Two new Geranomyia Haliday (Diptera, Limoniidae) crane flies from Mount Jiulong in China, with an updated key to Chinese species

Xingyang Qian; Xiao Zhang

doi:10.3897/zookeys.953.49557

Abstract

The genus Geranomyia Haliday, 1833 is globally distributed, with 351 known species, of which 26 occur in China. Herein, an overview of the genus Geranomyia from Mount Jiulong, Zhejiang, China, is presented. Two new species are described and illustrated. Geranomyia jiulongensis sp. nov. and G. subablusa sp. nov. are distinguished from other Geranomyia species by the characters of the thorax and male genitalia. An updated key to the Geranomyia of China is presented.

Keywords

crane fly, Limoniinae, Limoniini, classification, new species, Zhejiang

Introduction

Geranomyia Haliday, 1833 is a large genus of 351 described species in the family Limoniidae. It is characterized by the following characters: body small or medium-sized (5–9 mm), flagellum with 12 segments, elongate mouthparts, R₁₊₂ present, R₂ commonly present, R₄ and R₅ fused to margin, only two branches of Rs present as longitudinal elements (R₃ and R₄₊₅), two branches of M reaching wing margin, and lobe of gonostylus often with two spines (Alexander 1967a; Haliday 1833; Osten Sacken 1869).

The adults of Geranomyia species were often found sucking nectar from flowers (Alexander 1948, 1967b; Zhang et al. 2016). Some phenological studies have shown that adults have a long period of activity; for example, adults of G. canadensis (Westwood, 1836) were active from April to September, G. communis Osten Sacken, 1860 from May to October, and G. rostrata (Say, 1823) from April to September (Young 1978; Young and Gelhaus 2000). The habitats of adult flies have been rather frequently discussed in the literature (Alexander 1916, 1919, 1920, 1928a, 1928b, 1948, 1964, 1970a; Englund 1999; Harrison and Barnard 1972; Knab 1910). Geranomyia advena (Alexander, 1954) has been found around seeps and adjacent to riffle habitats in streams on Molokai and Hawaii (Englund 1999). The type of G. annandalei Edwards, 1913 was collected on the Plain of Gennesaret, near the Sea of Galilee, where it was found on limestone cliffs overhanging a spring (Alexander 1970b).

The habitats of the immature stages have also been extensively investigated. The larvae of G. canadensis was found living on the faces of rock exposures, crawling among algae and diatoms (Alexander and Malloch 1920). Rogers (1927) found the immature stages of G. rostrata living in wet moss, among the thalli of liverworts and in mats of filamentous algae on wet rocks and shaded seepage areas. Bangerter (1929) found the larvae of G. caloptera Mik, 1867 living among saturated mosses on wet banks of streams. The immature stages of G. diversa Osten Sacken, 1860 was found in and beneath thick mats of dripping algae on wet, shaded cliffs (Rogers 1930). Geranomyia argentifera de Meijere, 1911 and G. fletcheri Edwards, 1911 have habitats that are generally similar to the above-mentioned species (Alexander1931).

Twenty-six species of Geranomyia have been previously recorded from China (Oosterbroek 2020), of which five were published by Zhang et al. (2016). Since that publication, further new materials of the genus have become available. Mount Jiulong is located in southwestern Zhejiang, China, with a total area of 200 km². The main peak is 1,724 m high, which is the fourth highest peak in Zhejiang. The area includes more than 6 km² of virgin, typically subtropical, broad-leaf forest. Mount Jiulong is reputed to be a “Biological Gene Pool”, with more than 1,340 species of plants and 149 species of vertebrates. This investigation into Geranomyia species on Mount Jiulong, Zhejiang, China, was initiated by the authors together with other entomologists from Zhejiang A&F University in July 2019, and four species of Geranomyia were found. In this paper, two new species are described and illustrated, and two known Chinese species are also listed. A dichotomous key to the Chinese species of Geranomyia is modified from Zhang et al. (2016) and updated with additional diagnostic characters.

