Since the last systematic review of Chiroderma (big-eyed bats) more than two decades ago, we report on biodiversity surveys that expand the distribution and species diversity of this Neotropical genus. The Caribbean endemic species Chiroderma improvisum is documented for the first time from Nevis in the northern Lesser Antilles. A broader geographic sampling for a molecular analysis identifies a paraphyletic relationship in Chiroderma trinitatum with respect to Chiroderma doriae. Cis-Andean populations of C. trinitatum are most closely related to the morphologically distinctive and allopatrically distributed C. doriae in the Cerrado and Atlantic Forest of Brazil and Paraguay. The sister taxon to this grouping includes trans-Andean populations of C. trinitatum, which we recommend to elevate to species status as C. gorgasi. This is an example of a cryptic species because C. gorgasi was previously considered morphologically similar to C. trinitatum, but more detailed examination revealed that it lacks a posterolabial accessory cusp on the lower second premolar and has a narrower breadth of the braincase. We provide an amended description of Chiroderma gorgasi.

Chiroderma gorgasi, Chiroderma improvisum, cryptic species, cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1, Lesser Antilles

Cryptic species, phenotypically similar organisms that are classified as a single species but are genetically divergent lineages, are being discovered at a greater rate due to the increasing prevalence of molecular methods, such as DNA barcoding (e.g., Hebert et al. 2004). It has been estimated that Neotropical mammalian biodiversity is underestimated by one-third (Lim 2012). At typical lowland tropical forest sites, bats comprise the majority of mammal species diversity (Voss and Emmons 1996), so more species are expected to be recognized in this group as traditional taxonomic hypotheses are tested by genetic techniques. In addition, new surveying methods such as the use of triple-high netting systems to catch higher flying aerial insectivorous bats, and harp traps to target species that may be able to better detect mist nets, is decreasing the sampling bias associated with traditional mist nets set just above ground level.

The big-eyed bats in the genus Chiroderma Peters (Phyllostomidae) are characterized by greatly reduced nasal bones in the skull and a combination of external features including a white dorsal stripe that does not extend onto the head; legs and interfemoral membrane conspicuously hairy; and relatively large eyes (Straney 1984; Gardner 2008). The genus currently comprises six species (Simmons 2005, Taddei and Lim 2010): C. doriae Thomas, 1891 occurs in central-eastern Brazil and Paraguay; C. improvisum Baker & Genoways, 1976 is endemic to the Lesser Antillean islands of Guadeloupe, Montserrat, and Saint Kitts (Beck et al. 2016); C. salvini Dobson, 1878 is found from Mexico to Bolivia (recent records from Brazil are misidentifications of C. villosum Peters, 1860 – see Brandão et al. 2019); C. trinitatum Goodwin, 1958 is distributed from Honduras (Turcios-Casco et al. 2020) and Costa Rica to Amazonian Brazil and Trinidad; C. villosum ranges from Mexico to southeastern Brazil and Trinidad; and C. vizottoi Taddei & Lim, 2010 is found only in northeastern Brazil.

The systematics of Chiroderma was last reviewed by Baker et al. (1994) based on a phylogenetic study of the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b (Cytb) gene; however, each of the five species known at the time was represented by a single specimen. With broader geographic coverage, we re-assess the distributional range, genetic diversity, and morphological differences in the genus.

We report the first occurrence of Chiroderma improvisum (Fig. 1) from Nevis in the northern Leeward Islands of the Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean. An adult male was caught at Barnes Ghaut on April 28, 2016, in a harp trap set across a dry ravine in forest bisected by a road and surrounded by residential homes (Fig. 2). Other equipment deployed included 6 m mist nets set on a triple-high telescoping pole system, a single 6 m mist net, and a single 12 m mist net from 1900–2100 h. In addition to the new distributional record for the island, one Ardops nichollsi, one Noctilio leporinus, and 12 Artibeus jamaicensis were captured.

Figure 1. 

First record of the big-eyed bat Chiroderma improvisum from Nevis (ROM 126002).

Figure 2. 

