Checklist and keys to Deltocephalinae leafhoppers (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae) from Pakistan

Hassan Naveed; Bismillah Shah; Bilal Saeed Khan; Chengquan Cao; Mick Webb; Yalin Zhang

doi:10.3897/zookeys.1078.47616

Research Article

Checklist and keys to Deltocephalinae leafhoppers (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae) from Pakistan

Hassan Naveed^‡§, Bismillah Shah^|, Bilal Saeed Khan^¶, Chengquan Cao^§, Mick Webb^#, Yalin Zhang^‡

‡ Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China

§ Leshan Normal University, Leshan, China

| Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China

¶ University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan

# Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom

Corresponding author: Yalin Zhang ( yalinzh@nwsuaf.edu.cn )

Academic editor: Pavel Stoev

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Citation: Naveed H, Shah B, Khan BS, Cao C, Webb M, Zhang Y (2021) Checklist and keys to Deltocephalinae leafhoppers (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae) from Pakistan. ZooKeys 1078: 135-188. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1078.47616

ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:F7E6B333-8039-4AAC-93E0-3C05F623427D

Abstract

Keys to all levels of the subfamily Deltocephalinae (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) of Pakistan are provided based on published records and original data from recent research. Checklists to the genera and species of Deltocephalinae are also given. A total of 49 genera with more than 100 species are now known from Pakistan. Two new synonyms are proposed, i.e., Cicadulina striata Ahmed, 1986 a junior synonym of Cicadulina chinai Ghauri, 1965, syn. nov. and Macrosteles parafalcatus Naveed & Zhang, 2018 a new junior synonym of Macrosteles indrina (Pruthi, 1930), syn. nov.

Keywords

Auchenorrhyncha, distribution, key, morphology, synonyms

Introduction

Cicadellidae, the largest family of Hemiptera, comprises 26–40 subfamilies (depending on the classification used, e.g., Dietrich 2005 and Oman et al. 1990, respectively). Included are nearly 22,000 species of which more than 200 species are known from Pakistan (Khatri and Webb 2010). The largest leafhopper subfamily, Deltocephalinae, is found in all geographical regions and comprises more than 38 tribes and 923 genera (Zahniser and Dietrich 2013). The earliest Deltocephalinae to be recorded from Pakistan were by Pruthi (1930, 1936) who recorded several species from Indian localities which are now in Pakistan, e.g., Lyallpur, Changla Gali and Murree Hills. Thirty-one genera and 57 species of the subfamily were recorded from Pakistan by Khatri and Webb (2010); these authors also provided a checklist to Pakistan Deltocephalinae and illustrated the species, some new. Subsequently, Khatri and Rustamani (2011) provided a key to tribes and genera known at that time from Pakistan and, due to the revised classification of Zahniser and Dietrich (2013), some genera have been transferred from one tribe to another (see Remarks under Deltocephalinae). In this paper we add a further 18 genera and 51 species records, provide checklists and keys to species and include two new species synonymies; a total of 49 genera with more than 100 species is now known from Pakistan.

Much taxonomic work needs to be done for the fauna of Cicadellidae in various countries and this is particularly true for Pakistan. Such studies are not only important to discover the leafhopper diversity but also for pest management in agriculture and forestry as leafhoppers being one of the most important groups of vectors of plant pathogens (Claridge and Wilson 1991; Wilson and Turner 2010).

Materials and methods

All specimens were examined with a Leica ZOOM2000 stereomicroscope. Drawings were made using an Olympus drawing tube. Photos were taken by a ZEISS SteREO Discovery.V20 stereomicroscope equipped with a ZEISS AxiocamICc 5 camera that also provided measurements. Adobe Photoshop CS was used to compile photographs. Specimens from Pakistan are deposited in the various collections as indicated in the published records and additional specimens, examined and figured for this study, are deposited in the Entomological Museum, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.

Taxonomy

Deltocephalinae Fieber

The subfamily Deltocephalinae includes small-to-large, mainly wedge-shaped leafhoppers diagnosed as follows: head with ocelli on anterior margin near to eyes; frontoclypeus not swollen, carinae on anterior margin of head usually absent; lateral frontal sutures reaching to ocelli; antennal ledges reduced or absent; gena large, usually covering proepisternum, with a fine erect seta laterad of lateral frontal suture. Forewing macropterous to brachypterous; if macropterous, with apices usually overlapping at rest (except Gurawa); with two or three anteapical cells and often with one or more crossveins between A1 and claval suture; inner apical cell narrowed distally, not reaching to wing apex. Profemur AM1 seta distinct; row AV with short stout setae extending from base to 1/2–2/3 length of femur; intercalary row with various thin setae arranged in one row. Mesotrochanter with apical posteroventral stout seta. Metafemur macrosetal formula usually 2+2+1 with penultimate pair close-set. Metatibia usually anteroposteriorly compressed, ventrally with a median ridge. Male pygofer usually with a membranous cleft at basolateral margin. Valve produced posteriorly, lateral margins short, articulated with pygofer laterally. Subgenital plates articulated with each other and with valve rarely fused to each other and valve (Goniagnathus); usually triangular, normally somewhat flattened; with dorsal slot or fold articulating with style. Connective Y-shaped or linear, rarely T-shaped; devoid of anteromedial lobe or process. Style broad at base, bilobed basally; apophysis not elongate. First valvula convex to relatively straight; dorsal sculpturing pattern reaching the dorsal margin or not; sculpturing pattern striate, concatenate, reticulate, imbricate, maculate, or granulose. Second valvula with basal fused section as long as distal paired blades or longer; median dorsal tooth present or not; usually with small to large, regularly or irregularly shaped dorsoapical teeth on apical 1/3 or more; teeth sometimes restricted to apical 1/4, or absent.

Remarks. We treat Deltocephalinae here in its wider sense, following Zahniser and Dietrich (2013) to include Selenocephalini, Mukariini and Penthimiini. We also follow Zahniser and Dietrich (2013) for the placement of genera in tribes; this has particular implications for Bampurius placed in Athysanini by Khatri and Webb (2010), here placed in Scaphoideini and the genera placed in Scaphytopiini by Khatri and Webb (2010), i.e., Grammacephalus placed here in Scaphoideini, Masiripius placed here in Opsiini and Varta placed here in Vartiini.

Key to tribes and genera of Deltocephalinae from Pakistan

If genera are represented by a single species in Pakistan the species name is given.