Materials and methods

Specimens for this study were collected on Mount Jiulong, Zhejiang, China, in July 2019 by the authors. Adult crane flies were collected by insect net and at artificial light. Genitalic preparations of males were made by macerating the apical portion of the abdomen in cold 10% NaOH for 12–15 hours. Observations and illustrations were made using a ZEISS Stemi 2000-C stereomicroscope. Photographs were taken with a Canon EOS 77D digital camera through a macro lens. Type specimens of known Chinese species deposited in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA (USNM), the Natural History Museum, London, UK (NHM) and the Entomological Museum of China Agricultural University, Beijing, China (CAU) were examined. Type specimens of the new species were deposited in the Entomological Museum of Qingdao Agricultural University, Shandong, China (QAU).

The morphological terminology mainly follows McAlpine (1981), and the venation is described after Alexander and Byers (1981). Terminology of the male hypopygium follows Ribeiro (2006). The following abbreviations are used: tg 9 = ninth tergite, tg 10 = tenth tergite, goncx = gonocoxite, c gonst = clasper of gonostylus, l gonst = lobe of gonostylus, aed = aedeagus, pm = paramere, cerc = cercus, hyp vlv = hypogynial valve, mm = millimeter.

Taxonomy

Key to Chinese Geranomyia

1	Wing patterned with dark brown stigma only	2
–	Wing patterned with many spots besides stigma (Figs 1d, 3d)	6
2	Stigma large, covering about 1/2 of distal section of R₁	3
–	Stigma small, covering about 1/3 of distal section of R₁	4
3	Prescutum with three confluent stripes; ovipositor with tip of hypogynial valve near 1/2 way along cercus	G. contrita (Alexander, 1937) (Guangdong)
–	Prescutum without stripes; ovipositor with tip of hypogynial valve near 3/4 way along cercus	G. nigra Zhang, Zhang & Yang, 2016 (Gansu, Sichuan, Zhejiang, Guanxi, Yunnan, Taiwan)
4	Wing with basal section of CuA₁ at fork of M	G. nitida de Meijere, 1911 (Taiwan; Indonesia)
–	Wing with basal section of CuA₁ more than 1/3 of its own length before (Figs 1d, 3d) or beyond fork of M	5
5	Wing with basal section of CuA₁ about 3/4 of its length beyond fork of M; lobe of gonostylus with two short spines directly arising from rostral prolongation	G. argentifera (Taiwan, Hainan; Indonesia; Philippines)
–	Wing with basal section of CuA₁ about 1/3 of its length before fork of M; lobe of gonostylus with two long spines arising from a tubercle on rostral prolongation	G. gracilispinosa (Alexander, 1937) (Guangdong; India; Sri Lanka)
6	Wing with spots in costal region except stigma small and weak; seams along cord, m-m and basal section of M₃ almost invisible	7
–	Wing with spots in costal region large and dark; seams along cord, m-m and basal section of M₃ conspicuous (Figs 1d, 3d)	9
7	Prescutum with two stripes	G. atrostriata Edwards, 1921 (Taiwan)
–	Prescutum with three stripes	8
8	Wing with a few distinct spots at base of R	G. montana de Meijere, 1911 (Taiwan; Indonesia)
–	Wing without conspicuous spot at base of R	G. sparsiguttata (Alexander, 1937) (Chongqing, Sichuan, Fujian, Yunnan)
9	Wing with basal section of CuA₁ more than 1/3 of its own length before fork of M (Figs 1d, 3d)	10
–	Wing with basal section of CuA₁ less than 1/4 of its length before or beyond fork of M	16
10	Lobe of gonostylus with two conspicuous tubercles on rostral prolongation (Fig. 2a)	11
–	Lobe of gonostylus with one or no tubercle on rostral prolongation (Fig. 4a)	12
11	Prescutum with a narrow brown median stripe; lobe of gonostylus small and short, slightly exceeding clasper of gonostylus	G. radialis (Alexander, 1930) (Zhejiang, Guangxi, Taiwan; Japan)
–	Prescutum with three broad, dark-brown stripes (Fig. 1c); lobe of gonostylus large and long, more than twice length of clasper of gonostylus (Fig. 2a)	G. jiulongensis sp. nov. (Zhejiang)
12	Lobe of gonostylus with two long and slender spines, one arising from a large tubercle on rostral prolongation, other one directly arising from rostral prolongation (Fig. 4a)	13
–	Lobe of gonostylus not as above	14
