Lake Kozjak, Plitvice Lakes NP (17); 18 Jul. 2018.

Paracladopelma camptolabis (Kieffer, 1913)

Literature reference

• Lake Prošće, Plitvice Lakes NP (7) • Lake Kozjak, Plitvice Lakes NP (17) (Kostić-Brnek and Brnek-Kostić 1971).

Paratanytarsus lauterborni (Kieffer, 1909)

Literature reference

• Lake Prošće, Plitvice Lakes NP (7) • Lake Kozjak, Plitvice Lakes NP (17) (Kostić-Brnek and Brnek-Kostić 1971).

Paratendipes albimanus (Meigen, 1818)

Literature reference

• Lake Prošće, Plitvice Lakes NP (7) • Lake Kozjak, Plitvice Lakes NP (17) (Kostić-Brnek and Brnek-Kostić 1971).

Phaenopsectra flavipes (Meigen 1818)

Literature reference

• spring of Crna rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (4) (Ivković et al. 2015).

New record

• 24 larvae; Lake Kozjak, Plitvice Lakes NP (17); 18 Jul. 2018.

Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) exsectum (Kieffer, 1916)

Literature reference

• Lake Prošće, Plitvice Lakes NP (7) • Lake Kozjak, Plitvice Lakes NP (17) (Kostić-Brnek and Brnek-Kostić 1971).

Remark

Mentioned as Pentapedilum exsectum Kieffer, 1913 in Kostić-Brnek and Brnek-Kostić (1971), an accepted synonym of P. exsectum in Spies and Saether (2013).

* Polypedilum (Polypedilum) nubeculosum (Meigen, 1804)

New record

• 6 larvae; Lake Kozjak, Plitvice Lakes NP (17); 18 Jul. 2018.

Polypedilum (Tripodura) scalaenum (Schrank, 1803)

Literature reference

• Lake Prošće, Plitvice Lakes NP (7) • Lake Kozjak, Plitvice Lakes NP (17) (Kostić-Brnek and Brnek-Kostić 1971).

Remark

Mentioned as Polypedilum breviantennatum Chernovskij, 1949 in Kostić-Brnek and Brnek-Kostić (1971), an accepted synonym of P. scalaenum in Spies and Saether (2013).

Rheotanytarsus nigricauda Fittkau, 1960

Literature reference

• spring of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (1) • spring of Crna rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (4) (Ivković et al. 2015).

Rheotanytarsus pentapoda (Kieffer, 1909)

Literature references

• tufa barrier Labudovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (8) • tufa barrier Galovac-Milino, Plitvice Lakes NP (13) • tufa barrier Burget-Kozjak, Plitvice Lakes NP (15) • tufa barrier Milke Trnine, Plitvice Lakes NP (19) (Matoničkin et al. 1971, Matoničkin 1987).

Remark

Mentioned as Rheotanytarsus lapidicola Kieffer, 1909 in Matoničkin et al. (1971) and Matoničkin (1987), an accepted synonym of R. pentapoda in Spies and Saether (2013).

Stempellina bausei (Kieffer, 1911)

Literature references

• Plitvički Ljeskovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (3) (Matoničkin 1987) • Lake Batinovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (10) (Matoničkin et al. 1971) • tufa barrier Batinovac-Crno Lake-Malo Lake-Vir, Plitvice Lakes NP (11) (Matoničkin 1987) • Lake Gradinsko, Plitvice Lakes NP (14) • tufa barrier Burget-Kozjak, Plitvice Lakes NP (15) (Matoničkin et al. 1971).

New records

• 50 larvae; Lake Prošće, Plitvice Lakes NP (7); 17 Sep. 2018 • 92 larvae; Lake Kozjak, Plitvice Lakes NP (17); 18 Jul. 2018.

* Tanytarsus brundini Lindeberg, 1963

New record

• 2♂; tufa barrier Kozjak-Milanovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (18); 30 Jun. 2009; M. Ivković leg.

Tanytarsus heusdensis Goetghebuer, 1923

Literature reference

• Lake Prošće, Plitvice Lakes NP (7) • Lake Kozjak, Plitvice Lakes NP (17) (Kostić-Brnek and Brnek-Kostić 1971).

Zavrelia pentatoma Kieffer & Bause, 1913

Literature reference

• Lake Prošće, Plitvice Lakes NP (7) • Lake Kozjak, Plitvice Lakes NP (17) (Kostić-Brnek and Brnek-Kostić 1971).

Zavreliella marmorata (van der Wulp, 1859)

Literature reference

• Lake Prošće, Plitvice Lakes NP (7) • Lake Kozjak, Plitvice Lakes NP (17) (Kostić-Brnek and Brnek-Kostić 1971).

Subfamily Diamesinae

Diamesa (Diamesa) thomasi Serra-Tosio, 1970

Literature reference

• spring of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (1) (Baranov et al. 2012, Ivković et al. 2015).

Diamesa (Diamesa) tonsa (Haliday in Walker, 1856)

Literature reference

• spring of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (1) (Ivković et al. 2015).

* Potthastia longimanus Kieffer, 1922

New record

• 1 larva; Lake Kozjak, Plitvice Lakes NP (17); 18 Jul. 2018.

Subfamily Prodiamesinae

Monodiamesa bathyphila (Kieffer, 1918)

Literature reference

• Lake Prošće, Plitvice Lakes NP (7) • Lake Kozjak, Plitvice Lakes NP (17) (Kostić-Brnek and Brnek-Kostić 1971).

Prodiamesa olivacea (Meigen, 1818)

Literature reference

• spring of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (1) (Ivković et al. 2015) • Lake Prošće, Plitvice Lakes NP (7) (Kostić-Brnek and Brnek-Kostić 1971) • tufa barrier Labudovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (8) (Matoničkin et al. 1971, Matoničkin 1987) • Lake Kozjak, Plitvice Lakes NP (17) (Kostić-Brnek and Brnek-Kostić 1971) • tufa barrier Gavanovac-Kaluđervoac, Plitvice Lakes NP (20) (Matoničkin 1987) • Lake Kaluđerovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (21) (Matoničkin et al. 1971).

Subfamily Orthocladiinae

Acricotopus lucens (Zetterstedt, 1850)

Literature reference

• Lake Prošće, Plitvice Lakes NP (7) • Lake Kozjak, Plitvice Lakes NP (17) (Kostić-Brnek and Brnek-Kostić 1971).

Remark

Mentioned as Acricotopus lucidus Brundin, 1949 in Kostić-Brnek and Brnek-Kostić (1971), mentioned as a synonym of A. lucens in Moller Pillot (2013).

Brillia bifida (Kieffer, 1909)

Literature reference

• spring of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (1) • spring of Crna rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (4) (Ivković et al. 2015).

Brillia longifurca Kieffer, 1921

Literature reference

• Lake Prošće, Plitvice Lakes NP (7) • Lake Kozjak, Plitvice Lakes NP (17) (Kostić-Brnek and Brnek-Kostić 1971).

Chaetocladius dentiforceps (Edwards, 1929)

Literature reference

• spring of Crna rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (4) (Ivković et al. 2015).

Chaetocladius melaleucus (Meigen, 1818)

Literature reference

• spring of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (1) (Ivković et al. 2015).

Cricotopus (Cricotopus) bicinctus (Meigen, 1818)

Literature reference

• Stream Plitvica, Plitvice Lakes NP (24) (Matoničkin, 1971).