1	Crown with transverse striations or carinae on anterior margin	2
–	Crown with anterior margin smooth or shagreen	9
2	Clypellus narrow, extending beyond margin of genae, tapered towards apex	Koebiliini (Grypotina) 3
–	Clypellus broader, not extending beyond margin of genae	4
3	Crown medially longer than next to eyes; aedeagus simple, without processes	*Sohipona webbi* (p. 161)
–	Crown with uniform length; aedeagus with lateral processes	*Pinopona minuta* (p. 161)
4	Antennae arising near upper corner of eyes	Drabescini 5
–	Antennae arising distinctly below upper corner of eyes	6
5	Dark robust species; crown similar in length throughout width (Fig. 1); antennal ledges strong; antennae similar in width to head; forewing appendix broad	Drabescina (Drabescus angulatus) (p. 156)
–	Pale narrow species; crown distinctly longer medially than next to eyes; antennal ledges weak or absent; antennae much longer than width of head; forewing appendix narrow	Paraboloponina (Dryadomorpha pallida) (p. 157)
6	Crown slightly longer medially than next to eye	Athysanini (in part) Tambocerus bulbulus (p. 143)
–	Crown distinctly longer medially than next to eye	7
7	Head depressed anteriorly, if not depressed then ocelli on crown close to foremargin; forewing venation reticulate (Fig. 2); aedeagus with single shaft	Penthimiini 8
–	Head not so depressed, ocelli on anterior margin; forewing venation not reticulate; aedeagus with two shafts	Mukariini (*Mukaria splendida*) (p. 165)
8	Ocelli on anterior margin of crown	*Neodartus acocephaloides* (p. 170)
–	Ocelli on crown near anterior margin	*Penthimia compacta* (p. 170)
9	Robust and squat species (Fig. 3); forewing with appendix extending aroundwing apex (Fig. 57); subgenital plates fused to each other and to valve; connective fused with aedeagus (Fig. 41)	*Goniagnathini (Goniagnathus)*
–	Without this combination of characters	10
10	Crown produced, pointed anteriorly; genae visible behind eyes in dorsal view; forewing truncate apically	*Vartini (Varta rubrofasciata)* (p. 175)
–	Without this combination of characters	11
11	Aedeagal shaft moveably hinged basally or if not hinged (Gurawa) forewing without appendix; connective loop-shaped with arms closely appressed anteriorly; first valvula dorsal sculpturing maculate to granulose not reaching dorsal margin; second valvula with uniform-shaped teeth	Chiasmini 12
–	Without this combination of characters	17
12	Male pygofer with caudal marginal darkly sclerotised dentate crest	*Aconurella*
–	Pygofer not as above	13
13	Head spatulate, foremargin sharply angled in lateral view, carinate (Fig. 67)	14
–	Head not spatulate, foremargin rounded in lateral view (Fig. 68)	15
14	Forewing lacking appendix; ocelli near anterior margin of head (Fig. 67)	*Gurawa*
–	Forewing when fully developed with appendix (Fig. 59); ocelli on vertex some distant from anterior margin	*Chiasmus*
15	Opaque green (rarely blue) species with black markings	*Nephotettix*
–	Pale brown species with or without markings	16
16	Crown with or without transverse black band; male pygofer with few apical stout setae (Fig. 28)	*Exitianus*
–	Crown without transverse black band; male pygofer without apical stout setae (Fig. 27)	*Leofa*
17	Ocelli closer to eyes than laterofrontal sutures; body dorsoventrally flattened; aedeagus with pair of apical processes	Hecalini 18
–	Ocelli and laterofrontal sutures equidistant from eyes; body not dorsoventrally flattened; aedeagus with or without apical processes	21
18	Brown species; male pygofer with caudal marginal stout setae	*Glossocratus*
–	Pale to green species; male pygofer without caudal marginal stout setae	19
19	Crown with bold orange or yellow inverted V-shaped band, pronotum with two bold arcuate orange bands (Fig. 72); forewing with claval vein A1 merging with claval suture	*Linnavuoriella arcuata* (p. 160)
–	Crown without coloured bands or with bands subparallel or converging, but not very bold and not broadly contiguous at median line; pronotum with or without bands; forewing with A1 not merging with claval suture, but with two separate claval veins	20
20	Crown without orange or yellow colour pattern; tegmina unmarked (Fig. 8)	*Hecalus*
–	Crown with pair of orange or yellow longitudinal bands subparallel or converging, but not contiguous anteriorly, sometimes faint or absent; tegmina invariably with apical brown patch with white spots (Fig. 74)	*Thomsonia porrecta*
21	Aedeagus with two shafts	Opsiini 22
–	Aedeagus with one shaft	26
22	Aedeagus with shafts fused in basal half of the length, apically divergent, forming a circle (Fig. 53)	Neoaliturus (Circulifer)
–	Aedeagal shaft fused basally but well separated throughout	23
23	Aedeagal shaft with apical or preapical processes (Fig. 44)	*Hishimonus phycitis* (p. 165)
–	Aedeagal shaft without apical or preapical processes	24
24	Aedeagal shaft with pair of ventral processes	*Opsius*
–	Aedeagal shaft without pair of ventral processes	25
25	Crown, thorax and forewing with irregular brown maculation, pronotum and scutellum without red markings (Fig. 10)	*Orosius*
–	Crown sprinkled with fine dark brown spots, pronotum and scutellum with irregular red markings	.Masiripius lugubris (p. 165)
26	Connective fused to aedeagus	Deltocephalini 27
–	Connective articulated with aedeagus	29
27	Crown with transverse black stripe; male pygofer with appendage on dorsal margin	*Paramesodes lineaticollis* (p. 156)
–	Crown without transverse black stripe; male pygofer without appendage on dorsal margin	28
28	Aedeagal shaft short, robust, strongly curved dorsally, with apical gonopore (Fig. 45)	*Deltocephalus*
–	Aedeagal shaft long, slightly curved dorsally, with gonopore indistinct (Fig. 46)	*Maiestas*
29	Forewings with two anteapical cells; preatrium of aedeagus without long processes (Fig. 60)	Macrostelini 30
–	Forewings with three anteapical cells, if with two anteapical cells then preatrium of aedeagus with two long processes	32
30	Head with crown of uniform length throughout width, more than four times broader than long (Fig. 12)	*Balclutha*
–	Crown distinctly longer medially than next to eyes, two times or less broader than median length	31
31	Pale yellow to brown or black in colour; male pygofer processes absent, caudal margin with comb-like serrations (Fig. 29)	*Macrosteles*
–	Golden yellow in colour, vertex with a pair of rounded dark brown spots; male pygofer with process present, caudal margin without comb-like serrations	*Cicadulina*
32	Male segment X elongate and sclerotised dorsally (Fig. 38)	*Cicadulini (Pseudosubhimalus)*
–	Male segment X not as above	33
33	Aedeagus with dorsal connective (Fig. 47)	Limotettigini (Limotettix (Scleroracus) cacheolus) (p. 161)
–	Aedeagus without dorsal connective	34
34	Connective with arms parallel (Fig. 54)	*Stenometopiini (Stirellus)*
–	Connective with arms not parallel	35
35	Frontoclypeus long and narrow (except Monobazus) (Fig. 65); male or female pygofer with dense tufts of either long fine or regular setae	Scaphoideini 36
–	Frontoclypeus broad (Fig. 66); male or female pygofer without dense tufts of long fine setae	42
36	Crown with distinct black spot near posterior margin (Fig. 75)	*Phlogotettix indicus* (p. 173)
–	Crown without distinct black spot near posterior margin	37
37	Brown species, forewing with whitish costal area (Fig. 15)	*Grammacephalus*
–	Brown to yellowish brown species, forewing without whitish costal area	38
38	Forewing with 3 or 4 crossveins extending to costal margin from outer apical cell (Fig. 61)	39
–	Forewing with at most 2 crossveins in costal region	40
39	Connective with paraphysis (Fig. 55); aedeagal shaft very short	*Scaphoideus harlani* (p. 173)
–	Connective without paraphysis; aedeagal shaft elongate, cylindrical	*Bampurius pakistanicus* (p. 171)
40	Male subgenital pl. with mesal sclerotised process (Fig. 48)	*Neolimnus egyptiacus* (p. 172)
–	Male subgenital pl. without mesal sclerotised process	41
41	Aedeagal shaft with processes arising on dorsal surface	*Monobazus dissimilis* (p. 172)
–	Aedeagus with ventro-lateral processes	Osbornellus (Mavromoustaca) macchiae (p. 172)
42	Connective arms closely appressed anteriorly	Paralimnini 43
–	Connective arms not closely appressed anteriorly, divergent	Athysanini (in part) 47
43	Crown with pair of black anterior markings (Fig. 18)	*Changwhania*
–	Crown without pair of black markings	44
44	Anterior margin of crown with transverse black stripe (Fig. 19); connective V-shaped	*Paralimnus cingulatus*
–	Anterior margin of crown without transverse black stripe; connective Y-shaped	45
45	Subgenital plates short	*Psammotettix emarginatus*
–	Subgenital plates long	46
46	Anal tube with long process (Fig. 49); aedeagus with dorsal connective well-developed (Fig. 50)	*Jilinga*
–	Anal tube without process; aedeagus with dorsal connective absent	*Soractellus nigrominutus* (p. 169)
47	Crown pointed anteriorly; aedeagus without apical lateral processes	*Platymetopius*
–	Crown rounded anteriorly; aedeagus with apical laterally directed small processes (Fig. 52)	*Euscelidius cornix*

Checklists and keys to species of Pakistani Deltocephalinae

Keys to all species of Pakistan Deltocephalinae are given for each genus containing more than one species. We follow Zahniser and Dietrich (2013) for most of the tribal diagnostic characters.

Athysanini Van Duzee

Diagnosis. It is impossible to provide a set of characters to easily diagnose this large tribe due to its morphological diversity. However, most members have the connective Y-shaped and lack the distinctive features of other tribes.

Euscelidius Ribaut

E. cornix Naveed & Zhang

Figs 23, 36, 52

Euscelidius cornix Naveed & Zhang, 2020c: 470, fig. 1A–G (Pakistan).

Platymetopius Burmeister

Platymetopius sp.

Remarks. From the figure (code number DW 50A, unidentified) given by Mahmood (1969) this genus is present in Pakistan.

Figures 1–15.

(habitus, dorsal view) 1 Drabescus angulatus 2 Neodartus acocephaloides 3 Goniagnathus (Tropicognathus) nepalicus 4 Aconurella prolixa 5 Gurawa minorcephala 6 Chiasmus sp. 7 Leofa (Prasutagus) pulchellus 8 Hecalus ghaurii 9 Hishimonus phycitis 10 Orosius aegypticus 11 Maiestas albomaculata 12 Balclutha punctata 13 Pseudosubhimalus pakistanicus 14 Limotettix (Scleroracus) cacheolus 15 Grammacephalus raunoi.

Figures 16–24.

(habitus, dorsal view) 16 Neolimnus egyptiacus 17 Scaphoideus harlani 18 Changwhania terauchii 19 Paralimnellus cingulatus 20 Jilinga truncata 21 Soractellus nigrominutus 22 Tambocerus bulbous 23 Euscelidius cornix 24 Stirellus mankiensis.

Tambocerus Zhang & Webb

Remarks. Tambocerus is one of the few Athysanini with transverse striations on the fore margin of the head.

T. bulbulus Naveed & Zhang

Figs 22, 39, 51

Tambocerus bulbulus Naveed & Zhang, 2018i: 240, figs 3A–D, 4A–I (Pakistan).

Chiasmini Distant

Diagnosis. These are small to medium sized leafhoppers, usually white, stramineous, green, brown, grey, or black in colouration, and sometimes iridescent. They can be identified by the tapering or parallel sided clypellus, aedeagus hinged at the base (hinge usually but not always present), ovipositor usually extending far beyond the pygofer, first valvula dorsal sculpturing pattern maculate to granulose and usually submarginal, first valvula without distinctly delimited ventroapical sculpturing, and second valvula teeth obliquely triangular and serrated.

Figures 40–55.

(male genitalia) 40 Neodartus acocephaloides aedeagus, dorsal view 41 Goniagnathus (Tropicognathus) nepalicus fused subgenital plates and valve, styles and base of connective 42 Gurawa minorcephala aedeagus, caudal view 43 Chiasmus sp. aedeagus, dorsal view 44 Hishimonus phycitis aedeagus, posterior view 45 Deltocephalus vulgaris aedeagus and connective, lateral view 46 Maiestas sp. aedeagus and connective, lateral view 47 Limotettix (Scleroracus) cacheolus aedeagus, dorsal view 48 Neolimnus egyptiacus subgenital plate 49 Jilinga truncata annal tube, ventral view 50 Jilinga truncata aedeagus and dorsal connective, ventral view 51 Tambocerus bulbulus aedeagus, posterior view 52 Euscelidius cornix aedeagus and connective, dorsal view 53 Neoaliturus (circulifer) tenellus aedeagus and connective 54 Stirellus lahorensis valve, style, and connective, dorsal view 55 Scaphoideus harlani connective and style.

Figures 25–39.

(male pygofer, lateral view) 25 Neodartus acocephaloides 26 Aconurella prolixa 27 Leofa (Prasutagus) pulchellus 28 Exitianus nanus 29 Macrosteles parafalcatus 30 Balclutha punctata 31 Jilinga truncata 32 Stirellus mankiensis 33 Grammacephalus raunoi 34 Neolimnus egyptiacus 35 Paralimnellus cingulatus 36 Euscelidius cornix 37 Hecalus rawalakotensis 38 Pseudosubhimalus pakistanicus 39 Tambocerus bulbulus.