Collecting locality of the first record of the big-eyed bat Chiroderma improvisum from Nevis caught in a harp trap on April 28, 2016. The habitat is a dry ravine within forest that is bisected by a road in the residential area of Barnes Ghaut.

Molecular analyses

For COI, the 657 basepairs (bp) at the 5’ end were available for most (82%) of the specimens analyzed. The complete 1140 bp of Cytb were available, including the newly generated sequence, for most (75%) of the specimens analyzed. The topology of the Chiroderma COI maximum likelihood tree identified six primary terminal clades with (1) C. salvini as sister species to all other taxa; (2) C. improvisum and (3) C. villosum as sister species; and (4) C. doriae sister to (5) C. trinitatum trinitatum with (6) C. trinitatum gorgasi sister to these taxa (Fig. 3; Suppl. material 1: Fig. S1). These phylogenetic relationships were supported by bootstrap values ≥85 and were congruent with the maximum parsimony tree (Suppl. material 2: Fig. S2), which had bootstrap values ≥73. Not surprisingly for linked mtDNA loci, the same interspecific topology was recovered by the smaller Cytb dataset analyzed by maximum likelihood (Suppl. material 3: Fig. S3) and maximum parsimony (Suppl. material 4: Fig. S4), except for lower bootstrap supports. The unexpected result was the paraphyly of C. trinitatum in relation to C. doriae. The sister-group relationship of C. t. trinitatum and C. doriae was well supported by values ≥73 in all molecular analyses.

Figure 3. 

Maximum likelihood tree of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene for big-eyed bats Chiroderma and general localities of molecular sampling sites. Bootstrap percentages show support at each node.

Interspecific genetic distances of the larger COI dataset ranged from 11.3% between C. doriae and C. salvini to 2.5% between C. doriae and C. t. trinitatum (Table 1). The sequence divergence between C. t. trinitatum and C. t. gorgasi was 3.9%. Intraspecific distances were 1% within C. villosum, 0.9% within C. t. trinitatum, and 0.2% within C. doriae, but three taxa were represented by only one sample.

Table 1.

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Genetic divergence of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 for the big-eyed bat Chiroderma and outgroup taxa Uroderma and Platyrrhinus. Interspecific distances shown in the lower left matrix; intraspecific distances shown in bold in the diagonal.

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)
U. bilobatum (1)	–
P. incarum (2)	0.203	–
C. villosum (3)	0.223	0.178	0.010
C. improvisum (4)	0.231	0.194	0.047	–
C. t. trinitatum (5)	0.222	0.184	0.067	0.075	0.009
C. salvini (6)	0.205	0.185	0.093	0.101	0.110	–
C. t. gorgasi (7)	0.195	0.149	0.059	0.070	0.039	0.101	–
C. doriae (8)	0.213	0.173	0.066	0.077	0.025	0.113	0.039	0.002

Morphological analyses

Cranial and body measurements for the six taxa of Chiroderma identified in the molecular analyses are shown in Table 2. Chiroderma trinitatum gorgasi and C. trinitatum trinitatum are the smallest members of the genus, whereas C. improvisum is the largest for most measurements. In the PCA, there are three main groups of species (Fig. 4). The first group is formed by the smaller taxa C. t. gorgasi and C. t. trinitatum. The second group has species with medium size, C. villosum and C. salvini, and the third group is formed by the largest species of the genus, C. doriae and C. improvisum. The first and second principal components (PC1 and PC2) explained 94.5% of the total variation. PC1 shows a pattern in general size variation and is explained mostly by C-M, C-C, and FA. PC2 has positive loadings for most measurements, especially IOW, with the exception of C-M, C-C, M-M, and ZB that have negative loadings (Table 3). All the species seem to occupy the entire range of PC2, indicating that the contrast among measurements is negligible and it is not responsible for the separation of groups.

Figure 4. 

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) carried out using the correlation matrix of ten measurements for six taxa of the big-eyed bat Chiroderma. C. trinitatum gorgasi (■) C. trinitatum trinitatum (□), C. salvini (×), C. villosum (+), C. doriae (●), and C. improvisum (◊).