Remark

Mentioned as Trichocladius bicinctus (Meigen, 1818) in Kostić-Brnek and Brnek-Kostić (1971).

Cricotopus (Cricotopus) fuscus (Kieffer, 1909)

Literature reference

• Stream Plitvica, Plitvice Lakes NP (24) (Matoničkin, 1971).

Remark

Mentioned as Cricotopus (Cricotopus) biformis Edwards, 1929 in Matoničkin et al. (1971), known as a questionable synonym of C. (Cricotopus) fuscus in Ashe and O’Connor (2012).

Corynoneura lobata Edwards, 1924

Literature reference

• spring of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (1) • spring of Crna rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (4) (Ivković et al. 2015).

Eukiefferiella devonica (Edwards, 1929)

Literature reference

• spring of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (1) • spring of Crna rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (4) (Ivković et al. 2015).

Eukiefferiella gracei (Edwards, 1929)

Literature reference

• tufa barrier Labudovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (8) (Matoničkin et al. 1971).

Remark

Mentioned as Eukiefferiella longicalcar Kieffer in Matoničkin et al. (1971), an accepted synonym of E. gracei in Spies and Saether (2013).

Eukiefferiella ilkleyensis (Edwards, 1929)

Literature reference

• Stream Plitvica, Plitvice Lakes NP (24) (Matoničkin 1987).

Remark

Mentioned as Plectrocladius eukiefferiella quadridentata Chernovskij, 1949 in Matoničkin (1987); see Discussion for more details.

Eukiefferiella minor (Edwards, 1929)

Literature reference

• spring of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (1) (Ivković et al. 2015).

Epoicocladius ephemerae (Kieffer, 1924)

Literature reference

• Lake Prošće, Plitvice Lakes NP (7) • Lake Kozjak, Plitvice Lakes NP (17) (Kostić-Brnek and Brnek-Kostić 1971).

Heterotrissocladius marcidus (Walker, 1856)

Literature reference

• Lake Prošće, Plitvice Lakes NP (7) • Lake Kozjak, Plitvice Lakes NP (17) (Kostić-Brnek and Brnek-Kostić 1971).

Limnophyes gurgicola (Edwards, 1929)

Literature reference

• spring of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (1) (Ivković et al. 2015).

Limnophyes cf. minimus sensu Langton & Pinder, 2007

Literature reference

• spring of Crna rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (4) (Ivković et al. 2015).

Metriocnemus cf. albolineatus sensu Langton & Pinder, 2007

Literature reference

• spring of Crna rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (4) (Ivković et al. 2015).

Metriocnemus eurynothus (Holmgren, 1883)

Literature reference

• spring of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (1) (Ivković et al. 2015).

Metriocnemus intergerivus Sæther, 1995

Literature reference

• spring of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (1) (Ivković et al. 2015).

Orthocladius (Mesorthocladius) frigidus (Zetterstedt, 1838)

Literature reference

• spring of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (1) • spring of Crna rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (4) (Ivković et al. 2015).

Paracladius conversus (Walker, 1856)

Literature reference

• Lake Prošće, Plitvice Lakes NP (7) • Lake Kozjak, Plitvice Lakes NP (17) (Kostić-Brnek and Brnek-Kostić 1971).

Remark

Mentioned as Paratrichocladius inserpens Pankratova, 1970 in Kostić-Brnek and Brnek-Kostić (1971), a synonym of P. conversus in Moller Pillot (2013).

Parametriocnemus stylatus (Spaerck, 1923)

Literature references

• Plitvički Ljeskovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (3) (Matoničkin 1987) • tufa barrier Burget-Kozjak, Plitvice Lakes NP (15) (Matoničkin et al. 1971, Matoničkin 1987) • tufa barrier Gavanovac-Kaluđerovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (20) • Stream Plitvica, Plitvice Lakes NP (24) (Matoničkin 1987).

New records

• 11 larvae; Lake Kozjak, Plitvice Lakes NP (17); 18 Jul. 2018 • 2♂; tufa barrier Kozjak-Milanovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (18); 30 Nov. 2009; M. Ivković leg.

Remark

Mentioned as Limnophyes transcaucasicus Chernovskij, 1949 in Matoničkin et al. (1971) and Matoničkin (1987), a synonym of P. stylatus in Moller Pillot (2013).

Parametriocnemus cf. stylatus sensu Moller Pillot, 2013

Literature reference

• spring of Crna rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (4) (Ivković et al. 2015).

Paraphaenocladius cf. exagitans sensu Moller Pillot, 2013

Literature reference

• spring of Crna rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (4) (Ivković et al. 2015).

Paraphaenocladius impensus (Walker, 1856)

Literature reference

• spring of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (1) (Ivković et al. 2015).

Paraphaenocladius cf. irritus sensu Moller Pillot, 2013

Literature reference

• spring of Crna rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (4) (Ivković et al. 2015).

Paratrichocladius skirwithensis (Edwards, 1929)

Literature reference

• spring of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (1) • spring of Crna rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (4) (Ivković et al. 2015).

Psectrocladius (Psectrocladius) barbimanus (Edwards, 1929)

Literature reference

• tufa barrier Labudovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (8) (Matoničkin et al. 1971, Matoničkin 1987) • Crna Rijeka by the bridge, Plitvice Lakes NP (6) • Stream Plitvica, Plitvice Lakes NP (24) (Matoničkin 1987).

Psectrocladius (Psectrocladius) psilopterus (Kieffer, 1906)

Literature reference

• Crna Rijeka by the bridge, Plitvice Lakes NP (6) (Matoničkin 1987).

Rheocricotopus effusus (Walker, 1856)

Literature reference

• spring of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (1) • spring of Crna rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (4) (Ivković et al. 2015).

Synorthocladius semivirens (Kieffer, 1909)

Literature reference

• spring of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (1) (Ivković et al. 2015).

New record

• 1 larva; Lake Prošće, Plitvice Lakes NP (7); 26 Jul. 2019.

Thienemannia gracilis Kieffer, 1909

Literature reference

• spring of Crna rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (4) (Ivković et al. 2015).

Tvetenia veralli (Edwards, 1929)

Literature reference

• spring of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (1) (Ivković et al. 2015).

Subfamily Tanypodinae

Ablabesmyia (Ablabesmyia) monilis (Linnaeus, 1758)

Literature reference

• Lake Prošće, Plitvice Lakes NP (7) • Lake Kozjak, Plitvice Lakes NP (17) (Kostić-Brnek and Brnek-Kostić 1971).

Remark

Mentioned as Pentaneura monilis Linnaeus, 1758 in Kostić-Brnek and Brnek-Kostić (1971).

Apsectrotanypus trifascipennis (Zetterstedt, 1838)

Literature reference

• Lake Prošće, Plitvice Lakes NP (7) • Lake Kozjak, Plitvice Lakes NP (17) (Kostić-Brnek and Brnek-Kostić 1971).

Remark

Mentioned as Psectrotanypus trifascipennis Zetterstedt, 1838 in Kostić-Brnek and Brnek-Kostić (1971) which is probably a misspelling.

* Labrundinia longipalpis (Goetghebuer, 1921)

New record

• 9 larvae; Lake Prošće, Plitvice Lakes NP (7); 26 Jul. 2019.