Figures 56–75.

56–62 (forewings) 56 Drabescus nitens 57 Goniagnathus (T.) quadripinnatus 58 Aconurella prolixa 59 Chiasmus sp. 60 Macrosteles indrinus 61 Bampurius pakistanicus 62 Scaphoideus immistus 63 Stirellus thattaensis, pygofer, lateral view 64 Macrosteles parafalcatus, male 2^nd abdominal tergites, dorsal view 65 Scaphoideus harlani, face 66 Euscelidius cornix, face 67 Gurawa longispina, head, lateral view 68 Leofa naga, head, lateral view 69 Neoaliturus (C.) tenellus, subgenital plates 70 Neoaliturus (C.) opacipennis, subgenital plates 71 Stirellus viridulus, pygofer, lateral view 72 Linnavuoriella arcuata, habitus, dorsal view 73 Exitianus nanus, habitus, dorsal view 74 Thomsonia porrecta, habitus, dorsal view; 75 Phlogotettix indicus, habitus, dorsal view.

Aconurella Ribaut

A. choui Naveed & Zhang

Aconurella choui Naveed & Zhang, 2018a: 72, fig. 5; pl. II, figs A–D (Pakistan).

A. erebus (Distant)

Deltocephalus erebus Distant, 1908: 385 (India).

Aconurella erebus : Ghauri, 1974: 553–555, figs 14–17 (India).

Aconurella erebus : Naveed and Zhang 2018a: 68, fig. 2; pl. I, figs D–F (Pakistan).

A. naranensis Naveed & Zhang

Aconurella naranensis Naveed & Zhang, 2018a: 71, fig. 4; pl. I, J–L (Pakistan).

A. paraerebus Naveed & Zhang

Aconurella paraerebus Naveed & Zhang, 2018a: 68, fig. 3; pl. I, G–I (Pakistan).

A. prolixa (Lethierry)

Figs 4, 26, 58

Thamnotettix prolixa Lethierry, 1885: 102 (Europe).

Thamnotettix minutes Haupt, 1917: 254. Synonymised by Dlabola 1963: 324.

Thamnotettix sanguisuga Lindberg, 1927: 88. Synonymised by Metcalf 1967a: 1597.

Cicadula indica Pruthi, 1930: 54. Synonymised by Khatri and Webb 2010: 9 (India).

Deltocephalus obtusus Metcalf, 1955: 266. (nom. nov. for Deltocephalus simplex Haupt, 1927, non D. simplex Van Duzee, 1892: 304).

Chiasmus karachiensis Ahmed et al., 1988: 13, fig. 3A–J. Synonymised by Khatri and Webb 2010: 9 (Pakistan).

Chiasmus lobata Ahmed et al., 1988: 14, fig. 4A–J. Synonymised by Khatri and Webb 2010: 9.

Aconurella neosolana Rao & Ramakrishnan, 1990a: 268, fig. 1 (India). Synonymised by Khatri and Webb 2010: 9.

Aconurella prolixa Khatri & Webb, 2010: 4, pl. 1, fig. g; fig. 9; Naveed and Zhang 2018a: 67, fig. 1; pl. I, A–C (Pakistan).

Key to Aconurella species (male) modified from Naveed and Zhang (2018a)

1	Pygofer side with many spinules at dorsoapical margin, some large	2
–	Pygofer side dorsoapical margin without or with sparse small spinules	4
2	Subgenital plates as long as pygofer; with two macrosetae at apex	*A. paraerebus*
–	Subgenital plates subequal to pygofer; with more than two macrosetae at apex	3
3	Subgenital plates longer than pygofer; style apophysis smooth	*A. erebus*
–	Subgenital plates shorter than pygofer; style apophysis serrate with enlarged preapical tooth	*A. naranensis*
4	Pygofer dorsal margin without spinules (Fig. 26); connective arms close together distally	*A. prolixa*
–	Pygofer dorsal margin with small spinules; connective arms widely separate from each other	*A. choui*

Chiasmus Mulsant & Rey

C. alatus Pruthi

Chiasmus alatus Pruthi, 1930: 23, pl. II, figs 6, 6a, text figs 32–34 (India); Khatri and Webb 2010: 4 (Pakistan).

C. niger Pruthi

Chiasmus niger Pruthi, 1936: 108, pl. VIII, fig. 8, text fig. 122 (India); Khatri and Webb 2010: 4 (Pakistan).

Remarks. The identification key of this species has not been possible due to the uncertainty of the differences between very similar species. The previously described forms may prove to be synonyms.

Exitianus Ball

E. indicus (Distant)

Athysanus indicus Distant, 1908: 344 (India).

Athysanus atkinsoni Distant, 1908: 345 (India). Synonymised by Ross, 1968: 12.

Exitianus indicus : Ross 1968: 12, figs 9, 10, 26–30, 69.

Exitianus major Ahmed et al., 1988: 10, fig. 1 (Pakistan). Synonymised by Khatri and Webb 2010: 10.

Exitianus indicus : Duan and Zhang 2013: 36, pl. II, figs 3–6; Khatri et al. 2014: 3, pl. 1 (China).

E. nanus (Distant)

Fig. 73

Athysanus nanus Distant, 1908: 345 (India).

Athysanus insularis Distant, 1909: 47, pl. 4, figs 10, 10a. Synonymised by Ross 1968: 7.

Athysanus fasciolatus Melichar, 1911: 107 (East Africa). Synonymised by Linnavuori 1975: 626.

Athysanus simillimus Matsumura, 1914: 185 (Japan). Synonymised by Ross 1968: 7.

Athysanus vulnerans Bergevin, 1925: 42, figs 5–9 (East Africa). Synonymised by Ross 1968: 7.

Limotettix albipennis Haupt, 1927: 25, pl. II, figs 20a–c (Palestine). Synonymised by Dlabola 1963: 325.

Limotettix unifasciata Haupt, 1930: 159, fig. 9. Synonymised by Dlabola 1963: 325.

Athysanus digressus Van Duzee, 1933: 32 (USA). Synonymised by Linnavuoriand DeLong 1978: 237.

Exitianus nanus : Ross, 1968: 7, figs 1–3, 15–18, 76; Duan and Zhang 2013: 33, pl.pl. I, figs 1–2 (China); Khatri et al. 2014: 4; Duan and Zhang 2013: 33, pl. I, figs 1, 2; Khatri et al. 2014: 3, pl. 2 (Pakistan).

Exitianus karachiensis Ahmed, 1986: 59, fig. 5. Synonymised by Khatri and Webb 2010: 10.

Exitianus peshawarensis Ahmed & Rao, 1986: 76–77, fig. 1. Synonymised by Khatri and Webb 2010: 10.

Exitianus minor Ahmed et al., 1988: 12, fig. 2. Synonymised by Khatri and Webb 2010: 10.

Exitianus fulvinervis Li & He, 1993: 27; Li et al. 2011: 68, fig. 55. Synonymised by Duan and Zhang 2013: 33 (China).

Key to Exitianus species from Pakistan (male)

1	Crown with transverse brown band usually interrupted medially (Fig. 73); pygofer side with 2–6 apical brown or black macrosetae	*E. nanus*
–	Crown with transverse brown band usually complete; pygofer side with 2 or 3 apical brown or black macrosetae	*E. indicus*

Gurawa Distant

G. minorcephala Pruthi

Fig. 5

Gurawa minorcephala Pruthi, 1930: 29, pl. II, fig. 10a, b, text figs 41,42 (Pakistan); Zahniser 2008: 22, figs 77–85; Dai et al. 2011: 38, fig. 1; Duan and Zhang 2012: 42–44, pl. I, fig. 1 (China); Viraktamath and Gnaneswaran 2013: 199–200, figs 22–29, 41, 55–58 (India); Naveed and Zhang 2018b: 482, figs 1E–H, 2A–G, 4A–E, 5B (Pakistan).

G. longispina Naveed & Zhang

Gurawa longispina Naveed & Zhang, 2018b: 486, figs 1A–D, 3A–F, 5A (Pakistan).

Key to Gurawa species from Pakistan (male) modified from Naveed and Zhang 2018b

1	Crown with dorsal constriction at level of ocelli; aedeagal shaft with lateroapical spines long in posterodorsal view	*G. longispina*
–	Crown without dorsal constriction at level of ocelli; aedeagal shaft with lateroapical spines short in posterodorsal view	*G. minorcephala*

Leofa Distant

Key to subgenera of Leofa from Pakistan modified from Naveed and Zhang (2018c)

1	Submacropterous; pygofer with a well-developed dorsal appendage	Leofa (Prasutagus)
–	Brachypterous; pygofer without dorsal appendage	Leofa (Leofa)

L. (L.) mysorensis Distant

Leofa mysorensis Distant, 1918: 86; Viraktamath and Viraktamath 1992: 5, figs 10–19 (India); Naveed and Zhang 2018c: 46, figs 5–8 (Pakistan).

Leofa affinis Distant, 1918: 87. Synonymised by Viraktamath and Viraktamath 1992: 5 (India).

Leofa sanguinalis Distant, 1918: 87. Synonymised by Viraktamath and Viraktamath 1992: 5 (India).

Leofa unicolor Distant, 1918: 88. Synonymised by Viraktamath and Viraktamath 1992: 5 (India).

Leofa pedestris Distant, 1918: 88. Synonymised by Viraktamath and Viraktamath 1992: 5 (India).

Leofa parwala Pruthi, 1930: 26. Synonymised by Viraktamath and Viraktamath 1992: 5 (India).

L. (L.) naga Viraktamath & Viraktamath

Leofa naga Viraktamath & Viraktamath, 1992: 9–10, figs 31–40 (India); Naveed and Zhang 2018c: 46, figs 9–13 (Pakistan).

L. (Prasutagus) pulchellus Distant

Figs 7, 27

Prasutagus pulchellus Distant, 1918: 53–54, fig. 57 (India).

Leofa (Prasutagus) pulchellus: Zahniser, 2008: 18; Duan et al. 2012: 39 (China); Naveed and Zhang 2018c: 46, figs 1–4 (Pakistan).

