Contribution to the knowledge of seed-beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Bruchinae) in Xinjiang, China

You Li; Zhiliang Wang; Jianjun Guo; Jesús Romero Nápoles; Yingchao Ji; Chunyan Jiang; Runzhi Zhang

doi:10.3897/zookeys.466.7283

Abstract

Nineteen species of seed-beetles belonging to the subfamily Bruchinae (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) were collected in Xinjiang, China. Of these, the following four were new records for China: Bruchus affinis Frolich, 1799, B. atomarius L., 1761, B. loti Paykull, 1800 and Kytorhinus kergoati Delobel & Legalov, 2009. We provide an annotated checklist, illustrations and a key to the 19 species.

Keywords

New record, checklist, taxonomy, Palaearctic region

Introduction

Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (hereafter referred to as Xinjiang, also known as Sinkiang) is a provincial region in the northwest of the People’s Republic of China. It is the largest Chinese administrative division and it spans over 1.6 million km². The region is bordered by eight countries: Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India.

Four tribes of the Chrysomelidae subfamily Bruchinae have been recorded in Xinjiang: Amblycerini, Bruchini, Kytorhinini and Rhaebini (Anton 2010, Tan and Yu 1980) and six tribes according to Bouchard et al. (2011): Amblycerini, Bruchini, Eubaptini, Kytorhinini, Pachymerini and Rhaebini. Kytorhinini and Rhaebini are monotypic and restricted to Central Asia and the temperate Holarctic region, respectively (Borowiec 1987, Delobel and Legalov 2009). The majority of Bruchinae species, commonly called bean weevils or seed-beetles, feed on grain legumes and seeds of leguminous trees and shrubs. Many species have a significant economic impact because they can consume valuable protein-rich crops that would otherwise be eaten by humans (Southgate 1979). Despite this, little is currently known about the seed-beetles of Xinjiang. Fifteen species have been documented (Hoffmann 1965, Tan and Yu 1980, Zhang et al. 1987, Xu 1991, Anton 2010, Sui et al. 2011), but most of the records lack detailed information about their distribution.

Methods

We checked all seed-beetles specimens from Xinjiang (most collected from 1956 to 1978) in National Zoological Museum of China (NZMC), Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science (IZCAS), in Beijing, China. In order to increase the material currently available in the NZMC collection, we collected twice in Xinjiang in July 2009 and August 2013. Seed-beetles were obtained in the field by sweeping with a sweep net and by collecting seeds of host plants in day time. We also tried to collect at night, but no seed-beetles were found. The identification of some of the specimens were confirmed by Chinese Chrysomelidae specialist Tan Juanjie and Yu Peiyu of IZCAS twenty years ago. All the specimens were identified by comparing the external morphological features and the male genitalia morphological characters with some published articles again (Lukjanovitsch and Ter-Minassian 1957, Tan and Yu 1980, Borowiec 1987, 1991, Kingsolver 2004, Delobel and Legalov 2009).

Photographs of all the seed-beetles were taken with a Cannon 5D digital camera and images were processed in Adobe Photoshop CS5. Drawings were created using Adobe Illustrator CS4. All specimens were deposited in the NZMC, where most of them were assigned unique numbers corresponding to the Institute of Zoology collection code entry IOZ(E).

Results

In this study, 19 species of Bruchinae beetles were collected in Xinjiang. They were annotated with updated detailed distribution in the following checklist. The following key is illustrated with photographs of morphological characters used in it.

Checklist of Bruchinae from Xinjiang, China

Tribe Amblycerini Bridwell, 1932

Subtribe Spermophagina Borowiec, 1987

Genus Spermophagus Schoenherr, 1833

Spermophagus sericeus (Geoffroy, 1785)