Krenopelopia binotata (Wiedemann, 1817)

Literature reference

• spring of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (1) (Ivković et al. 2015).

Macropelopia cf. fehlmanni sensu Kieffer, 1912

Literature reference

• Lake Prošće, Plitvice Lakes NP (7) • Lake Kozjak, Plitvice Lakes NP (17) (Kostić-Brnek and Brnek-Kostić 1971).

Procladius (Holotanypus) choreus (Meigen, 1804)

Literature reference

• Lake Prošće, Plitvice Lakes NP (7) • Lake Kozjak, Plitvice Lakes NP (17) (Kostić-Brnek and Brnek-Kostić 1971).

Thienemannimyia carnea (Fabricius, 1805)

Literature reference

• Lake Prošće, Plitvice Lakes NP (7) • Lake Kozjak, Plitvice Lakes NP (17) (Kostić-Brnek and Brnek-Kostić 1971).

Remark

Mentioned as Pentaneura carnea Fabricius, 1805 in Kostić-Brnek and Brnek-Kostić (1971).

Family Dixidae

Dixa dilatata Strobl, 1900

Literature reference

• Stream Sartuk, Plitvice Lakes NP (23) (Ivković and Ivanković 2019).

Dixa maculata Meigen, 1818

Literature reference

• upper reach of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (2) • upper reach of Crna rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (5) • tufa barrier Labudovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (8) • tufa barrier Kozjak-Milanovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (18) • tufa barrier Novakovića Brod, Plitvice Lakes NP (22) (Ivanković et al. 2019).

Dixa nebulosa Meigen, 1830

Literature reference

• upper reach of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (2) • tufa barrier Labudovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (8) (Ivanković et al. 2019) • Lake Kozjak, Plitvice Lakes NP (17) (Ivković and Ivanković 2019).• tufa barrier Kozjak- Milanovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (18) • tufa barrier Novakovića Brod, Plitvice Lakes NP (22) • Stream Plitvica, Plitvice Lakes NP (24) • Korana Village, Plitvice Lakes NP (25) (Ivanković et al. 2019).

Dixa nubilipennis Curtis, 1832

Literature reference

• Korana Village, Plitvice Lakes NP (Ivanković et al. 2019) (25).

Dixa puberula Loew, 1849

Literature reference

• spring of Bijela rijeka stream, Plitvice Lakes NP (1) • upper reach of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (2) (Ivanković et al. 2019) • spring of Crna rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (4) (Ivković et al. 2015) • upper reach of Crna rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (5) • Crna rijeka by the bridge, Plitvice Lakes NP (6) (Ivanković et al. 2019) • tufa barrier Labudovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (8) • tufa barrier Kozjak- Milanovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (18) • tufa barrier Novakovića Brod, Plitvice Lakes NP (22) • Stream Plitvica, Plitvice Lakes NP (24) (Ivanković et al. 2019, Ivković and Ivanković 2019) • Korana Village, Plitvice Lakes NP (25) (Ivanković et al. 2019).

Dixa submaculata Edwards, 1920

Literature reference

• spring of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (1) • upper reach of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (2) • upper reach of Crna rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (5) • Crna rijeka by the bridge, Plitvice Lakes NP (6) • tufa barrier Kozjak-Milanovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (18) • tufa barrier Novakovića Brod, Plitvice Lakes NP (22) (Ivanković et al. 2019).

Dixella aestivalis (Meigen, 1818)

Literature reference

• Lake Okrugljak, Plitvice Lakes NP (9) • Riječica, Plitvice Lakes NP (16) (Matoničkin 1987).

Dixella amphibia (De Geer, 1776)

Literature reference

• tufa barrier Labudovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (8) (Matoničkin 1987).

New record

• 1 larva; lake Kozjak, Plitvice Lakes NP (17); 11 Jul. 2019.

* Dixella autumnalis (Meigen, 1838)

New record

• 1 larva; lake Kozjak, Plitvice Lakes NP (17); 18 Jul. 2018.

Family Empididae

Subfamily Clinocerinae

Clinocera stagnalis (Haliday, 1833)

Literature reference

• spring of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (1) • spring of Crna rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (4) • Stream Plitvica, Plitvice Lakes NP (24) (Ivković et al. 2010, 2012a).

New record

• 1♂; tufa barrier Labudovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (8); 26 Jul. 2013; M. Ivković leg.

Clinocera wesmaeli (Macquart, 1835)

Literature reference

• spring of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (1) (Ivković et al. 2010, 2012a).

Dolichocephala guttata (Haliday, 1833)

Literature reference

• spring of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (1) • upper reach of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (2) • spring of Crna rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (4) • upper reach of Crna rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (5) • Korana Village, Plitvice Lakes NP (25) (Ivković et al. 2010, 2012a).

Dolichocephala ocellata (Costa, 1854)

Literature reference

• spring of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (1) • upper reach of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (2) (Ivković et al. 2010, 2012a).

Kowarzia barbatula (Mik, 1880)

Literature reference

• spring of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (1) • spring of Crna rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (4) • upper reach of Crna rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (5) • Crna rijeka by the bridge, Plitvice Lakes NP (6) • tufa barrier Labudovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (8) • tufa barrier Kozjak-Milanovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (18) • Stream Plitvica, Plitvice Lakes NP (24) (Ivković et al. 2010, 2012a).

Kowarzia bipunctata (Haliday, 1833)

Literature reference

• upper reach of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (2) (Ivković et al. 2010).

Wiedemannia aquilex (Loew, 1869)

Literature references

• spring of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (1) • upper reach of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (2) • spring of Crna rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (4) • upper reach of Crna rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (5) • Crna rijeka by the bridge, Plitvice Lakes NP (6) (Ivković et al. 2010, 2012a).

Wiedemannia lamellata (Loew, 1869)

Literature references

• spring of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (1) • tufa barrier Novakovića Brod, Plitvice Lakes NP (22) • Stream Plitvica, Plitvice Lakes NP (24) • Korana Village, Plitvice Lakes NP (25) (Ivković et al. 2010, 2012a).

Wiedemannia zetterstedti (Fallén, 1826)

Literature reference

• spring of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (1) (Ivković et al. 2010).

Subfamily Hemerodromiinae

Chelifera concinnicauda Collin, 1927

Literature references

• Crna rijeka by the bridge, Plitvice Lakes NP (6) • tufa barrier Labudovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (8) • tufa barrier Kozjak-Milanovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (18) • tufa barrier Novakovića Brod, Plitvice Lakes NP (22) • Stream Plitvica, Plitvice Lakes NP (24) (Ivković et al. 2010, 2012a) • Korana Village, Plitvice Lakes NP (25) (Horvat 1990, Ivković et al. 2010, 2012a).

Chelifera flavella (Zetterstedt, 1838)

Literature references

Chelifera precabunda Collin, 1961

Literature references

• spring of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (1) • upper reach of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (2) • spring of Crna rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (4) • upper reach of Crna rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (5) • Crna rijeka by the bridge, Plitvice Lakes NP (6) (Ivković et al. 2010, 2012a).

Chelifera precatoria (Fallén, 1816)

Literature references

• spring of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (1) • upper reach of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (2) • spring of Crna rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (4) (Ivković et al. 2010, 2012a).

