A small Oriental and East Palaearctic genus in terms of species richness; hosts are unknown for all species. Species of Separatatus can be identified with the key by Yao et al. (2018a), and those of Parabobekoides with the key below.

Figures 1–4. 

Separatatus yinshani Zhang & van Achterberg, sp. nov., ♀, holotype 1 habitus, lateral aspect 2 apex of ovipositor, lateral aspect 3 antenna 4 middle tarsus and outer claw, lateral aspect.

Separatatus (Parabobekoides) yinshani Zhang & van Achterberg, sp. nov. Gender: masculine.

Propodeal areola reduced anteriorly (Figs 8, 9, 21); setose part of ovipositor sheath distinctly longer than metasoma and 0.6–0.7× as long as fore wing (Fig. 1); upper valve of ovipositor flattened apically (Fig. 2). Superficially, the new subgenus is very similar to Bobekoides van Achterberg and shares the derived shape of the upper valve of the ovipositor, but differs by the semicircular clypeus (Fig. 12; acute and triangular in Bobekoides), vein r-m of the fore wing nearly straight and angle with vein 2-M about 90° (Figs 1, 5, 17, 20; distinctly inclivous and angle distinctly less than 90° in Bobekoides), the transverse head in dorsal view (Fig. 8; more square in Bobekoides), the basally widened and more or less differentiated vein 1-R1 (narrow and not differentiated in Bobekoides), the distinct sexual dimorphism of the fore wing venation (Fig. 20; absent in Bobekoides), the posteriorly wide propodeal areola (Fig. 21; narrow in Bobekoides) and the mandible less massively enlarged dorsally , its dorsal tooth somewhat wider than second (= middle) tooth (Fig. 15; strongly enlarged dorsally, dorsal tooth much wider than second tooth in Bobekoides).

Figures 5–16. 

Separatatus yinshani Zhang & van Achterberg sp. nov., ♀, holotype 5 fore wing 6 hind wing 7 mesosoma, lateral aspect 8 head and mesosoma, dorsal aspect 9 propodeum, first–third metasomal tergites, dorsal aspect 10 basal antennal segments 11 apical antennal segments 12 head, anterior aspect 13 head, dorsal aspect 14 head, lateral aspect 15 mandible, full view of third tooth 16 mandible, full view of first tooth.

China (Hubei, Shaanxi).

“Para” is Greek for “beside, near, by” and the generic name Bobekoides, because it is similar to this genus.

Key to species of subgenus Parabobekoides, subg. nov

1	Antenna of ♀ with ca 47 segments and 1.7× longer than fore wing; face transversely rugose laterally; mesoscutum largely blackish brown; striae of second tergite partly distinctly oblique	S. (P.) sinicus (Zheng, Chen & Yang, 2013)
_	Antenna of ♀ with 31–33 segments and 1.3–1.4× longer than fore wing (of ♂ up to 1.5×); face smooth laterally, remainder largely superficially rugulose (Figs 12, 18); mesoscutum yellowish brown; striae of second tergite largely longitudinal or nearly so (Figs 9, 21)	S. (P.) yinshani Zhang & van Achterberg, sp. nov.

Figures 17–19. 

Separatatus yinshani Zhang & van Achterberg sp. nov., ♂, paratype 17 habitus, lateral aspect 18 head, anterior aspect 19 genitalia, ventral aspect.

Holotype : ♀ (NWUX), “NW. China: Shaanxi, Luonan, Shangluo, 34.03N, 110.10E, 9.vii.–9.ix.2017, alt. 1006 m, B[lack] Mal[aise] trap, Tan Jiangli, NWUX”. Paratypes: 5 ♂ + 1 ♀ (NWUX, RMNH), same data.

Antenna of ♀ with 31–33 segments and 1.3–1.4× longer than fore wing; face smooth laterally and remainder largely superficially rugulose (Figs 12, 18, 24); mesoscutum yellowish brown; vein r of fore wing 0.3 × as long as vein 3-SR and 0.5–0.6 (♀) – 0.7 (♂) × width of pterostigma (Figs 1, 5, 17, 20); striae of second tergite largely longitudinal or nearly so (Figs 9, 21); setose part of ovipositor sheath approx. 0.7× as long as fore wing and nearly twice as long as hind tibia (Fig. 1).