Table 2.

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Cranial and body measurements of six taxa of the big-eyed bat Chiroderma. See Material and methods for variable abbreviations.

	C. trinitatum gorgasi (N = 11)	C. trinitatum trinitatum (N = 47)	C. villosum (N = 66)	C. salvini (N = 6)	C. doriae (N = 4)	C. improvisum (N = 2)
FA	37.7 (37.0–40.5)	38.9 (37.1–42.6)	47.9 (44.6–51.0)	49.6 (49.3–50.0)	54 (53.0–55.0)	58.2 (56.2–60)
GLS	21.2 (20.6–21.7)	21.1 (20.0–22.7)	24.5 (23.2–25.7)	26.1 (24.2–26.5)	28.2 (27.6–28.9)	29.3 (28.7–29.9)
CLI	17.3 (16.3–18.1)	17.4 (16.1–18.8)	20.3 (18.7–21.58)	21.6 (21.5–22.3)	23.9 (23.1–24.5)	26.3 (25.3–27.8)
ZB	13.0 (12.5–13.5)	12.9 (11.7–14.2)	15.5 (14.4–16.7)	16.2 (15.8–16.7)	17.84 (17.7–18.1)	18.75 (18.5–19)
POW	5.3 (4.9–5.6)	5.3 (5.8–5.8)	5.9 (5.3–6.3)	6.2 (5.9–6.3)	6.4 (6.1–6.6)	6.6 (6.5–6.6)
IOW	5.6 (5.2–5.9)	5.5 (5.0–6.2)	6.0 (5.5–6.8)	6.8 (6.1–7.3)	7.6 (7.1–7.8)	7.4 (7.4–7.4)
BCW	9.4 (8.9–9.8)	9.6 (9.2–10.4)	10.7 (10.1–11.5)	11.21 (11.0–11.5)	11.9 (11.3–12.1)	12.0 (11.5–12.5)
C-M	7.0 (6.5–7.3)	7.1 (6.7–7.8)	8.7 (8.1–9.4)	9.4 (9.1–9.4)	10.3 (10.0–11.1)	11.0 (10.9–11.1)
M-M	9.6 (9.2–10.0)	9.5 (8.7–10.3)	11.3 (10.3–12.4)	12.0 (11.5–12.3)	13.3 (13.0–13.7)	13.8 (13.6–13.9)
C-C	4.7 (4.4–5.0)	4.6 (4.1–5.0)	5.8 (5.3–6.3)	6.1 (6.0–6.2)	6.5 (6.3–6.8)	7.4 (7.4–7.4)

Table 3.

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Eigenvalue and loadings for the first and second components in the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of big-eyed bats Chiroderma. See Material and methods for variable abbreviations.

	PC1	PC2
Eigenvalue	1.57	0.53
% Variance	91.4	3.11
IOW	0.25	0.44
POW	0.21	0.40
C-M	0.34	-0.23
GSL	0.31	-0.05
BCW	0.34	0.35
CIL	0.34	0.07
C-C	0.36	-0.23
M-M	0.36	-0.14
ZB	0.37	-0.12
FA	0.42	0.32

All variables had p > 0.05 for Bartlett’s test of homoscedasticity, indicating constant variances (p values: FA = 0.06, GSL = 0.25, IOW = 0.59, POW = 0.3l, BCW = 0.06, CIL = 0.45, ZB = 0.08, M-M = 0.32, C-C = 0.08, and C-M = 0.06). The MANOVA and the ANOVA demonstrated that C. t. trinitatum and C. t. gorgasi are significantly different from the other taxa of Chiroderma (P < 0.001) for all measured variables (Appendix 3). By contrast, C. t. gorgasi and C. t. trinitatum are not significantly different from each other (p = 0.16, F = 56.0). However, the ANOVA showed that one measurement, BCW (p = 0.01; F = 62.0), was significantly larger for C. t. trinitatum than for C. t. gorgasi. All other cranial measurements had smaller mean values for C. t. trinitatum than for C. t. gorgasi.