Chelifera pyrenaica Vaillant, 1981

Literature references

• Crna rijeka by the bridge, Plitvice Lakes NP (6) • tufa barrier Kozjak-Milanovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (18) • tufa barrier Novakovića Brod, Plitvice Lakes NP (22) • Stream Plitvica, Plitvice Lakes NP (24) • Korana Village, Plitvice Lakes NP (25) (Ivković et al. 2010, 2012a).

Chelifera siveci Wagner, 1984

Literature references

• spring of Bijela Rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (1) • upper reach of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (2) • spring of Crna Rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (4) • upper reach of Crna rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (5) • Crna rijeka by the bridge, Plitvice Lakes NP (6) • Stream Plitvica, Plitvice Lakes NP (24) (Ivković et al. 2010, 2012a).

Chelifera stigmatica (Schiner, 1862)

Literature references

• tufa barrier Labudovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (8) • tufa barrier Kozjak-Milanovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (18) • tufa barrier Novakovića Brod, Plitvice Lakes NP (22) • Stream Plitvica, Plitvice Lakes NP (24) (Ivković et al. 2010, 2012a).

Chelifera trapezina (Zetterstedt, 1838)

Literature references

• spring of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (1) • upper reach of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (2) • spring of Crna rijeka, Plitvice Lakes (4) • upper reach of Crna rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (5) • Crna rijeka by the bridge, Plitvice Lakes NP (6) • Stream Plitvica, Plitvice Lakes NP (24) • Korana Village, Plitvice Lakes NP (25) (Ivković et al. 2010, 2012a).

Hemerodromia laudatoria Collin, 1927

Literature references

• Crna rijeka by the bridge, Plitvice Lakes NP (6) • Lake Prošće, Plitvice Lakes NP (7) (Ivković et al. 2010, 2012a).

Hemerodromia melangyna Collin, 1927

Literature references

• tufa barrier Labudovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (8) • tufa barrier Novakovića Brod, Plitvice Lakes NP (22) • Stream Plitvica, Plitvice Lakes NP (24) (Ivković et al. 2010, 2012a) • Korana Village, Plitvice Lakes NP (25) (Horvat 1990, Ivković et al. 2010, 2012a).

New record

• 1♂, 43♀; tufa barrier Kozjak-Milanovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (18); 29 Jun. 2015.

Hemerodromia oratoria (Fallén, 1816)

Literature references

• tufa barrier Novakovića Brod, Plitvice Lakes NP (22) • Stream Plitvica, Plitvice Lakes NP (24) (Ivković et al. 2010, 2012a).

Hemerodromia raptoria Meigen, 1830

Literature references

• Lake Kozjak, Plitvice Lakes NP (17) (Ivković et al. 2010, 2012a) • tufa barrier Kozjak-Milanovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (18) (Ivković et al. 2013b).

Hemerodromia unilineata Zetterstedt, 1842

Literature references

Family Limoniidae

Subfamily Chioneinae

Ellipteroides (Ellipteroides) lateralis (Macquart, 1835)

Literature reference

• tufa barrier Kozjak-Milanovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (18) (Kolcsár et al. 2015).

Gonomyia (Gonomyia) tenella (Meigen, 1818)

Literature reference

• spring of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (1) • Korana Village, Plitvice Lakes NP (25) (Kolcsár et al. 2015).

Molophilus (Molophilus) bifidus Goetghebuer, 1920

Literature reference

• spring of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (1) (Kolcsár et al. 2015).

Molophilus (Molophilus) repentinus Starý, 1971

Literature reference

• Korana Village, Plitvice Lakes NP (25) (Kolcsár et al. 2015).

Ormosia (Oreophila) bergrothi (Strobl, 1895)

Literature reference

• spring of Crna rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (4) (Kolcsár et al. 2015).

Rhabdomastix (Rhabdomastix) edwardsi Tjeder, 1967

Literature reference

• Korana Village, Plitvice Lakes NP (25) (Kolcsár et al. 2015).

Rhypholophus phryganopterus Kolenati, 1860

Literature reference

• spring of Crna rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (4) (Kolcsár et al. 2015).

Subfamily Limnophilinae

Eloeophila apicata (Loew, 1871)

Literature reference

• upper reach of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (2) (Kolcsár et al. 2015).

Eloeophila maculata (Meigen, 1804)

Literature reference

• upper reach of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (2) • Crna rijeka by the bridge, Plitvice Lakes NP (6) (Kolcsár et al. 2015).

Epiphragma (Epiphragma) ocellare (Linnaeus, 1760)

Literature reference

• spring of Crna rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (4) (Kolcsár et al. 2015).

Remark

This species is not aquatic. Larvae develop in forests, woodlands, larvae associated with woody debris.

Hexatoma (Eriocera) chirothecata (Scopoli, 1763)

Literature reference

• tufa barrier Novakovića Brod, Plitvice Lakes NP (22) • Korana Village, Plitvice Lakes NP (25) (Kolcsár et al. 2015).

Paradelphomyia senilis (Haliday, 1833)

Literature reference

• upper reach of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (2) • spring of Crna rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (4) (Kolcsár et al. 2015).

Subfamily Limoniinae

Antocha (Antocha) vitripennis (Meigen, 1830)

Literature reference

• tufa barrier Kozjak-Milanovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (18) • tufa barrier Novakovića Brod, Plitvice Lakes NP (22) • Korana Village, Plitvice Lakes NP (25) (Kolcsár et al. 2015).

Dicranomyia (Dicranomyia) chorea (Meigen, 1818)

Literature reference

• spring of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (1) • upper reach of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (2) • tufa barrier Kozjak-Milanovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (18) • Stream Plitvica, Plitvice Lakes NP (24) • Korana Village, Plitvice Lakes NP (25) (Kolcsár et al. 2015).

Remark

Larvae associated with rotting woody debris, but sometimes also reared from semiaquatic habitats; larvae possibly feeding in partially submerged wood.

Dicranomyia (Dicranomyia) didyma (Meigen, 1804)

Literature reference

Dicranomyia (Dicranomyia) imbecilla Lackschewitz, 1941

Literature reference

• spring of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (1) • tufa barrier Kozjak-Milanovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (18) (Kolcsár et al. 2015).

Dicranomyia (Dicranomyia) mitis (Meigen, 1830)

Literature reference

• upper reach of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (2) (Kolcsár et al. 2015).

Remarks

Mentioned as Dicranomyia (Dicranomyia) mitis (Meigen, 1830) complex by Kolcsár et al. (2015). After re-identification of specimens by Kolcsár L.-P., using the identification key published by Starý and Stubbs (2015), it was confirmed that the specimens belong to Dicranomyia (Dicranomyia) mitis (Meigen, 1830).

Limonia hercegovinae (Strobl, 1898)

Literature reference

• upper reach of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (2) • spring of Crna rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (4) (Kolcsár et al. 2015).

Remark

Larvae unknown, but perhaps not associated with aquatic habitats as other Limonia species have terrestrial larvae.

Lipsothrix nobilis Loew, 1873

Literature reference

• Crna rijeka by the bridge, Plitvice Lakes NP (6) • tufa barrier Labudovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (8) (Kolcsár et al. 2015).

Family Muscidae

Subfamily Coenosiinae

Limnophora croatica Pont & Ivković, 2013

Literature references

• spring of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (1) (Pont and Ivković 2013, Ivković and Pont 2016) • spring of Crna Rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (4) (Pont and Ivković 2013) • tufa barrier Labudovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (8) (Pont and Ivković 2013, Ivković and Pont 2016) • Stream Plitvica, Plitvice Lakes NP (24) • Korana Village, Plitvice Lakes NP (25) (Pont and Ivković 2013).