13	Wing with spot at fork of Rs restricted under Sc, cell r₃ without spot under R₂; lobe of gonostylus with two spines at tip and base of rostral prolongation respectively; distal part of paramere finger-shaped, lateral margin serrated or jagged	G. tenuispinosa (Alexander, 1929) (Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Jiangxi)
–	Wing with spot at fork of Rs covering Sc and reaching costal margin, cell r₃ with a spot under R₂ (Fig. 3d); lobe of gonostylus with two spines at tip and middle of rostral prolongation respectively; distal part of paramere trianglar, lateral margin smooth (Fig. 4a)	G. subablusa sp. nov. (Zhejiang)
14	Wing with a large spot at middle area of cell cua₁	G. maculata Zhang, Zhang & Yang, 2016 (Taiwan)
–	Wing without conspicuous spot at middle area of cell cua₁	15
15	Pleuron of thorax without stripe; spot between first and second large spots in costal region very faint; lobe of gonostylus with rostral prolongation pointed at apex, middle of rostral prolongation with two subequal spines	G. obesistyla (Alexander, 1940) (Sichuan)
–	Pleuron of thorax with an ill-defined longitudinal stripe; spot between first and second large spots in costal region conspicuous; lobe of gonostylus with rostral prolongation blunt, middle of rostral prolongation with two spines, outer spine a little longer than inner spine	G. suensoniana (Alexander, 1929) (Zhejiang)
16	Wing with Sc₁ ending at about 1/2 to 2/3 of Rs	17
–	Wing with Sc₁ ending at more than 3/4 of Rs	20
17	Wing with spots on origin of Rs and fork of Sc confluent in cell C or nearly so	G. alpestris (Alexander, 1930) (Taiwan)
–	Wing with spots on origin of Rs and fork of Sc distinctly separated	18
18	Wing with many small dots near M and CuA	G. pictorum (Alexander, 1929) (Taiwan; India)
–	Wing without small dot near M or CuA	19
19	Prescutum with three broad longitudinal stripes	G. baisensis Zhang, Zhang & Yang, 2016 (Guangxi)
–	Prescutum without evident markings	G. spectata (Alexander, 1937) (Guangdong)
20	Wing heavily patterned, a large spot throughout wing tip, spot on origin of Rs posteriorly bifurcated	G. apicifasciata (Alexander, 1930) (Guangdong, Yunnan, Taiwan)
–	Wing not as above	21
21	Wing without conspicuous spot at base	G. kiangsiana (Alexander, 1937) (Jiangxi)
–	Wing with spot at base	22
22	Prescutum with a median longitudinal stripe	G. unifilosa (Alexander, 1934) (Taiwan)
–	Prescutum with three longitudinal stripes	23
23	Legs uniformly light brownish	G. septemnotata Edwards, 1916 (Taiwan)
–	Legs pale yellow to brownish yellow, with tibiae and tarsi darker, or femora with tips darker or bases paler	24
24	Costal region of wing with a small spot in cell C between second and third large spots	G. fremida (Alexander, 1937) (Guangdong)
–	Costal region of wing without conspicuous spot in cell C between second and third large spots	25
25	Lobe of gonostylus with two spines	G. subradialis (Alexander, 1937) (Guangdong)
–	Lobe of gonostylus with one spine	26
26	Lobe of gonostylus with rostral prolongation small, a very long and slender spine arising from a tubercle on rostral prolongation	G. longispina Zhang, Zhang & Yang, 2016 (Fujian)
–	Lobe of gonostylus with rostral prolongation long and slender, a long and powerful spine directly arising from rostral prolongation	27
27	Male hypopygium with posterior margin of tergite nine deeply and narrowly notched; clasper of gonostylus small, slender, and nearly straight	G. bifurcula (Alexander, 1933) (Sichuan)
–	Male hypopygium with posterior margin of tergite nine emarginate; clasper of gonostylus absent	G. degenerata Zhang, Zhang & Yang, 2016 (Guangxi)

Geranomyia jiulongensis sp. nov.

http://zoobank.org/2E46B202-AA91-4C18-9421-6355DE078719

Figures 1, 2

Diagnosis

Prescutum yellow with three broad, dark-brown longitudinal stripes. Pleuron of thorax yellow, with a broad, dark-brown stripe. Wing with seven large spots on costal region; Sc₁ ending near fork of Rs, basal section of CuA₁ nearly its length before fork of M. Lobe of gonostylus large with an arched rostral prolongation armed with two basal spines arising from two tubercles.