Holotype, ♀, length of body 2.6 mm, of fore wing 2.8 mm.

Head : Moderately transverse and shiny, slightly concave posteriorly (Fig. 8), width of head 1.8× its lateral length; antenna with 31 segments and 1.4× longer than fore wing, segments with long bristly setae, third segment 0.8× as long as fourth segment and 1.3× wider than fourth segment in lateral view, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 2.4, 4.0 and 2.8× their width, respectively (Figs 10, 11); length of maxillary palp 1.3× height of head; eye in dorsal view 1.5× as long as temple (Fig. 8); frons depressed in front of anterior ocellus and with shallow reversed V-shaped depression anteriorly (Fig. 13); vertex convex and very sparsely setose; OOL: diameter of ocellus: POL = 15:4:5; face 2.1× wider than high, largely smooth laterally and dorsally, superficially rugulose medially but with longitudinal convex median area smooth (Fig. 12); clypeus 2.2× wider than high, protruding, semicircular and nearly truncate medio-ventrally (Fig. 12); malar space virtually absent; mandible moderately widened dorsally and ventrally sinuate, dorsal tooth large and lobe-shaped, similar to ventral tooth and with minute ventral protuberance, middle tooth curved and robust; medial length of mandible 1.5× its maximum width (Figs 14–16).

Mesosoma : Length of mesosoma 1.5× its height; mesoscutum with lateral carina in front of tegulum distinct (Fig. 7); pronotal sides smooth except for oblique carina anteriorly; epicnemial area widely depressed and partly crenulate (Fig. 7); precoxal sulcus very wide, oblique, coarsely crenulate, up to anterior depression but absent posteriorly (except short depression above middle coxa; Fig. 7); remainder of mesopleuron smooth and largely glabrous; pleural sulcus narrowly crenulate; episternal scrobe medium-sized and oblique; metapleuron largely smooth but with some coarse carinae posteriorly, with long setae and rather small pit anteriorly; pronope medium-sized compared to length of pronotum and nearly round (Fig. 8); notauli crenulate and wide, but only anteriorly impressed on disc; medio-posterior depression of mesoscutum long and deep, finely crenulate and up to level of notauli (Fig. 8); mesoscutum strongly shiny and smooth, with some setae anteriorly and posteriorly of notauli; scutellar sulcus deep and wide, with 5 carinae and 3× wider than its maximum length; scutellum rather convex and smooth, sparsely setose (Fig. 8; metanotum hardly protruding medio-posteriorly and only anterior half with median carina; medio-longitudinal carina of propodeum medium-sized, connected to (partly double) curved carina and areola incomplete, only posteriorly with pair of curved carinae and laterally crenulate, remainder largely smooth (Figs 8, 9).

Wings (Figs 1, 5, 6): Pterostigma elliptical, rather swollen, apically differentiated from widened basal part of 1-R1; vein r 0.6× width of pterostigma; r: 3-SR:SR1 = 5:19:52; SR1 straight and 2-SR curved posteriorly; cu-a subinterstitial, short; 3-CU1 much longer than CU1b; 2-SR: 3-SR: r-m = 19:19:11; m-cu postfurcal, strongly converging to 1-M posteriorly; first subdiscal cell 2.7× as long as wide; M+CU1 largely sclerotized. Hind wing: M+CU: 1-M: 1r-m = 23:17:10; m-cu faintly indicated.

Legs : Hind coxa smooth; tarsal claws rather robust and shorter than arolium (Fig. 4); length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 5.3, 11.2 and 4.4 × their width, respectively; hind leg rather conspicuously setose.

Metasoma : Length of first tergite equal to its apical width, its surface largely coarsely longitudinally striate (but striae partly converging posteriorly), its dorsal carinae widely separated (Fig. 9); dorsope distinct, medium-sized (Fig. 9); second tergite entirely coarsely longitudinally striate; third tergite smooth and in lateral view distinctly convex (Fig. 1); setose part of ovipositor sheath with rather short and dense setae, 0.61× as long as fore wing (total visible sheath (including glabrous band-shaped part) 0.68×), 1.5× metasoma, 3.2× first tergite and 1.7× as long as hind tibia; hypopygium acute apically and weakly sclerotized.