Limnophora olympiae Lyneborg, 1965

Literature reference

• spring of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (1) • tufa barrier Kozjak-Milanovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (18) (Pont and Ivković 2013, Ivković and Pont 2016).

Limnophora pulchriceps (Loew, 1860)

Literature references

• tufa barrier Labudovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (8) • tufa barrier Kozjak-Milanovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (18) (Pont and Ivković 2013, Ivković and Pont 2016) • tufa barrier Novakovića Brod, Plitvice Lakes NP (22) • Stream Plitvica, Plitvice Lakes NP (24) (Pont and Ivković 2013).

Limnophora riparia (Fallén, 1824)

Literature references

• spring of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (1) • upper reach of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (2) (Pont and Ivković 2013) • tufa barrier Labudovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (8) (Matoničkin et al. 1971, Pont and Ivković 2013, Ivković and Pont 2016) • tufa barrier Batinovac-Galovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (12) • tufa barrier Galovac-Milino, Plitvice Lakes NP (13) • tufa barrier Burget-Kozjak, Plitvice Lakes NP (15) (Matoničkin et al. 1971) • tufa barrier Kozjak-Milanovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (18) (Pont and Ivković 2013, Ivković and Pont 2016) • tufa barrier Milke Trnine, Plitvice Lakes NP (19) (Matoničkin et al. 1971) • tufa barrier Novakovića Brod, Plitvice Lakes NP (22) • Stream Plitvica, Plitvice Lakes NP (24) • Korana Village, Plitvice Lakes NP (25) (Pont and Ivković 2013).

Limnophora setinerva Schnabl, 1911

Literature references

• spring of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (1) • upper reach of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (2) (Pont and Ivković 2013) • tufa barrier Labudovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (8) • tufa barrier Kozjak-Milanovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (18) (Pont and Ivković 2013, Ivković and Pont 2016) • Stream Plitvica, Plitvice Lakes NP (24) (Pont and Ivković 2013).

Limnophora tigrina (Am Stein, 1860)

Literature reference

• Korana Village, Plitvice Lakes NP (25) (Pont and Ivković 2013).

Limnophora triangula (Fallén, 1825)

Literature reference

• tufa barrier Kozjak-Milanovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (18) (Ivković and Pont 2016) • Korana Village, Plitvice Lakes NP (25) (Pont and Ivković 2013).

Lispe tentaculata (De Geer, 1776)

Literature reference

• Korana Village, Plitvice Lakes NP (25) (Ivković and Pont 2015).

Lispocephala brachialis (Rondani, 1877)

Literature reference

• tufa barrier Kozjak-Milanovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (18) (Ivković and Pont 2015).

Lispocephala spuria (Zetterstedt, 1838)

Literature reference

• spring of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (1) (Ivković and Pont 2015).

Family Pediciidae

Subfamily Pediciinae

Dicranota (Dicranota) bimaculata (Schummel, 1829)

Literature reference

• spring of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (1) (Kolcsár et al. 2015).

Dicranota (Paradicranota) pavida (Haliday, 1833)

Literature reference

• upper reach of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (2) (Kolcsár et al. 2015).

Pedicia (Amalopis) occulta (Meigen, 1830)

Literature reference

• spring of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (1) • upper reach of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (2) • spring of Crna rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (4) • Crna rijeka by the bridge, Plitvice Lakes NP (6) (Kolcsár et al. 2015).

Tricyphona (Tricyphona) immaculata (Meigen, 1804)

Literature reference

• spring of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (1) • upper reach of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (2) • spring of Crna rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (4) • tufa barrier Labudovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (8) (Kolcsár et al. 2015).

Family Psychodidae

Subfamily Sycoracinae

Sycorax feuerborni Jung, 1954

Literature reference

• spring of Crna Rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (4) (Ivković et al. 2015).

Sycorax tonnoiri Jung, 1953

Literature reference

• spring of Crna Rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (4) (Kvifte et al. 2013, Ivković et al. 2015).

Subfamily Psychodinae

Berdeniella keroveci Kvifte, Ivković & Klarić, 2013

Literature reference

• spring of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (1) • spring of Crna Rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (4) (Kvifte et al. 2013, Ivković et al. 2015).

Pericoma blandula Eaton, 1893

Literature reference

• tufa barrier Labudovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (8) (Kvifte et al. 2013).

Pericoma miljenkoi Kvifte & Ivković, 2018

Literature reference

• tufa barrier Labudovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (8) • tufa barrier Kozjak-Milanovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (18) (Kvifte and Ivković 2018).

Pericoma pseudocalcilega Krek, 1972

Literature reference

• tufa barrier Labudovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (8) (Kvifte et al. 2013).

Psychoda (Logima) albipennis Zetterstedt, 1850 complex

Literature reference

• spring of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (1) (Kvifte et al. 2013).

Psychoda (Psychodocha) gemina (Eaton, 1904)

Literature reference

• spring of Crna Rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (4) (Kvifte et al. 2013, Ivković et al. 2015).

Jungiella valachia (Vaillant, 1963)

Literature reference

• spring of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (1) (Kvifte et al. 2013, Ivković et al. 2015).

Family Scathophagidae

Subfamily Scathophaginae

* Acanthocnema latipennis Becker, 1894

New records

• 4♂; spring of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (1); 26 Jul. 2016; M. Ivković leg. • 2♂; tufa barrier Kozjak-Milanovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (18); 29 Apr. 2015; M. Ivković leg.

Family Simuliidae

Subfamily Simuliinae

Prosimulium tomosvaryi (Enderlein, 1921)

Literature references

• Stream Plitvica, Plitvice Lakes NP (24) • Korana Village, Plitvice Lakes NP (25) (Ivković et al. 2012b, 2014).

Simulium (Eusimulium) angustipes Edwards, 1915

Literature reference

• tufa barrier Labudovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (8) • tufa barrier Kozjak-Milanovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (18) • tufa barrier Novakovića Brod, Plitvice Lakes NP (22) • Korana Village, Plitvice Lakes NP (25) (Ivković et al. 2012b, 2014).

Simulium (Eusimulium) rubzovianum (Sherban, 1961)

Literature reference

Simulium (Nevermannia) angustitarse (Lundström, 1911)

Literature reference

• upper reach of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (2) (Ivković et al. 2016).

Simulium (Nevermannia) costatum Friederichs, 1920

Literature references

• spring of Bijela Rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (1) • upper reach of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (2) • upper reach of Crna rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (5) • Crna rijeka by the bridge, Plitvice Lakes NP (6) • tufa barrier Labudovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (8) • tufa barrier Kozjak-Milanovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (18) • tufa barrier Novakovića Brod, Plitvice Lakes NP (22) • Stream Plitvica, Plitvice Lakes NP (24) • Korana Village, Plitvice Lakes NP (25) (Ivković et al. 2012b, 2014).

Simulium (Simulium) monticola Friederichs, 1920

Literature references

• upper reach of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (2) • Crna rijeka by the bridge, Plitvice Lakes NP (6) • tufa barrier Labudovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (8) (Ivković et al. 2012b, 2014).

New record

• 7♂; tufa barrier Kozjak-Milanovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (18); 28 Jun. 2007; M. Ivković leg.