Description

Male. Body length 5.0–5.3 mm, wing length 5.3–5.5 mm, mouthparts length 2.2–2.3 mm.

Head (Fig. 1b). Black. Setae on head black. Antenna length 1.2–1.3 mm, brownish black. Scape cylindrical. Pedicel nearly globose. Flagellomeres oval, terminal flagellomere with tip knob-like. Mouthparts brownish black with black setae.

Figure 1.

Geranomyia jiulongensis sp. nov. a Male habitus, lateral view b head, lateral view c thorax, dorsal view d wing e ovipositor, lateral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (a); 0.5 mm (b–d); 0.2 mm (e).

Thorax (Fig. 1c). Pronotum yellow with a broad dark brown median stripe. Prescutum yellow, with three broad, dark-brown longitudinal stripes, each lateral stripe about 1/2 length of median stripe. Scutum pale yellow, with a dark-brown longitudinal stripe at middle area, each lobe with a large, dark-brown spot. Scutellum yellow, with two sides and anterior region dark brown, posterior region with a dark-brown spot. Mediotergite brownish black. Pleuron of thorax (Fig. 1a) yellow, with a broad, dark-brown stripe extending from cervical region to mediotergite. Setae on thorax brownish black. Coxae pale yellow; trochanters pale yellow; femora brownish yellow, with fore femur paler; tibiae brownish yellow; tarsi brownish yellow, with terminal three segments darker. Setae on legs brownish black. Wing (Fig. 1d) tinged pale brownish with a brownish-black pattern: seven large spots on costal region; seams along cord, m-m and basal section of M₃; a spot at fork of Rs; a very light spot at sub-tip of A₂. Veins brownish yellow, darker in clouded areas. Venation: Sc long, Sc₁ ending near fork of Rs, Sc₂ at its tip; basal section of CuA₁ nearly its length before fork of M. Halter length 1.1–1.2 mm, pale yellow with base of stem dark brown.

Abdomen (Fig. 1a). Tergites brownish yellow with caudal halves dark brown. Sternites pale yellow. Setae on tergites brown and on sternites white.

Hypopygium (Fig. 2). Posterior margin of ninth tergite slightly emarginate. Gonocoxite slender with an elongate and blunt-apexed ventromesal lobe. Clasper of gonostylus arched at 2/3 of length, tip acute. Lobe of gonostylus large with an arched rostral prolongation armed with two basal spines arising from two tubercles. Paramere stout, wide at base, distal part trianglar. Aedeagus long, with two apical lobes.

Figure 2.

Geranomyia jiulongensis sp. nov. a male hypopygium, dorsal view b male hypopygium, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.2 mm.

Female. Body length 5.5–6.4 mm, wing length 5.0–5.8 mm, mouthparts length 2.0–2.5 mm. Similar to male, but tenth tergite (Fig. 1e) brown. Cercus brownish yellow with basal 1/2 brown. Hypogynial valve brownish yellow with tip slightly darker, tip near 2/3 way along cercus.

Type material

Holotype : male (QAU), China: Zhejiang, Suichang, Mount Jiulong, Luohanyuan (28°23'24"N, 118°51'00"E, 517 m), 2019.VII.26, Xingyang Qian. Paratypes: 10 males 5 females (QAU), same data as holotype. 1 female (QAU), China: Zhejiang, Suichang, Mount Jiulong, Longkoucun (28°18'11"N, 118°56'42"E, 305 m), 2019.VII.24, Xingyang Qian. 1 male 5 females (QAU), China: Zhejiang, Suichang, Mt. Jiulong, Xikengli (28°20'10"N, 118°55'00"E, 732 m), 2019.VII.25, Xingyang Qian. 1 male (QAU), China: Zhejiang, Suichang, Mount Jiulong, Yanping (28°22'23"N, 118°53'48"E, 667 m), 2019.VII.26, Xingyang Qian. 1 female (QAU), China: Zhejiang, Suichang, Mount Jiulong, Zuobieyuan (28°17'10"N, 118°46'42"E, 640 m), 2019.VII.28, Xingyang Qian.