L. (L.) truncata Viraktamath & Viraktamath

Leofa truncata Viraktamath & Viraktamath, 1992: 4, figs 1–9 (India); Naveed and Zhang 2018c: 47, 14–19 (Pakistan).

Key to Leofa species from Pakistan (male)

1	Subgenital plates rounded caudally; pygofer with or without shallow lateral furrow; aedeagal shaft with caudal hood, basal process short, narrower than width of shaft	2
–	Subgenital plates truncate caudally; pygofer deeply furrowed laterally; aedeagal shaft without caudal hood, basal process long, broader than width of shaft	*L. truncata*
2	Aedeagal shaft tubular, without lamellate expansion; gonopore slightly asymmetrically placed on left side; caudal hood not strongly developed	*L. mysorensis*
–	Aedeagal shaft hood-like with lateral lamellate expansion; caudal hood strongly developed; gonopore symmetrically placed	*L. naga*

Nephotettix Matsumura

N. nigropictus (Stål)

Thamnotettix nigropictus Stål, 1870: 740 (India).

Nephotettix apicalis Distant, 1908: 360 (India); Ishihara 1964: 42; Ishihara and Kawase 1968: 123.

Nephotettix nigropictus yapicola Ghauri, 1971: 495.

Nephotettix nigropictus : Ghauri, 1971: 491; Vilbaste 1975: 233; Ramakrishnan and Ghauri 1979; Mahmood and Aziz 1979: 61, figs 1b, 3a–f (Pakistan); Duan and Zhang 2014: 219, pl. III; pl. VI: I–L; figs 14, 15 (China).

N. parvus Ishihara & Kawase

Nephotettix parvus Ishihara & Kawase, 1968: 121 (Japan); Duan and Zhang 2014: 221, pl. IV, pl.VIIA–C; fig. 16 (China).

Nephotettix olivacea Mahmood & Aziz, 1979: 65 (Pakistan). Synonymised by Wilson 1989: 136.

N. virescens (Distant)

Selenocephalus virescens Distant, 1908: 291 (India).

Phrynomorphus olivacescens Distant, 1918: 52. Synonymized by Wilson 1989: 135.

Nephotettix bipunctatus (Fabricius), Distant, 1908: 359.

Nephotettix impicticeps Ishihara, 1964: 42. Synonymized by Ghauri,1971: 484.

Nephotettix virescens : Ghauri, 1971: 484; Ramakrishnan and Ghauri 1979: 357; Duan and Zhang 2014: 223, pl. V; pl. VII: D–F; figs 17–18 (China).

Nephotettix oryzii Mahmood & Aziz, 1979: 63 (Pakistan). Synonymized by Wilson 1989: 135.

Key to species of Nephotettix (male)

1	Crown without traces of marginal and submarginal black transverse bands in both sexes	*N. virescens*
–	Crown with black submarginal transverse band markedly and fully developed	2
2	Anterior margin of pronotum marked with black transverse band	*N. nigropictus*
–	Anterior margin of pronotum without black markings	*N. parvus*

Cicadulini Van Duzee

Diagnosis. Cicadulini, following Zahniser and Dietrich (2013: 56), is a rather poorly defined tribe. It was defined by these authors in the following way: “small to medium sized, slender, stramineous, yellow, or greenish leafhoppers, sometimes with the anterior margin of the head marked with black spots. They can be identified by the male segment X often long and strongly sclerotised, and subgenital plates sometimes with a row of macrosetae near the middle and with long fine setae laterally” and additionally in their key: “male pygofer incised dorsally nearly to base”. Clearly, this definition is not ideal as you may not be able to identify a taxon (for example in a key) based solely on “often” and “sometimes” characters and also in their figure 15 of Cicadula Zetterstedt, segment X is moderately long (although the dorsal pygofer incision is very long and therefore the dorsal bridge very short). In addition, the genus Pseudosubhimalus Ghauri, placed in Athysanini by Zahniser and Dietrich (2014), was subsequently placed in Cicadulini based on molecular evidence and (in its type species) segment X is long and well sclerotised (Meshram and Niranjana 2019) However, in the genus the subgenital plate macrosetae are marginal, and in one of its species, P. katraini Meshram and Niranjana, segment X is very short. Similarly, segment X is not elongate in the Nearctic Knullana DeLong. The following three species of this genus occur in Pakistan.

Pseudosubhimalus Ghauri

P. bicolor (Pruthi)

Ophiola bicolor Pruthi, 1936: 123 (India).

Pseudosubhimalus bicolor : Ghauri, 1974: 553; Meshram and Niranjana 2019: 7–9, figs 1A, 1B, 1E, 1G–1L, 2A–2F, 3A–3H (India, Pakistan).

P. trilobatus Meshram & Niranjana

Pseudosubhimalus trilobatus Meshram & Niranjana, 2019: 7, 11–12, figs 1C, 1D, 4A–4F (India).

Pseudosubhimalus bicolor (Pruthi): Menghwar et al. 2015: 142, pl. 1, figs a-h (misidentification) (Pakistan).

P. pakistanicus Naveed & Zhang

Figs 13, 38

Pseudosubhimalus pakistanicus Naveed et al., 2020a: 194, fig. 1A–H (Pakistan).

Key to Pseudosubhimalus species from Pakistan (male) modified from Naveed et al. (2020a)

1	Greyish green to pale yellow species, disc of crown without black or dark brown spots; pygofer lobe with weak ventral process (Fig. 38)	*P. pakistanicus*
–	Dark brown in colour, disc of crown with black or dark brown spots; pygofer lobe without ventral process	2
2	Pygofer ventral margin with dentations	*P. bicolor*
–	Pygofer ventral margin without dentations, smooth	*P. trilobatus*

Deltocephalini Fieber

Diagnosis. The members of this tribe are small to medium sized leafhoppers and are variable in colour. They can be identified by the tapering or parallel-sided clypellus, narrow lorum, linear connective with anterior arms closely appressed, connective fused to the aedeagus, and first valvula dorsal sculpturing imbricate (Scale-like).

Deltocephalus Burmeister

D. vulgaris Dash & Viraktamath

Fig. 45

Deltocephalus (Deltocephalus) vulgaris Dash & Viraktamath, 1998: 4, figs 1–11 (India); Zhang and Duan 2011: 3, fig. 3A–H (China); Deltocephalus (Deltocephalus) vulgaris: Naveed et al. 2019a: 285, figs 1A, B, 3A–D (Pakistan).

D. infirmus Melichar

Deltocephalus infirmus Melichar, 1903: 203, pl. V, fig. 11 (Sri Lanka).

Jassargus infirmus : Ishihara, 1961: 244, figs 53–58 (misidentification).

Deltocephalus infirmus : Webb and Viraktamath 2009: 13, fig. 10; Naveed et al. 2019a: 285, figs 1C, 3D–G (Pakistan).

Key to Deltocephalus species from Pakistan (male) modified from Naveed et al. (2019a)

1	Crown with six brown spots on anterior margin; aedeagal shaft with shallow apical notch	*D. vulgaris*
–	Crown with single brown spot on anterior margin adjacent to eyes; aedeagal shaft without apical notch	*D. infirmus*

Maiestas Distant

M. albomaculata (Dash & Viraktamath)

Fig. 11

Deltocephalus (Recilia) albomaculatus: Dash and Viraktamath 1998: 12, figs 29–34 (India).

Maiestas albomaculata : Webb and Viraktamath 2009; Naveed et al. 2019a: 287, figs 1E–1I, 3H–3I; Shah et al. 2021: 403, figs 1A–D (Pakistan).

M. indica (Pruthi)

Allophleps indica Pruthi, 1936: 120–121, pl. IX, fig. 3, text fig. 132 (Pakistan); Rao and Ramakrishnan 1990: 111 (India).

Deltocephalus (Recilia) indicus: Dash and Viraktamath 1998: 35–36, fig. 305 (India).

Maiestas indica : Webb and Viraktamath 2009: 22; Shah et al. 2021: 403, fig. 1E (Pakistan).

M. maculata (Pruthi)

Cicadula maculata Pruthi, 1930: 58–59, figs 80–81, pl. V, fig. 2 (India).

Thamnotettix prabha Pruthi, 1930: 62, figs 85, 86, pl. V, figs 6, 6a (India). Synonymized by Webb and Viraktamath 2009: 41.

Recilia prabha : Ghauri, 1980: 166–169, figs 1, 3–11.

Deltocephalus (Recilia) maculata: Dash and Viraktamath 1998: 32, figs 260–269 (India).

Maiestas maculata : Webb and Viraktamath 2009: 22, comb. nov.; Zhang and Duan 2011: 37–39, figs 33–35, pl. IV: E, pl. V: P, pl. VI: P (China); Shah et al. 2021: 404, fig. 2A–I (Pakistan).

M. pruthii (Metcalf)

Deltocephalus notatus Pruthi, 1936: 128–129, text fig. 139, pl. IX, fig. 10 (Pakistan). Preoccupied, not Melichar 1896.

Deltocephalus pruthii (Metcalf, 1967b: 1173, new name).

Maiestas pruthii : Webb and Viraktamath 2009: 20; Naveed et al. 2019a: 288, figs 2A–2C, 3J–3K; Shah et al. 2021: 4F–L (Pakistan).

M. setosa (Ahmed, Murtaza & Malik)

Recilia setose Ahmed et al., 1988: 412–414, fig. 2 (Pakistan).

Maiestas setosa : Webb and Viraktamath 2009: 20 (Pakistan).

Maiestas sinuata Shah & Duan

Maiestas sinuata Shah & Duan, 2021: 406, fig. 3A–H (Pakistan).

M. subviridis (Metcalf)

Stirellus subviridis Metcalf, 1946: 125. Synonymized with S. hopponis (Matsumura) by Linnavuori, 1975: 617, in error;

Deltocephalus (Recilia) subviridis: Dash and Viraktamath 1998: 24, figs 166–172 (India);

Maiestas subviridis : Webb and Viraktamath 2009: 19, fig. 40; Khatri and Webb 2010: 11, pl. 2b, c, fig. 12 (Pakistan); Zhang and Duan 2011: 19 (China); Shah et al. 2021: 408, fig. 4A–E (Pakistan).