Colour : Brownish yellow; mandible, palpi, tegulum, humeral plate and legs (but hind tibia (except basally) and tarsus infuscate) pale yellowish or ivory; antenna (except 3 basal segments), mesosternum largely, scutellum laterally and posteriorly and ovipositor sheath dark brown; pterostigma (except pale yellowish apex) and most veins brown; second and third tergites slightly darkened; wing membrane subhyaline.

Variation : The wing venation of males show distinct sexual dimorphism (Figs 17, 20), the pterostigma is enlarged and apically distinctly differentiated from the strongly widened basal part of vein 1-R1. Additionally, veins 3-SR, 2-M, and SR1 of fore wing are widened. The body length of females is 2.5–3.0 mm and, of males, 2.6–2.8 mm; the length of the fore wing of females is 2.8–3.0 mm and, of males, 2.7–3.0 mm; the antennal segments of females is 31(1), 33(1) and, of males, 29(1), 31(2), 32(1), and 33(1); the antenna is 1.3–1.5× as long as the fore wing. The setose part of the ovipositor sheath is 0.61–0.63× as long as the fore wing. The mesosternum is brownish yellow or largely dark brown, and up to basal third of the antenna may be brownish yellow or brown.

Named after the father of one of the co-authors (RNZ) in recognition of his support for many years.

Figures 20–25. 

Separatatus yinshani Zhang & van Achterberg sp. nov., ♂, paratype 20 wings 21 propodeum, first–third metasomal tergites, dorsal aspect 22 basal antennal segments 23 apical antennal segments 24 head, anterior aspect 25 head, lateral aspect.

A small genus with species from the Palaearctic and Afrotropical regions of which the type species and only named Palaearctic species has been reared from Agromyzidae (Yu et al. 2016). One of us (CvA) has seen Afrotropical specimens (RMNH) reared from mining Muscidae (Atherigona sp.). Unfortunately, host specimens were not retained and no additional data exists on how the specimens were reared.

As indicated by van Achterberg (1998), the genus Symphanes Foerster, 1863, is morphologically heterogeneous and does not belong to the Bobekia-group. Also, Bobekia is a separate genus from Symphanes. Symphanes is excluded because of the absence of a distinct dorsope in the first metasomal tergite (distinctly developed in Bobekia), tarsal claws angulate (evenly curved in Bobekia), first subdiscal cell of fore wing narrowly open (closed in Bobekia), and third antennal segment slightly longer than fourth segment (slightly shorter in Bobekia). Neosymphanes is a junior synonym of Bobekia because they share the same type species, Bobekia montana Niezabitowski, 1910, which was synonymized with Alysia striolata Thomson, 1895 by Fischer (1974). The differences between the types of B. montana and A. striolata are minimal: the ovipositor sheath is more retracted in A. striolata and vein 3-CU1 of the fore wing is distinctly longer than CU1b in B. montana (Fig. 36) and about equal in A. striolata.

Figures 26–39. 

Bobekia montana Niezabitowski, ♀, holotype 26 wings 27 first–third metasomal tergites, dorsal aspect 28 head, dorsal aspect 29 mesosoma, dorsal aspect 30 hind leg 31 head, anterior aspect 32 mandible, full view of third tooth (fourth tooth arrowed) 33 outer hind claw, lateral aspect 34 basal antennal segments 35 apical antennal segment 36 detail of first subdiscal cell of fore wing 37 antenna 38 habitus, lateral aspect 39 mandible, full view of first tooth.

A genus with a few species in the Afrotropical region. The biology is unknown. See van Achterberg (1998) for a key to species; see Separatatus for the Chinese species.

Figures 40–52. 