Distribution

China (Zhejiang).

Etymology

The species is named after the type locality, Mount Jiulong.

Remarks

This species is very similar to G. radialis but can be distinguished by the prescutum of the thorax having three broad, dark-brown stripes (Fig. 1c) and the lobe of the gonostylus being long and more than twice the length of the gonostylus clasper (Fig. 2a). In G. radialis, the prescutum has a narrow brown median stripe, and the lobe of the gonostylus is short and slightly exceeds the gonostylus clasper (Alexander 1930). This new species is also somewhat similar to G. immobilis (Alexander, 1932) from the Philippines in its pattern and wing venation but can be easily distinguished from it by the pleuron of the thorax being yellow with a broad dark brown stripe extending from the cervical region to the mediotergite (Fig. 1a) and the lobe of the gonostylus with two spines arising from two tubercles. In G. immobilis, the pleuron of the thorax is chiefly dark brown, with the sternopleurite light yellow, and the lobe of the gonostylus has two spines arising from a common tubercle (Alexander 1932).

Geranomyia subablusa sp. nov.

http://zoobank.org/2F4E8F84-2595-4B4C-9026-6ED380AA499D

Figures 3, 4

Diagnosis

Prescutum yellow with three broad, brown longitudinal stripes. Pleuron of thorax yellow, with a broad brown stripe. Wing with seven large spots on costal region, with second and third spots combined between C and Sc; Sc₁ ending about 2/5 of Rs; basal section of CuA₁ more than 2/3 of its own length before fork of M. Lobe of gonostylus large with a large rostral prolongation armed with two long, slender spines, one arising from a large fleshy tubercle, other one directly arising from rostral prolongation.

Description

Male. Body length 6.2–6.5 mm, wing length 6.0–6.3 mm, mouthparts length 2.4–2.5 mm.

Head (Fig. 3b). Brownish black. Setae on head black. Antenna length 1.2–1.3 mm, dark brown. Scape cylindrical. Pedicel nearly globose. Flagellomeres oval, terminal flagellomere with tip knob-like. Mouthparts dark brown, with black setae.

Figure 3.

Geranomyia subablusa sp. nov. a Male habitus, lateral view b head, lateral view c thorax, dorsal view d wing e ovipositor, lateral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (a); 0.5 mm (b–d); 0.2 mm (e).

Thorax (Fig. 3c). Pronotum brownish yellow, with a broad, dark-brown, median stripe. Prescutum yellow with three broad, brown, longitudinal stripes; each lateral stripe about 3/4 length of median stripe. Scutum pale yellow; each lobe with a large brown spot. Scutellum yellow, with brown sides; posterior region with a brown spot. Mediotergite dark brown. Pleuron of thorax (Fig. 3a) yellow, with a broad, brown stripe extending from cervical region to mediotergite. Setae on thorax brownish black. Coxae yellow; trochanters yellow; femora brownish yellow; tibiae brownish yellow; tarsi brownish yellow, with terminal three segments darker. Setae on legs brownish black. Wing (Fig. 3d) tinged with pale brownish with brownish black pattern: seven large spots on costal region, with second and third spots combined between C and Sc; seams along cord, m-m and basal section of M₃; spots at fork of Rs and tip of M₁₊₂, M₃, CuA₁ and A₂; a very light and small spot at tip of A₁. Veins brownish yellow, darker in clouded areas. Venation: Sc long, Sc₁ ending about 2/3 of Rs, Sc₂ at its tip; basal section of CuA₁ more than 2/3 of its own length before fork of M. Halter length 1.1–1.2 mm, yellowish white.

Abdomen (Fig. 3a). Tergites brown. Sternites pale yellow. Setae on tergites brown and on sternites white.