M. tareni (Dash & Viraktamath)

Deltocephalus (Recilia) tareni Dash & Viraktamath, 1995: 74–76, figs 1–15; Dash and Viraktamath 1998: 16, figs 78–84 (India).

Maiestas tareni : Webb & Viraktamath, 2009: 22; Khatri and Webb 2010: 11, pl. 2d, fig. 11 (Pakistan); Zhang and Duan 2011: 20 (China); Naveed et al. 2019a: 288, figs 2G–I, 3N–3O; Shah et al. 2021: 408, fig. 5A–H (Pakistan).

Maiestas trispinosa (Dash & Viraktamath)

Deltocephalus (Recilia) trispinosus Dash & Viraktamath, 1998: 35, figs 296–304 (India).

Maiestas trispinosa : Webb and Viraktamath 2009: 38; Shah et al. 2021: 408, fig. 6A–I (Pakistan).

Key to Maiestas species from Pakistan (male). Maiestas setosa is excluded from the key due to the poor original description and figures

1	Overall colour dark brown; forewing with sub-basal and subapical irregular white transverse band (Fig. 11)	*M. albomaculata*
–	Colour not as above	2
2	Crown, face and thorax with black patches	*M. maculata*
–	Crown, face and thorax without black patches	3
3	Forewing with extra cross-veins, at least in clavus	4
–	Forewing without extra cross-veins	5
4	Aedeagus with a large subapical ventral process	*M. indica*
–	Aedeagus with a short apical ventral process	*M. pruthii*
5	Aedeagus with pair of short lateral processes	*M. trispinosa*
–	Aedeagus without lateral processes	6
6	Aedeagus in lateral view similar in width in distal half	*M. subviridis*
–	Aedeagus in lateral view evenly tapered from base to apex	7
7	Style apophysis broadest sub-basally; aedeagal shaft in lateral view not sinuate	*M. tareni*
–	Style apophysis broadest at base; aedeagal shaft in lateral view slightly sinuate	*M. sinuata*

Paramesodes Ishihara

P. lineaticollis (Distant)

Paramesodes lineaticollis (Distant, 1908: 294, Paramesus) (India); Wilson 1983: 21–22, figs 23–29.

Paramesodes ishurdii Mahmood & Meher, 1973: 135 (Pakistan). Synonymised by Wilson 1983: 21.

Drabescini Ishihara

Diagnosis. Drabescini are medium sized to large leafhoppers, variable in colour and shape. They can be identified by the following combination of characters: antennae long situated near upper part of face; antennal pits large, often encroaching onto frontoclypeus; anterior margin of head smooth, irregularly textured, or with one to many carinae or striae; nymph often with apical process on head. Two subtribes are present (see key and below).

Drabescina

Drabescus Stål

D. angulatus Signoret

Fig. 1

Drabescus angulatus Signoret, 1880: 210; Ghauri 1965: 688; Zhang and Webb 1996: 24, figs 380–384, 525.

Paraboloponina Ishihara

Dryadomorpha Kirkaldy

Remarks. See Zhang and Webb (1996: 6) for full synonymy.

D. pallida Kirkaldy

D. pallida Kirkaldy, 1906: 336; Webb 1981: 50–53, figs 41–56.

Remarks. See Zhang and Webb (1996: 14) for full synonymy.

Goniagnathini Wagner

Diagnosis. These are medium sized to large, squat, robust leafhoppers. They can be identified by the short and broad head, anterior margin of head glabrous, large forewing appendix (in macropterous individuals), subgenital plates fused to each other, valve apparently absent or fused to subgenital plates, style with broad basal part articulated with linear or modified apical part, and connective fused to the aedeagus.

Goniagnathus Fieber

G. (Epistagma) guttulinervis (Kirschbaum)

Jassus (Athysanus) guttulinervis Kirschbaum, 1868: 116 (Europe).

Thamnotettix putoni Lethierry, 1874: 444.

Goniagnathus ocellatus Jacobi, 1910: 133.

Goniagnathus guttulinervis : Dash and Viraktamath 2001: 64, figs 1–5 (India); Naveed and Zhang 2018j: 1805, fig. 1C; Shah and Duan 2020b: 16–17, figs 1A, B, 2A–H (Pakistan).

G. (Tropicognathus) nepalicus Viraktamath & Gnaneswaran

Fig. 3

Goniagnathus (Tropicognathus) nepalicus Viraktamath & Gnaneswaran, 2009: 56–57, figs 5, 6, 19–24 (Nepal); Naveed and Zhang 2018j: 1806, figs 1E–G; Shah and Duan 2020b: 16, 20, figs 1E, 1F, 5A–D (Pakistan).

G. (Tropicognathus) punctifer (Walker)

Bythoscopus punctifer Walker, 1858: 104.

Goniagnathus elongatus Lethierry, 1892: 209.

Goniagnathus spurcatus : Melichar 1903: 181.

Goniagnathus punctifer : Distant 1908: 311; Zhang 1990: 91; Dash and Viraktamath 2001: 71 (India).

Goniagnathus (Tropicognathus) punctifer: Duan and Zhang 2009: 53, figs 2A–E, 7E, 7K, 8D (China); Shah and Duan 2020b: 19, figs 6–8 (Pakistan).

G. (Tropicognathus) quadripinnatus Dash & Viraktamath

Goniagnathus (Tropicognathus) quadripinnatus Dash & Viraktamath, 2001: 74–76, figs 45–50 (India); Naveed and Zhang 2018j: 1806, fig. 1D; Shah et al. 2020b: 16, figs 1C, 1D, 3A–G (Pakistan).

Key to subgenera and species of Goniagnathus from Pakistan (male) modified from Shah et al. (2020)

1	Male pygofer with dorsal appendage absent; aedeagus with pair of ventral processes exceeding aedeagal shaft	G. (Epistagma) guttulinervis
–	Male pygofer with dorsal appendage present; aedeagus with pair of ventral processes not exceeding aedeagal shaft	G. (Tropicognathus) 2
2	Aedeagus with one pair of long processes present at mid-length, subgenital plates fused with truncate margin caudally	G. (Tropicognathus) nepalicus
–	Aedeagus with two pairs of processes	3
3	Aedeagal shaft with a pair of apical and a pair of median asymmetrical processes	G. (Tropicognathus) punctifer
–	Aedeagal shaft with two pairs of processes present near apex, having lateral processes longer and stouter than the dorsal processes	G. (Tropicognathus) quadripinnatus

Hecalini Distant

Remarks. A revision of Oriental Hecalini was given by Morrison (1973).

Diagnosis. The members of this tribe are medium sized to large, somewhat to strongly dorsoventrally flattened, stramineous, yellow, green, or brown leafhoppers, sometimes with bright orange or reddish markings. They can be identified by the produced and parabolically shaped head, dorsoventrally flattened body, lateral margin of pronotum as long as or longer than the basal width of eye, ocelli closer to eyes than laterofrontal sutures, apodemes of male sternite I long and relatively narrow, apodemes of male sternite II broad and well-developed, male pygofer often produced or pointed posterodorsally, segment X withdrawn into pygofer, ventral margins of male pygofer often lobate, aedeagus often with one or two pairs of apical processes, first valvula dorsal sculpturing granulose to maculate and submarginal, first valvula often with distinctly delimited ventroapical sculpturing, second valvula usually without teeth, humpbacked dorsally, and concave ventrally.

Glossocratus Fieber

Glossocratus sp.

Remarks. From the figure (unidentified) given by Mahmood (1979) this genus is present in Pakistan. No information is given by Mahmood on examined specimens.

Hecalus Stål

H. erectus Naveed & Zhang

Hecalus erectus Naveed & Zhang, 2018d: 581, fig. 1A–H; pl. IA–C (Pakistan).

H. ghaurii Rao & Ramakrishnan

Fig. 8

Hecalus ghaurii Rao & Ramakrishnan, 1990b: 388, figs 1–11 (India); Naveed and Zhang 2018d: 584, fig. 2A–K; pl. ID–G (Pakistan).

H. muzaffarabadensis Naveed & Zhang

Hecalus muzaffarabadensis Naveed & Zhang, 2018d: 585, fig. 3A–D; pl. I, figs H–J (Pakistan).

H. prasinus (Matsumura)

Parabolocratus prasinus Matsumura, 1905: 48 (Japan); Morrison 1973: 417, figs 154–159 (Thailand); Mahmood 1979: 93 (Pakistan).

H. rawalakotensis Naveed & Zhang

Hecalus rawalakotensis Naveed & Zhang, 2019c: 596, figs 1A–I, 2A–D (Pakistan).

H. snipus Naveed and Zhang

Hecalus snipus Naveed & Zhang, 2018d: 386, fig. 4A–G; pl. II, figs A–C (Pakistan).

H. umballaensis Distant

Hecalus umballaensis Distant, 1908: 274; Morrison 1973: 431, fig. 190; Rao and Ramakrishnan 1990b: 390, figs 31–38 (India); Naveed and Zhang 2018d: 587, fig. 5A–I; pl. II, figs D–F (Pakistan).

H. veracious Naveed & Zhang

Hecalus veracious Naveed & Zhang, 2018d: 587, fig. 6A–H; pl. II, figs G–I (Pakistan).