Simulium (Simulium) ornatum Meigen, 1818 (complex)

Literature references

• tufa barrier Kozjak-Milanovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (18) • Stream Plitvica, Plitvice Lakes NP (24) • Korana Village, Plitvice Lakes NP (25) (Ivković et al. 2012b, 2014).

New records

• 4♂; tufa barrier Labudovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (8); 29 May 2009; M. Ivković leg. • 3♂; same site; 30 Jun. 2009; M. Ivković leg.

Simulium (Simulium) trifasciatum Curtis, 1839

Literature references

• tufa barrier Labudovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (8) • tufa barrier Kozjak-Milanovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (18) (Ivković et al. 2012b, 2014).

Simulium (Simulium) tuberosum (Lundström, 1911)

Literature references

• tufa barrier Labudovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (8) • tufa barrier Novakovića Brod, Plitvice Lakes NP (22) • Korana Village, Plitvice Lakes NP (25) (Ivković et al. 2012b, 2014).

Simulium (Simulium) variegatum Meigen, 1818

Literature references

• tufa barrier Labudovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (8) • tufa barrier Novakovića Brod, Plitvice Lakes NP (22) • Stream Plitvica, Plitvice Lakes NP (24) • Korana Village, Plitvice Lakes NP (25) (Ivković et al. 2012b, 2014).

Simulium (Trichodagmia) auricoma Meigen, 1818

Literature references

• tufa barrier Kozjak-Milanovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (18) • tufa barrier Novakovića Brod, Plitvice Lakes NP (22) • Korana Village, Plitvice Lakes NP (25) (Ivković et al. 2012b, 2014).

Simulium (Wilhelmia) pseudequinum Séguy, 1921

Literature references

• tufa barrier Kozjak-Milanovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (18) • tufa barrier Novakovića Brod, Plitvice Lakes NP (22) (Ivković et al. 2012b, 2014).

Remark

Formerly this was misidentified as Simulium (Wilhelmia) equinum (Linnaeus, 1758) in Ivković et al. (2012, 2014, 2016).

Family Stratiomyidae

* Oxycera pardalina Meigen, 1822

New records

• 1 larva; spring of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (1); 30 May 2008; M. Ivković leg. • 6 larvae; upper reach of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (2); 29 May 2007; M. Ivković leg. • 1♀; same site; 26 Jul. 2010; M. Ivković leg. • 1 larva; upper reach of Crna rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (5); 30 Apr. 2007; M. Ivković leg. • 4 larvae; same site; 29 May 2007; M. Ivković leg. • 1 larva, 1♀; same site; 30 Jun. 2007; M. Ivković leg. • 2 larvae; same site; 30 Apr. 2008; M. Ivković leg. • 1 larva; same site; 30 May 2008; M. Ivković leg. • 1♀; tufa barrier Labudovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (8); 30 Jun. 2008; M. Ivković leg. • 1♂; same site; 30 Jun. 2011; M. Ivković leg. • 1♀; same site; 28 Jun. 2012; M. Ivković leg.

* Oxycera limbata Loew, 1862

New records

• 1♀; tufa barrier Labudovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (8); 25 Jul. 2011; M. Ivković leg. • 3♂; Korana Village, Plitvice Lakes NP (25); 29 Jun. 2007; M. Ivković leg.

* Oxycera turcica Ustuner & Hasbenli, 2004

New records

• 3♂, 2♀; Korana Village, Plitvice Lakes NP (25); 29 Jun. 2007; M. Ivković leg. • 1♂, 2♀; same site; 26 Jul. 2007; M. Ivković leg.

* Nemotelus pantherinus (Linnaeus, 1758)

New record

• 1♀; upper reach of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (1); 24 Jul. 2009; M. Ivković leg.

* Oplodontha viridula (Fabricius, 1775)

New record

• 1♀; tufa barrier Labudovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (8); 26 Jul. 2010; M. Ivković leg.

Family Tabanidae

Subfamily Chrysopsinae

Chrysops caecutiens (Linnaeus, 1758)

Literature reference

• Plitvički Ljeskovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (3) (Krčmar et al. 2008).

Chrysops viduatus (Fabricius, 1794)

Literature reference

• Plitvički Ljeskovac, Plitvice Lakes NP (3) (Krčmar et al. 2008).

Family Tipulidae

Subfamily Tipulinae

Tipula (Savtshenkia) rufina rufina Meigen, 1818

Literature reference

• spring of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (1) (Ivković et al. 2015).

New records

• 2♂; spring of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (1); 1 Oct. 2009; M. Ivković leg. • 1♂; spring of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (1); 2 Nov. 2011; M. Ivković leg. • 1♀; spring of Bijela rijeka, Plitvice Lakes NP (1); 27 Jun. 2013; M. Ivković leg.

Species richness and assemblage composition

In total, 157 species and 7 taxa of aquatic Diptera (Table 2) belonging to 13 families, collected from 25 sites (Table 1, Figure 1) are recorded in the Plitvice Lakes NP, with twelve species new for the dipteran fauna of the National Park. New species belonging to the family Chironomidae are Labrundinia longipalpis (Goetghebuer, 1921), Nilothauma brayi (Goetghebuer, 1921), Potthastia longimanus Kieffer, 1922, Polypedilum (Polypedilum) nubeculosum (Meigen, 1804) and Tanytarsus brundini Lindeberg, 1963; to the family Dixidae is Dixella autumnalis (Meigen, 1838), and Scathophagidae Acanthocnema latipennis Becker, 1894. New species found in the Plitvice Lakes NP belonging to Stratiomyidae family are Oxycera pardalina Meigen, 1822, Oxycera limbata Loew, 1862, Oxycera turcica Ustuner & Hasbenli, 2004, Nemotelus pantherinus (Linnaeus, 1758), and Oplodontha viridula (Fabricius, 1775).

Table 2.

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Aquatic Diptera at different types of karstic habitats in National Park Plitvice Lakes.