Figs 1–2

Material

2♂, Akqi, Kizilsu, Xinjiang, 40.98°N, 78.70°E, alt. ca 1970 m, 2005.VI.14, H.Y. Hu leg.; 1♀6♂, Aksu, Xinjiang, 40.94°N, 80.11°E, alt. ca 1180 m, 1978.VI.19, Y.H. Han leg.; IOZ(E)1016347–1016583; 1♀, Qinggil, Altay, Xinjiang, 46.69°N, 90.39°E, alt. ca 1390 m, 1956.VIII.1, W.Y. Yang leg., IOZ(E)632314; 1♀1♂, Turpan, Xinjiang, 42.93°N, 89.27°E, alt. ca 140 m, 1958.V.20, C.Q. Li and G. Wang leg., IOZ(E)632431, IOZ(E)632433; 3♀3♂, Baicheng, Aksu, 41.78°N, 81.92°E, alt. ca 1310 m, 1959.VII.22, A.F. Tian leg., IOZ(E)115170–115176; 1♀3♂, Yuli, Mila, Bayingol, Xinjiang, 41.77°N, 84.24°E, alt. ca 1000 m, 1958.VII.13, C.Q. Li leg., IOZ(E)115143–115146; 1♀1♂, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 43.83°N, 87.55°E, alt. ca 820 m, 1955.VII.25, S.J. Ma, K.L. Xia and Y.L.Chen leg., IOZ(E)115133–115134; 2♀2♂, Usu, Qoqek, Xinjiang, 45.02°N, 84.78°E, alt. ca 290 m, 1957.VI.16, G. Wang leg., IOZ(E)115106–115109; 10♀16♂, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 44.28°N, 86.27°E, alt. ca 500 m, 1957.VI.7, G. Wang and C.P. Hong leg., IOZ(E)115080–115106; 1♀6♂, Shawan, Qoqek, Xinjiang, 44.46°N, 85.66°E, alt. ca 420 m, 1957.VI.11, G. Wang and C.P. Hong leg., IOZ(E)115063–115169; 1♀, Jeminay, Altay, Xinjiang, 47.43°N, 85.87°E, alt. ca 970 m, 1956.IX.17, W.Y. Yang leg., IOZ(E)115054.

Distribution

Widely distributed around the Palaearctic region.

Figures 1–12.

Bruchinae in Xinjiang, dorsal and lateral view. 1–2 Spermophagus sericeus 3–4 Acanthoscelides pallidipennis 5–6 Bruchidius apicipennis 7–8 B. tuberculicauda 9–10 Callosobruchus chinensis 11–12 C. maculatus; black bar = 1 mm.

Tribe Bruchini Latreille, 1802

Subtribe Acanthoscelidina Bridwell, 1946

Genus Acanthoscelides Schilsky, 1905

Acanthoscelides pallidipennis (Motschulsky, 1874)

Figs 3–4, 49

Distribution

Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, China, Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Macedonia, North America, North Korea, Russia, Slovakia, Switzerland, Serbia and Montenegro, Tajikistan.

Remarks

We did not find any specimens of A. pallidipennis in Xinjiang in our to study, however Tan and Yu (1980) recorded it in Xinjiang. According to Tan and Yu (1980), the North American bruchid A. pallidipennis was introduced to China with its natural host Amorpha fruticosa L. a number of years ago. It has been a major pest of A. fruticosa seeds in China.