Although similar in size, C. t. trinitatum has a more robust breadth of the braincase than C. t. gorgasi. Chiroderma t. trinitatum also has an accessory cusp on the second lower premolar, which is absent in C. t. gorgasi (Fig. 5). In the genetic analyses, C. t. trinitatum is well supported as the sister species to C. doriae and does not share a most recent common ancestor with C. t. gorgasi. We consider this as a previous example of a cryptic species and therefore now recognize C. gorgasi as a distinct species from C. trinitatum. Sáez and Lozano (2005: 111) considered cryptic species to be “groups of organisms that are morphologically indistinguishable from each other, yet found to belong to different evolutionary lineages”. They also stated that “after detailed comparisons of morphological and non-morphological features, we can often establish key morphological characters for their identification. In those cases, we can then refer to pseudo-cryptic or pseudo-sibling species”. Because Handley’s original description was qualitative and univariate, we offer an amended description of this taxon.

Figure 5. 

Lateral view of the second lower premolar on the right mandible of A Chiroderma gorgasi and B C. trinitatum. The arrow points to the accessory cusp that is absent in C. gorgasi and present in C. trinitatum. But note the variation in cusp formation in C. trinitatum.

Taxonomic account

Chiroderma gorgasi Handley, 1960

Chiroderma gorgasi Handley, 1960:464

Chiroderma trinitatum gorgasi Barriga-Bonilla, 1965:246

Material examined

Holotype. – USNM 309903 (Field number COH 5436), adult male with skin, skull and partial skeleton. Collected on March 6, 1959, by C. O. Handley, Jr, and B. R. Feinstein in Tacarcuna Village (8°05'N, 77°17'W), 3200 feet [975 meters], Río Pucro, Darién, Panama.

Geographic distribution

Chiroderma gorgasi is distributed west of the Andes in northwestern Ecuador (Albuja 1989), western Colombia (Gardner 2008), Panama (Handley 1960), Costa Rica (LaVal and Rodríguez-Herrera 2002), and Honduras (Turcios-Casco et al. 2020) (Fig. 6).

Figure 6. 

Geographic distribution of Chiroderma gorgasi (▲) and C. trinitatum (●) localities analyzed in our study (See Appendix 3) (gray circle) Represents marginal localities reported for C. trinitatum and (gray triangle) C. gorgasi reported by previous papers (Handley 1967; Pine et al. 1970; Ojasti and Linares 1971; Gardner 1976; Albuja 1989; Timm and LaVal 1998; Lim and Engstrom 2001; Genoways et al. 1981; Webster and Fugler 1984; Anderson 1997; Ochoa et al. 1988; Simmons and Voss 1998; Gardner 2008).

Description

Chiroderma gorgasi is a small species of Chiroderma (FA 37.0–40.5; GLS 20.2–22.5) that is similar in size to C. trinitatum (sensu stricto) (Table 2). Overall, the dorsal pelage is tricolor varying from light to dark brown (Fig. 7). The dorsal hairs have a dark brown band at the base, a buff coloration in the middle, and brown tips. A white medial stripe extends from the interscapular region to the base of the rump. Proximal two-thirds of forearm hairy. Basal third of uropatagium hairy. Conspicuous white facial stripes extend from the noseleaf to the inner base of the ears, and from the posterior part of the upper lip to the base of the ears. The uropatagium is medium brown. The skull has an elongated braincase with an undeveloped sagittal and lambdoidal crest. The nasal aperture is short, not extending beyond the second premolar. The occipital is rounded in posterior view. The upper incisors are thin and elongated with parallel or convergent tips, which may or may not touch apically. The second lower premolar lacks a third cusp (Fig. 5). The postorbital processes are undeveloped and rounded (Fig. 8).

Figure 7. 

Dorsal view of the skin of the holotype of Chiroderma gorgasi (USNM 309903).

Figure 8. 

Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of the skull of the holotype of Chiroderma gorgasi (USNM 309903).