Species/Habitat type	Spring	Stream	Tufa barrier	Lake
Athericidae
Ibisia marginata (Fabricius, 1781)		•	•
Chironomidae
Ablabesmyia (Ablabesmyia) monilis (Linnaeus, 1758)				•
Acricotopus lucens (Zetterstedt, 1850)				•
Apsectrotanypus trifascipennis (Zetterstedt, 1838)				•
Brillia bifida (Kieffer, 1909)	•
Brillia longifurca Kieffer, 1921				•
Chaetocladius dentiforceps (Edwards, 1929)	•
Chaetocladius melaleucus (Meigen, 1818)	•
Corynoneura lobata Edwards, 1924	•
Cricotopus (Cricotopus) bicinctus (Meigen, 1818)				•
Cricotopus (Cricotopus) fuscus (Kieffer, 1909)		•
Cryptochironomus (Cryptochironomus) albofasciatus (Staeger, 1839)				•
Diamesa (Diamesa) thomasi Serra-Tosio, 1970	•
Diamesa (Diamesa) tonsa (Haliday in Walker, 1856)	•
Dicrotendipes nervosus (Staeger, 1839)				•
Einfeldia dissidens (Walker, 1856)				•
Endochironomus cf. dispar sensu Moller Pillot, 2009				•
Epoicocladius ephemerae (Kieffer, 1924)	•
Eukiefferiella devonica (Edwards, 1929)	•
Eukiefferiella ilkleyensis (Edwards, 1929)	•
Eukiefferiella minor (Edwards, 1929)	•
Eukiefferiella gracei (Edwards, 1929)	•
Harinischia fuscimanus Kieffer, 1921				•
Heterotrissocladius marcidus (Walker, 1856)				•
Krenopelopia binotata (Wiedemann, 1817)	•
Labrundinia longipalpis (Goetghebuer, 1921)				•
Limnophyes cf. minimus sensu Langton & Pinder, 2007	•
Limnophyes gurgicola (Edwards, 1929)	•
Macropelopia cf. fehlmanni sensu Kieffer, 1912				•
Metriocnemus cf. albolineatus sensu Langton & Pinder, 2007	•
Metriocnemus eurynothus (Holmgren, 1883)	•
Metriocnemus intergerivus Sæther, 1995	•
Micropsectra notescens (Walker, 1856)	•
Micropsectra uva Giłka, Zakrzewska, Baranov & Dominiak, 2013	•
Microtendipes pedellus (De Geer, 1776)				•
Microtendipes tarsalis (Walker, 1856)				•
Monodiamesa bathyphila (Kieffer, 1918)				•
Nilothauma brayi (Goetghebuer, 1921)				•
Orthocladius (Mesorthocladius) frigidus (Zetterstedt 1838)	•
Paracladius conversus (Walker, 1856)				•
Paracladopelma camptolabis (Kieffer, 1913)				•
Parametriocnemus cf. stylatus sensu Moller Pillot, 2013	•
Parametriocnemus stylatus (Spaerck, 1923)		•	•
Paraphaenocladius cf. exagitans sensu Moller Pillot, 2013	•
Paraphaenocladius impensus (Walker, 1856)	•
Paraphaenocladius cf. irritus sensu Moller Pillot, 2013	•
Paratanytarsus lauterborni (Kieffer, 1909)				•
Paratendipes albimanus (Meigen, 1818)				•
Paratrichocladius skirwithensis (Edwards, 1929)	•
Phaenopsectra flavipes (Meigen 1818)	•			•
Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) exsectum (Kieffer, 1916)				•
Polypedilum (Polypedilum) nubeculosum (Meigen, 1804)				•
Polypedilum (Tripodura) scalaenum (Schrank, 1803)				•
Potthastia longimanus Kieffer, 1922				•
Procladius (Holotanypus) choreus (Meigen, 1804)				•
Prodiamesa olivacea (Meigen, 1818)	•		•	•
Psectrocladius (Psectrocladius) barbimanus (Edwards, 1929)		•	•
Psectrocladius (Psectrocladius) psilopterus (Kieffer, 1906)		•
Rheocricotopus effusus (Walker, 1856)	•
Rheotanytarsus nigricauda Fittkau, 1960	•
Rheotanytarsus pentapoda (Kieffer, 1909)			•
Stempellina bausei (Kieffer, 1911)		•	•	•
Synorthocladius semivirens (Kieffer, 1909)	•
Tanytarsus brundini Lindeberg, 1963			•
Tanytarsus heusdensis Goetghebuer, 1923				•
Thienemannia gracilis Kieffer, 1909	•
Thienemannimyia carnea (Fabricius, 1805)				•
Tvetenia veralli (Edwards, 1929)	•
Zavrelia pentatoma Kieffer & Bause, 1913				•
Zavreliella marmorata (van der Wulp, 1859)				•
Dixidae
Dixa dilatata Strobl, 1900		•
Dixa maculata Meigen, 1818		•	•
Dixa nebulosa Meigen, 1830		•	•	•
Dixa nubilipennis Curtis, 1832		•
Dixa puberula Loew, 1849	•	•	•
Dixa submaculata Edwards, 1920	•	•	•
Dixella aestivalis (Meigen, 1818)		•		•
Dixella amphibia (De Geer, 1776)			•
Dixella autumnalis (Meigen, 1838)				•
Empididae
Chelifera concinnicauda Collin, 1927		•	•
Chelifera flavella (Zetterstedt, 1838)	•	•
Chelifera precabunda Collin, 1961	•	•
Chelifera precatoria (Fallén, 1816)	•	•
Chelifera pyrenaica Vaillant, 1981		•	•
Chelifera siveci Wagner, 1984	•	•
Chelifera stigmatica (Schiner, 1862)		•	•
Chelifera trapezina (Zetterstedt, 1838)	•	•
Clinocera stagnalis (Haliday, 1833)	•	•
Clinocera wesmaeli (Macquart, 1835)	•
Dolichocephala guttata (Haliday, 1833)	•	•
Dolichocephala ocellata (Costa, 1854)	•	•
Hemerodromia laudatoria Collin, 1927		•		•
Hemerodromia melangyna Collin, 1927		•	•
Hemerodromia oratoria (Fallén, 1816)		•	•
Hemerodromia raptoria Meigen, 1830			•	•
Hemerodromia unilineata Zetterstedt, 1842		•	•
Kowarzia barbatula (Mik, 1880)	•	•	•
Kowarzia bipunctata (Haliday, 1833)		•
Wiedemannia aquilex (Loew, 1869)	•	•
Wiedemannia lamellata (Loew, 1869)	•	•	•
Wiedemannia zetterstedti (Fallén, 1826)	•
Limoniidae
Antocha (Antocha) vitripennis (Meigen, 1830)		•	•
Dicranomyia (Dicranomyia) chorea (Meigen, 1818)	•	•	•
Dicranomyia (Dicranomyia) didyma (Meigen, 1804)	•	•	•
Dicranomyia (Dicranomyia) imbecilla Lackschewitz, 1941	•		•
Dicranomyia (Dicranomyia) mitis (Meigen, 1830) complex		•
Ellipteroides (Ellipteroides) lateralis (Macquart, 1835)			•
Eloeophila apicata (Loew, 1871)		•
Eloeophila maculata (Meigen, 1804)		•
Epiphragma (Epiphragma) ocellare (Linnaeus, 1760)	•
Gonomyia (Gonomyia) tenella (Meigen, 1818)	•	•
Hexatoma (Eriocera) chirothecata (Scopoli, 1763)		•	•
Limonia hercegovinae (Strobl, 1898)	•	•
Lipsothrix nobilis Loew, 1873		•	•
Molophilus (Molophilus) bifidus Goetghebuer, 1920	•
Molophilus (Molophilus) repentinus Starý, 1971		•
Ormosia (Oreophila) bergrothi (Strobl, 1895)	•
Paradelphomyia (Oxyrhiza) senilis (Haliday, 1833)	•	•
Rhabdomastix (Rhabdomastix) edwardsi Tjeder, 1967		•
Rhypholophus phryganopterus Kolenati, 1860	•
Muscidae
Limnophora croatica Pont & Ivković, 2013	•	•	•
Limnophora olympiae Lyneborg, 1965	•		•
Limnophora pulchriceps (Loew, 1860)		•	•
Limnophora riparia (Fallén, 1824)	•	•	•
Limnophora setinerva Schnabl, 1911	•	•	•
Limnophora tigrina (Am Stein, 1860)		•
Limnophora triangula (Fallén, 1825)		•	•
Lispe tentaculata (De Geer, 1776)		•
Lispocephala brachialis (Rondani, 1877)			•
Lispocephala spuria (Zetterstedt, 1838)	•
Pediciidae
Dicranota (Dicranota) bimaculata (Schummel, 1829)	•
Dicranota (Paradicranota) pavida (Haliday, 1833)		•
Pedicia (Amalopis) occulta (Meigen, 1830)	•	•
Tricyphona (Tricyphona) immaculata (Meigen, 1804)	•	•	•
Psychodidae
Sycorax feuerborni Jung, 1954	•
Sycorax tonnoiri Jung, 1953	•
Berdeniella keroveci Kvifte, Ivković & Klarić, 2013	•
Pericoma blandula Eaton, 1893			•
Pericoma miljenkoi Kvifte & Ivković, 2018			•
Pericoma pseudocalcilega Krek, 1972			•
Psychoda (Logima) albipennis Zetterstedt, 1850 complex	•
Psychoda (Psychodocha) gemina (Eaton, 1904)	•
Jungiella valachia (Vaillant, 1963)	•
Scathophagidae
Acanthocnema latipennis Becker, 1894	•		•
Simuliidae
Prosimulium tomosvaryi (Enderlein, 1921)		•
Simulium (Eusimulium) angustipes Edwards, 1915		•	•
Simulium (Eusimulium) rubzovianum (Sherban, 1961)		•	•
Simulium (Nevermannia) angustitarse (Lundström, 1911)		•
Simulium (Nevermannia) costatum Friederichs, 1920	•	•	•
Simulium (Simulium) monticola Friederichs, 1920		•	•
Simulium (Simulium) ornatum Meigen, 1818 complex		•	•
Simulium (Simulium) trifasciatum Curtis, 1839			•
Simulium (Simulium) tuberosum (Lundström, 1911)		•	•
Simulium (Simulium) variegatum Meigen, 1818		•	•
Simulium (Trichodagmia) auricoma Meigen, 1818		•	•
Simulium (Wilhelmia) pseudequinum Séguy, 1921			•
Stratiomyidae
Oxycera pardalina Meigen, 1822	•	•	•
Oxycera limbata Loew, 1862		•	•
Oxycera turcica Ustuner & Hasbenli, 2004		•
Nemotelus pantherinus (Linnaeus, 1758)		•
Oplodontha viridula (Fabricius, 1775)			•
Tabanidae
Chrysops caecutiens (Linnaeus, 1758)		•
Chrysops viduatus (Fabricius, 1794)		•
Tipulidae
Tipula (Savtshenkia) rufina rufina Meigen, 1818	•
Number of taxa	75	71	53	38