Bobekoides fulvus van Achterberg, ♀, holotype 40 wings 41 mandible, full view of third tooth (fourth tooth arrowed) 42 mandible, full view of first tooth 43 head, anterior aspect 44 hind leg 45 antenna 46 mesosoma, dorsal aspect 47 head, dorsal aspect 48 outer hind claw, lateral aspect 49 basal antennal segments 50 habitus, lateral aspect 51 first–third metasomal tergites, dorsal aspect 52 apical antennal segments.

The main characters are the medial position of vein r at the pterostigma and the aberrant venation of the fore wing in males (Fig. 53), which is unknown in other genera. Only two Afrotropical species are known. For their identification, see the key by Fischer (1999). So far, no males are known in China with similar venation, but Chinese male Separatatus with aberrant venation (Figs 17, 20) are known. Therefore, Wharton’s (2002) reference to Taiwanese specimens with widened veins probably refers to a species of Separatatus. The biology is unknown.

Figures 53–64. 

Hovalysia seyrigi Granger, ♂, holotype 53 wings 54 hind leg 55 head, dorsal aspect 56 outer hind claw, lateral aspect 57 mandible, full view of first tooth 58 head, anterior aspect 59 first–third metasomal tergites, dorsal aspect 60 mandible, full view of third tooth (fourth tooth arrowed) 61 mesosoma, dorsal aspect 62 apical antennal segments 63 antenna 64 habitus, lateral aspect.

A rather small Palaearctic and Oriental genus, of which the biology is unknown. Wharton (2002) included it in his generic key for Australia, suggesting its occurrence in the Australasian region. Hylcalosia species show several apomorphic character states within the Bobekia-group, as expressed by the shape of the clypeus, mandible (especially in the type species; Fig. 74), and metasoma (more or less carapace-like; Fig. 78). Identification keys to species were given by Zhu et al. (2018) and Yao et al. (2019).

Figures 65–78. 

Hylcalosia ruficeps (Cameron), ♂, holotype 65 wings 66 first–third metasomal tergites, dorsal aspect 67 head, dorsal aspect 68 mesosoma, dorsal aspect 69 hind leg 70 head, anterior aspect 71 mandible, full view of first tooth 72 fore tibia and tarsus 73 basal antennal segments 74 mandible, full view of third and fourth teeth 75 clypeus lateral aspect 76 antenna 77 outer fore claw, lateral aspect 78 habitus, lateral aspect.

Phasmidiasta ecuadorensis Fischer, 2006.

Third antennal segment shorter than fourth segment and slender (Fig. 91); mandible strongly widened apically, with minute ventral lobe and no oblique ventral carina, with 3 large teeth, middle tooth much smaller than upper tooth, upper tooth without dorso-apical protuberance, ventral margin straight but near third lobe-shaped tooth with minute lobe (Figs 85, 90); clypeus obtuse ventrally, semicircular (Figs 85, 87, 90); face normally convex and not protruding medially (Figs 87, 89); pronope deep and medium-sized (Fig. 88); precoxal sulcus wide and coarsely crenulate medially; vein 2-SR of fore wing straight posteriorly (Fig. 79); vein r of fore wing issued behind medially from pterostigma and pterostigma parallel-sided to narrow elliptical (Fig. 79); vein CU1b of fore wing distinctly shorter than vein 3-CU1 and vein CU1a distinctly below level of vein CU1 (Fig. 79); first subdiscal cell of fore wing closed distally and moderately wide (Fig. 79); vein M+CU of hind wing distinctly shorter than vein 1-M (Fig. 80); first metasomal tergite with distinct dorsope; second tergite distinctly striate basally (Fig. 83) and third tergite smooth; shape of ovipositor and length of ovipositor sheath unknown (only ♂ known).

Figures 79–91. 

Neodiasta ecuadorensis (Fischer), ♂, holotype 79 fore wing 80 hind wing 81 mesosoma, lateral aspect 82 mesosoma, dorsal aspect 83 propodeum, first–third metasomal tergites, dorsal aspect 84 hind leg 85 mandible, full view of first tooth 86 outer hind claw 87 head, anterior aspect 88 head, dorsal aspect 89 head, lateral aspect 90 mandible, full view of third tooth 91 basal antennal segments.

Neotropical (one species).