Comparisons

Chiroderma gorgasi is morphologically very similar to C. trinitatum. Both species have a small cranial and body size for the genus (Table 2, Fig. 4), an undeveloped sagittal and lambdoidal crest, a rounded occipital complex, a short nasal aperture, and undeveloped supraorbital region. However, C. trinitatum has a third posterior cusp on the second lower premolar, which is absent in C. gorgasi (Fig. 5). This cusp in C. trinitatum may vary from very pointed and developed to rounded and less marked, but is always present. In addition, C. gorgasi tends to have a broader braincase (Table 4) and a flatter supraorbital region, which tends to be deeper in C. trinitatum.

Table 4.

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ANOVA comparing Chiroderma trinitatum trinitatum to C. doriae, C. improvisum, C. villosum, C. salvini, and C. trinitatum gorgasi. * indicates significantly distinct variables (p ≤ 5%).

Variables	C. doriae	C. improvisum	C. villosum	C. salvini	C. t. gorgasi
GSL	< 2.2e-16*	< 2.2e-16*	< 2.2e-16*	< 2.2e-16*	0.1541
CI	< 2.2e-16*	< 2.2e-16*	< 2.2e-16*	< 2.2e-16*	0.4423
ZB	< 2.2e-16*	< 2.2e-16*	< 2.2e-16*	< 2.2e-16*	0.3094
POW	< 2.2e-16*	1.373e-06*	< 2.2e-16*	1.061e-12*	0.6747
IOW	< 2.2e-16*	1.347e-09*	2.366e-14*	1.355e-14*	0.6272
BWC	< 2.2e-16*	2.602e-08*	< 2.2e-16*	< 2.2e-16*	0.0339*
M-C	< 2.2e-16*	< 2.2e-16*	< 2.2e-16*	< 2.2e-16*	0.5257
B-M	< 2.2e-16*	1.527e-15*	< 2.2e-16*	< 2.2e-16*	0.1444
B-C	< 2.2e-16*	< 2.2e-16*	< 2.2e-16*	< 2.2e-16*	0.1251
FA	< 2.2e-16*	< 2.2e-16*	< 2.2e-16*	< 2.2e-16*	0.1753

Chiroderma gorgasi is easily distinguished from other species of the genus by its smaller cranial and body size (Table 2). C. villosum shares with C. gorgasi an elongated braincase, rounded occipital region in dorsal view, and absence of a third cusp on the second lower premolar. However, C. gorgasi has an undeveloped postorbital processes, a short nasal aperture, and conspicuous white stripes on the face and back, whereas C. villosum has a very developed and pointed postorbital processes, a long nasal aperture, which extends beyond the first molar, a conspicuous posterior palatine spine, and usually incipient white stripes on the face and back. Chiroderma salvini resembles C. gorgasi in the undeveloped sagittal and lambdoidal crest and by the rounded postorbital processes, but a set of other cranial characters distinguish both species, such as a triangular occipital complex and a long nasal aperture. In the dentition, C. gorgasi can be readily distinguished from C. salvini and C. villosum by having a tall first lower premolar, with a crown height approximately 2/3 the height of the crown of the second lower premolar, and placed approximately in the middle of the distance between the canine and the second lower premolar. In C. salvini and C. villosum, this tooth is much smaller, usually with a low crown, shorter than the mesiodistal length of the tooth, and is nearer to the canine than to the second lower premolar.

Chiroderma doriae and C. improvisum are the largest species of the genus, and unlike C. gorgasi have a triangular occipital complex in dorsal view, a pointed and developed supraorbital region, a relatively more developed sagittal and lambdoidal crest, and a long nasal aperture. In addition, C. doriae also tends to have a relatively broader braincase than C. gorgasi and the presence of an undeveloped third cusp in the second lower premolar. We were not able to examine specimens of the more recently described C. vizottoi, but it is larger than C. gorgasi and most similar to C. doriae in qualitative craniodental traits.