Key to Hecalus species from Pakistan (male) modified from Naveed and Zhang (2018d) and Naveed et al. (2019c)

1	Greenish brown to dark in colouration on face and thorax	2
–	Yellowish green to pale yellow in colouration on face and thorax	3
2	Aedeagal shaft with long, leaf-like, pointed apical processes	*H. umballaensis*
–	Aedeagal shaft with short, truncate apical processes	*H. snipus*
3	Aedeagal shaft with subapical dorsal flares and bifurcated apical processes	*H. muzaffarabadensis*
–	Aedeagal shaft without apical bifurcated processes	4
4	Aedeagal shaft without lateral serrations	*H. ghaurii*
–	Aedeagal shaft with lateral serrations	5
5	Aedeagal shaft with lateral serrations throughout	*H. erectus*
–	Aedeagal shaft with lateral serrations limited to basal 2/3	6
6	Aedeagal shaft nearly parallel sided throughout length in dorsal view	*H. veracious*
–	Aedeagal shaft broad in basal half, narrowed apically in dorsal view	*H. rawalakotensis*

Linnavuoriella Evans

L. arcuata (Motschulsky)

Fig. 72

Platymetopius arcuatus : Motschulsky, 1859: 115.

Tetigonia kalidasa Kirkaldy, 1900: 294.

Parabolocratus citrinus Evans, 1941: 36.

Varta moshiensis Rao, 1973: 96 (India).

Hecalus arcuatus : Morrison 1973: 426.

Linnavuoriella arcuata : Hamilton 2000: 454; Catanach and Dietrich 2017; Naveed and Zhang 2019b: 619, fig. 2A–H (Pakistan); He et al. 2019: 267, figs 52–68 (China).

Thomsonia Signoret

T. porrecta (Walker)

Fig. 74

Acocephalus porrectus Walker, 1858: 362.

Platymetopius lineolatus Motschulsky, 1859: 114.

Hecalus kirschbaumii Stål, 1870: 737.

Thomsoniella albomaculata Distant, 1908: 278, fig. 178.

Parabolocratus merino Capco, 1959: 333.

Thomsoniella porrecta : Hamilton 2000: 454.

Thomsonia porrecta : He et al. 2019: 269, figs 69–85 (China).

Koebeliini Baker

Diagnosis. These are small to medium sized, yellow, light green or brown leafhoppers. They can be identified by the combination of following characters: ocelli distant from eyes, clypellus long, narrow and extending well beyond normal curve of gena, and metatarsomere I with platellae on plantar surface.

Pinopona Viraktamath & Sohi

P. minuta Viraktamath & Sohi

Pinopona minuta Viraktamath & Sohi, 1998: 114, figs 1–15 (India, Nepal).

Sohipona Ghauri & Viraktamath

S. webbi Ghauri & Viraktamath

Sohipona webbi Ghauri & Viraktamath, 1987: 50, figs 11–29 (Pakistan).

Limotettigini Baker

Diagnosis. These are small to medium sized ivory, greyish, or black leafhoppers, often with dark markings. They can be identified by the parallel-sided or tapering clypellus, pygofer dorsal margin with spine-like process and aedeagus articulated with plate-like “dorsal connective” at dorsal margin of socle.

Limotettix Sahlberg

Limotettix (Scleroracus) Van Duzee

L. (S.) cacheolus (Ball)

Fig. 14

Ophiola stratula var. cacheola Ball, 1928: 189.

Limotettix (Scleroracus) cacheolus: Oman 1947: 205; Hamilton 1994: 122; McKamey 2001: 705 (USA); Naveed and Zhang 2018f: 79, figs 15–26 (Pakistan).

Macrostelini Kirkaldy

Diagnosis. Macrostelini are small to medium sized, slender, often stramineous, yellow, or greenish leafhoppers, with or without dark markings. They can be identified by their long, slender shape, forewing with two anteapical cells, subgenital plates usually with membranous digitate apical lobe, and male pygofer macrosetae sometimes plumose.

Balclutha Kirkaldy

B. incisa (Matsumura)

Gnathodus incisa Matsumura, 1902: 360 (Japan).

Balclutha indica Pruthi, 1930: 48, pl. IV, figs 4, 4a, 4b, text figs 67, 68 (Eugnathodus), India. Synonymised by Knight 1987: 1206.

Balclutha incisa : Knight 1987: 1206, figs 138–145; Webb and Vilbaste 1994: 72, figs 10–17; Chiang 1996: 67, fig. 3; Dai, Li and Chen 2004: 749 (China); Naveed and Zhang 2018e: 259, fig. 2A–E (Pakistan).

B. punctata (Fabricius)

Fig. 12

Cicada punctata Fabricius, 1775: 687.

Balclutha punctata : Blocker 1967: 7; Knight 1987: 1188, figs 32–38; Webb and Vilbaste 1994: 64, figs 44–54; Chiang 1996: 64, fig. 2; Dai, Li and Chen 2004: 749 (China); Naveed and Zhang 2018e: 261, figs 1A–C, 2F–K (Pakistan).

B. pararubrostriata Rao & Ramakrishnan

Balclutha pararubrostriata Rao & Ramakrishnan, 1990a (India): 106; Webb and Vilbaste 1994: 64, fig. 130; Naveed and Zhang 2018e: 262, figs 1D–G, 3A–G (Pakistan).

B. rubrostriata (Melichar)

Gnathodus rubrostriatus Melichar, 1903: 208.

Balclutha rubrostriata : Knight 1987: 1211, figs 160–166; Webb and Vilbaste 1994: 66, figs 123–129; Chiang 1996: 69, fig. 5; Dai, Li and Chen 2004: 749 (China).

B. sujawalensis Ahmed

Balclutha sujawalensis Ahmed, 1986: 54, fig. 2 (Pakistan).

Balclutha knighti Rao & Ramakrishnan, 1990a: 106, figs 1–8 (India). Synonymised by Webb and Vilbaste 1994: 67, figs 55–60.

A. viridinervis Matsumura

Balclutha viridinervis Matsumura, 1914: 166; Knight 1987: 1190, figs 46–51; Webb and Vilbaste 1994: 69, figs 75–82; Khatri and Webb 2010: 13 (Pakistan).

Key to Pakistan species of Balclutha (male) modified from Naveed and Zhang (2018e)

1	Crown, pronotum and forewings with orange red longitudinal bands	2
–	Crown, pronotum and forewings without orange red longitudinal bands; aedeagus with basal processes	3
2	Pygofer with branches of posteroventral appendages only slightly divergent, extended posterad; distal part of aedeagal shaft distinctly curved in lateral view	*B. rubrostriata*
–	Pygofer with branches of posteroventral appendages widely divergent, one extended dorsad, the other ventrad; distal part of aedeagal shaft straight in lateral view	*B. pararubrostriata*
3	Sordid brown with brown markings (Fig. 12); aedeagal shaft short, C-shaped, curved dorsally and anteriorly to near level of basal apodeme	*B. punctata*
–	Yellowish green; aedeagal shaft not extending to near level of basal apodeme	4
4	Aedeagus with three or more pairs of processes, shaft not curved basally	*B. incisa*
–	Aedeagus without ventral processes, shaft curved basally	5
5	Aedeagus with basal apodeme finger-like in lateral aspect, shaft slightly sinuate apically	*B. viridinervis*
–	Aedeagus with basal apodeme not finger-like in lateral aspect, shaft not sinuate apically	*B. sujawalensis*

Cicadulina China

C. bipunctata (Melichar)

Gnathodus bipunctata Melichar, 1904: 47.

Cicadula bipunctella Matsumura, 1914: 173 (Taiwan).

Cicadulina bipunctata : Webb 1987a: 236; Webb 1987b: 694, figs 70–77; Naveed and Zhang 2018e: 269, fig. 8A–E (Pakistan).

C. chinai Ghauri

Cicadulina chinai Ghauri, 1964: 205 (India).

Cicadulina striata Ahmed, 1986: 57, fig. 4, syn. nov.

Cicadulina chinai : Naveed and Zhang 2018e: 269, figs 7A–C, 8F–M (Pakistan).

Remarks. Original figures of C. striata show similarity to C. chinai in the shape of the pygofer process and aedeagus in lateral view but the aedeagus in posterior view (if drawn correctly) is a bit narrower. Described from the holotype male and several paratypes from Gharo, Thatta district, Sindh province, Pakistan maize, 11.x.85, Ahmed (ZMUK); no type specimens could be found.

Key to Pakistan species of Cicadulina (male) modified from Naveed and Zhang 2018e)

1	Pygofer with slender, hook-like process ending in triangular apex	*C. bipunctata*
6	Pygofer with thick and sinuate process, bifurcate at apex	*C. chinai*

Macrosteles Fieber

M. indrina (Pruthi)

Figs 29, 64

Cicadula indrina Pruthi, 1930: 61–62, pl. V fig. 5, text figs 83–84. N (India).

Macrosteles indrina. New combintion by Khatri and Webb 2010: 14, fig. 17.

Macrosteles parafalcatus Naveed & Zhang, 2018e: 266, figs 5A–J, 6A–C (Pakistan), syn. nov.

Remarks. A re-examination of the material identified and figured as M. indrina by Khatri and Webb (2010) and original figures of M. parafalcatus shows that there is insufficient evidence to separate the two species. The two species differ only very slightly in the separation of the long apodemes of the second abdominal sternite (fig. 64). Other differences seen in their respective original figures, i.e., of the aedeagus and style, are due to differences of orientation. Therefore, we consider the two species to be synonyms.

M. shahidi Ahmad

Macrosteles shahidi Ahmed, 1986: 55, fig. 3 (Pakistan).

Remarks. The identity of this species is uncertain (see Khatri & Webb 2010: 14).

Mukariini Distant

Diagnosis. These are small to medium sized, often dorsoventrally depressed or ventrally flattened, brown, black, whitish, yellow, or green, leafhoppers, sometimes marked with orange or red. They can be identified by the produced head, often with frontoclypeus tumid distally, ventral part of face flat, lying nearly horizontally or concave, and ocelli distant from eyes.

Mukaria Distant

M. splendida Distant

Mukaria splendida Distant, 1908: 270 (India); Khatri and Webb 2011: 19, figs 3a–k (Pakistan); Viraktamath and Webb 2019, figs 3A–D, 5R–S, 7D, 10A–D, 13E–I, 27A–J (India).

Opsiini Emaljanov

Diagnosis. Opsiini are small to large, stramineous, yellow, green, or brown leafhoppers. They can be identified by the bifurcate aedeagus with two shafts and gonopores. Some Mukariini and Ascius (Scaphytopiini) have a similarly divided aedeagus but Opsiini lack the other characters that define those groups.