The biology of the only known specimen (the male holotype from Ecuador) is unknown. The types species does not fit in Phasmidiasta because the precoxal sulcus is present and coarsely crenulate (absent in Phasmidiasta), the face is medially not protruding (distinctly protruding in Phasmidiasta), vein SR1 of the fore wing about as long as vein 3-SR (about 4× as long in Phasmidiasta), vein M+CU of the hind wing is distinctly shorter than vein 1-M (longer than vein 1-M in Phasmidiasta), mandible without oblique carina connected to third tooth (present in Phasmidiasta), and the pterostigma is parallel-sided to narrowly elliptical (moderately widely elliptical to triangular in Phasmidiasta).

Name derived from a combination of “neo” (Greek for “new”) and the generic name Phasmidiasta, because it occurs in the Neotropical region and was formerly included in Phasmidiasta. Gender: feminine.

Holotype : ♂ (BZL), “Ecuador: Tungurahua prov., Banos, 14.ii.2002, 1500 m, M. Halada”, “♂ Holotype: Phasmidiasta ecuadorensis sp. nov., M. Fischer, det. 2005”.

See genus diagnosis.

Holotype, ♂, length of body 4.3 mm, of fore wing 4.3 mm.

Head : Head moderately transverse and shiny, concave posteriorly (Fig. 88), width of head 1.8× its lateral length; antenna incomplete, 27 segments remaining and segments with long bristly setae, third segment 0.8× as long as fourth segment and 1.2× wider than fourth segment in lateral view, length of third and fourth segments 2.7 and 4.2× their width, respectively (Fig. 91); length of maxillary palp 1.8× height of head; eye in dorsal view 1.6× as long as temple (Fig. 88); frons largely flat in front of anterior ocellus and only behind antennal sockets with narrow depression (Fig. 88); vertex convex and very sparsely setose; OOL: diameter of ocellus: POL= 9:2:2; face 2.4 × wider than high, largely striate laterally, largely smooth medio-dorsally, moderately convex and with longitudinal convex median area (Fig. 87); clypeus 1.3× wider than high, protruding, semicircular and nearly truncate medio-ventrally (Fig. 87); malar space virtually absent; mandible strongly widened dorsally and ventrally straight, but near third lobe-shaped tooth with minute lobe, dorsal tooth large and lobe-shaped, larger than similar ventral tooth, middle (= second) tooth curved, small compared to first tooth and robust; medial length of mandible 1.6× its maximum width (Figs 85, 90).

Mesosoma : Length of mesosoma 1.6× its height; mesoscutum with lateral carina in front of tegulae distinct and crenulate; pronotal sides shiny and smooth but oblique groove crenulate anteriorly and sparsely crenulate posteriorly; epicnemial area depressed anteriorly and partly crenulate (Fig. 81); precoxal sulcus very wide, oblique, coarsely crenulate, but posterior 0.3 absent (except short depression above middle coxa; Fig. 81); remainder of mesopleuron smooth and largely glabrous except ventrally; pleural sulcus finely crenulate; episternal scrobe medium-sized and oblique; metapleuron largely smooth but with some rugae medially, with some long setae and deep pit anteriorly; mesosternal sulcus finely crenulate; pronope medium-sized (compared to length of pronotum in dorsal view), deep and nearly round (Fig. 88); notauli distinctly crenulate and wide, but posteriorly narrow and nearly smooth; medio-posterior depression of mesoscutum long and deep, smooth and up to level of notauli (Fig. 82); mesoscutum strongly shiny and smooth, largely glabrous; scutellar sulcus deep and wide, with one carina, narrowed medially and 2.4× wider than its maximum length; scutellar disc weakly convex (but posteriorly rather bulging), largely glabrous and smooth (Fig. 81); metanotum hardly protruding and only anterior half with median carina; medio-longitudinal carina of propodeum coarse and only on anterior face of propodeum, connected to complete parallel-sided areola, posterior face smooth between carinae and dorsally crenulate-rugose except smooth anterior area (Figs 81–83).