Genus Bruchidius Schilsky, 1905

Bruchidius apicipennis Heyden, 1892

Figs 5–6

Material

2♀5♂, Korla, Bayingol, Xinjiang, 41.61°N, 86.22°E, alt. ca 1060 m 1958.VIII.11–17, C.Q. Li, IOZ(E)109480–109482, 109484, 109486, 109488–109489; 1♂, Aksu, Xinjiang, 41.18°N, 80.19°E, alt. ca 1210 m, 1958.IX.9, C.Q. Li, IOZ(E)109517; 1♂, Karakax, Hetian, Xinjiang, 37.79°N, 80.52°E, alt. ca 1250 m, 1958.V.8, C.Q. Li, IOZ(E)109516; 12♂13♀, Halajunxiang, Artux, Kizilsu, Xinjiang, 40.02°N, 76.81°E, alt. ca 1610 m, 1959.VI.22, S.Y. Wang leg., IOZ(E)109490–109514; 1♂, Yanqi, Bayingol, 41.80°N, 85.82°E, alt. ca 950 m, 1958.VIII.26, C.Q. Li, IOZ(E)109515; 1♀, Hetian, Xinjiang, 37.02°N, 79.98°E, 1955.V.20, S.J. Ma, K.L. Xia and Y.L. Chen leg., IOZ(E)109657; 2♀, Jinghe, Bortala, Xinjiang, 44.36°N, 83.15°E, alt. ca 1730 m, 1955.VIII.24, S.J. Ma, K.L. Xia and Y.L. Chen leg., IOZ(E)109518–109519; 1♀, Manas, Changji, Xinjiang, 44.54°N, 86.22°E, alt. ca 400 m, 1957.VI.9, G. Wang, IOZ(E)109521; 4♂3♀, Milan, Ruoqiang, Bayingol, Xinjiang, 39.27°N, 89.10°E, alt. ca 900 m 1960.IV.30, S.Y. Wang leg., IOZ(E)109649–109655; 2♀, Xiao Artux, Artux, Kizilsu, Xinjiang, 39.68°N, 75.67°E, alt. ca 2100 m, 1959.VI.17, S.Y. Wang leg., IOZ(E)109658–109659; 1♀, Shihutang, Manas, Changji, Xinjiang, 44.60°N, 86.09°E, alt. ca 370, 1957.VII.4, C.P. Hong leg., IOZ(E)109660; 1♂2♀, Wensu, Aksu, Xinjiang, 41.29°N, 80.21°E, alt. ca 1190, 1955.VI.9, S.J. Ma, K.L. Xia and Y.L. Chen leg., IOZ(E)109841–109843.

Distribution

China, Iran, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russia, South Africa, Turkey, Turkmenistan.

Bruchidius tuberculicauda Lukjanovitsch & Ter-Minassian, 1954

Figs 7–8, 64–65

Material

1♀1♂, Nilka, Ila, Xinjiang, 43.79°N, 82.50°E, 1124m,1994.VI.20, X.F. Huang leg.; 2♀1♂, Takeshikenzhen, Qinggil, Altay, Xinjiang, 46.18°N, 90.81°E, alt. ca 1110 m, 2013.VII.28, Y. Li leg..

Distribution

China, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russia.

Genus Callosobruchus Pic, 1902

Callosobruchus chinensis (L., 1975)

Figs 9–10

Material

1♀, Xinhe, Xinjiang, 41.51°N, 82.50°E, alt. ca 980 m, 2000.VI.30, R.H. Lin leg.

Distribution

Almost worldwide.

Remarks

In this study, we found only one specimen of C. chinensis in Xinjiang. Zhang et al. (1987) and Xu (1991), however, recorded Vigna radiata and V. angularis extensively infested by C. chinensis in Kumul and Shihezi, Xinjiang.

Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius, 1975)

Figs 11–12, 50–51

Distribution

Almost worldwide.

Remarks

Although we did not collect any C. maculatus specimens from Xinjiang in this study, Sui et al. (2001) previously recorded Cicer arietinum infested by C. maculatus in Kashgar City, Xinjiang.

Genus Megabruchidius Borowiec, 1984

Megabruchidius dorsalis (Fabraeus, 1839)

Figs 13–14, 66–67

Material

10♀5♂, Ili Forestry Science Research Institute, Gulja, Ili, Xinjiang, 43.94°N, 81.33°E, alt. ca 660 m, 1973.VII.5, IOZ(E)109814–109818, 632556–632565.

Distribution

Bulgaria, China, France, Greece, Hong Kong, Hungary, India, Italy, Japan, Mongolia, Papua New Guinea, Switzerland, Turkmenistan.

Figures 13–26.

Figs 27–28, 58, 61

Material

1♀1♂, North of Tianshan Mountain, Wuku Road, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 43.56°N, 87.19°E, alt. ca 1600 m, 1960.VI.11, S.Y. Wang leg., IOZ(E)1045200–1045201.

Distribution

Azerbaijan, Armenia, China, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkey, Uzbekistan.

Figures 27–38.

Bruchinae in Xinjiang, dorsal and lateral view. 27–28 Bruchus sibiricus 29–30 Kytorhinus immixtus 31–32 Kytorhinus karasini 33–34 Kytorhinus thermopsis 35–36 Kytorhinus kergoati 37–38 Rhaebus solskyi; black bar = 1 mm.

Tribe Kytorhinini Bridwell, 1932

Genus Kytorhinus Fischer von Waldheim, 1809

Kytorhinus immixtus Motschulsky, 1874

Figs 29–30, 43

Material

1♂, Pochengzi, Wensu, Aksu, Xinjiang, 41.77°N, 80.99°E, alt. ca 2000 m, 1978.VI.15.