Hishimonus Ishihara

H. phycitis (Distant)

Figs 9, 44

Eutettix phycitis Distant, 1908: 363–364, fig. 231 (India).

Eutettix lugubris Distant, 1918: 60. Synonymised by Knight 1970: 128.

Hishimonus orientalis Emeljanov, 1969: 1102. Synonymised by Knight 1970: 128.

Hishimonus phycitis : Knight, 1970: 128–130, figs 10, 11, 13; Viraktamath and Murthy 2014: 114, figs 23–26, 161–176; Naveed and Zhang 2018j: 1805, figs 1A–B, 2A–J (Pakistan).

Masiripius Dlabola

M. lugubris (Distant)

Mahalana lugubris Distant, 1918: 64 (India).

Ziziphoides punctatus : Rao, 1967: 239, figs 1–6.

Masiripius lugubris : Webb and Godoy 1993: 424; Viraktamath and Murthy 1999: 44, 47, figs 27–39 (India).

Neoaliturus Distant

N. (Circulifer) tenellus (Baker)

Thamnotettix tenella Baker, 1896: 24.

Eutettix tenellus : Uzel 1911: 287.

Circulifer tenellus ambiguosus Young & Frazier, 1954: 34, fig. 3.

Neoaliturus tenellus : Nast 1972: 331.

Neoaliturus (Circulifer) tenellus Mozaffarian & Wilson, 2016: 24 (Iran).

N. (Circulifer) opacipennis (Lethierry)

Cicadula opacipennis Lethierry, 1876: 83.

Cicadula vittiventris Lethierry, 1876: 84.

Cicadula nausharensis Pruthi, 1936: 113–114, fig. 127, pl. VIII, fig. 15 (Pakistan). Synonymised by Bindra et al. 1970: 664, figs 1–11.

Neoaliturus opacipennis : Mozaffarian and Wilson 2016: 24 (Iran).

Key to Pakistan species of Neoaliturus (male)

1	Subgenital plates widely truncated (Fig. 69)	N. (C.) tenellus
–	Subgenital plates acuminate (Fig. 70)	N. (C.) opacipennis

Opsius Fieber

O. smaragdinus (Distant)

Eutettix smaragdinus Distant, 1908: 364 (India).

Cestius triradiatus Ahmed & Sultana, 1994: 129, fig. 2 (Pakistan).

Opsius smaragdinus : Khatri and Webb 2010: 6.

O. versicolor (Distant)

Cestius versicolor Distant, 1908: 310, fig. 198 (India).

Opsius dissimilis Vilbaste, 1961: 43.

Cestius sakroensis Ahmed & Sultana, 1994: 126, fig. 1 (Pakistan). Synonymised by Khatri and Webb 2010: 6.

Opsius versicolor : El-Sonbati et al. 2020: 8, figs 13–18, 32–34, 47–49, 65–69.

Key to Pakistan species of Opsius (male)

1	Aedeagal shaft with ventral process directed away from aedeagal shaft dorsally	*O. versicolor*
–	Aedeagal shaft with ventral process close to aedeagal shaft dorsally	*O. smaragdinus*

Orosius Distant

O. aegypticus Ghauri

Fig. 10

Orosius aegypticus Ghauri, 1966: 251, fig. 11 (Egypt).

O. albicinctus Distant

Orosius albicinctus Distant, 1918: 85 (India); Ghauri 1966: 236–239, fig. 3.

Key to Pakistan species of Orosius (male)

1	Aedeagal base bulbous	*O. aegypticus*
–	Aedeagal base not bulbous	*O. albicinctus*

Paralimnini Distant

Diagnosis. These are small to medium sized leafhoppers. They can be identified by the combination of the following characters: clypellus tapering apically or parallel-sided, lorum narrower than clypellus at base; connective with anterior arms closely appressed, articulated with aedeagus; female first valvula sculpturing imbricate or rarely maculate or granulose. The tribe is very similar morphologically to the closely related Deltocephalini, from which it can be distinguished by the articulation between the connective and aedeagus (fused in Deltocephalini), although a few species of Flexamia (Paralimnini) have the connective fused to the aedeagus.

Remarks. Khatri and Rustamani (2011) pointed out that the paralimnine Hengchunia pakistanica Asche and Webb (1994) was erroneously recorded from Pakistan as it is known from the Indian state of Gujarat (spelt as Gudjarat).

Changwhania Kwon

C. ceylonensis (Baker)

Deltocephalus bimaculatus Melichar, 1903: 204 (Sri Lanka); Kuoh 1966: 128 (China).

Deltocephalus ceylonensis Baker, 1925: 537. Replacement name for Deltocephalus bimaculatus Melichar.

Cicadula bipunctatus Pruthi, 1930:59, pl. V, fig. 3 (India). Synonymised by Webb and Heller 1990: 8.

Changwhania changwhani Kwon, 1980: 99, figs 1–8 (Korea). Synonymised by Webb and Heller 1990: 8.

Changwhania ceylonensis : Webb and Heller 1990: 452; Zhang et al. 2009: 22 (China); Naveed and Zhang 2018f: 77, figs 1–14 (Pakistan).

C. terauchii (Matsumura)

Fig. 18

Aconura terauchii Matsumura, 1915: 163, Table 1, fig. 8; Matsumura 1931: 1250; Esaki and Ito 1954: 175.

Changwhania terauchii Kwon, 1980: 97–99, figs 1 (1–3), 2 (1–8) (Korea); Webb and Heller 1990: 452; Cai, Sun and Jiang 2001: 93; Zhang et al. 2009: 21 (China); Naveed and Zhang 2019b: 619, fig. 1 A–I (Pakistan).

Key to species of Changwhania from Pakistan (male) modified from Naveed et al. (2019b)

1	Crown with pair of round black anterior markings; aedeagus with subapical processes and truncate apex	*C. terauchii*
–	Crown with pair of oval black anterior markings; aedeagus with apical processes and apically rounded	*C. ceylonensis*

Jilinga Ghauri

J. gopii (Pruthi)

Deltocephalus gopii Pruthi, 1936: 127, pl. IX, fig. 9, text fig. 138 (Pakistan).

Jilinga gopii (Pruthi), comb. nov. by Webb & Heller, 1990: 8; Webb and Viraktamath 2009: 34; Khatri and Webb 2010: 15.

J. neelumensis Naveed & Zhang

Jilinga neelumensis Naveed & Zhang, 2018g: 569, figs 1A–C, 3A–H, 4A–B (Pakistan).

J. truncata Naveed & Zhang

Fig. 20

Jilinga truncata Naveed & Zhang, 2018g: 571, figs 1D–F, 2A–C, 5A–I (Pakistan).

Key to Jilinga species of Pakistan (male) modified from Naveed and Zhang 2018g

1	Anal tube ventral processes with fused section longer than distal branches, branches with only small denticuli present; aedeagal shaft broad in posterior view, no more than three times longer than wide	*J. gopii*
–	Anal tube ventral processes with fused section shorter than distal branches, branches with large teeth; aedeagal shaft narrow in posterior view, more than four times longer than wide	2
2	Dorsal connective less than twice as wide as distance between dorsal and ventral arms; anal tube appendage ventral branches with smaller teeth evenly distributed between pair of large teeth in posterior view	*J. neelumensis*
–	Dorsal connective more than twice as wide as distance between dorsal and ventral arms; anal tube appendage ventral branches with smaller teeth concentrated on large medial tooth	*J. truncata*

Paralimnellus Emeljanov

P. cingulatus (Dlabola)

Figs 19, 35

Paralimnus cingulatus Dlabola, 1960: 2.

Paralimnus (Bubulcus) cingulatus Dlabola, 1961: 320.

Paralimnellus cingulatus : Emeljanov 1972: 107.

Bubulcus cingulatus : Hamilton 1975: 487; Webb and Heller 1990: 8.

Paralimnus (Dlabolasia) cingulatus: Nemesio 2007: 143.

Paralimnellus cingulatus : Xing and Li 2011: 54–56, figs 1–11 (China); Naveed and Zhang 2019b: 619, fig. 3A–J (Pakistan).

Psammotettix Haupt

P. emarginata Singh

Psammotettix emarginata Singh, 1969: 356, figs 51–55 (India).

Psammotettix swatensis Ahmed, 1986: 52, fig. 1.

Psammotettix quettensis Ara & Ahmed, 1988: 292, fig. 2.

Psammotettix emarginata : Khatri and Webb 2010: 15, pl. 2f; figs 18, 19 (Pakistan).

Soractellus Evans

S. nigrominutus Evans

Fig. 21

Soractellus nigrominutus Evans, 1966: 225–226, fig. 35H (Australia); Chalam and Subba Rao 2005: 234, figs 6–10 (India); Stiller 1988 (Africa); Xing and Li 2014: 298; Naveed and Zhang 2018k: 596 (Pakistan); Webb et al. 2019: 586, figs 1–5.

Soractellus jianfengensis Xing & Li, 2014: 297–300, figs 1–14, (China). Synonymised by Webb et al. 2019.

Soractellus lalianensis Naveed & Zhang, 2018k: 595–599 (Pakistan). Synonymised by Webb et al. 2019.

Penthimiini Kirschbaum

Diagnosis. Penthimiini are small to medium, squat, robust, often black or brown leafhoppers; often with ventral part of face and/or entire ventral side flattened and dorsal side convex. They can be identified by the ocelli on crown and often distant from eyes, strong antennal ledge, dorsally flattened and carinate protibia, and forewing with appendix large and extending around wing apex.

Neodartus Melichar

N. acocephaloides Melichar

Fig. 2

Neodartus acocephaloides Melichar, 1903: 163; Distant 1908: 246, fig. 155; Distant 1918: 25; Rao 1993: 81–82 (India).

Penthimia Germar

P. compacta Walker

Penthimia compacta Walker, 1851: 842; Distant 1908: 242; Shobharani et al. 2018: 7, figs 5–9, 42, 56–60, 62, 69, 79–92, 172–175, 210–223 (India).