Wings (Figs 79, 80). Pterostigma very narrow elliptical (nearly parallel-sided), apically hardly differentiated from 1-R1 and vein r issued slightly behind middle of pterostigma; vein r 0.8× width of pterostigma; r:3-SR:SR1 = 5:31:31; SR1 and 2-SR straight; cu-a just postfurcal; 3-CU1 much longer than CU1b; 2-SR:3-SR:r-m = 25:31:14; m-cu far postfurcal, converging to 1-M posteriorly; first subdiscal cell 4.3× as long as wide; M+CU1 largely sclerotized. Hind wing: M+CU:1-M:1r-m = 34:45:16; m-cu distinct, curved and unsclerotized.

Legs : Hind coxa rugose dorsally and remainder largely smooth; tarsal claws rather slender, evenly curved and longer than arolium (Fig. 86); length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 5.7, 12.0, and 9.6× their width, respectively; hind leg densely setose; hind tarsus slender (Fig. 86) and slightly longer than tibia.

Metasoma : Length of first tergite 1.1× its apical width, its surface coarsely longitudinally costate-striate, its dorsal carinae converging and meeting submedially (Fig. 83); dorsope deep and medium-sized (Fig. 83); basal 0.7 of second tergite entirely coarsely longitudinally striate; remainder of metasoma smooth; third tergite in lateral view flat.

Colour : Black or blackish brown; mandible, palpi, clypeus and second tergite laterally pale yellowish; legs (but hind tibia and all tarsi infuscate or dark brown), tegulae and basal half of metasoma ventrally brownish yellow; apical half of metasoma dark brown ventrally; face yellowish brown; propleuron posteriorly, orbita and temple reddish brown; pterostigma, second and third tergites dark brown and most veins brown; wing membrane subhyaline.

The biology of this Holarctic genus is uncertain. It is likely a parasitoid of xylophilous fly larvae (Wharton 1980). Only two species are known: P. effecta Belokobylskij, 1998, occurs in the Eastern Palaearctic region (reared from a cocoon in a bark beetle gallery (Belokobylskij 1998) and the type species in the Nearctic region. The Neotropical P. ecuadorensis Fischer, 2006, does not belong in Phasmidiasta and is transferred to Neodiasta van Achterberg, gen. nov. (see above) and P. malaysiae Fischer, 2006, was transferred to Separatatus by Yao et al. (2018a). The species remaining in Phasmidiasta are very similar and may be separated as follows:

Figures 92–105. 

Phasmalysia lia Wharton, ♀, holotype 92 wings 93 hind leg 94 head, dorsal aspect 95 mesosoma, dorsal aspect 96 first–third metasomal tergites, dorsal aspect 97 first subdiscal cell of fore wing 98 head, anterior aspect 99 outer hind claw, lateral aspect 100 fore tibia and tarsus lateral aspect 101 antenna 102 habitus, lateral aspect 103 mandible, full view of first tooth 104 basal antennal segments 105 apical antennal segments.

A small genus of Afrotropical and Oriental species with unknown biology. The four species can be identified with the key by Yao et al. (2018b). Morphologically similar to Bobekoides and Hylcalosia, as shown by the shape of the mandible and clypeus, the genus differs mainly by the parallel-sided and more or less elongated pterostigma (in Asian spp. less than in African spp.).

Figures 106–114. 

Senwot yinxianggaoae Yao, ♀, holotype 106 habitus, lateral aspect 107 wings 108 mesosoma, lateral aspect 109 mesosoma, dorsal aspect 110 propodeum, first–third metasomal tergites, dorsal aspect 111 head, anterior aspect 112 head, dorsal aspect 113 head, lateral aspect 114 ovipositor and its sheath, lateral aspect. Photos: J-L Yao.

Figures 115–126. 

Separatatus carinatus Chen & Wu, ♀, holotype 115 wings 116 mesosoma, dorsal aspect 117 mandible, full view of first tooth 118 head, dorsal aspect 119 hind leg 120 mandible, full view of third tooth (fourth tooth arrowed) 121 head, anterior aspect 122 first–third metasomal tergites, dorsal aspect 123 basal antennal segments 124 antenna 125 habitus, lateral aspect 126 outer hind claw, lateral aspect.