Distribution

China, Kyrgyzstan, Russia.

Figures 39–42.

China, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russia.

Key to species of Bruchinae in Xinjiang

1	Body completely metallic in color (Fig. 37); hind trochanters extremely enlarged (Fig. 47); hind femur with 3–8 small, evenly spaced spines on ventral side (Fig. 48)	*Rhaebus solskyi*
–	Body not metallic in color; hind trochanters small; hind femur without 3–8 small, evenly spaced spines on ventral side	2
2	Antennae sexually dimorphic, male antennae strongly serrate (Fig. 39) or pectinate (Fig. 41), female antennae moderately serrate (Figs 40, 42); 3 last abdominal tergites (including pygidium) exposed behind the elytra (Figs 29, 31, 33, 35)	3
–	Antennae not sexually dimorphic, sometimes male and female antennae with different color; only pygidium exposed behind the elytra (Figs 62–67)	6
3	Elytra integument with single color (Figs 29, 33)	4
–	Elytra integument with two colors (Figs 31, 35)	5
4	Antennae, legs and elytra integument yellow (Fig. 29); eyes large and separated by 0.2 times head width including eyes (Fig. 43)	*Kytorhinus immixtus*
–	Antennae and legs reddish brown, elytra integument black (Fig. 33); eyes medium-sized and separated by 0.4 times head width including eyes (Fig. 44)	*Kytorhinus thermopsis*
5	Antennae and legs black, elytra integument almost yellow except by black basal area elongated, triangular (Fig. 35)	*Kytorhinus kergoati*
–	Body almost black, only apex of elytra red (Fig. 31)	*Kytorhinus karasini*
6	Lateral pronotal margins with tubercle (maybe obscured by setae) (Figs 45, 46); mesotibia at apex in male with apical spines or figs (Figs 52–58)	7
–	Lateral pronotal margins smooth without tubercle; mesotibia at apex in male without apical spines or figs	13
7	Elytra without white or brown setae; body almost black, only 4 basal antennal segments and fore legs reddish orange	*Bruchus loti*
–	Elytra with white or brown setae (Figs 15–28); body not almost black	8
8	Metatibia with mucro longer than lateral denticle (Figs 60, 61)	9
–	Metatibia with mucro shorter than lateral denticle (Fig. 59)	10
9	Four basal antennomeres, protibia and tarsi, part or all of mesotibia, and tarsi reddish orange; hind femur with long external tooth near apex; mesotibia at apex in male as Fig. 56	*Bruchus pisorum*
–	Five basal antennomeres reddish orange and rest black in female, antenna all reddish orange in male; hind femur with blunt external tooth near apex; mesotibia at apex in male as Fig. 58	*Bruchus sibiricus*
10	Pygidium with white or brown, dense and long setae, with 2 subapical black spots (sometimes subapical spots indistinct as in Bruchus rufimanus) (Fig. 62); mesotibia at apex in male as Fig. 52, 54 or 57	11
–	Pygidium with gray, sparse and short setae, without subapical spot (Fig. 63); mesotibia at apex in male as Fig. 53	*Bruchus atomarius*
11	Lateral pronotal margin with denticle at midpoint (Fig. 46); mesotibia at apex in male as Fig. 54 or 57	12
–	Lateral pronotal margin with denticle at 1/3 near apex (Fig. 45); mesotibia at apex in male as Fig. 52	*Bruchus affinis*
12	Lateral pronotal margin with prominent and sharp denticle; elytra with 3 rows of white stripes; pygidium with 2 distinct black subapical spots; mesotibia at apex in male as Fig. 54	*Bruchus dentipes*
–	Lateral pronotal margin with blunt denticle; elytra varying from pattern of white spots on black background with short, yellowish brown stripes to variably distributed white spots; pygidium with 2 indistinct black subapical spots (Fig. 62); mesotibia at apex in male as Fig. 57	*Bruchus rufimanus*
13	Body ovate; metatibia with 2 conspicuous apical spurs (Fig. 2); pronotum lateral margins complete	*Spermophagus sericeus*
–	Body suboval; metatibia without apical spur; pronotum lateral margins absent in apical half at least	14
14	Hind femur with teeth both on inner and outer margins of ventral sulci (Figs 50, 51), sometimes denticle on distal margin blunt; posterior margin of pronotum bilobed at junction with scutellum and feebly gibbose there (Figs 9, 11)	15
–	Hind femur with outer margin of ventral sulci edentate; posterior margin of pronotum without feeble gibbose there	16
15	Elytral striae 3 and 4 each with prominent subbasal denticles on slight gibbose, antennae serrate in male	*Callosobruchus chinensis*
–	Elytral striae extending to basal margin without prominent denticles or gibbose, antennae smooth linear in male	*Callosobruchus maculatus*
16	Hind femur ventrally with 3 distinct preapical teeth on inner margins of ventral sulci, proximal tooth much larger than others (Fig. 49)	*Acanthoscelides pallidipennis*
–	Hind femur ventrally edentate or with 1 preapical tooth in internal margins of ventral sulci	17
17	Pygidium immaculate in male (Fig. 66) and with a pair of dark patches in female (Fig. 67)	*Megabruchidius dorsalis*
–	Pygidium without patches	18
18	Pronotum covered with orange pubescence (Fig. 7); pygidium tuberculate in female and smooth in male (Figs 64, 65)	*Bruchidius tuberculicauda*
–	Pronotum covered with white pubescence (Fig. 5); pygidium not tuberculate	*Bruchidius apicipennis*