The only big-eyed bat species occurring in the Caribbean is Chiroderma improvisum, which until recently was known from Guadeloupe (Baker and Genoways 1976) and Montserrat (Jones and Baker 1979; Pierson et al. 1986) by six individuals (Larsen et al. 2007). Subsequently, it was caught on Saint Kitts by Beck et al. (2016) and we are the first to report its occurrence on Nevis. Although this species has been sporadically documented since its discovery, the distribution has broadened in the northern Lesser Antilles but this may be ephemeral depending on weather systems such as hurricanes (Larsen et al. 2007).

Chiroderma gorgasi was originally described by Handley (1960) using five specimens from the type locality in Panama. The author distinguished the new species from C. trinitatum by its smaller size, deeper brain case, shorter rostrum, shaper lacrimal ridge, bulging forehead, larger upper incisors, and thicker white band in the dorsal hairs. But at that time, C. trinitatum was only known by the holotype from Trinidad (Goodwin 1958) so the extent of variation within each species was poorly understood. Based on a specimen from Mitu in Amazonian Colombia, Barriga-Bonilla (1965) recognized the taxon as two subspecies and assigned his Colombian specimen to C. t. gorgasi. The subspecies were considered to be distributed from eastern Panama to western Venezuela for C. t. gorgasi and Trinidad to the Amazon basin for C. t. trinitatum (Jones and Carter 1976). However, with more geographic sampling the initial distinctions between the two taxa were less obvious due to individual and geographic variation (Simmons and Voss 1998), as also demonstrated by our morphometric analysis. But the taxonomy and distributional limits were still contentious with Gardner (2008) recognizing the Andes as the delineation of the subspecies and reassigning the specimen of Barriga-Bonilla (1965) from Mitu, Colombia, to C. t. trinitatum.

Our morphological review identified the presence of three cusps on the second lower premolar in cis-Andean populations referable to C. trinitatum and two cusps in trans-Andean populations referable to C. gorgasi that also match the taxonomic boundaries of Gardner (2008). Morphometrically, C. trinitatum averages smaller than C. gorgasi in all cranial measurements except for a proportionately broader braincase. Furthermore, our genetic analyses recovered C. trinitatum as the well-supported sister species to the larger and morphologically distinctive C. doriae, and not to the superficially similar C. gorgasi. Based on this morphological and molecular evidence, we recognize C. gorgasi as a distinct species and divergent lineage that does not share the most recent common ancestor with C. trinitatum (sensu stricto).

The overall topology of the Cytb tree proposed by Baker et al. (1994) is identical to our tree except for the recognition of C. gorgasi, which they did not have a sample of, as the sister species to C. trinitatum and C. doriae. The evolution of Chiroderma was suggested as occurring primarily by allopatric speciation (Baker et al. 1994). More specifically, C. improvisum arose by peripatric speciation in the Lesser Antilles after dispersing from its most recent common ancestor with C. villosum in South America. The Andes is an obvious geographic barrier separating C. gorgasi from the most recent common ancestor of C. trinitatum and C. doriae. A dated phylogeny is needed to test whether this is an older sundering event associated with the uplift of the northern Andes in the Late Miocene or a more recent dispersal event followed by isolation and the cessation of gene flow. Rojas et al. (2016) date the divergence of Chiroderma species to the Pliocene-Holocene, but C. gorgasi was not included in their dataset. The allopatric distribution of C. trinitatum and C. doriae suggests that perhaps the Cerrado Savanna in Brazil acted as a barrier after colonization of the Atlantic Forest from the Amazon, but the records of C. doriae for the Cerrado and the discovery of a species of Chiroderma in the dry deciduous forests of the Brazilian Caatinga, C. vizottoi, indicates that species of the genus can adapt to more harsh habitats. The speciation event that gave rise to C. salvini and the most recent common ancestor of the other species of Chiroderma is speculative without a thorough biogeographic analysis with a dated phylogeny.

Although not an overly species-rich genus, biodiversity surveys and molecular analyses are finding new distributional and taxonomic discoveries in Chiroderma. However, there are still large geographic gaps in sampling throughout the Neotropics, such as the Amazon basin in Brazil and northern South America in Colombia and Venezuela. In addition, this has hindered detailed study of the biogeography of the genus and more broadly the evolution of bats in the Neotropics.