Penthimia subniger Distant, 1908: 243–244, fig. 154.

Penthimia scapularis Distant, 1908: 244.

Penthimia maculosa Distant, 1908: 244–245, in part.

Scaphoideini Oman

Diagnosis. Scaphoideini, following Zhaniser and Dietrich (2013: 148), is a rather poorly defined tribe. It was defined by these authors in the following way (with wording from their key to tribes in square brackets and added characters from Viraktamath and Yeshwanth (2020) in bold): “None of the following characters are present in all taxa, but some combination of [most of] these characters is present in all and a few (*) appear to be unique to this tribe: head narrower than pronotum, produced; genae sometimes wide and visible dorsally; frontoclypeus long and narrow; antennae long [longer than width of head]; body slender; head and wings often with brown, orange, ochraceous, or ivory markings; forewing with one or more darkly pigmented reflexed veins in vicinity of outer anteapical cell; profemur row AV setae absent or reduced (without stout setae); metatibia macrosetae in row PD long, as long as or longer than 0.5x length of protibia*; male or female pygofer with dense tufts of long fine or regular [macro] setae*; subgenital plate apex membranous or long, digitate, and somewhat membranous or weakly sclerotised; subgenital plates with long fine setae laterally and/or dorsally (also occurs in other deltocephaline tribes); basal processes of aedeagus or connective sometimes present, connected or articulated to base of aedeagus or apex of connective stem; aedeagus sometimes fused to connective”. The last mentioned character is found in Sikhamani Viraktamath and Webb and Thryaksha Viraktamath and Murthy.

Bampurius Dlabola

B. pakistanicus Khatri & Webb

Bampurius pakistanicus Khatri & Webb, 2010: 18, pl. 1a; figs 1, 2 (Pakistan).

Grammacephalus Haupt

G. genoicus Dlabola

Grammacephalus genoicus Dlabola, 1984: 52; Khatri and Webb 2010: 16, pl. 2g; fig. 22 (Pakistan).

G. indicus Viraktamath & Murthy

Grammacephalus indicus Viraktamath & Anantha Murthy, 1999: 42 (india); Khatri and Webb 2010: 16, pl. 2h; figs 20–21; Naveed and Zhang 2018h: 1816, fig. 1A–I (Pakistan).

G. pallidus Linnavuori

Grammacephalus pallidus Linnavuori, 1978: 479; Viraktamath 1981: 8, figs 10–17 (Indicus); Khatri and Webb 2010: 16, pl. 2i; fig. 23 (Pakistan).

G. punjabensis Shah & Duan

Grammacephalus punjabensis Shah & Duan, 2019: 82, figs 11, 12 (Pakistan).

G. rahmani (Pruthi)

Platymetopius rahmani Pruthi, 1930: 33, pl. III, figs 2, 2a, text figs 45–46 (Pakistan, India).

Grammacephalus rahmani (Pruthi, 1930: 33), Mahmood 1979; Viraktamath 1981: 7, figs 1–9; Khatri and Webb 2010: 16.

G. raunoi Viraktamath

Figs 15, 33

Grammacephalus raunoi Viraktamath, 1981: 9, figs 30–36 (India); Naveed and Zhang 2018h: 1816, fig. 2A–J (Pakistan).

Key to species of Grammacephalus from Pakistan (male) modified from Naveed and Zhang (2018h)

1	Male pygofer process absent	*G. genoicus*
–	Male pygofer process present	2
2	Pygofer process with an appendage; aedeagal shaft with median expansion laterally	*G. raunoi*
–	Pygofer process without appendage; aedeagal shaft without median expansion laterally	3
3	Pygofer process with bifurcated apex	*G. punjabensis*
–	Pygofer process without bifurcated apex	4
4	Aedeagal shaft tubular	*G. rahmani*
–	Aedeagal shaft not tubular	5
5	Aedeagal shaft strongly reflexed basally, rather incrassate	*G. pallidus*
–	Aedeagal shaft not strongly reflexed basally, not incrassate	*G. indicus*

Monobazus Distant

M. dissimilis (Distant)

Xestocephalus dissimilis Distant, 1918: 55 (India).

Deltocephalus fuscovarius Distant, 1918: 83. Synonymised by Webb and Viraktamth 2009: 29

Monobazus dissimilis : Khatri and Webb 2010: 7, pl. 1d; fig. 4 (Pakistan).

Neolimnus Linnavuori

N. egyptiacus (Matsumura)

Fig. 16

Scaphoideus egyptiacus Matsumura, 1908: 29.

Neolimnus egyptiacus Linnavuori, 1953: 114; Khatri and Webb 2010: 7, pl. 1c; fig. 7.

Scaphoideus karachiensis Ahmed et al., 1988: 410 (Pakistan). Synonymised by Khatri and Webb 2010: 7.

Osbornellus (Mavromoustaca) Dlabola

O. (M.) macchiae Lindberg

Circulifer macchiae Lindberg, 1948: 160.

Osbornellus (Mavromoustaca) consanguineus Dlabola, 1967: 38. Synonymised by Kartel 1982: 27.

Osbornellus (Mavromoustaca) macchiae Khatri & Webb, 2010: 8, pl. 1e; fig. 3 (Pakistan).

Phlogotettix Ribaut

P. indicus Rao

Fig. 75

Phlogotettix indicus Rao, 1989: 77; Meshram et al. 2015: 234, figs 22–36 (India).

Scaphoideus Uhler

S. harlani Kitbamroong & Freytag

Fig. 17, 55

Scaphoideus harlani Kitbamroong & Freytag, 1978: 11; Khatri and Webb 2010: 8, pl. 1f; fig. 8 (Pakistan).

Stenometopiini Baker

Diagnosis. These are small to medium sized, rarely brightly coloured but iridescent leafhoppers when alive. They can be identified by the narrow crown, shagreen texture of crown, clypellus parallel-sided or tapering apically, forewings often submacropterous to brachypterous, male pygofer sloping caudoventrally and with few macrosetae and often with a distinct lateral tooth, female ovipositor protruding far beyond the pygofer apex, first valvula dorsal sculpturing granulose to maculate and submarginal, first valvula with distinctly delimited ventroapical sculpturing, and second valvula without dorsal teeth.

Stirellus Osborn & Ball

S. kumratensis Naveed & Zhang

Stirellus kumratensis Naveed & Zhang, 2020b: 481, figs 5, 6, 9–15 (Pakistan).

S. lahorensis (Distant)

Fig. 54

Volusenus lahorensis Distant, 1918: 72 (Pakistan).

Stirellus peshawarensis Mahmood, Sultana & Waheed, 1972: 80. Synonymised by Khatri and Webb 2010.

Paternus jhokensis Ahmed & Aziz, 1988: 805. Synonymised by Khatri and Webb 2010.

Stirellus lahorensis : Khatri and Webb 2010: 17, pl. 2j; fig. 24; Naveed and Zhang 2020b: 480, figs 1, 2 (Pakistan).

S. mankiensis Shah & Duan

Figs 24, 32

Stirellus mankiensis Shah & Duan, 2020a: 198, figs 9, 10 (Pakistan).

S. neoconvexus Naveed & Zhang

Stirellus neoconvexus Naveed & Zhang, 2020b: 481, figs 7, 8, 16–20 (Pakistan).

S. thattaensis Mahmood, Sultana & Waheed

Fig. 63

Stirellus thattaensis Mahmood, Sultana & Waheed, 1972: 82, fig. 2 (Pakistan).

S. viridulus (Pruthi)

Fig. 71

Paternus viridula Pruthi, 1930: 42, pl. IV, figs 1, 1a, text figs 57–59 (India).

Paternus viridulus Metcalf, 1967a: 2350.

Stirellus viridulus : Khatri and Webb 2010: 1–47; Naveed and Zhang 2020b: 481, figs 3, 4 (Pakistan).

S. tolla (Pruthi)

Aconura tolla Pruthi, 1930: 39, pl. III, figs 7, 7a, text fig. 54 (India); Shah and Duan 2020a: 196, figs 6–8 (Pakistan).

Key to species of the genus Stirellus from Pakistan (male) modified from Shah et al. (2020)

1	Crown 1.5 × longer than breadth between eyes	*S. lahorensis*
–	Crown less than 1.5 × or equal to breadth between eyes	2
2	Species yellowish green in colour	3
–	Species ochraceous to brownish in colour	5
3	Crown anterior margin very slightly angulate	*S. tolla*
–	Crown anterior margin acutely angled	4
4	Male pygofer long, with rounded apex (Fig. 71)	*S. viridulus*
–	Male pygofer short with pointed apex (Fig. 63)	*S. thattaensis*
5	Subgenital plate with macrosetae uniseriate laterally	*S. kumratensis*
–	Subgenital plate with macrosetae not uniseriate laterally	6
6	Connective stem shorter than anterior arms, aedeagal shaft with blunt apex	*S. neoconvexus*
–	Connective stem longer than anterior arms, aedeagal shaft with pointed apex	*S. mankiensis*

Vartini Zahniser & Dietrich

Diagnosis. Vartini are medium sized to large, somewhat elongate, greenish or bluish leafhoppers, usually with red or orange longitudinal stripes. They can be identified by the produced and pointed head, gena visible behind eye in dorsal view, elongate frontoclypeus, lorum distant from genal margin, profemur intercalary row setae thick and extending to or beyond middle of profemur, forewings truncate apically, apodemes of male sternite II long, subrectangular, flared apically, and pointed posterolaterally, connective with anterior arms appressed, and male segment X tube-like and protruding from pygofer and often well sclerotised.

Varta Distant

V. rubrofasciata Distant

Varta rubrofasciata Distant, 1908: 321, fig. 205 (India); Viraktamath 2004: 13, figs 33, 49, 50 (India, Taiwan).

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to John Richard Schrock from Emporia State University, USA for revising the manuscript. This study is supported by the key scientific research project of university-level discipline construction of Leshan Normal University (LZD029), National Natural Science Foundation of China (31420103911, 31672339) and the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2015FY210300).

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