Hypopygium (Fig. 4). Posterior margin of ninth tergite emarginate. Gonocoxite stout with a blunt-apexed ventromesal lobe. Clasper of gonostylus arched at 2/3 of length, tip acute. Lobe of gonostylus large, with a large rostral prolongation armed with two long, slender spines, one arising from a large fleshy tubercle at sub-tip of rostral prolongation, other one directly arising from middle of rostral prolongation. Paramere slender, wide at base, distal part triangular. Aedeagus relatively long, with two apical lobes.

Figure 4.

Geranomyia subablusa sp. nov. a male hypopygium, dorsal view b male hypopygium, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.2 mm.

Female. Body length 6.0–7.0 mm, wing length 6.0–6.5 mm, mouthparts length 2.3–2.5 mm. Similar to male, but tenth tergite (Fig. 3e) brown, with tip brownish yellow. Cercus brownish yellow, with basal 1/2 brown, long. Hypogynial valve brownish yellow, slender, and long, with tip near 2/3 way along cercus.

Type material

Holotype : male (QAU), China: Zhejiang, Suichang, Mount Jiulong, Luohanyuan (28°23'24"N, 118°51'00"E, 517 m), 2019.VII.26, Xingyang Qian. Paratypes: 4 males 10 females (QAU), same data as holotype. 2 males 2 females (QAU), China: Zhejiang, Suichang, Mount Jiulong, Longkoucun (28°18'11"N, 118°56'42"E, 305 m), 2019.VII.24, Xingyang Qian.

Distribution

China (Zhejiang).

Etymology

The name of the new species refers to the G. ablusa (Alexander, 1967), as the two species are very similar morphologically.

Remarks

This species is very similar to G. ablusa from India but can be distinguished from it by the femora being uniformly brownish yellow (Fig. 3a), the yellowish white halter, and the aedeagus lacking genital openings near the apical lobes (Fig. 4b). In G. ablusa, the femora have vague, pale brown, subterminal rings, the halter is dark brown, and the aedeagus has the genital openings subterminal and lateral in position to the apical lobes (Alexander 1967c).

Geranomyia nigra Zhang, Zhang & Yang, 2016

Geranomyia nigra: Zhang et al. 2016: 150. Type locality: Fuxing, Taoyuan, Taiwan (China).

Specimens examined

Holotype : male (CAU), China: Taiwan, Taoyuan, Fuxing (24°48'36"N, 121°20'55"E, 420 m), 2013.VI.10, Wenliang Li (light trap). Other material: 2 males 2 females (QAU), China: Zhejiang, Suichang, Mount Jiulong, Luohanyuan (28°23'24"N, 118°51'00"E, 517 m), 2019.VII.26, Xingyang Qian. 1 male 2 females (QAU), China: Zhejiang, Suichang, Mount Jiulong, Longkoucun (28°18'11"N, 118°56'42"E, 305 m), 2019.VII.24, Xingyang Qian.

Distribution

China (Gansu, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang, Guangxi, Taiwan).

Geranomyia suensoniana (Alexander, 1929)

Limonia (Geranomyia) suensoniana: Alexander 1929a: 330. Type locality: hills south of Ningbo, Zhejiang (China).

Specimens examined

Holotype : male (USNM), China: Zhejiang, hills south of Ningbo, 1925.V.1, E. Suenson. Other material: 2 male 4 females (QAU), China: Zhejiang, Suichang, Mount Jiulong, Luohanyuan (28°23'24"N, 118°51'00"E, 517 m), 2019.VII.26, Xingyang Qian.

Distribution

China (Zhejiang).

Acknowledgements

We are very grateful to Jon K. Gelhaus, Sigitas Podenas, David G. Furth, Yan Li, and Qifei Liu for their great help with the study of type material from the USNM, and to Duncan Sivell and Jinlong Ren for assistance in the study of type material from the NHM. We express our sincere thanks to Ali M. Yasir for revising the manuscript. We also express our sincere thanks to Zehui Kang and Ding Yang for their great help during the study. This work was funded by the Project Study on Biodiversity of the Superfamily Tipuloidea from Shandong Province and the Project Study on Systematics of the Family Blephariceridae from China supported by Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation (ZR2018LC006, ZR2019BC034), and the Project Species Diversity and Geographical Distribution Patterns of Ptychopteridae in China supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (41901061). This work was also supported by grants from the High-level Talents Fund of Qingdao Agricultural University, China (663-1118015).

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