Figures 52–68.

Tibia apical portion of Bruchus spp. male mid legs. 52 Bruchus affinis 53 Bruchus atomarius 54 Bruchus dentipes 55 Bruchus loti 56 Bruchus pisorum 57 Bruchus rufimanus 58 Bruchus sibiricus 59–61 Tibia apical portion of Bruchus spp. hind legs 59 Bruchus affinis 60 Bruchus pisorum 61 Bruchus sibiricus 62–67 Pygidium. 62 Bruchus rufimanus 63 Bruchus atomarius 64 Bruchidius tuberculicauda male 65 Bruchidius tuberculicauda female 66 Megabruchidius dorsalis male 67 Megabruchidius dorsalis female.

Figure 68.

Map of northwestern China, illustrating localities for Bruchinae species. Bruchus affinis and Bruchus loti = squares. Bruchus atomarius = triangles. Kytorhinus kergoati = dots. Only new records reported here are shown.

Discussion

Chinese literature on Bruchinae is out-of-date because of the recent changes in generic and tribal classification and description of new species (Borowiec 1987, Bouchard et al. 2011, Delobel and Legalov 2009). The majority of seed-beetle species in Xinjiang belong to the genera Bruchus and Kytorhinus. Of these, four species in this study are new records for China. These are Bruchus affinis, B. atomarius, B. loti and Kytorhinus kergoati. The first three have a wide distribution in the Palearctic Region. Only K. kergoati has been recorded in Tajikistan. Most of the new Bruchinae distribution records are found near the border. Acanthoscelides pallidipennis, Callosobruchus chinensis and C. maculatus are adventive species, so the extended human activity in Xinjiang is probably responsible for the beetle’s extended distribution in this area too. Bruchidius apicipennis, B. tuberculicauda, Megabruchidius dorsalis, Rhaebus solskyi and Spermophagus sericeus appear to be eurytopic species found in a wide variety of habitats of the Palearctic Region.

The Bruchinae of Xinjiang remain relatively poorly investigated and it is likely that many additional species can still be found in the region. Further fieldwork is required to ascertain if the paucity of data is due to a genuinely small number of species, or the result of insufficient collection efforts.

Acknowledgement

We are grateful to Dr. Liu Ning, Dr. Ren Li, Dr. Jens Prena and Mr. Yao Jian (Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science) for their help in many ways. We also thank Mr. Wang Jian, the director of Altay Forestry Science Research Institute, for providing host plant data in this study. Thanks to Prof. Jin Daochao, Prof. Li Zizhong and Dr. Yi Tianci (Guizhou University) for their guidance on taxonomy. This research was supported by the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (31210103909/31172130//J1210002) and Animal Fauna Exploration of Altay, Border of China, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and Russia (2013FY110300).

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