GSTG is grateful to Valéria da Cunha Tavares for the valuable assistance during his PhD research. GSTG was funded by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, Brazil (CAPES; Code 001). Funding for fieldwork in Nevis was obtained by BKL through a generous contribution from the Collections and Research Fieldwork Fund of the Royal Ontario Museum. DNA sequencing was done by Kristen Choffe in the Laboratory of Molecular Systematics at the ROM.

Specimens of Chiroderma examined morphologically. Vouchers examined are arranged alphabetically by species and country. See “Material and Methods” for collection acronyms.

Chiroderma doriae – Brazil: São Paulo - ROM 111163, ROM 111141, ROM 111114, ROM 111149.

Chiroderma improvisum – Montserrat: St. Anthony Parsish – TTU 31403; St. Kitts and Nevis: Barnes Ghaut - ROM 126002.

Chiroderma salvini – El Salvador: Morazan - ROM 83365, ROM 85948, Santa Ana - ROM 101526; Guatemala: El Progreso - ROM 99703; Panama: Darien - ROM 78472, ROM 91194.

Chiroderma trinitatum gorgasi – Colombia: Valle del Cauca - USNM 483763, USNM 483765, Antioquia - USNM 499478, USNM 499476; Panama: Bocas Del Toro – USNM 319498, USNM 335295, Darien - FMNH 128132, ROM 104342, USNM 309901, USNM 309903-holotype, San Blas - USNM 309905.

Chiroderma trinitatum trinitatum – Colombia: Vaupes - ROM 45276, ROM 45278, ROM 45280, ROM 45281, ROM 45284, Putumayo – ROM 63236, ROM 63237, ROM 63238; Ecuador: Napo - ROM 105191, ROM 105243, ROM 105253, ROM 105685, ROM 105766, ROM 106342; Guyana: Cuyuni-Mazaruni - ROM 108144, Demerara-Berbice - ROM 57392, ROM 103486, ROM 103503, Upper, Potaro-Siparuni - ROM 107205, ROM 107419, ROM 107476, ROM 108463, ROM 108554, ROM 108587, ROM 108714, ROM 108763, ROM ROM 108889, ROM 108950, ROM 108993, ROM 109195, ROM 109333, ROM 111627, ROM 111809, ROM 111884, ROM 111946, ROM 115807, ROM 116630; Suriname: Brokopondo - ROM 114170, ROM 114213, ROM 114233, ROM 114234, Sipaliwini - ROM 117027, ROM 117376, ROM 120168, ROM 120225, ROM 120384; Trinidad: Saint Andrew County – AMNH 175325-holotype.

Chiroderma villosum – Bolivia: Carrasco - ROM 78471; Colombia: Choco - ROM 85849, Vaupes - ROM 44952, ROM 44953, ROM 44954, ROM 45243, ROM 45245, ROM 45246, ROM 45247, ROM 45249, ROM 45250, ROM 45251, ROM 45252, ROM 45253, ROM 45254, ROM 45255, ROM 45257; Ecuador: Napo - ROM 104448, ROM 104541, ROM 104549, ROM 105244, ROM 105254, ROM 105361, ROM 105720, ROM 105721); Guyana: Barima-Waini - ROM 98850, Potaro-Siparuni - ROM 107111, ROM 107112, ROM 107394, ROM 108219, ROM 108764, ROM 108843, ROM 108998, ROM 109138, ROM 109175, ROM 109221, ROM 109307, ROM 109308, ROM 109337, ROM 111628, ROM 111629, ROM 111754, ROM 111768, ROM 111769, ROM 111770, ROM 111788, ROM 111836, ROM 111845, ROM 122481, Upper Demerara-Berbice - ROM 60402, ROM 60423, Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo - ROM 35614, ROM 103214, ROM 106644, ROM 119167, ROM 119230; Panama: Darien - ROM 104352; Suriname: Brokopondo - ROM 114212, Sipaliwini - ROM 117119, ROM 117375, ROM 120226, ROM 120239, ROM 120364, ROM 121027; Trinidad and Tobago: Nariva - ROM 124684, ROM 124691.