Overall, the greatest species richness was recorded within the family Chironomidae, with 62 species (and additional seven taxa) recorded so far in Plitvice Lakes NP (Table 2, Figure 8). This was expected since the Chironomidae are an extremely diverse group with more than 8000 described species (Marshall 2012), and with many more undescribed or waiting to be discovered. Some chironomid species have been mentioned in the literature, but are not included in the formal list for various reasons that are considered here. The species Micropsectra curvicornis (Chernovskij, 1949) listed in Kostić-Brnek and Brnek-Kostić (1971) and Thienemanniella flaviforceps Kieffer, 1925, mentioned from Plitvice in Matoničkin (1987), are considered to be nomina dubia in Ashe and Cranston (1990), as well as in Ashe and O’Connor (2012). Ablabesmyia cf. tetrasticta could possibly be a misinterpretation of the name Pelopia tetrasticta Kieffer, 1916 and as such is considered a nomen dubium in the subfamily Tanypodinae (Ashe and O’Connor 2009). Furthermore, the species Cricotopus latidentatus (Chernovskij, 1949), published in Matoničkin (1987) and Matoničkin et al. (1971), is considered a questionable synonym within the genus Cricotopus according to the Ashe and O’Connor (2012). Cricotopus filiformis Edwards, mentioned in Matoničkin (1987), is considered an unidentifiable error since Edwards never described a chironomid species with “fili” in the name (Ashe and Cranston 1990). Chironomidae species that are part of the formal species list, but should be addressed with caution, are also considered. In Kostić-Brnek and Brnek-Kostić (1971), the authors did not clearly state whether their identifications of Endochironomus cf. dispar and Macropelopia cf. fehlmanni were based on adults or larvae. If the identifications were made based on adults, then these reports can be considered valid. On the other hand, if larvae were identified then these reports are doubtful records since these species cannot be identified based on larval morphology alone. The species listed in the formal species list as Eukiefferiella ilkleyensis (Edwards, 1929) is mentioned as Plectrocladius eukiefferiella quadridentata Chernovskij, 1949 in Matoničkin (1987). This could be a typing error since a genus Plectrocladius does not exist within the family Chironomidae. On the other hand, Eukiefferiella quadridentata Chernovskij, 1949 is a synonym pro parte of E. ilkleyensis (Moller Pillot 2013). If this is not a typing error, then this species name is an unidentifiable error.

Figure 8.

Species richness of Diptera families in Plitvice Lakes National Park.

Families following Chironomidae by number of species are Empididae, Limoniidae, Simuliidae and Muscidae (only aquatic species identified) with 22, 19, 12 and 10 species, respectively (Table 2, Figure 8). Dixidae and Psychodidae are both present with nine species, while Stratiomyidae, Pediciidae and Tabanidae are present with 5, 4 and 2 species, respectively (Table 2, Figure 8). Families with only one recorded species are Athericidae, Scathophagidae and Tipulidae (Table 2, Figure 8).

The families Dixidae, Empididae and Simuliidae have been dealt with in detail in previous publications (Ivković et al. 2010, 2012a, b, 2016; Ivanković et al. 2019; Ivković and Ivanković 2019) so the numbers presented here might be the final species numbers for Plitvice Lakes NP. For these particular families, only a few additional species might be recorded in the future studies. Other families of aquatic Diptera have been studied sporadically and, in many cases, only a few sites have been completely processed, such as Chironomidae in Kostić-Brnek and Brnek-Kostić (1971) and Ivković et al. (2015). Aquatic Diptera families that are present in the Plitvice Lakes NP but are still unidentified to the species level are Ceratopogonidae, Culicidae, Ephydridae, Sciomyzidae and Syrphidae.

Springs and streams have higher numbers of species recorded than tufa barriers and lakes (Table 2). One of the reasons for this is because the springs were studied in greater detail than other sites, especially when it comes to Chironomidae (Ivković et al. 2015). On the other hand, many aquatic Diptera families have in fact a higher diversity at spring habitats and the upper reaches of streams, such as Empididae, Psychodidae, Limoniidae, etc., because most environmental parameters at those sites remain constant (Ivković et al. 2010, 2012a, 2015; Kvifte et al. 2013; Kolcsár et al. 2015).

The species list of aquatic Diptera of Plitvice Lakes NP is still not complete since many families are either dealt with partially or not at all due to the lack of available experts. There is still a lot of work in front of us since we belive that about 250 species of aquatic Diptera can be expected in the unique karstic area of Plitvice Lakes NP.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Miljenko Ivković, Dr Marko Miliša, Dr Ivana Pozojević, and many students for their tremendous help with the fieldwork. We would like to thank Dr Andrey Ozerov for help with Scathophagidae identification.

References

Adler PH, Crosskey RW (2018) World Blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae): a fully revised edition of the taxonomic and geographical inventory. http://entweb.clemson.edu/biomia/pdfs/blackflyinventory.pdf [Accessed 23 September 2019]

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